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Waas B, Carpenter BS, Franks NE, Merchant OQ, Verhey KJ, Allen BL. Dual and opposing roles for the kinesin-2 motor, KIF17, in Hedgehog-dependent cerebellar development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eade1650. [PMID: 38669326 PMCID: PMC11051677 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
While the kinesin-2 motors KIF3A and KIF3B have essential roles in ciliogenesis and Hedgehog (HH) signal transduction, potential role(s) for another kinesin-2 motor, KIF17, in HH signaling have yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the contribution of KIF17 to HH-dependent cerebellar development, where Kif17 is expressed in both HH-producing Purkinje cells and HH-responding cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Germline Kif17 deletion in mice results in cerebellar hypoplasia due to reduced CGNP proliferation, a consequence of decreased HH pathway activity mediated through decreased Sonic HH (SHH) protein. Notably, Purkinje cell-specific Kif17 deletion partially phenocopies Kif17 germline mutants. Unexpectedly, CGNP-specific Kif17 deletion results in the opposite phenotype-increased CGNP proliferation and HH target gene expression due to altered GLI transcription factor processing. Together, these data identify KIF17 as a key regulator of HH-dependent cerebellar development, with dual and opposing roles in HH-producing Purkinje cells and HH-responding CGNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Waas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brandon S. Carpenter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30061, USA
| | - Nicole E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivia Q. Merchant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Lou R, Zhang Z, Xiao C, Yu S, Wei S, Liu Y, Fu W, Li B, Chen YG. Stromal BMP signaling regulates mucin production in the large intestine via interleukin-1/17. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1827. [PMID: 37889976 PMCID: PMC10610902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is critical for intestinal development, homeostasis, and function performance. Although the function of BMP signaling in the intestinal epithelium is well appreciated, the direct effect of BMP on intestinal stromal cells is poorly understood. Here, we show that disruption of BMP signaling by genetic ablation of Alk3 or Smad4 expands the stromal cell pool, the mucosa tumefaction, and colonic polyposis in the large intestine. Interleukin (IL) secretion by stromal cells is notably increased, including IL-1, IL-11, and IL-17. Specifically, IL-1 and IL-17a hyperactivate the mucin production by goblet cells through nuclear factor κB signaling, and abnormal mucin accumulation results in the morphological changes, epithelial barrier destruction, and polyposis development. Together, our results provide an insight into the role of BMP signaling in intestinal stromal cells to regulate epithelium function. This study further highlights the role of mucin-producing goblet cells in intestinal homeostasis and colitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Ruoyu Lou
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chuyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Siting Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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3
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Xu J, Iyyanar PPR, Lan Y, Jiang R. Sonic hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development. Differentiation 2023; 133:60-76. [PMID: 37481904 PMCID: PMC10529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHH and several other genes encoding components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway have been associated with holoprosencephaly syndromes, with craniofacial anomalies ranging in severity from cyclopia to facial cleft to midfacial and mandibular hypoplasia. Studies in animal models have revealed that SHH signaling plays crucial roles at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis, from cranial neural crest cell survival to growth and patterning of the facial primordia to organogenesis of the palate, mandible, tongue, tooth, and taste bud formation and homeostasis. This article provides a summary of the major findings in studies of the roles of SHH signaling in craniofacial development, with emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the SHH signaling pathway activity and those involving SHH signaling in the formation and patterning of craniofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Paul P R Iyyanar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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4
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Paradise BD, Gainullin VG, Almada LL, Sigafoos AN, Sen S, Vera RE, Raja Arul GL, Toruner M, Pease DR, Gonzalez AL, Mentucci FM, Grasso DH, Fernandez-Zapico ME. SUFU promotes GLI activity in a Hedgehog-independent manner in pancreatic cancer. Biochem J 2023; 480:1199-1216. [PMID: 37477952 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, through which the GLI family of transcription factors (TF) is stimulated, is commonly observed in cancer cells. One well-established mechanism of this increased activity is through the inactivation of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), a negative regulator of the Hh pathway. Relief from negative regulation by SUFU facilitates GLI activity and induction of target gene expression. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for SUFU as a promoter of GLI activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In non-ciliated PDAC cells unresponsive to Smoothened agonism, SUFU overexpression increases GLI transcriptional activity. Conversely, knockdown (KD) of SUFU reduces the activity of GLI in PDAC cells. Through array PCR analysis of GLI target genes, we identified B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) among the top candidates down-regulated by SUFU KD. We demonstrate that SUFU KD results in reduced PDAC cell viability, and overexpression of BCL2 partially rescues the effect of reduced cell viability by SUFU KD. Further analysis using as a model GLI1, a major TF activator of the GLI family in PDAC cells, shows the interaction of SUFU and GLI1 in the nucleus through previously characterized domains. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay shows the binding of both SUFU and GLI1 at the promoter of BCL2 in PDAC cells. Finally, we demonstrate that SUFU promotes GLI1 activity without affecting its protein stability. Through our findings, we propose a novel role of SUFU as a positive regulator of GLI1 in PDAC, adding a new mechanism of Hh/GLI signaling pathway regulation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Paradise
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | | | - Luciana L Almada
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Ashley N Sigafoos
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Sandhya Sen
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Renzo E Vera
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Glancis Luzeena Raja Arul
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Murat Toruner
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - David R Pease
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A
| | - Alina L Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNLPam-CONICET), La Pampa 6300, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel H Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Escuela de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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5
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Deng Y, Peng D, Xiao J, Zhao Y, Ding W, Yuan S, Sun L, Ding J, Zhou Z, Zhan M. Inhibition of the transcription factor ZNF281 by SUFU to suppress tumor cell migration. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:702-715. [PMID: 36220888 PMCID: PMC9984498 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an evolutionarily conserved role from Drosophila to mammals, some divergences also exist. Loss of Sufu, an important component of the Hh pathway, does not lead to an obvious developmental defect in Drosophila. However, in mammals, loss of SUFU results in serious disorder, even various cancers. This divergence suggests that SUFU plays additional roles in mammalian cells, besides regulating the Hh pathway. Here, we identify that the transcription factor ZNF281 is a novel binding partner of SUFU. Intriguingly, the Drosophila genome does not encode any homologs of ZNF281. SUFU is able to suppress ZNF281-induced tumor cell migration and DNA damage repair by inhibiting ZNF281 activity. Mechanistically, SUFU binds ZNF281 to mask the nuclear localization signal of ZNF281, culminating in ZNF281 cytoplasmic retention. In addition, SUFU also hampers the interactions between ZNF281 and promoters of target genes. Finally, we show that SUFU is able to inhibit ZNF281-induced tumor cell migration using an in vivo model. Taken together, these results uncover a Hh-independent mechanism of SUFU exerting the anti-tumor role, in which SUFU suppresses tumor cell migration through antagonizing ZNF281. Therefore, this study provides a possible explanation for the functional divergence of SUFU in mammals and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhen Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Center of Intervention radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenhao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Center of Intervention radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, 519000, Zhuhai, China.
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6
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Multiprotein GLI Transcriptional Complexes as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121967. [PMID: 36556332 PMCID: PMC9786339 DOI: 10.3390/life12121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway functions in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Importantly, its aberrant activation is also implicated in the progression of multiple types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. GLI transcription factors function as the ultimate effectors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Their activity is regulated by this signaling cascade via their mRNA expression, protein stability, subcellular localization, and ultimately their transcriptional activity. Further, GLI proteins are also regulated by a variety of non-canonical mechanisms in addition to the canonical Hedgehog pathway. Recently, with an increased understanding of epigenetic gene regulation, novel transcriptional regulators have been identified that interact with GLI proteins in multi-protein complexes to regulate GLI transcriptional activity. Such complexes have added another layer of complexity to the regulation of GLI proteins. Here, we summarize recent work on the regulation of GLI transcriptional activity by these novel protein complexes and describe their relevance to cancer, as such GLI regulators represent alternative and innovative druggable targets in GLI-dependent cancers.
