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Arnett E, Wolff J, Leopold Wager CM, Simper J, Badrak JL, Ontiveros C, Ni B, Schlesinger LS. Cutting Edge: Cytosolic Receptor AIM2 Is Induced by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Human Macrophages but Does Not Contribute to IL-1β Release. J Immunol 2024; 212:765-770. [PMID: 38251918 PMCID: PMC10922714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2), an inflammasome component, mediates IL-1β release in murine macrophages and cell lines. AIM2 and IL-1β contribute to murine control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, but AIM2's impact in human macrophages, the primary niche for M.tb, remains unclear. We show that M.tb, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and M. smegmatis induce AIM2 expression in primary human macrophages. M.tb-induced AIM2 expression is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-dependent and M.tb ESX-1-independent, whereas BCG- and M. smegmatis-induced AIM2 expression is PPARγ-independent. PPARγ and NLRP3, but not AIM2, are important for IL-1β release in response to M.tb, and NLRP3 colocalizes with M.tb. This is in contrast to the role for AIM2 in inflammasome activation in mice and peritoneal macrophages. Altogether, we show that mycobacteria induce AIM2 expression in primary human macrophages, but AIM2 does not contribute to IL-1β release during M.tb infection, providing further evidence that AIM2 expression and function are regulated in a cell- and/or species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Chrissy M Leopold Wager
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jan Simper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeanine L Badrak
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Ontiveros
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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2
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Arnett E, Pahari S, Leopold Wager CM, Hernandez E, Bonifacio JR, Lumbreras M, Renshaw C, Montoya MJ, Opferman JT, Schlesinger LS. Combination of MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors is a promising approach for a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115738. [PMID: 37864894 PMCID: PMC10841846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) accounts for 1.6 million deaths annually and over 25% of deaths due to antimicrobial resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) drives MCL-1 expression (family member of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins) to limit apoptosis and grow intracellularly in human macrophages. The feasibility of re-purposing specific MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors to limit M.tb growth, using inhibitors that are in clinical trials and FDA-approved for cancer treatment has not be tested previously. We show that specifically inhibiting MCL-1 and BCL-2 induces apoptosis of M.tb-infected macrophages, and markedly reduces M.tb growth in human and murine macrophages, and in a pre-clinical model of human granulomas. MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors limit growth of drug resistant and susceptible M.tb in macrophages and act in additive fashion with the antibiotics isoniazid and rifampicin. This exciting work uncovers targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway as a promising approach for TB host-directed therapy. Since safety and activity studies are underway in cancer clinics for MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors, we expect that re-purposing them for TB treatment should translate more readily and rapidly to the clinic. Thus, the work supports further development of this host-directed therapy approach to augment current TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Chrissy M Leopold Wager
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordan R Bonifacio
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Miranda Lumbreras
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Charles Renshaw
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Maria J Montoya
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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3
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Djurkovic MA, Leavitt CG, Arnett E, Kriachun V, Martínez-Sobrido L, Titone R, Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A, Schlesinger LS, Shtanko O. Ebola Virus Uses Tunneling Nanotubes as an Alternate Route of Dissemination. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S522-S535. [PMID: 37723997 PMCID: PMC10651192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease is marked by rapid virus replication and spread. EBOV enters the cell by macropinocytosis and replicates in the cytoplasm, and nascent virions egress from the cell surface to infect neighboring cells. Here, we show that EBOV uses an alternate route to disseminate: tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs, an actin-based long-range intercellular communication system, allows for direct exchange of cytosolic constituents between cells. Using live, scanning electron, and high-resolution quantitative 3-dimensional microscopy, we show that EBOV infection of primary human cells results in the enhanced formation of TNTs containing viral nucleocapsids. TNTs promote the intercellular transfer of nucleocapsids in the absence of live virus, and virus could replicate in cells devoid of entry factors after initial stall. Our studies suggest an alternate model of EBOV dissemination within the host, laying the groundwork for further investigations into the pathogenesis of filoviruses and, importantly, stimulating new areas of antiviral design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija A Djurkovic
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Carson G Leavitt
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Valeriia Kriachun
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Rossella Titone
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Laura J Sherwood
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
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4
