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Batt SM, Burke CE, Moorey AR, Besra GS. Antibiotics and resistance: the two-sided coin of the mycobacterial cell wall. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100044. [PMID: 32995684 PMCID: PMC7502851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, is the global leading cause of mortality from an infectious agent. Part of this success relies on the unique cell wall, which consists of a thick waxy coat with tightly packed layers of complexed sugars, lipids and peptides. This coat provides a protective hydrophobic barrier to antibiotics and the host's defences, while enabling the bacterium to spread efficiently through sputum to infect and survive within the macrophages of new hosts. However, part of this success comes at a cost, with many of the current first- and second-line drugs targeting the enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The flip side of this coin is that resistance to these drugs develops either in the target enzymes or the activation pathways of the drugs, paving the way for new resistant clinical strains. This review provides a synopsis of the structure and synthesis of the cell wall and the major current drugs and targets, along with any mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Batt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher E. Burke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice R. Moorey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized as a global health emergency as promoted by the World Health Organization. Over 1 million deaths per year, along with the emergence of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains of Mtb, have triggered intensive research into the pathogenicity and biochemistry of this microorganism, guiding the development of anti-TB chemotherapeutic agents. The essential mycobacterial cell wall, sharing some common features with all bacteria, represents an apparent ‘Achilles heel’ that has been targeted by TB chemotherapy since the advent of TB treatment. This complex structure composed of three distinct layers, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, is vital in supporting cell growth, virulence and providing a barrier to antibiotics. The fundamental nature of cell wall synthesis and assembly has rendered the mycobacterial cell wall as the most widely exploited target of anti-TB drugs. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis of the prominent cell wall components, highlighting the inhibitory mechanisms of existing clinical drugs and illustrating the potential of other unexploited enzymes as future drug targets.
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3
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Ivanova IM, Nepogodiev SA, Saalbach G, O'Neill EC, Urbaniak MD, Ferguson MAJ, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Field RA. Fluorescent mannosides serve as acceptor substrates for glycosyltransferase and sugar-1-phosphate transferase activities in Euglena gracilis membranes. Carbohydr Res 2016; 438:26-38. [PMID: 27960097 PMCID: PMC5240791 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hexynyl α-D-mannopyranoside and its α-1,6-linked disaccharide counterpart were fluorescently labelled through CuAAC click chemistry with 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin. The resulting triazolyl-coumarin adducts, which were amenable to analysis by TLC, HPLC and mass spectrometry, proved to be acceptor substrates for α-1,6-ManT activities in mycobacterial membranes, as well as α- and β-GalT activities in trypanosomal membranes, benchmarking the potential of the fluorescent acceptor approach against earlier radiochemical assays. Following on to explore the glycobiology of the benign protozoan alga Euglena gracilis, α-1,3- and α-1,2-ManT activities were detected in membrane preparations, along with GlcT, Glc-P-T and GlcNAc-P-T activities. These studies serve to demonstrate the potential of readily accessible fluorescent glycans as substrates for exploring carbohydrate active enzymes. Assays for the analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes that rely upon fluorescent acceptor substrates are set out. New assays are validated by benchmarking against radiochemical work with known glycosyltransferase activities. The installation of a fluorophore on acceptor substrates was easily achieved through click chemistry. Fluorescence assays are used to discover GTs activities in Euglena gracilis microsomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Ivanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Sudagar S Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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4
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Zimmermann N, Thormann V, Hu B, Köhler AB, Imai-Matsushima A, Locht C, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Zoller T, Schürmann M, Kaufmann SH, Wardemann H. Human isotype-dependent inhibitory antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1325-1339. [PMID: 27729388 PMCID: PMC5090662 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from experimental animal models suggests that antibodies play a protective role against tuberculosis (TB). However, little is known about the antibodies generated upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) exposure in humans. Here, we performed a molecular and functional characterization of the human B‐cell response to MTB by generating recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single isolated B cells of untreated adult patients with acute pulmonary TB and from MTB‐exposed healthcare workers. The data suggest that the acute plasmablast response to MTB originates from reactivated memory B cells and indicates a mucosal origin. Through functional analyses, we identified MTB inhibitory antibodies against mycobacterial antigens including virulence factors that play important roles in host cell infection. The inhibitory activity of anti‐MTB antibodies was directly linked to their isotype. Monoclonal as well as purified serum IgA antibodies showed MTB blocking activity independently of Fc alpha receptor expression, whereas IgG antibodies promoted the host cell infection. Together, the data provide molecular insights into the human antibody response to MTB and may thereby facilitate the design of protective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zimmermann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Thormann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Hu