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7
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Kaushal JB, Batra SK, Rachagani S. Hedgehog signaling and its molecular perspective with cholesterol: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:266. [PMID: 35486193 PMCID: PMC9990174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is evolutionarily conserved and plays an instructional role in embryonic morphogenesis, organogenesis in various animals, and the central nervous system organization. Multiple feedback mechanisms dynamically regulate this pathway in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner to confer differential patterns in cell fate determination. Hh signaling is complex due to canonical and non-canonical mechanisms coordinating cell-cell communication. In addition, studies have demonstrated a regulatory framework of Hh signaling and shown that cholesterol is vital for Hh ligand biogenesis, signal generation, and transduction from the cell surface to intracellular space. Studies have shown the importance of a specific cholesterol pool, termed accessible cholesterol, which serves as a second messenger, conveying signals between smoothened (Smo) and patched 1 (Ptch1) across the plasma and ciliary membranes. Remarkably, recent high-resolution structural and molecular studies shed new light on the interplay between Hh signaling and cholesterol in membrane biology. These studies elucidated novel mechanistic insight into the release and dispersal of cholesterol-anchored Hh and the basis of Hh recognition by Ptch1. Additionally, the putative model of Smo activation by cholesterol binding and/or modification and Ptch1 antagonization of Smo has been explicated. However, the coupling mechanism of Hh signaling and cholesterol offered a new regulatory principle in cell biology: how effector molecules of the Hh signal network react to and remodel cholesterol accessibility in the membrane and selectively activate Hh signaling proteins thereof. Recognizing the biological importance of cholesterol in Hh signaling activation and transduction opens the door for translational research to develop novel therapeutic strategies. This review looks in-depth at canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling and the distinct proposed model of cholesterol-mediated regulation of Hh signaling components, facilitating a more sophisticated understanding of the Hh signal network and cholesterol biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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8
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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Sufu negatively regulates both initiations of centrosome duplication and DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026421118. [PMID: 34260378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026421118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome duplication and DNA replication are two pivotal events that higher eukaryotic cells use to initiate proliferation. While DNA replication is initiated through origin licensing, centrosome duplication starts with cartwheel assembly and is partly controlled by CP110. However, the upstream coordinator for both events has been, until now, a mystery. Here, we report that suppressor of fused protein (Sufu), a negative regulator of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway playing a significant role in restricting the trafficking and function of glioma-related (Gli) proteins, acts as an upstream switch by facilitating CP110 phosphorylation by CDK2, promoting intranuclear Cdt1 degradation and excluding prereplication complex (pre-RC) components from chromosomes, independent of its canonical function in the Hh pathway. We found that Sufu localizes to both the centrosome and the nucleus and that knockout of Sufu induces abnormalities including centrosome amplification, increased nuclear size, multipolar spindle formation, and polyploidy. Serum stimulation promotes the elimination of Sufu from the centrosome by vesicle release at the ciliary tip and from the nucleus via protein degradation, which allows centrosome duplication and DNA replication to proceed. Collectively, this work reveals a mechanism through which Sufu negatively regulates the G1-S transition.
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10
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Li H, Wang W, Zhang W, Wu G. Structural insight into the recognition between Sufu and fused in the Hedgehog signal transduction pathway. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107614. [PMID: 32911070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays a crucial role in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis, and mutations of its key components such as Suppressor of fused (Sufu) are closely associated with human diseases. The Ser/Thr kinase Fused (Fu) promotes Hedgehog signaling by phosphorylating the Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Glioma-associated oncogene homologue (Gli) family of transcription factors. Sufu associates with both Fu and Ci/Gli, but the recognition mechanism between Sufu and Fu remains obscure. Here, our structure of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of Drosophila Sufu (dSufu) in complex with the Sufu-binding site (SBS) of Fu reveals that both main-chain β sheet formation and side-chain hydrophobic interactions contribute to the recognition between Sufu and Fu, and point mutations of highly conserved interface residues eliminated their association. Structural comparison suggests that Fu and Ci/Gli bind on opposite sides of dSufu-NTD, allowing the formation of a Fu-dSufu-Ci ternary complex which facilitates the phosphorylation of Ci/Gli by Fu. Hence, our results provide insights into the Sufu-Fu recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Rao-Bhatia A, Zhu M, Yin WC, Coquenlorge S, Zhang X, Woo J, Sun Y, Dean CH, Liu A, Hui CC, Shivdasani RA, McNeill H, Hopyan S, Kim TH. Hedgehog-Activated Fat4 and PCP Pathways Mediate Mesenchymal Cell Clustering and Villus Formation in Gut Development. Dev Cell 2020; 52:647-658.e6. [PMID: 32155439 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, intestinal epithelia undergo dramatic morphogenesis mediated by mesenchymal signaling to form villi, which are required for efficient nutrient absorption and host defense. Although both smooth-muscle-induced physical forces and mesenchymal cell clustering beneath emerging villi are implicated in epithelial folding, the underlying cellular mechanisms are unclear. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling can mediate both processes. We therefore analyzed its direct targetome and revealed GLI2 transcriptional activation of atypical cadherin and planar cell polarity (PCP) genes. By examining Fat4 and Dchs1 knockout mice, we demonstrate their critical roles in villus formation. Analyses of PCP-mutant mice and genetic interaction studies show that the Fat4-Dchs1 axis acts in parallel to the core-Vangl2 PCP axis to control mesenchymal cell clustering. Moreover, live light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and cultured PDGFRα+ cells reveal a requirement for PCP in their oriented cell migration guided by WNT5A. Therefore, mesenchymal PCP induced by Hh signaling drives cell clustering and subsequent epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilasha Rao-Bhatia
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Min Zhu
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Wen-Chi Yin
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Janghee Woo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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12
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Abe Y, Tanaka N. Fine-Tuning of GLI Activity through Arginine Methylation: Its Mechanisms and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091973. [PMID: 32859041 PMCID: PMC7565022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family consists of GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 in mammals. This family has important roles in development and homeostasis. To achieve these roles, the GLI family has widespread outputs. GLI activity is therefore strictly regulated at multiple levels, including via post-translational modifications for context-dependent GLI target gene expression. The protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT) family is also associated with embryogenesis, homeostasis, and cancer mainly via epigenetic modifications. In the PRMT family, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 reportedly regulate GLI1 and GLI2 activity. PRMT1 methylates GLI1 to upregulate its activity and target gene expression. Cytoplasmic PRMT5 methylates GLI1 and promotes GLI1 protein stabilization. Conversely, nucleic PRMT5 interacts with MENIN to suppress growth arrest-specific protein 1 expression, which assists Hedgehog ligand binding to Patched, indirectly resulting in downregulated GLI1 activity. PRMT7-mediated GLI2 methylation upregulates its activity through the dissociation of GLI2 and Suppressor of Fused. Together, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 regulate GLI activity at multiple revels. Furthermore, the GLI and PRMT families have strong links with various cancers through cancer stem cell maintenance. Therefore, PRMT-mediated regulation of GLI activity would have important roles in cancer stem cell maintenance.