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Pahari S, Arnett E, Simper J, Azad A, Guerrero-Arguero I, Ye C, Zhang H, Cai H, Wang Y, Lai Z, Jarvis N, Lumbreras M, Maselli DJ, Peters J, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L, Schlesinger LS. A new tractable method for generating human alveolar macrophage-like cells in vitro to study lung inflammatory processes and diseases. mBio 2023; 14:e0083423. [PMID: 37288969 PMCID: PMC10470505 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00834-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are unique lung resident cells that contact airborne pathogens and environmental particulates. The contribution of human AMs (HAMs) to pulmonary diseases remains poorly understood due to the difficulty in accessing them from human donors and their rapid phenotypic change during in vitro culture. Thus, there remains an unmet need for cost-effective methods for generating and/or differentiating primary cells into a HAM phenotype, particularly important for translational and clinical studies. We developed cell culture conditions that mimic the lung alveolar environment in humans using lung lipids, that is, Infasurf (calfactant, natural bovine surfactant) and lung-associated cytokines (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin 10) that facilitate the conversion of blood-obtained monocytes to an AM-like (AML) phenotype and function in tissue culture. Similar to HAM, AML cells are particularly susceptible to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. This study reveals the importance of alveolar space components in the development and maintenance of HAM phenotype and function and provides a readily accessible model to study HAM in infectious and inflammatory disease processes, as well as therapies and vaccines. IMPORTANCE Millions die annually from respiratory disorders. Lower respiratory track gas-exchanging alveoli maintain a precarious balance between fighting invaders and minimizing tissue damage. Key players herein are resident AMs. However, there are no easily accessible in vitro models of HAMs, presenting a huge scientific challenge. Here, we present a novel model for generating AML cells based on differentiating blood monocytes in a defined lung component cocktail. This model is non-invasive, significantly less costly than performing a bronchoalveolar lavage, yields more AML cells than HAMs per donor, and retains their phenotype in culture. We have applied this model to early studies of M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. This model will significantly advance respiratory biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jan Simper
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Abul Azad
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie Jarvis
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda Lumbreras
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Diego Jose Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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5
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Sadee W, Cheeseman IH, Papp A, Pietrzak M, Seweryn M, Zhou X, Lin S, Williams AM, Wewers MD, Curry HM, Zhang H, Cai H, Kunsevi-Kilola C, Tshivhula H, Walzl G, Restrepo BI, Kleynhans L, Ronacher K, Wang Y, Arnett E, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. Human alveolar macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune characteristics underlying large inter-individual variability. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2986649. [PMID: 37333188 PMCID: PMC10275041 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2986649/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative bacterium of tuberculosis (TB), establishes residence and grows in human alveolar macrophages (AMs). Inter-individual variation in M.tb-human AM interactions can indicate TB risk and the efficacy of therapies and vaccines; however, we currently lack an understanding of the gene and protein expression programs that dictate this variation in the lungs. Results Herein, we systematically analyze interactions of a virulent M.tb strain H37Rv with freshly isolated human AMs from 28 healthy adult donors, measuring host RNA expression and secreted candidate proteins associated with TB pathogenesis over 72h. A large set of genes possessing highly variable inter-individual expression levels are differentially expressed in response to M.tb infection. Eigengene modules link M.tb growth rate with host transcriptional and protein profiles at 24 and 72h. Systems analysis of differential RNA and protein expression identifies a robust network with IL1B, STAT1, and IDO1 as hub genes associated with M.tb growth. RNA time profiles document stimulation towards an M1-type macrophage gene expression followed by emergence of an M2-type profile. Finally, we replicate these results in a cohort from a TB-endemic region, finding a substantial portion of significant differentially expressed genes overlapping between studies. Conclusions We observe large inter-individual differences in bacterial uptake and growth, with tenfold variation in M.tb load by 72h.The fine-scale resolution of this work enables the identification of genes and gene networks associated with early M.tb growth dynamics in defined donor clusters, an important step in developing potential biological indicators of individual susceptibility to M.tb infection and response to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Cai
- University of Texas at San Antonio
| | | | | | | | - Blanca I Restrepo
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute
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6
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Pahari S, Arnett E, Simper J, Azad A, Guerrero-Arguero I, Ye C, Zhang H, Cai H, Wang Y, Lai Z, Jarvis N, Lumbreras M, Maselli-Caceres DJ, Peters J, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L, Schlesinger LS. A new tractable method for generating Human Alveolar Macrophage Like cells in vitro to study lung inflammatory processes and diseases. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.05.535806. [PMID: 37066199 PMCID: PMC10104118 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.535806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are unique lung resident cells that contact airborne pathogens and environmental particulates. The contribution of human AMs (HAM) to pulmonary diseases remains poorly understood due to difficulty in accessing them from human donors and their rapid phenotypic change during in vitro culture. Thus, there remains an unmet need for cost-effective methods for generating and/or differentiating primary cells into a HAM phenotype, particularly important for translational and clinical studies. We developed cell culture conditions that mimic the lung alveolar environment in humans using lung lipids, i.e. , Infasurf (calfactant, natural bovine surfactant) and lung-associated cytokines (GM-CSF, TGF-β, and IL-10) that facilitate the conversion of blood-obtained monocytes to an AM-Like (AML) phenotype and function in tissue culture. Similar to HAM, AML cells are particularly susceptible to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. This study reveals the importance of alveolar space components in the development and maintenance of HAM phenotype and function, and provides a readily accessible model to study HAM in infectious and inflammatory disease processes, as well as therapies and vaccines. IMPORTANCE Millions die annually from respiratory disorders. Lower respiratory track gas-exchanging alveoli maintain a precarious balance between fighting invaders and minimizing tissue damage. Key players herein are resident AMs. However, there are no easily accessible in vitro models of HAMs, presenting a huge scientific challenge. Here we present a novel model for generating AML cells based on differentiating blood monocytes in a defined lung component cocktail. This model is non-invasive, significantly less costly than performing a bronchoalveolar lavage, yields more AML cells than HAMs per donor and retains their phenotype in culture. We have applied this model to early studies of M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. This model will significantly advance respiratory biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jan Simper
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abul Azad
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Jarvis
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Miranda Lumbreras
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78207
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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7
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Leopold Wager CM, Bonifacio JR, Simper J, Naoun AA, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Activation of transcription factor CREB in human macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes bacterial survival, reduces NF-kB nuclear transit and limits phagolysosome fusion by reduced necroptotic signaling. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011297. [PMID: 37000865 PMCID: PMC10096260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a first line of defense against pathogens. However, certain invading microbes modify macrophage responses to promote their own survival and growth. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a human-adapted intracellular pathogen that exploits macrophages as an intracellular niche. It was previously reported that M.tb rapidly activates cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB), a transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular responses in macrophages. However, the mechanism(s) underlying CREB activation and its downstream roles in human macrophage responses to M.tb are largely unknown. Herein we determined that M.tb-induced CREB activation is dependent on signaling through MAPK p38 in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Using a CREB-specific inhibitor, we determined that M.tb-induced CREB activation leads to expression of immediate early genes including COX2, MCL-1, CCL8 and c-FOS, as well as inhibition of NF-kB p65 nuclear localization. These early CREB-mediated signaling events predicted that CREB inhibition would lead to enhanced macrophage control of M.tb growth, which we observed over days in culture. CREB inhibition also led to phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL, hallmarks of necroptosis. However, this was unaccompanied by cell death at the time points tested. Instead, bacterial control corresponded with increased colocalization of M.tb with the late endosome/lysosome marker LAMP-1. Increased phagolysosomal fusion detected during CREB inhibition was dependent on RIPK3-induced pMLKL, indicating that M.tb-induced CREB signaling limits phagolysosomal fusion through inhibition of the necroptotic signaling pathway. Altogether, our data show that M.tb induces CREB activation in human macrophages early post-infection to create an environment conducive to bacterial growth. Targeting certain aspects of the CREB-induced signaling pathway may represent an innovative approach for development of host-directed therapeutics to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy M. Leopold Wager
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jordan R. Bonifacio
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan Simper
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrian A. Naoun
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Hoerter A, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Pienaar E. Systems biology approaches to investigate the role of granulomas in TB-HIV coinfection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014515. [PMID: 36405707 PMCID: PMC9670175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of active tuberculosis disease is 15-21 times higher in those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) compared to tuberculosis alone, and tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in HIV+ individuals. Mechanisms driving synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV during coinfection include: disruption of cytokine balances, impairment of innate and adaptive immune cell functionality, and Mtb-induced increase in HIV viral loads. Tuberculosis granulomas are the interface of host-pathogen interactions. Thus, granuloma-based research elucidating the role and relative impact of coinfection mechanisms within Mtb granulomas could inform cohesive treatments that target both pathogens simultaneously. We review known interactions between Mtb and HIV, and discuss how the structure, function and development of the granuloma microenvironment create a positive feedback loop favoring pathogen expansion and interaction. We also identify key outstanding questions and highlight how coupling computational modeling with in vitro and in vivo efforts could accelerate Mtb-HIV coinfection discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hoerter
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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9
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Abstract
The impact of cellular apoptosis in controlling M. tuberculosis during tuberculosis (TB) infection remains unresolved. In this issue of Immunity, Stutz et al. provide compelling evidence that apoptosis controls M. tuberculosis infection in vivo and compounds that induce apoptosis limit M. tuberculosis growth in mice.