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Britta Köhler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Imai-Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Camille Locht
- U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Zoller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany .,B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Angala SK, McNeil MR, Zou L, Liav A, Zhang J, Lowary TL, Jackson M. Identification of a Novel Mycobacterial Arabinosyltransferase Activity Which Adds an Arabinosyl Residue to α-d-Mannosyl Residues. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1518-24. [PMID: 27045860 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The arabinosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of the arabinan domains of two abundant heteropolysaccharides of the cell envelope of all mycobacterial species, lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, are validated drug targets. Using a cell envelope preparation from Mycobacterium smegmatis as the enzyme source and di- and trimannoside synthetic acceptors, we uncovered a previously undetected arabinosyltransferase activity. Thin layer chromatography, GC/MS, and LC/MS/MS analyses of the major enzymatic product are consistent with the transfer of an arabinose residue to the 6 position of the terminal mannosyl residue at the nonreducing end of the acceptors. The newly identified enzymatic activity is resistant to ethambutol and could correspond to the priming arabinosyl transfer reaction that occurs during lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Lu Zou
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Avraham Liav
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
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6
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Hoving JC, Wilson GJ, Brown GD. Signalling C-type lectin receptors, microbial recognition and immunity. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:185-94. [PMID: 24330199 PMCID: PMC4016756 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signalling C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs) are crucial in shaping the immune response to fungal pathogens, but comparably little is known about the role of these receptors in bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. CLRs have many diverse functions depending on the signalling motifs in their cytoplasmic domains, and can induce endocytic, phagocytic, antimicrobial, pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory responses which are either protective or not during an infection. Understanding the role of CLRs in shaping anti‐microbial immunity offers great potential for the future development of therapeutics for disease intervention. In this review we will focus on the recognition of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens by CLRs, and how these receptors influence the outcome of infection. We will also provide a brief update on the role of CLRs in antifungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Hoving
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Lattová E, Svetlíková Z, Mikušová K, Perreault H, Poláková M. Novel synthetic (1 → 6)-α-d-mannodisaccharide substrates support processive mannosylation catalysed by the mycobacterial cell envelope enzyme fraction. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Xia L, Zheng RB, Lowary TL. Revisiting the Specificity of an α-(1→4)-Mannosyltransferase Involved in Mycobacterial Methylmannose Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1139-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Cao B, White JM, Williams SJ. Synthesis of glycoconjugate fragments of mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides and lipomannan. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:369-77. [PMID: 21512604 PMCID: PMC3079179 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causitive agent of tuberculosis (TB), possesses a complex cell wall containing mannose-rich glycophospholids termed phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan (LM), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These glycophospholipids play important roles in cell wall function and host–pathogen interactions. Synthetic PIM/LM/LAM substructures are useful biochemical tools to delineate and dissect the fine details of mannose glycophospholipid biosynthesis and their interactions with host cells. We report the efficient synthesis of a series of azidooctyl di- and trimannosides possessing the following glycan structures: α-Man-1,6-α-Man, α-Man-1,6-α-Man-1,6-α-Man, α-Man-1,2-α-Man-1,6-α-Man and 2,6-di-(α-Man)-α-Man. The synthesis includes the use of non-benzyl protecting groups compatible with the azido group and preparation of the branched trisaccharide structure 2,6-di-(α-Man)-α-Man through a double glycosylation of a 3,4-butanediacetal-protected mannoside. The azidooctyl groups of these synthetic mannans were elaborated to fluorescent glycoconjugates and squaric ester derivatives useful for further conjugation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, ; Tel: +61 3 8344 2422
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10
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Poláková M, Beláňová M, Mikušová K, Lattová E, Perreault H. Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazolo-Linked Octyl (1→6)-α-d-Oligomannosides and Their Evaluation in Mycobacterial Mannosyltransferase Assay. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:289-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Poláková
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, GLYCOMED, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Beláňová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, CH1, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, CH1, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Lattová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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11