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13
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Protein phosphatase 4 promotes Hedgehog signaling through dephosphorylation of Suppressor of fused. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:686. [PMID: 32826873 PMCID: PMC7442787 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of Suppressor of fused (Sufu) is essential for Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction. Sufu is stabilized under dual phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Its phosphorylation is reduced with the activation of Shh signaling. However, the phosphatase in this reversible phosphorylation has not been found. Taking advantage of a proteomic approach, we identified Protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 2 (Ppp4r2), an interacting protein of Sufu. Shh signaling promotes the interaction of these two proteins in the nucleus, and Ppp4 also promotes dephosphorylation of Sufu, leading to its degradation and enhancing the Gli1 transcriptional activity. Finally, Ppp4-mediated dephosphorylation of Sufu promotes proliferation of medulloblastoma tumor cells, and expression of Ppp4 is positively correlated with up-regulation of Shh pathway target genes in the Shh-subtype medulloblastoma, underscoring the important role of this regulation in Shh signaling.
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14
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Crane JN, Chang VY, Yong WH, Salamon N, Lee H, Kianmahd J, Dorrani N, Martinez-Agosto JA, Davidson TB. A case report of a novel germline GNAS mutation in sonic hedgehog activated medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28103. [PMID: 31793173 PMCID: PMC7307637 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn N. Crane
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vivian Y. Chang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California Los Angeles Hospital, Los Angeles, California
| | - William H. Yong
- Division of Neuropathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica Kianmahd
- Division of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Naghmeh Dorrani
- Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Division of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian A. Martinez-Agosto
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California Los Angeles Hospital, Los Angeles, California,Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Division of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tom B. Davidson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Pelullo M, Zema S, Nardozza F, Checquolo S, Screpanti I, Bellavia D. Wnt, Notch, and TGF-β Pathways Impinge on Hedgehog Signaling Complexity: An Open Window on Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31552081 PMCID: PMC6736567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is associated with increased risk of developing several malignancies. The biological and pathogenic importance of Hh signaling emphasizes the need to control its action tightly, both physiologically and therapeutically. Evidence of crosstalk between Hh and other signaling pathways is reported in many tumor types. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the communication between Hh and major signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which play critical roles in both embryonic and adult life. When these pathways are unbalanced, impaired crosstalk contributes to disease development. It is reported that more than one of these pathways are active in different type of tumors, at the same time. Therefore, starting from a plethora of stimuli that activate multiple signaling pathways, we describe the signals that preferentially converge on the Hh signaling cascade that influence its activity. Moreover, we highlight several connection points between Hh and Notch, Wnt, or TGF-β pathways, showing a reciprocal synergism that contributes to tumorigenesis, supporting a more malignant behavior by tumor cells, such as in leukemia and brain tumors. Understanding the importance of these molecular interlinking networks will provide a rational basis for combined anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pelullo
- Center of Life Nano Science Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zema
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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16
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Coquenlorge S, Yin WC, Yung T, Pan J, Zhang X, Mo R, Belik J, Hui CC, Kim TH. GLI2 Modulated by SUFU and SPOP Induces Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Signals in Development and Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3006-3018.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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17
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PRMT7 methylates and suppresses GLI2 binding to SUFU thereby promoting its activation. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:15-28. [PMID: 31000813 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is implicated in aging or age-related diseases. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, an inducer of embryonic development, has recently been demonstrated to inhibit cellular senescence. However, the detailed mechanisms to activate Shh signaling to prevent senescence is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) promotes Shh signaling via GLI2 methylation which is critical for suppression of cellular senescence. PRMT7-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited a premature cellular senescence with accompanied increase in the cell cycle inhibitors p16 and p21. PRMT7 depletion results in reduced Shh signaling activity in MEFs while PRMT7 overexpression enhances GLI2-reporter activities that are sensitive to methylation inhibition. PRMT7 interacts with and methylates GLI2 on arginine residues 225 and 227 nearby a binding region of SUFU, a negative regulator of GLI2. This methylation interferes with GLI2-SUFU binding, leading to facilitation of GLI2 nuclear accumulation and Shh signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that PRMT7 induces GLI2 methylation, reducing its binding to SUFU and increasing Shh signaling, ultimately leading to prevention of cellular senescence.
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18
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Qing Y, Huang M, Cao Y, Du T, Song K. Effects of miRNA-342-3p in modulating Hedgehog signaling pathway of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by down-regulating Sufu. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1147-1157. [PMID: 30790389 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we have shown that miRNA-342-3p was increased during osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) via regulating the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. In this study, our objective is to further investigate the role of miRNA-342-3p in activation of Shh pathway by targeting suppressor of fused protein (Sufu), a suppressor of transcriptional factor Gli, as well as the potential interaction with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway during osteogenic induction of hUCMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS HUCMSCs that stable overexpression or knockdown of miRNA-342-3p were established by infection with lentiviral vectors. mRNA and protein levels of Hedgehog signaling pathway and osteogenic genes were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to test the direct binding site of Sufu 5'UTR targeted by miRNA-342-3p. RESULTS Overexpression of miRNA-342-3p in hUCMSCs enhanced the expression of osteogenic genes by targeting Sufu. And the potential of osteogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs was inhibited while knocking down miRNA-342-3p. Meanwhile, induced the TGF-β expression level was also observed upon overexpressing miRNA-342-3p, suggesting activation of TGF-β signaling pathway was a potential mechanism of miRNA-342-3p-mediated osteogenesis in hUCMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new mechanistic evidence that miRNA-342-3p might be a valuable therapeutic target in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingguang Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianfeng Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Yin WC, Satkunendran T, Mo R, Morrissy S, Zhang X, Huang ES, Uusküla-Reimand L, Hou H, Son JE, Liu W, Liu YC, Zhang J, Parker J, Wang X, Farooq H, Selvadurai H, Chen X, Ngan ESW, Cheng SY, Dirks PB, Angers S, Wilson MD, Taylor MD, Hui CC. Dual Regulatory Functions of SUFU and Targetome of GLI2 in SHH Subgroup Medulloblastoma. Dev Cell 2018; 48:167-183.e5. [PMID: 30554998 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SUFU alterations are common in human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) subgroup medulloblastoma (MB). However, its tumorigenic mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we report that loss of Sufu alone is unable to induce MB formation in mice, due to insufficient Gli2 activation. Simultaneous loss of Spop, an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting Gli2, restores robust Gli2 activation and induces rapid MB formation in Sufu knockout background. We also demonstrated a tumor-promoting role of Sufu in Smo-activated MB (∼60% of human SHH MB) by maintaining robust Gli activity. Having established Gli2 activation as a key driver of SHH MB, we report a comprehensive analysis of its targetome. Furthermore, we identified Atoh1 as a target and molecular accomplice of Gli2 that activates core SHH MB signature genes in a synergistic manner. Overall, our work establishes the dual role of SUFU in SHH MB and provides mechanistic insights into transcriptional regulation underlying Gli2-mediated SHH MB tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Yin
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thevagi Satkunendran
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sorana Morrissy
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eunice Shiao Huang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liis Uusküla-Reimand
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huayun Hou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Weifan Liu
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yulu C Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Parker
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hayden Selvadurai
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elly Sau-Wai Ngan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Arthur and Sonic Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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20
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Liu A. Proteostasis in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:153-163. [PMID: 31429406 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for the development of vertebrate and invertebrate animals alike. Hh ligand binds its receptor Patched (Ptc), allowing the activation of the obligate signal transducer Smoothened (Smo). The levels and localizations of both Ptc and Smo are regulated by ubiquitination, and Smo is under additional regulation by phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Downstream of Smo, the Ci/Gli family of transcription factors regulates the transcriptional responses to Hh. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation are important for the stability and localization of Ci/Gli proteins and Hh signaling output. Finally, Suppressor of Fused directly regulates Ci/Gli proteins and itself is under proteolytic regulation that is critical for normal Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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21