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10
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Pahari S, Negi S, Aqdas M, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Agrewala JN. Induction of autophagy through CLEC4E in combination with TLR4: an innovative strategy to restrict the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Autophagy 2019; 16:1021-1043. [PMID: 31462144 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1658436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies are gaining considerable impetus because of the emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens due to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to exploit alternative and novel strategies directed at host molecules to successfully restrict infections. The C-type lectin receptor CLEC4E and Toll-like receptor TLR4 expressed by host cells are among the first line of defense in encountering pathogens. Therefore, we exploited signaling of macrophages through CLEC4E in association with TLR4 agonists (C4.T4) to control the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We observed significant improvement in host immunity and reduced bacterial load in the lungs of Mtb-infected mice and guinea pigs treated with C4.T4 agonists. Further, intracellular killing of Mtb was achieved with a 10-fold lower dose of isoniazid or rifampicin in conjunction with C4.T4 than the drugs alone. C4.T4 activated MYD88, PtdIns3K, STAT1 and RELA/NFKB, increased lysosome biogenesis, decreased Il10 and Il4 gene expression and enhanced macroautophagy/autophagy. Macrophages from autophagy-deficient (atg5 knockout or Becn1 knockdown) mice showed elevated survival of Mtb. The present findings also unveiled the novel role of CLEC4E in inducing autophagy through MYD88, which is required for control of Mtb growth. This study suggests a unique immunotherapeutic approach involving CLEC4E in conjunction with TLR4 to restrict the survival of Mtb through autophagy. ABBREVIATIONS 3MA: 3 methyladenine; AO: acridine orange; Atg5: autophagy related 5; AVOs: acidic vesicular organelles; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BMDMs: bone marrow derived macrophages; bw: body weight; C4.T4: agonists of CLEC4E (C4/TDB) and TLR4 (T4/ultra-pure-LPS); CFU: colony forming unit; CLEC4E/Mincle: C-type lectin domain family 4, member e; CLR: c-type lectin receptor; INH: isoniazid; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MφC4.T4: Mtb-infected C4.T4 stimulated macrophages; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MYD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NFKB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhance in B cells; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)-like receptors; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PPD: purified protein derivative; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RELA: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); RIF: rifampicin; RLR: retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors; TDB: trehalose-6,6´-dibehenate; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; Ultra-pure-LPS: ultra-pure lipopolysaccharide-EK; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+ ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India.,Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Rupnagar, India
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11
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Moliva JI, Duncan MA, Olmo-Fontánez A, Akhter A, Arnett E, Scordo JM, Ault R, Sasindran SJ, Azad AK, Montoya MJ, Reinhold-Larsson N, Rajaram MVS, Merrit RE, Lafuse WP, Zhang L, Wang SH, Beamer G, Wang Y, Proud K, Maselli DJ, Peters J, Weintraub ST, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. The Lung Mucosa Environment in the Elderly Increases Host Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:514-523. [PMID: 30923818 PMCID: PMC6603975 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, there is an increased risk for the development of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Few studies consider that age-associated changes in the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) may increase susceptibility by altering soluble mediators of innate immunity. We assessed the impact of adult or elderly human ALF during Mtb infection in vitro and in vivo. We identified amplification of pro-oxidative and proinflammatory pathways in elderly ALF and decreased binding capability of surfactant-associated surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) to Mtb. Human macrophages infected with elderly ALF-exposed Mtb had reduced control and fewer phagosome-lysosome fusion events, which was reversed when elderly ALF was replenished with functional SP-A/SP-D. In vivo, exposure to elderly ALF exacerbated Mtb infection in young mice. Our studies demonstrate how the pulmonary environment changes as we age and suggest that Mtb may benefit from declining host defenses in the lung mucosa of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | | | | | | | - Russell Ault
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Smitha J Sasindran
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Abul K Azad
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | | | | | | | | | - William P Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Kevin Proud
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | | | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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12