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Lo Conte M, Marra A, Chambery A, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Dondoni A. Modular approach to triazole-linked 1,6-α-D-oligomannosides to the discovery of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall synthetase. J Org Chem 2011; 75:6326-36. [PMID: 20822121 DOI: 10.1021/jo100928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at developing inhibitors of mannosyltransferases, the enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the synthesis of a range of designed triazole-linked 1,6-oligomannosides up to a hexadecamer has been accomplished by a modular approach centered on the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition as key process. The efficiency and fidelity of the cycloaddition are substantiated by high yields (76-96%) and exclusive formation of the expected 1,4-disubstituted triazole ring in all oligomer assembling reactions. Key features of oligomers thus prepared are the anomeric carbon-carbon bond of all mannoside residues and the 6-deoxymannoside capping residue. Suitable bioassays with dimer, tetramer, hexamer, octamer, decamer, and hexadecamer showed variable inhibitor activity against mycobacterial α-(1,6)-mannosyltransferases, the highest activity (IC(50) = 0.14-0.22 mM) being registered with the hexamannoside and octamannoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lo Conte
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Synthesis of alkyl and cycloalkyl α-d-mannopyranosides and derivatives thereof and their evaluation in the mycobacterial mannosyltransferase assay. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Umesiri FE, Sanki AK, Boucau J, Ronning DR, Sucheck SJ. Recent advances toward the inhibition of mAG and LAM synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:290-326. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Cao B, Williams SJ. Chemical approaches for the study of the mycobacterial glycolipids phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:919-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c000604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Tam PH, Lowary TL. Epimeric and amino disaccharide analogs as probes of an alpha-(1-->6)-mannosyltransferase involved in mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:181-92. [PMID: 20024149 DOI: 10.1039/b916580k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is an important, immunologically active glycan found in the cell wall of mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. At the core of LAM is a mannan domain comprised of alpha-(1-->6)-linked-mannopyranose (Manp) residues. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that alpha-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-Manp disaccharides (e.g., Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-ManpOctyl, ) are the minimum acceptor substrates for enzymes involved in the assembly of the LAM mannan core. We report here the synthesis five epimeric and three amino analogs of , and their subsequent biochemical evaluation against an alpha-(1-->6)-ManT activity present in a membrane preparation from M. smegmatis. Changing the manno- configuration of either residue of to talo- or gluco- led to a reduction or loss of activity, thus confirming earlier work showing that the C-2 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of each monosaccharide were important for enzymatic recognition. Characterization of the products formed from these analogs was done using a combination of mass spectrometry and glycosidase digestion, and full substrate kinetics were also performed. The analogs in which the acceptor hydroxyl group had been replaced with an amino group were, as expected, not substrates for the enzyme, but were weak inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Hang Tam
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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16
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Mishra AK, Alderwick LJ, Rittmann D, Wang C, Bhatt A, Jacobs WR, Takayama K, Eggeling L, Besra GS. Identification of a novel alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase MptB from Corynebacterium glutamicum by deletion of a conserved gene, NCgl1505, affords a lipomannan- and lipoarabinomannan-deficient mutant. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:1595-613. [PMID: 18452585 PMCID: PMC2440535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum share a similar cell wall structure and orthologous enzymes involved in cell wall assembly. Herein, we have studied C. glutamicum NCgl1505, the orthologue of putative glycosyltransferases Rv1459c from M. tuberculosis and MSMEG3120 from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Deletion of NCgl1505 resulted in the absence of lipomannan (Cg-LM-A), lipoarabinomannan (Cg-LAM) and a multi-mannosylated polymer (Cg-LM-B) based on a 1,2-di-O-C16/C18:1-(α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→3)-glycerol (GlcAGroAc2) anchor, while syntheses of triacylated-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside (Ac1PIM2) and Man1GlcAGroAc2 were still abundant in whole cells. Cell-free incubation of C. glutamicum membranes with GDP-[14C]Man established that C. glutamicum synthesized a novel α(1→6)-linked linear form of Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B from Ac1PIM2 and Man1GlcAGroAc2 respectively. Furthermore, deletion of NCgl1505 also led to the absence of in vitro synthesized linear Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B, demonstrating that NCgl1505 was involved in core α(1→6) mannan biosynthesis of Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B, extending Ac1PI[14C]M2 and [14C]Man1GlcAGroAc2 primers respectively. Use of the acceptor α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-O-C8 in an in vitro cell-free assay confirmed NCgl1505 as an α(1→6) mannopyranosyltransferase, now termed MptB. While Rv1459c and MSMEG3120 