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Buczacki SJA, Popova S, Biggs E, Koukorava C, Buzzelli J, Vermeulen L, Hazelwood L, Francies H, Garnett MJ, Winton DJ. Itraconazole targets cell cycle heterogeneity in colorectal cancer. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1891-1912. [PMID: 29853607 PMCID: PMC6028508 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular dormancy and heterogeneity in cell cycle length provide important explanations for treatment failure after adjuvant therapy with S-phase cytotoxics in colorectal cancer (CRC), yet the molecular control of the dormant versus cycling state remains unknown. We sought to understand the molecular features of dormant CRC cells to facilitate rationale identification of compounds to target both dormant and cycling tumor cells. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that dormant CRC cells are differentiated, yet retain clonogenic capacity. Mouse organoid drug screening identifies that itraconazole generates spheroid collapse and loss of dormancy. Human CRC cell dormancy and tumor growth can also be perturbed by itraconazole, which is found to inhibit Wnt signaling through noncanonical hedgehog signaling. Preclinical validation shows itraconazole to be effective in multiple assays through Wnt inhibition, causing both cycling and dormant cells to switch to global senescence. These data provide preclinical evidence to support an early phase trial of itraconazole in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Buczacki
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Semiramis Popova
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Emma Biggs
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Chrysa Koukorava
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Jon Buzzelli
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology (OIRO), Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lee Hazelwood
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Hayley Francies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England, UK
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22
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Ge J, Zhu J, Xia B, Cao H, Peng Y, Li X, Yu T, Chu G, Yang G, Shi X. miR-423-5p inhibits myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting Sufu. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7610-7620. [PMID: 29923621 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast proliferation and terminal differentiation are the key steps of myogenesis. MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in gene expression regulation. They negatively regulate gene expression by causing messenger RNA translational repression or target messenger RNA degradation. Here, we found that microRNA-423-5p (miR-423-5p) is highly expressed in both slow and fast muscles. Our gain-of-function study indicated that miR-423-5p actually plays a negative role in regulating myoblast proliferation and differentiation. We also found that miR-423-5p is able to inhibit the expression of suppressor of fused homolog to inactivate the expression of the marker genes in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Taken together, our findings indicated miR-423-5p as a potential inhibitor of myogenesis by targeting suppressor of fused homolog in myoblast, and it also contributes to a better understanding of the microRNAs-target gene regulatory network in different types of porcine muscle types and may benefit the practice of improving the meat quality in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayu Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haigang Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guiyan Chu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xine Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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23
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MEKK2 and MEKK3 suppress Hedgehog pathway-dependent medulloblastoma by inhibiting GLI1 function. Oncogene 2018; 37:3864-3878. [PMID: 29662197 PMCID: PMC6041257 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a pivotal role in diverse aspects of development and postnatal physiology. Perturbation of Hh signaling and activation of GLI1 (glioma-associated oncogene 1), a dedicated transcription factor for Hh pathway, are highly associated with several cancers, such as medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. Dynamic and precise control of GLI1 activity is thus important to ensure proper homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Here we show that MEKK2 (MAP3K2) and MEKK3 (MAP3K3) inhibit GLI1 transcriptional activity and oncogenic function through phosphorylation on multiple Ser/Thr sites of GLI1, which reduces GLI1 protein stability, DNA-binding ability, and increases the association of GLI1 with SUFU. Interestingly, MEKK2 and MEKK3 are responsible for FGF2-mediated inhibition on Hh signaling. Moreover, expression of MEKK2 and MEKK3 inhibits medulloblastoma cell proliferation and negatively correlates with Hh pathway activity in medulloblastoma clinical samples. Together, these findings reveal a novel noncanonical GLI1 regulation and provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers with aberrant Hh pathway activation, such as medulloblastoma.
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Wang C, Li J, Takemaru KI, Jiang X, Xu G, Wang B. Centrosomal protein Dzip1l binds Cby, promotes ciliary bud formation, and acts redundantly with Bromi to regulate ciliogenesis in the mouse. Development 2018; 145:dev.164236. [PMID: 29487109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle required for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and consists of a basal body, a ciliary axoneme and a compartment between the first two structures, called the transition zone (TZ). The TZ serves as a gatekeeper to control protein composition in cilia, but less is known about its role in ciliary bud formation. Here, we show that centrosomal protein Dzip1l is required for Hh signaling between Smoothened and Sufu. Dzip1l colocalizes with basal body appendage proteins and Rpgrip1l, a TZ protein. Loss of Dzip1l results in reduced ciliogenesis and dysmorphic cilia in vivo Dzip1l interacts with, and acts upstream of, Cby, an appendage protein, in ciliogenesis. Dzip1l also has overlapping functions with Bromi (Tbc1d32) in ciliogenesis, cilia morphogenesis and neural tube patterning. Loss of Dzip1l arrests ciliogenesis at the stage of ciliary bud formation from the TZ. Consistent with this, Dzip1l mutant cells fail to remove the capping protein Cp110 (Ccp110) from the distal end of mother centrioles and to recruit Rpgrip1l to the TZ. Therefore, Dzip1l promotes ciliary bud formation and is required for the integrity of the TZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Xiaogang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Elliott KH, Brugmann SA. Sending mixed signals: Cilia-dependent signaling during development and disease. Dev Biol 2018; 447:28-41. [PMID: 29548942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular signals are the guiding force of development, imparting direction upon cells to divide, migrate, differentiate, etc. The mechanisms by which a cell can receive and transduce these signals into measurable actions remains a 'black box' in developmental biology. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that dynamically extend from a cell to receive and process molecular and mechanical signaling cues. In the last decade, this organelle has become increasingly intriguing to the research community due to its ability to act as a cellular antenna, receive and transduce molecular stimuli, and initiate a cellular response. In this review, we discuss the structure of primary cilia, emphasizing how the ciliary components contribute to the transduction of signaling pathways. Furthermore, we address how the cilium integrates these signals and conveys them into cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and tissue patterning. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms used by primary cilia to receive and integrate molecular signals is essential, as it opens the door for the identification of therapeutic targets within the cilium that could alleviate pathological conditions brought on by aberrant molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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26
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Huang D, Wang Y, Tang J, Luo S. Molecular mechanisms of suppressor of fused in regulating the hedgehog signalling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6077-6086. [PMID: 29725392 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved throughout evolution, the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in embryonic development, stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis in animals ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. In the human body, a variety of cancer types are associated with the aberrantly activated Hh signalling pathway. Multiple studies have revealed suppressor of fused (Sufu) as a key negative regulator of this signalling pathway. In vertebrates, Sufu primarily functions as a tumor suppressor factor by interacting with and inhibiting glioma-associated oncogene homologues (GLIs), which are the terminal transcription factors of the Hh signalling pathway and belong to the Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins; by contrast, the regulation of Sufu itself remains relatively unclear. In the present review article, we focus on the effects of Sufu on the Hh signalling pathway in tumourigenesis and the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of GLI by Sufu. In addition, the factors modulating the activity of Sufu at post-transcriptional levels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengliang Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Tang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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27
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Suppressor of fused (Sufu) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114226-114238. [PMID: 29371981 PMCID: PMC5768398 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of fused is essential for the maximal activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling in development and tumorigenesis. However, the role of Sufu in cervical carcinoma remains unknown. Here, we report new findings of Sufu in regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the FoxM1 transcriptional modulation by 14-3-3ζ protein in cervical carcinoma. Sufu is overexpressed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its level in clinical tumor tissues is positively correlated with 14-3-3ζ. Functionanlly, siSufu remarkably prevents the cancer cell migration and invasion. We further demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of Sufu is increased by FoxM1, of which stability is promoted by 14-3-3ζ. Knockdown FoxM1 decreases the invasion of SiHa cells and reconstitution of Sufu rescues the invasion of these cells.Finally, overexpression of Sufu is significantly associated with differentiation grade, FIGO stage, Depth of stromal invasion and vascular cancer embolus. Our findings highlight a novel role for Sufu in cervical carcinogenesis.