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Azad A, Papp A, Zhou X, Pietrzak M, Wang M, Arnett E, Montoya M, Handelman S, Rempala G, Lin S, Sadee W, Schlesinger L. Alveolar macrophage responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveal human-to-human variation in important immunobiology pathways gleaned from functional genomics study. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.62.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the primary target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in the lung, where M.tb establishes intracellular residence and growth. This study characterizes M.tb-AM interactions and processes driving inter-subject variability. AMs were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from 28 healthy donors and cultured in the presence and absence of virulent M.tb strain H37Rv engineered to produce bioluminescence. Luminescence intensity (RLU) was measured at 2, 24, 48, and 72h post infection. At 2, 24, and 72h, we also measured 27 secreted proteins and AM RNA transcriptomes using AmpliSeq, targeting 20,804 genes, including 2,228 non-coding RNAs. RLUs reveal large differences in M.tb uptake at 2h, varying rates of intracellular adaptation between 2 and 24h, and a range of growth rates from 48 to 72h, resulting in discrete donor groups for each type of interaction. We identify 5039 significant differentially expressed RNAs (DE genes), revealing immune-related pathways, gene networks, and hub genes. A sub-group of three AMs with rapid growth rates (72/48h RLU ratios) displays the most significant DE RNA profiles, including TREM1 networks, IL8 and IL1B, CXCL10, and most prominently IDO1 at 72h, recently identified as a key protein characteristic of active TB, in a cluster of 73 tightly co-expressed genes. Large inter-individual differences in secreted proteins are mostly consistent with the RNA results. Our results identify known and novel key genes in the early phase of M.tb infection in a subset of HAMs, potentially relevant to in vivo infection and TB risk. These key genes can guide a search for genetic variants that contribute to TB risk, and potential targets for diagnostics, treatment, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Azad
- 1Texas Biomedical Research Institute
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13
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Ontiveros CO, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Characterization of AIM2 expression in human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.62.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading contributor to global mortality and is a well-known threat to global health. The disease-causing bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), has demonstrated resistance to current treatments, thus necessitating novel methods to fight the disease. The investigation of host-bacterium interactions may provide insight for development of effective host-directed therapies, thus circumventing antibiotic resistance. The body’s defense system against airborne M.tb includes alveolar macrophages (AMs) responsible for elimination of foreign agents. However, they do not effectively eliminate M.tb, leading to bacterial propagation. It was previously found that the NOD-like receptor, absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), plays key roles in M.tb infection in murine macrophages. However, the expression of AIM2 in primary human cells during M.tb infection remains unknown. To this end, we characterized AIM2 expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and AMs during M.tb infection via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that M.tb induces AIM2 transcripts in human MDMs and AMs, in a time-dependent manner. We also investigated the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ to AIM2 expression due to its known regulation of several genes involved in the human macrophage response to M.tb. We found that PPARγ mediates AIM2 expression. In conclusion, the increased AIM2 gene expression observed in MDMs and AMs during M.tb infection necessitates further investigation into its function and its potential use as a target for M.tb host-directed therapy.
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14
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Leopold Wager CM, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophage nuclear receptors: What we do and don't know. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S98-S106. [PMID: 31060958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a wide variety of cells and play a major role in lipid signaling. NRs are key regulators of immune and metabolic functions in macrophages and are linked to macrophage responses to microbial pathogens. Pathogens are also known to induce the expression of specific NRs to promote their own survival. In this review, we focus on the NRs recently shown to influence macrophage responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We provide an overview of NR-controlled transcriptional activity and regulation of macrophage activation. We also discuss in detail the contribution of specific NRs to macrophage responses to M.tb, including influence on macrophage phenotype, cell signaling, and cellular metabolism. We pay particular attention to PPARγ since it is required for differentiation of alveolar macrophages, an important niche for M.tb, and its role during M.tb infection is becoming increasingly appreciated. Research into NRs and M.tb is still in its early stages, therefore continuing to advance our understanding of the complex interactions between M.tb and macrophage NRs may reveal the potential of NRs as pharmacological targets for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a variety of cells, including macrophages. For decades, NRs have been therapeutic targets because their activity can be pharmacologically modulated by specific ligands and small molecule inhibitors. NRs regulate a variety of processes, including those intersecting metabolic and immune functions, and have been studied in regard to various autoimmune diseases. However, the complex roles of NRs in host response to infection are only recently being investigated. The NRs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and liver X receptors (LXRs) have been most studied in the context of infectious diseases; however, recent work has also linked xenobiotic pregnane X receptors (PXRs), vitamin D receptor (VDR), REV-ERBα, the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family, farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) to macrophage responses to pathogens. Pharmacological inhibition or antagonism of certain NRs can greatly influence overall disease outcome, and NRs that are protective against some diseases can lead to susceptibility to others. Targeting NRs as a novel host-directed treatment approach to infectious diseases appears to be a viable option, considering that these transcription factors play a pivotal role in macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and production of antimicrobial byproducts. In the current review, we discuss recent findings concerning the role of NRs in infectious diseases with an emphasis on PPARγ and LXR, the two most studied. We also highlight newer work on the activity of emerging NRs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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16