demonstrated similar in vitroα(1→6) mannopyranosyltransferase activity, deletion of the Rv1459c homologue in M. smegmatis did not result in loss of mycobacterial LM/LAM, indicating a functional redundancy for this enzyme in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Exploring the Substrate Specificity of a Mycobacterial Polyprenol Monophosphomannose-Dependent α-(1→6)-Mannosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2008; 9:267-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Mishra AK, Alderwick LJ, Rittmann D, Tatituri RVV, Nigou J, Gilleron M, Eggeling L, Besra GS. Identification of an alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase (MptA), involved in Corynebacterium glutamicum lipomanann biosynthesis, and identification of its orthologue in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:1503-17. [PMID: 17714444 PMCID: PMC2157549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis share a similar cell wall architecture, and the availability of their genome sequences has enabled the utilization of C. glutamicum as a model for the identification and study of, otherwise essential, mycobacterial genes involved in lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) biosynthesis. We selected the putative glycosyltransferase-Rv2174 from M. tuberculosis and deleted its orthologue NCgl2093 from C. glutamicum. This resulted in the formation of a novel truncated lipomannan (Cg-t-LM) and a complete ablation of LM/LAM biosynthesis. Purification and characterization of Cg-t-LM revealed an overall decrease in molecular mass, a reduction of alpha(1-->6) and alpha(1-->2) glycosidic linkages illustrating a reduced degree of branching compared with wild-type LM. The deletion mutant's biochemical phenotype was fully complemented by either NCgl2093 or Rv2174. Furthermore, the use of a synthetic neoglycolipid acceptor in an in vitro cell-free assay utilizing the sugar donor beta-D-mannopyranosyl-1-monophosphoryl-decaprenol together with the neoglycolipid acceptor alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-O-C8 as a substrate, confirmed NCgl2093 and Rv2174 as an alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase (MptA), involved in the latter stages of the biosynthesis of the alpha(1-->6) mannan core of LM. Altogether, these studies have identified a new mannosyltransferase, MptA, and they shed further light on the biosynthesis of LM/LAM in Corynebacterianeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Doris Rittmann
- Institute for Biotechnology 1, Research Centre JuelichD-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jerome Nigou
- Institute de Parmacologie et de Biologie StructuraleUMR CNRS 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institute de Parmacologie et de Biologie StructuraleUMR CNRS 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- Institute for Biotechnology 1, Research Centre JuelichD-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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19
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Tam PH, Lowary TL. Synthesis of deoxy and methoxy analogs of octyl alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->6)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside as probes for mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1741-72. [PMID: 17553471 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A panel of analogs of the disaccharide alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-OOctyl, a known acceptor substrate for a polyprenol monophosphomannose-dependent alpha-(1-->6)-mannosyltransferase involved in the assembly of the alpha-(1-->6)-linked mannan core of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, has been synthesized. Described are synthetic routes to the target deoxy and methoxy analogs in which one of the hydroxyl groups of the parent disaccharide has been modified. All glycosylation reactions involved the use of octyl glycoside acceptors and thioglycoside donors using iodonium-ion activation, and the stereochemistry of the mannopyranoside bond formed was established by measurement of the 1J(C-1,H-1). Depending on the target, the key methylation or deoxygenation reactions were carried out on either mono- or disaccharide substrates. This series of analogs will be useful for probing the substrate specificity of the enzyme, in particular, its steric and hydrogen-bonding requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Hang Tam
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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20
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Watt JA, Williams SJ. Rapid, iterative assembly of octyl alpha-1,6-oligomannosides and their 6-deoxy equivalents. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1982-92. [PMID: 15889182 DOI: 10.1039/b503919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of the deadly human disease tuberculosis. In studies over the last 40 years it has been revealed that this organism possesses a complex cell wall including glycophospholipids such as the phosphatidylinositiol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These glycolipids all contain a common alpha-1,6-linked mannoside core, and the higher PIMs and LAM possess alpha-1,2-linked mannosyl residues. It has been shown that simple alpha-1,6-linked oligomannosides can act as substrates for alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferases in mycobacteria. Here we report a simple iterative synthesis of a series of hydrophobic octyl alpha-1,6-linked oligomannosides from mono- through to tetrasaccharides. We have utilized a single thioglycoside donor and alcohol acceptor. Further, we have developed conditions for the conversion of each of these compounds to the 6-deoxy congeners. Deoxygenation of the 6-position of the terminal mannosyl residue should prevent these compounds acting as substrates for the abundant alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferases in mycobacteria and should permit detection of the elusive alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity responsible for elaboration of LM to mature LAM and the biosynthesis of the higher PIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Watt