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28
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Wang X, Fang Z, Wang A, Luo C, Cheng X, Lu M. Lithium Suppresses Hedgehog Signaling via Promoting ITCH E3 Ligase Activity and Gli1-SUFU Interaction in PDA Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:820. [PMID: 29249966 PMCID: PMC5715333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the hallmarks of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Lithium, a clinical mood stabilizer for the treatment of mental disorders, is known to suppress tumorigenic potential of PDA cells by targeting the Hh/Gli signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of lithium induced down-regulation of Hh/Gli1. Our data show that lithium promotes the poly-ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of Gli1 through activating E3 ligase ITCH. Additionally, lithium enhances interaction between Gli1 and SUFU via suppressing GSK3β, which phosphorylates SUFU and destabilizes the SUFU-Gli1 inhibitory complex. Our studies illustrate a novel mechanism by which lithium suppresses Hh signaling via simultaneously promoting ITCH-dependent Gli1 ubiquitination/degradation and SUFU-mediated Gli1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Cai H, Liu A. Spop regulates Gli3 activity and Shh signaling in dorsoventral patterning of the mouse spinal cord. Dev Biol 2017; 432:72-85. [PMID: 28412462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates the patterning of ventral spinal cord through the effector Gli family of transcription factors. Previous in vitro studies showed that an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing Speckle-type POZ protein (Spop) targets Gli2 and Gli3 for ubiquitination and degradation, but the role of Spop in Shh signaling and mammalian spinal cord patterning remains unknown. Here, we show that loss of Spop does not alter spinal cord patterning, but it suppresses the loss of floor plate and V3 interneuron phenotype of Gli2 mutants, suggesting a negative role of Spop in Gli3 activator activity, Shh signaling and the specification of ventral cell fates in the spinal cord. This correlates with a moderate but significant increase in the level of Gli3 protein in the Spop mutant spinal cords. Furthermore, loss of Spop restores the maximal Shh pathway activation and ventral cell fate specification in the Gli1;Sufu double mutant spinal cord. Finally, we show that loss of Spop-like does not change the spinal cord patterning in either wild type or Spop mutants, suggesting that it does not compensate for the loss of Spop in Shh signaling and spinal cord patterning. Therefore, our results demonstrate a negative role of Spop in the level and activity of Gli3, Shh signaling and ventral spinal cord patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Cai
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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30
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Zhang Z, Shen L, Law K, Zhang Z, Liu X, Hua H, Li S, Huang H, Yue S, Hui CC, Cheng SY. Suppressor of Fused Chaperones Gli Proteins To Generate Transcriptional Responses to Sonic Hedgehog Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00421-16. [PMID: 27849569 PMCID: PMC5247608 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00421-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to the graded Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) morphogenic signal are orchestrated by three Gli genes that give rise to both transcription activators and repressors. An essential downstream regulator of the pathway, encoded by the tumor suppressor gene Suppressor of fused (Sufu), plays critical roles in the production, trafficking, and function of Gli proteins, but the mechanism remains controversial. Here, we show that Sufu is upregulated in active Shh responding tissues and accompanies Gli activators translocating into and Gli repressors out of the nucleus. Trafficking of Sufu to the primary cilium, potentiated by Gli activators but not repressors, was found to be coupled to its nuclear import. We have identified a nuclear export signal (NES) motif of Sufu in juxtaposition to the protein kinase A (PKA) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) dual phosphorylation sites and show that Sufu binds the chromatin with both Gli1 and Gli3. Close comparison of neural tube development among individual Ptch1-/-, Sufu-/-, and Ptch1-/-; Sufu-/- double mutant embryos indicates that Sufu is critical for the maximal activation of Shh signaling essential to the specification of the most-ventral neurons. These data define Sufu as a novel class of molecular chaperone required for every aspect of Gli regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longyan Shen
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kelvin Law
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Hua
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sanen Li
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Huang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shen Yue
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Chang CF, Chang YT, Millington G, Brugmann SA. Craniofacial Ciliopathies Reveal Specific Requirements for GLI Proteins during Development of the Facial Midline. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006351. [PMID: 27802276 PMCID: PMC5089743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies represent a broad class of disorders that affect multiple organ systems. The craniofacial complex is among those most severely affected when primary cilia are not functional. We previously reported that loss of primary cilia on cranial neural crest cells, via a conditional knockout of the intraflagellar transport protein KIF3a, resulted in midfacial widening due to a gain of Hedgehog (HH) activity. Here, we examine the molecular mechanism of how a loss of primary cilia can produce facial phenotypes associated with a gain of HH function. We show that loss of intraflagellar transport proteins (KIF3a or IFT88) caused aberrant GLI processing such that the amount of GLI3FL and GLI2FL was increased, thus skewing the ratio of GLIFL to GLIR in favor of the FL isoform. Genetic addition of GLI3R partially rescued the ciliopathic midfacial widening. Interestingly, despite several previous studies suggesting midfacial development relies heavily on GLI3R activity, the conditional loss of GLI3 alone did not reproduce the ciliopathic phenotype. Only the combined loss of both GLI2 and GLI3 was able to phenocopy the ciliopathic midfacial appearance. Our findings suggest that ciliopathic facial phenotypes are generated via loss of both GLI3R and GLI2R and that this pathology occurs via a de-repression mechanism. Furthermore, these studies suggest a novel role for GLI2R in craniofacial development. Primary cilia are ubiquitous organelles that serve to transduce molecular signals within a cell. Loss of functional primary cilia results in a disease class called ciliopathies. Ciliopathies have a broad range of phenotypes; however, severe facial anomalies are commonly associated with this disease class. The facial midline is particularly sensitive to loss of primary cilia, frequently undergoing a significant widening. This phenotype is similar to that which occurs when there are gain-of-function defects in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. This manuscript addresses the molecular basis for midfacial widening in ciliopathies. Importantly, we determine mechanisms to both rescue and phenocopy the ciliopathic midfacial phenotype. In sum, this work provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of midfacial patterning and the extent to which loss of cilia impact that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Grethel Millington
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Samantha A. Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
- * E-mail:
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Reis EPD, Paixão DM, Brustolini OJB, Silva FFE, Silva W, Araújo FMGD, Salim ACDM, Oliveira G, Guimarães SEF. Expression of myogenes in longissimus dorsi muscle during prenatal development in commercial and local Piau pigs. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:589-599. [PMID: 27801482 PMCID: PMC5127148 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used qRT-PCR to examine variation in the expression of 13 myogenes during muscle development in four prenatal periods (21, 40, 70 and 90 days post-insemination) in commercial (the three-way Duroc, Landrace and Large-White cross) and local Piau pig breeds that differ in muscle mass. There was no variation in the expression of the CHD8, EID2B, HIF1AN, IKBKB, RSPO3, SOX7 and SUFU genes at the various prenatal ages or between breeds. The MAP2K1 and RBM24 genes showed similar expression between commercial and Piau pigs but greater expression (p < 0.05) in at least one prenatal period. Pair-wise comparisons of prenatal periods in each breed showed that only the CSRP3, LEF1, MRAS and MYOG genes had higher expression (p < 0.05) in at least one prenatal period in commercial and Piau pigs. Overall, these results identified the LEF1 gene as a primary candidate to account for differences in muscle mass between the pig breeds since activation of this gene may lead to greater myoblast fusion in the commercial breed compared to Piau pigs. Such fusion could explain the different muscularity between breeds in the postnatal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Walmir Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Chang YT, Chaturvedi P, Schock EN, Brugmann SA. Understanding Mechanisms of GLI-Mediated Transcription during Craniofacial Development and Disease Using the Ciliopathic Mutant, talpid2. Front Physiol 2016; 7:468. [PMID: 27799912 PMCID: PMC5065992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelle that cells utilize to transduce molecular signals. Ciliopathies are a group of diseases that are caused by a