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Lange SM, McKell MC, Schmidt SM, Zhao J, Crowther RR, Green LC, Bricker RL, Arnett E, Köhler SE, Schlesinger LS, Setchell KDR, Qualls JE. l-Arginine Synthesis from l-Citrulline in Myeloid Cells Drives Host Defense against Mycobacteria In Vivo. J Immunol 2019; 202:1747-1754. [PMID: 30710047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunonutrition as a therapeutic approach is rapidly gaining interest in the fight against infection. Targeting l-arginine metabolism is intriguing, considering this amino acid is the substrate for antimicrobial NO production by macrophages. The importance of l-arginine during infection is supported by the finding that inhibiting its synthesis from its precursor l-citrulline blunts host defense. During the first few weeks following pulmonary mycobacterial infection, we found a drastic increase in l-citrulline in the lung, even though serum concentrations were unaltered. This correlated with increased gene expression of the l-citrulline-generating (i.e., iNOS) and l-citrulline-using (i.e., Ass1) enzymes in key myeloid populations. Eliminating l-arginine synthesis from l-citrulline in myeloid cells via conditional deletion of either Ass1 or Asl resulted in increased Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv burden in the lungs compared with controls. Our data illustrate the necessity of l-citrulline metabolism for myeloid defense against mycobacterial infection and highlight the potential for host-directed therapy against mycobacterial disease targeting this nutrient and/or its metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Lange
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Immunology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Immunology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Immunology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Lisa C Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Molecular, Cellular, and Biochemical Pharmacology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Rebecca L Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245; and
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Maastricht University, 6229 HA Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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17
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Batra J, Hultquist JF, Liu D, Shtanko O, Von Dollen J, Satkamp L, Jang GM, Luthra P, Schwarz TM, Small GI, Arnett E, Anantpadma M, Reyes A, Leung DW, Kaake R, Haas P, Schmidt CB, Schlesinger LS, LaCount DJ, Davey RA, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Krogan NJ. Protein Interaction Mapping Identifies RBBP6 as a Negative Regulator of Ebola Virus Replication. Cell 2018; 175:1917-1930.e13. [PMID: 30550789 PMCID: PMC6366944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection often results in fatal illness in humans, yet little is known about how EBOV usurps host pathways during infection. To address this, we used affinity tag-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate an EBOV-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) map. We uncovered 194 high-confidence EBOV-human PPIs, including one between the viral transcription regulator VP30 and the host ubiquitin ligase RBBP6. Domain mapping identified a 23 amino acid region within RBBP6 that binds to VP30. A crystal structure of the VP30-RBBP6 peptide complex revealed that RBBP6 mimics the viral nucleoprotein (NP) binding to the same interface of VP30. Knockdown of endogenous RBBP6 stimulated viral transcription and increased EBOV replication, whereas overexpression of either RBBP6 or the peptide strongly inhibited both. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of biologics that target this interface and identify additional PPIs that may be leveraged for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - John Von Dollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Laura Satkamp
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Toni M Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriel I Small
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Ann Reyes
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Robyn Kaake
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carson B Schmidt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Douglas J LaCount
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Guirado E, Rajaram MV, Chawla A, Daigle J, La Perle KM, Arnett E, Turner J, Schlesinger LS. Deletion of PPARγ in lung macrophages provides an immunoprotective response against M. tuberculosis infection in mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:170-177. [PMID: 30029904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear transcription factor belonging to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptors. It is activated by diverse endogenous lipid metabolites as well as by exogenous ligands such as the thiazolidinediones. It regulates cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation, the latter in part through trans-repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PPARγ is highly expressed in alternatively activated alveolar macrophages (AMs), a primary host cell for airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Our previous in vitro study identified the importance of PPARγ activation through the mannose receptor (CD206) on human macrophages in enabling M. tb growth. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of PPARγ in vivo during M. tb infection using a macrophage-specific PPARγ knock out mouse model with special emphasis on the lung environment. Our data show that the absence of PPARγ in lung macrophages reduces the growth of virulent M. tb, enhances pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces granulomatous infiltration. These findings demonstrate that PPARγ activation, which down-regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, impacts the lung's response to M. tb infection, thereby supporting PPARγ's role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Guirado