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia 3010
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21
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Morita YS, Velasquez R, Taig E, Waller RF, Patterson JH, Tull D, Williams SJ, Billman-Jacobe H, McConville MJ. Compartmentalization of lipid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21645-52. [PMID: 15805104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414181200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of Mycobacterium sp. is the site of synthesis of several distinct classes of lipids that are either retained in the membrane or exported to the overlying cell envelope. Here, we provide evidence that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of two major lipid classes, the phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and aminophospholipids, are compartmentalized within the plasma membrane. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of early PIM intermediates were localized to a membrane subdomain termed PMf, that was clearly resolved from the cell wall by isopyknic density centrifugation and amplified in rapidly dividing Mycobacterium smegmatis. In contrast, the major pool of apolar PIMs and enzymes involved in polar PIM biosynthesis were localized to a denser fraction that contained both plasma membrane and cell wall markers (PM-CW). Based on the resistance of the PIMs to solvent extraction in live but not lysed cells, we propose that polar PIM biosynthesis occurs in the plasma membrane rather than the cell wall component of the PM-CW. Enzymes involved in phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis also displayed a highly polarized distribution between the PMf and PM-CW fractions. The PMf was greatly reduced in non-dividing cells, concomitant with a reduction in the synthesis and steady-state levels of PIMs and amino-phospholipids and the redistribution of PMf marker enzymes to non-PM-CW fractions. The formation of the PMf and recruitment of enzymes to this domain may thus play a role in regulating growth-specific changes in the biosynthesis of membrane and cell wall lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasu S Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The B1021 Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Subramaniam V, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Lowary TL. Modified mannose disaccharides as substrates and inhibitors of a polyprenol monophosphomannose-dependent α-(1→6)-mannosyltransferase involved in mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1083-94. [PMID: 15670916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A panel of alpha-(1-->6)-linked mannose disaccharides (5-8) in which the 2'-OH group has been replaced, independently, by deoxy, fluoro, amino, and methoxy functionalities has been synthesized. Evaluation of these compounds as potential substrates or inhibitors of a polyprenol monophosphomannose-dependent alpha-(1-->6)-mannosyltransferase involved in mycobacterial LAM biosynthesis demonstrated that the enzyme is somewhat tolerant substitution at this site. The enzyme recognizes the disaccharides with groups similar or smaller in size than the native hydroxyl (6-8), but not the disaccharide with the more sterically demanding methoxy group (5). The 2'-OH appears not form a critical hydrogen bonding interaction with the protein as the 2'-deoxy analog is a substrate for the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodhkumar Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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23
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Synthetic disaccharide analogs as potential substrates and inhibitors of a mycobacterial polyprenol monophosphomannose-dependent α-(1→6)-mannosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Guy M, Illarionov P, Gurcha S, Dover L, Gibson K, Smith P, Minnikin D, Besra G. Novel prenyl-linked benzophenone substrate analogues of mycobacterial mannosyltransferases. Biochem J 2004; 382:905-12. [PMID: 15202931 PMCID: PMC1133966 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PPM (polyprenol monophosphomannose) has been shown to act as a glycosyl donor in the biosynthesis of the Man (mannose)-rich mycobacterial lipoglycans LM (lipomannan) and LAM (lipoarabinomannan). The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPM synthase (Mt-Ppm1) catalyses the transfer of Man from GDP-Man to polyprenyl phosphates. The resulting PPM then serves as a donor of Man residues leading to the formation of an alpha(1-->6)LM intermediate through a PPM-dependent alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase. In the present study, we prepared a series of ten novel prenyl-related photoactivatable probes based on benzophenone with lipophilic spacers replacing several internal isoprene units. These probes were excellent substrates for the recombinant PPM synthase Mt-Ppm1/D2 and, on photoactivation, several inhibited its activity in vitro. The protection of the PPM synthase activity by a 'natural' C(75) polyprenyl acceptor during phototreatment is consistent with probe-mediated photoinhibition occurring via specific covalent modification of the enzyme active site. In addition, the unique mannosylated derivatives of the photoreactive probes were all donors of Man residues, through a PPM-dependent mycobacterial alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase, to a synthetic Manp(1-->6)-Manp-O-C(10:1) disaccharide acceptor (where Manp stands for mannopyranose). Photoactivation of probe 7 led to striking-specific inhibition of the M. smegmatis alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase. The present study represents the first application of photoreactive probes to the study of mycobacterial glycosyltransferases involved in LM and LAM biosynthesis. These preliminary findings suggest that the probes will prove useful in investigating the polyprenyl-dependent steps of the complex biosynthetic pathways to the mycobacterial lipoglycans, aiding in the identification of novel glycosyltransferases.