disruption in the structure or function of the primary cilium. Over 30% of all ciliopathies are primarily defined by their craniofacial phenotypes, which typically include midfacial defects, cleft lip/palate, micrognathia, aglossia, and craniosynostosis. The frequency and severity of craniofacial phenotypes in ciliopathies emphasizes the importance of the cilium during development of the craniofacial complex. Molecularly, many ciliopathic mutants, including the avian talpid2 (ta2), report pathologically high levels of full-length GLI3 (GLI3FL), which can go on to function as an activator (GLIA), and reduced production of truncated GLI3 (GLI3T), which can go on to function as a repressor (GLIR). These observations suggest that the craniofacial phenotypes of ciliary mutants like ta2 are caused either by excessive activity of the GLIA or reduced activity of GLIR. To decipher between these two scenarios, we examined GLI3 occupation at the regulatory regions of target genes and subsequent target gene expression. Using in silico strategies we identified consensus GLI binding regions (GBRs) in the avian genome and confirmed GLI3 binding to the regulatory regions of its targets by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). In ta2 mutants, there was a strikingly low number of GLI3 target genes that had significantly increased expression in facial prominences compared to the control embryo and GLI3 occupancy at GBRs associated with target genes was largely reduced. In vitro DNA binding assays, further supported ChIP results, indicated that the excessive GLI3FL generated in ta2 mutants did not bind to GBRs. In light of these results, we explored the possibility of GLI co-regulator proteins playing a role in regulatory mechanism of GLI-mediated transcription. Taken together our studies suggest that craniofacial ciliopathic phenotypes are produced via reduced GLIT production, allowing for target gene transcription to be mediated by the combinatorial code of GLI co-regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA
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Jin Z, Schwend T, Fu J, Bao Z, Liang J, Zhao H, Mei W, Yang J. Members of the Rusc protein family interact with Sufu and inhibit vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. Development 2016; 143:3944-3955. [PMID: 27633991 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is fundamentally important for development and adult tissue homeostasis. It is well established that in vertebrates Sufu directly binds and inhibits Gli proteins, the downstream mediators of Hh signaling. However, it is unclear how the inhibitory function of Sufu towards Gli is regulated. Here we report that the Rusc family of proteins, the biological functions of which are poorly understood, form a heterotrimeric complex with Sufu and Gli. Upon Hh signaling, Rusc is displaced from this complex, followed by dissociation of Gli from Sufu. In mammalian fibroblast cells, knockdown of Rusc2 potentiates Hh signaling by accelerating signaling-induced dissociation of the Sufu-Gli protein complexes. In Xenopus embryos, knockdown of Rusc1 or overexpression of a dominant-negative Rusc enhances Hh signaling during eye development, leading to severe eye defects. Our study thus uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism controlling the response of cells to Hh signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Tyler Schwend
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Zehua Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Ramsbottom SA, Pownall ME, Roelink H, Conway SJ. Regulation of Hedgehog Signalling Inside and Outside the Cell. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27547735 PMCID: PMC4990124 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is conserved throughout metazoans and plays an important regulatory role in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Many levels of regulation exist that control the release, reception, and interpretation of the hedgehog signal. The fatty nature of the Shh ligand means that it tends to associate tightly with the cell membrane, and yet it is known to act as a morphogen that diffuses to elicit pattern formation. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a major role in the regulation of Hh distribution outside the cell. Inside the cell, the primary cilium provides an important hub for processing the Hh signal in vertebrates. This review will summarise the current understanding of how the Hh pathway is regulated from ligand production, release, and diffusion, through to signal reception and intracellular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)191-241-8612
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Barrell W, Birjandi AA, Geoghegan F, Cobourne MT. Hedgehog receptor function during craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2016; 415:198-215. [PMID: 26875496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in orchestrating normal craniofacial development in vertebrates. In particular, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced in three key domains during the early formation of the head; neuroectoderm of the ventral forebrain, facial ectoderm and the pharyngeal endoderm; with signal transduction evident in both ectodermal and mesenchymal tissue compartments. Shh signalling from the prechordal plate and ventral midline of the diencephalon is required for appropriate division of the eyefield and forebrain, with mutation in a number of pathway components associated with Holoprosencephaly, a clinically heterogeneous developmental defect characterized by a failure of the early forebrain vesicle to divide into distinct halves. In addition, signalling from the pharyngeal endoderm and facial ectoderm plays an essential role during development of the face, influencing cranial neural crest cells that migrate into the early facial processes. In recent years, the complexity of Shh signalling has been highlighted by the identification of multiple novel proteins that are involved in regulating both the release and reception of this protein. Here, we review the contributions of Shh signalling during early craniofacial development, focusing on Hedgehog receptor function and describing the consequences of disruption for inherited anomalies of this region in both mouse models and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - William Barrell
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Finn Geoghegan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Song L, Li ZY, Liu WP, Zhao MR. Crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signaling pathways in colon cancer and implications for therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1-7. [PMID: 25692617 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.972215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signalings play key roles in multiple biogenesis such as embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulations of these 2 pathways are frequently found in most cancers, particularly in colon cancer. Their crosstalk has been increasingly appreciated as an important mechanism in regulating colon cancer progression. Our studies into the link between Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signalings in colon cancer revealed several possible crosstalk points and suggested potential therapeutic strategies for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- a MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou , China
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38
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Hsia EYC, Gui Y, Zheng X. Regulation of Hedgehog signaling by ubiquitination. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2015; 10:203-220. [PMID: 26366162 PMCID: PMC4564008 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays crucial roles both in embryonic development and in adult stem cell function. The timing, duration and location of Hh signaling activity need to be tightly controlled. Abnormalities of Hh signal transduction lead to birth defects or malignant tumors. Recent data point to ubiquitination-related posttranslational modifications of several key Hh pathway components as an important mechanism of regulation of the Hh pathway. Here we review how ubiquitination regulates the localization, stability and activity of the key Hh signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y. C. Hsia
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yirui Gui
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Multisite interaction with Sufu regulates Ci/Gli activity through distinct mechanisms in Hh signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6383-8. [PMID: 25941387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421628112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein Suppressor of fused (Sufu) plays a conserved role in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by inhibiting Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors, but the molecular mechanism by which Sufu inhibits Ci/Gli activity remains poorly understood. Here we show that Sufu can bind Ci/Gli through a C-terminal Sufu-interacting site (SIC) in addition to a previously identified N-terminal site (SIN), and that both SIC and SIN are required for optimal inhibition of Ci/Gli by Sufu. We show that Sufu can sequester Ci/Gli in the cytoplasm through binding to SIN while inhibiting Ci/Gli activity in the nucleus depending on SIC. We also find that binding of Sufu to SIC and the middle region of Ci can impede recruitment of the transcriptional coactivator CBP by masking its binding site in the C-terminal region of Ci. Indeed, moving the CBP-binding site to an "exposed" location can render Ci resistant to Sufu-mediated inhibition in the nucleus. Hence, our study identifies a previously unidentified and conserved Sufu-binding motif in the C-terminal region of Ci/Gli and provides mechanistic insight into how Sufu inhibits Ci/Gli activity in the nucleus.