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Murugesan Vs Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna Daigle
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Krista Md La Perle
- Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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19
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Arnett E, Weaver AM, Woodyard KC, Montoya MJ, Li M, Hoang KV, Hayhurst A, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. PPARγ is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis induction of Mcl-1 and limitation of human macrophage apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007100. [PMID: 29928066 PMCID: PMC6013021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ is a global transcriptional regulator associated with anti-inflammatory actions. It is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages (AMs), which are unable to clear the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Although M.tb infection induces PPARγ in human macrophages, which contributes to M.tb growth, the mechanisms underlying this are largely unknown. We undertook NanoString gene expression analysis to identify novel PPARγ effectors that condition macrophages to be more susceptible to M.tb infection. This revealed several genes that are differentially regulated in response to PPARγ silencing during M.tb infection, including the Bcl-2 family members Bax (pro-apoptotic) and Mcl-1 (pro-survival). Apoptosis is an important defense mechanism that prevents the growth of intracellular microbes, including M.tb, but is limited by virulent M.tb. This suggested that M.tb differentially regulates Mcl-1 and Bax expression through PPARγ to limit apoptosis. In support of this, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that Mcl-1 expression is driven by PPARγ during M.tb infection in human macrophages. Further, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) is critical for PPARγ activity and Mcl-1 expression. We also determined that PPARγ and 15-LOX regulate macrophage apoptosis during M.tb infection, and that pre-clinical therapeutics that inhibit Mcl-1 activity significantly limit M.tb intracellular growth in both human macrophages and an in vitro TB granuloma model. In conclusion, identification of the novel PPARγ effector Mcl-1 has determined PPARγ and 15-LOX are critical regulators of apoptosis during M.tb infection and new potential targets for host-directed therapy for M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashlee M. Weaver
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kiersten C. Woodyard
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Montoya
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Li
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Ky V. Hoang
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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20
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Rajaram MVS, Arnett E, Azad AK, Guirado E, Ni B, Gerberick AD, He LZ, Keler T, Thomas LJ, Lafuse WP, Schlesinger LS. M. tuberculosis-Initiated Human Mannose Receptor Signaling Regulates Macrophage Recognition and Vesicle Trafficking by FcRγ-Chain, Grb2, and SHP-1. Cell Rep 2018; 21:126-140. [PMID: 28978467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its prominent role as a C-type lectin (CTL) pattern recognition receptor, mannose receptor (MR, CD206)-specific signaling molecules and pathways are unknown. The MR is highly expressed on human macrophages, regulating endocytosis, phagocytosis, and immune responses and mediating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) phagocytosis by human macrophages, thereby limiting phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion. We identified human MR-associated proteins using phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated MR cytoplasmic tail peptides. We found that MR binds FcRγ-chain, which is required for MR plasma membrane localization and M.tb cell association. Additionally, we discovered that MR-mediated M.tb association triggers immediate MR tyrosine residue phosphorylation and Grb2 recruitment, activating the Rac/Pak/Cdc-42 signaling cascade important for M.tb uptake. MR activation subsequently recruits SHP-1 to the M.tb-containing phagosome, where its activity limits PI(3)P generation at the phagosome and M.tb P-L fusion and promotes M.tb growth. In sum, we identify human MR signaling pathways that temporally regulate phagocytosis and P-L fusion during M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Evelyn Guirado
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abigail D Gerberick
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA 02723, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA 02723, USA
| | | | - William P Lafuse
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Zimmermann N, Thormann V, Hu B, Köhler AB, Imai-Matsushima A, Locht C, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Zoller T, Schürmann M, Kaufmann SH, Wardemann H. Human isotype-dependent inhibitory antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1325-1339. [PMID: 27729388 PMCID: PMC5090662 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from experimental animal models suggests that antibodies play a protective role against tuberculosis (TB). However, little is known about the antibodies generated upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) exposure in humans. Here, we performed a molecular and functional characterization of the human B‐cell response to MTB by generating recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single isolated B cells of untreated adult patients with acute pulmonary TB and from MTB‐exposed healthcare workers. The data suggest that the acute plasmablast response to MTB originates from reactivated memory B cells and indicates a mucosal origin. Through functional analyses, we identified MTB inhibitory antibodies against mycobacterial antigens including virulence factors that play important roles in host cell infection. The inhibitory activity of anti‐MTB antibodies was directly linked to their isotype. Monoclonal as well as purified serum IgA antibodies showed MTB blocking activity independently of Fc alpha receptor expression, whereas IgG antibodies promoted the host cell infection. Together, the data provide molecular insights into the human antibody response to MTB and may thereby facilitate the design of protective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zimmermann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Thormann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Hu