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Key Words
- benzophenone
- inhibition
- lipoarabinomannan
- mannosyltransferase
- mycobacterial
- photoprobe
- esi–ms, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- lam, lipoarabinomannan
- lb, luria–bertani
- lm, lipomannan
- magp, mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan
- man, mannose
- manlam, lam with man caps
- manp, mannopyranose
- pilam, lam with phosphoinositide caps
- pim, phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside
- ppm, polyprenol monophosphomannose
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Guy
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Petr A. Illarionov
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Lynn G. Dover
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kevin J. C. Gibson
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Paul W. Smith
- †GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Ltd., New Frontiers Science Park North, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - David E. Minnikin
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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25
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Riordan JM, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Reynolds RC. Synthesis of mannopyranose disaccharides as photoaffinity probes for mannosyltransferases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:683-91. [PMID: 15013406 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mannosyltransferases play a crucial role in mycobacterial cell-wall biosynthesis and are potential new drug targets for the treatment of tuberculosis. Herein, we describe the synthesis of alpha-(1-->2)- and alpha-(1-->6)-linked mannopyranosyl disaccharides possessing a 5-azidonaphthlene-1-sulfonamidoethyl group as photoaffinity probes for active-site labeling studies of mannosyltransferases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, PO Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35225-5305, USA
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26
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Bai X, Zhou D, Brown JR, Crawford BE, Hennet T, Esko JD. Biosynthesis of the linkage region of glycosaminoglycans: cloning and activity of galactosyltransferase II, the sixth member of the beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase family (beta 3GalT6). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48189-95. [PMID: 11551958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107339200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of five beta1,3-galactosyltransferases has been characterized that catalyze the formation of Galbeta1,3GlcNAcbeta and Galbeta1,3GalNAcbeta linkages present in glycoproteins and glycolipids (beta3GalT1, -2, -3, -4, and -5). We now report a new member of the family (beta3GalT6), involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The human and mouse genes were located on chromosomes 1p36.3 and 4E2, respectively, and homologs are found in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike other members of the family, beta3GalT6 showed a broad mRNA expression pattern by Northern blot analysis. Although a high degree of homology across several subdomains exists among other members of the beta3-galactosyltransferase family, recombinant enzyme did not utilize glucosamine- or galactosamine-containing acceptors. Instead, the enzyme transferred galactose from UDP-galactose to acceptors containing a terminal beta-linked galactose residue. This product, Galbeta1,3Galbeta is found in the linkage region of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (GlcAbeta1,3Galbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Xylbeta-O-Ser), indicating that beta3GalT6 is the so-called galactosyltransferase II involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Its identity was confirmed in vivo by siRNA-mediated inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. Its localization in the medial Golgi indicates that this is the major site for assembly of the linkage region.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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27
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Rhoades ER, Ullrich HJ. How to establish a lasting relationship with your host: lessons learned from Mycobacterium spp. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:301-10. [PMID: 10947853 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium spp. enjoy an intracellular lifestyle that is fatal to most microorganisms. Bacilli persist and multiply within mononuclear phagocytes in the face of defences ranging from toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals, acidic proteases and bactericidal peptides. Uptake of Mycobacterium by phagocytes results in the de novo formation of a phagosome, which is manipulated by the pathogen to accommodate its needs for intracellular survival and replication. The present review describes the intracellular compartment occupied by Mycobacterium spp. and presents current ideas on how mycobacteria may establish this niche, placing special emphasis on the involvement of mycobacterial cell wall lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Rhoades
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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