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Makino S, Zhulyn O, Mo R, Puviindran V, Zhang X, Murata T, Fukumura R, Ishitsuka Y, Kotaki H, Matsumaru D, Ishii S, Hui CC, Gondo Y. T396I mutation of mouse Sufu reduces the stability and activity of Gli3 repressor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119455. [PMID: 25760946 PMCID: PMC4356511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is primarily transduced by two transcription factors: Gli2, which mainly acts as a full-length activator, and Gli3, which tends to be proteolytically processed from a full-length form (Gli3FL) to an N-terminal repressor (Gli3REP). Recent studies using a Sufu knockout mouse have indicated that Sufu is involved in regulating Gli2 and Gli3 activator and repressor activity at multiple steps of the signaling cascade; however, the mechanism of specific Gli2 and Gli3 regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we established an allelic series of ENU-induced mouse strains. Analysis of one of the missense alleles, SufuT396I, showed that Thr396 residue of Sufu played a key role in regulation of Gli3 activity. SufuT396I/T396I embryos exhibited severe polydactyly, which is indicative of compromised Gli3 activity. Concomitantly, significant quantitative reductions of unprocessed Gli3 (Gli3FL) and processed Gli3 (Gli3REP) were observed in vivo as well as in vitro. Genetic experiments showed that patterning defects in the limb buds of SufuT396I/T396I were rescued by a constitutive Gli3REP allele (Gli3∆699), strongly suggesting that SufuT396I reduced the truncated Gli3 repressor. In contrast, SufuT396I qualitatively exhibited no mutational effects on Gli2 regulation. Taken together, the results of this study show that the Thr396 residue of Sufu is specifically required for regulation of Gli3 but not Gli2. This implies a novel Sufu-mediated mechanism in which Gli2 activator and Gli3 repressor are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Makino
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Olena Zhulyn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuya Murata
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukumura
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishitsuka
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hayato Kotaki
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hedgehog signaling: From basic research to clinical applications. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:569-76. [PMID: 25701396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the major signaling pathways have revealed a connection between development, regeneration, and cancer, highlighting common signaling networks in these processes. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in the development of most tissues and organs in mammals. Hh signaling is also required for tissue homeostasis and regeneration in adults, while perturbed Hh signaling is associated with human cancers. A fundamental understanding of Hh signaling will not only enhance our knowledge of how the embryos are patterned but also provide tools to treat diseases related to aberrant Hh signaling. Studies have yielded a basic framework of Hh signaling, which establishes the foundation for addressing unresolved issues of Hh signaling. A detailed characterization of the biochemical interactions between Hh components will help explain the production of graded Hh responses required for tissue patterning. Additional cell biological and genetic studies will offer new insight into the role of Hh signaling in homeostasis and regeneration. Finally, drugs that are capable of manipulating the Hh pathway can be used to treat human diseases caused by disrupted Hh signaling. These investigations will serve as a paradigm for studying signal transduction/integration in homeostasis and disease, and for translating discovery from bench to bedside.
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Cooperative integration between HEDGEHOG-GLI signalling and other oncogenic pathways: implications for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e5. [PMID: 25660620 PMCID: PMC4836208 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signalling is a key pathway critical in embryonic development, stem cell biology and tissue homeostasis. In recent years, aberrant activation of HH-GLI signalling has been linked to several types of cancer, including those of the skin, brain, lungs, prostate, gastrointestinal tract and blood. HH-GLI signalling is initiated by binding of HH ligands to the transmembrane receptor PATCHED and is mediated by transcriptional effectors that belong to the GLI family, whose activity is finely tuned by a number of molecular interactions and post-translation modifications. Several reports suggest that the activity of the GLI proteins is regulated by several proliferative and oncogenic inputs, in addition or independent of upstream HH signalling. The identification of this complex crosstalk and the understanding of how the major oncogenic signalling pathways interact in cancer is a crucial step towards the establishment of efficient targeted combinatorial treatments. Here we review recent findings on the cooperative integration of HH-GLI signalling with the major oncogenic inputs and we discuss how these cues modulate the activity of the GLI proteins in cancer. We then summarise the latest advances on SMO and GLI inhibitors and alternative approaches to attenuate HH signalling through rational combinatorial therapies.
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43
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Lin C, Yao E, Wang K, Nozawa Y, Shimizu H, Johnson JR, Chen JN, Krogan NJ, Chuang PT. Regulation of Sufu activity by p66β and Mycbp provides new insight into vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. Genes Dev 2015; 28:2547-63. [PMID: 25403183 PMCID: PMC4233246 DOI: 10.1101/gad.249425.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Control of Gli function by Sufu, a major negative regulator, is a key step in mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Lin et al. identified several Sufu-interacting proteins, including p66β and Mycbp. Sufu recruits p66β to block Gli-mediated Hh target gene expression. Meanwhile, Mycbp forms a complex with Gli and Sufu without Hh stimulation but remains inactive. Hh pathway activation leads to dissociation of Sufu/p66β from Gli, enabling Mycbp to promote Gli protein activity and Hh target gene expression. Control of Gli function by Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a major negative regulator, is a key step in mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, but how this is achieved in the nucleus is unknown. We found that Hh signaling results in reduced Sufu protein levels and Sufu dissociation from Gli proteins in the nucleus, highlighting critical functions of Sufu in the nucleus. Through a proteomic approach, we identified several Sufu-interacting proteins, including p66β (a member of the NuRD [nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase] repressor complex) and Mycbp (a Myc-binding protein). p66β negatively and Mycbp positively regulate Hh signaling in cell-based assays and zebrafish. They function downstream from the membrane receptors, Patched and Smoothened, and the primary cilium. Sufu, p66β, Mycbp, and Gli are also detected on the promoters of Hh targets in a dynamic manner. Our results support a new model of Hh signaling in the nucleus. Sufu recruits p66β to block Gli-mediated Hh target gene expression. Meanwhile, Mycbp forms a complex with Gli and Sufu without Hh stimulation but remains inactive. Hh pathway activation leads to dissociation of Sufu/p66β from Gli, enabling Mycbp to promote Gli protein activity and Hh target gene expression. These studies provide novel insight into how Sufu controls Hh signaling in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yoko Nozawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Hirohito Shimizu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jau-Nian Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
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44
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Liu YC, Couzens AL, Deshwar AR, B McBroom-Cerajewski LD, Zhang X, Puviindran V, Scott IC, Gingras AC, Hui CC, Angers S. The PPFIA1-PP2A protein complex promotes trafficking of Kif7 to the ciliary tip and Hedgehog signaling. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra117. [PMID: 25492966 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is required for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates. Hh leads to ciliary accumulation and activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and affects the localization of several pathway components, including the Gli family of transcriptional regulators, within different regions of primary cilia. Genetic analysis indicates that the kinesin protein Kif7 both promotes and inhibits mouse Hh signaling. Using mass spectrometry, we identified liprin-α1 (PPFIA1) and the protein phosphatase PP2A as Kif7-interacting proteins, and we showed that they were important for the trafficking of Kif7 and Gli proteins to the tips of cilia and for the transcriptional output of Hh signaling. Our results suggested that PPFIA1 functioned with PP2A to promote the dephosphorylation of Kif7, triggering Kif7 localization to the tips of primary cilia and promoting Gli transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu C Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Amber L Couzens
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ashish R Deshwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ian C Scott
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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45
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Radonjić NV, Memi F, Ortega JA, Glidden N, Zhan H, Zecevic N. The Role of Sonic Hedgehog in the Specification of Human Cortical Progenitors In Vitro. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:131-43. [PMID: 25146370 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is involved in the pathology of cortical formation found in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its role in the specification of human cortical progenitors is not known. Here, we report that Shh is expressed in the human developing cortex at mid-gestation by radial glia cells (RGCs) and cortical neurons. We used RGC cultures, established from the dorsal (cortical) telencephalon of human brain at mid-gestation to study the effect of Shh signaling. Cortical RGCs in vitro maintained their regional characteristics, expressed components of Shh signaling, and differentiated into Nkx2.1, Lhx6, and calretinin-positive (CalR(+)) cells, potential cortical interneuron progenitors. Treatment with exogenous Shh increased the pool of Nkx2.1(+) progenitors, decreased Lhx6 expression, and suppressed the generation of CalR(+) cells. The blockade of endogenous Shh signaling increased the number of CalR(+) cells, but did not affect Nkx2.1 expression, implying the existence of parallel Shh-independent pathways for cortical Nkx2.1 regulation. These results support the idea that, during human brain development, Shh plays an important role in the specification of cortical progenitors. Since direct functional studies in humans are limited, the in vitro system that we established here could be of great interest for modeling the development of human cortical progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Juan Alberto Ortega
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nicole Glidden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Haiying Zhan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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46
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Overlapping binding sites for importin β1 and suppressor of fused (SuFu) on glioma-associated oncogene homologue 1 (Gli1) regulate its nuclear localization. Biochem J 2014; 461:469-76. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog signalling protein Gli1 has overlapping binding sites for the proteins importin β1 and SuFu at its N-terminus. These proteins compete to regulate the nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of Gli1, with importin β promoting nuclear import and SuFu preventing it.
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47
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Lieu KG, Shim EH, Wang J, Lokareddy RK, Tao T, Cingolani G, Zambetti GP, Jans DA. The p53-induced factor Ei24 inhibits nuclear import through an importin β-binding-like domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:301-12. [PMID: 24821838 PMCID: PMC4018778 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The etoposide-induced protein Ei24 was initially identified as a p53-responsive, proapoptotic factor, but no clear function has been described. Here, we use a nonbiased proteomics approach to identify members of the importin (IMP) family of nuclear transporters as interactors of Ei24 and characterize an IMPβ-binding-like (IBBL) domain within Ei24. We show that Ei24 can bind specifically to IMPβ1 and IMPα2, but not other IMPs, and use a mutated IMPβ1 derivative to show that Ei24 binds to the same site on IMPβ1 as the IMPα IBB. Ectopic expression of Ei24 reduced the extent of IMPβ1- or IMPα/β1-dependent nuclear protein import specifically, whereas specific alanine substitutions within the IBBL abrogated this activity. Induction of endogenous Ei24 expression through etoposide treatment similarly inhibited nuclear import in a mouse embryonic fibroblast model. Thus, Ei24 can bind specifically to IMPβ1 and IMPα2 to impede their normal role in nuclear import, shedding new light on the cellular functions of Ei24 and its tumor suppressor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G Lieu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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48
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Zhang Y, Fu L, Qi X, Zhang Z, Xia Y, Jia J, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Wu G. Structural insight into the mutual recognition and regulation between Suppressor of Fused and Gli/Ci. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2608. [PMID: 24217340 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signalling regulates embryonic development and adult tissue homoeostasis. Mutations of its pathway components including Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) and Gli/Ci predispose to cancers and congenital anomalies. The Sufu-Gli protein complex occupies a central position in the vertebrate Hh signalling pathway, especially in mammals. Here structures of full-length human and Drosophila Sufu, the human Sufu-Gli complex, along with normal mode analysis and FRET measurement results, reveal that Sufu alternates between 'open' and 'closed' conformations. The 'closed' form of Sufu is stabilized by Gli binding and inhibited by Hh treatment, whereas the 'open' state of Sufu is promoted by Gli-dissociation and Hh signalling. Mutations of critical interface residues disrupt the Sufu-Gli complex and prevent Sufu from repressing Gli-mediated transcription, tethering Gli in the cytoplasm and protecting Gli from the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Our study thus provides mechanistic insight into the mutual recognition and regulation between Sufu and Gli/Ci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China [2]
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49
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Lin C, Chen MH, Yao E, Song H, Gacayan R, Hui CC, Chuang PT. Differential regulation of Gli proteins by Sufu in the lung affects PDGF signaling and myofibroblast development. Dev Biol 2014; 392:324-33. [PMID: 24886827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling relies on three Gli transcription factors to mediate Hh responses. This process is controlled in part by a major negative regulator, Sufu, through its effects on Gli protein level, distribution and activity. In this report, we showed that Sufu regulates Gli1 protein levels by antagonizing Numb/Itch. Otherwise, Numb/Itch would induce Gli1 protein degradation. This is in contrast to inhibition of Spop-mediated degradation of Gli2/3 by Sufu. Thus, controlling protein levels of all three Gli genes by Sufu is a conserved mechanism to modulate Hh responses albeit via distinct pathways. These findings in cell-based assays were further validated in vivo. In analyzing how Sufu controls Gli proteins in different tissues, we discovered that loss of Sufu in the lung exerts different effects on Hh target genes. Hh targets Ptch1/Hhip are upregulated in Sufu-deficient lungs, consistent with Hh pathway activation. Surprisingly, protein levels of Hh target Gli1 are reduced. We also found that myofibroblasts are absent from many prospective alveoli of Sufu-deficient lungs. Myofibroblast development is dependent on PDGF signaling. Interestingly, analysis of the Pdgfra promoter revealed a canonical Gli-binding site where Gli1 resides. These studies support a model in which loss of Sufu contributes to compromised Pdgfra activation and disrupts myofibroblast development in the lung. Our work illustrates the unappreciated complexity of Hh responses where distinct Hh targets could respond differently depending on the availability of Gli proteins that control their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Miao-Hsueh Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; USDA/ARS Children׳s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Hai Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Rhodora Gacayan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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Loughlin KR. The Hedgehog pathway: potential biomarker and therapeutic applications in urologic malignancies. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:546-8. [PMID: 24814405 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in the development of several non-urologic malignancies. Recent work suggests that the activation of the glioma-associated GLi family of zinc finger transcription factors may play a role in some urologic malignancies. This review surveys the potential role of the Hedgehog pathway as a new class of biomarker in some urologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Loughlin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
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