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Britta Köhler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Imai-Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Camille Locht
- U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Zoller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany .,B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Rajaram M, Ni B, Arnett E, Abul A, Schlesinger L. FcRγ-chain, Grb2 and SHP-1 are invovled in mannose receptor (CD206)-mediated signaling in relation to tuberculosis (INC4P.329). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.125.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mannose receptor (MR, CD206) is highly expressed on human macrophages. It is a major pattern recognition receptor for pathogens, mediates phagocytosis and endocytosis, and regulates inflammatory signaling pathways. We have shown that the MR mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) phagocytosis by human macrophages which leads to up-regulation of PPARγ expression and a delay in phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion. However, the associated receptor-specific downstream signaling molecules are unknown. We assayed for MR-associated proteins by MALDI-TOF and Western blot using a pull down assay with macrophage lysates and phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated MR cytoplasmic tail peptides. We have identified that FcRg-chain interacts with the MR and this interaction is necessary for MR surface exposure on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Furthermore, M.tb infection of MDMs leads to phosphorylation of MR tyrosine residues and recruitment of Grb2 which initiates the Rac/Pak/Cdc-42 signaling cascade required for phagocytosis, and activation of MAP kinases and the PI3k/Akt pathway. MR activation also recruits and activates SHP-1. SHP-1 blockade increases M.tb P-L fusion and inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, we have identified key MR signaling molecules and regulatory pathways which initiate phagocytosis and other immune-related functions in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Ni
- 1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Azad Abul
- 1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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23
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Arnett E, Vadia S, Nackerman CC, Oghumu S, Satoskar AR, McLeish KR, Uriarte SM, Seveau S. The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O is degraded by neutrophil metalloproteinase-8 and fails to mediate Listeria monocytogenes intracellular survival in neutrophils. J Immunol 2013; 192:234-44. [PMID: 24319266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) is a major virulence factor secreted by the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This toxin facilitates L. monocytogenes intracellular survival in macrophages and diverse nonphagocytic cells by disrupting the internalization vesicle, releasing the bacterium into its replicative niche, the cytosol. Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an important role in the control of infections, yet it was unknown if LLO could confer a survival advantage to L. monocytogenes in neutrophils. We report that LLO can enhance the phagocytic efficiency of human neutrophils and is unable to protect L. monocytogenes from intracellular killing. To explain the absence of L. monocytogenes survival in neutrophils, we hypothesized that neutrophil degranulation leads to the release of LLO-neutralizing molecules in the forming phagosome. In support of this, L. monocytogenes is a potent inducer of neutrophil degranulation, since its virulence factors, such as LLO, facilitate granule exocytosis. Within the first few minutes of interaction with L. monocytogenes, granules can fuse with the plasma membrane at the bacterial interaction site before closure of the phagosome. Furthermore, granule products directly degrade LLO, irreversibly inhibiting its activity. The matrix metalloproteinase-8, stored in secondary granules, was identified as an endoprotease that degrades LLO, and blocking neutrophil proteases increased L. monocytogenes intracellular survival. In conclusion, we propose that LLO degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-8 during phagocytosis protects neutrophil membranes from perforation and contributes to maintaining L. monocytogenes in a bactericidal phagosome from which it cannot escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Abstract
Defensins are an important family of cationic and cysteine-rich host defense peptides that are widely distributed in plants, fungi, and animals. In mammals, defensins exert potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. These peptides play critical roles in health and disease as defects in their production are associated with abnormal host responses to infection, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. There is much interest in elucidating the structure-function relation and modes of action of the defensins to better understand how these peptides kill microbes and regulate the host immune responses. Such knowledge is expected to help in the design of novel defensin-based therapeutics. This review focuses on the multifaceted antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of human and murine defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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25
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Vadia S, Arnett E, Haghighat AC, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Tweten RK, Seveau S. The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O mediates a novel entry pathway of L. monocytogenes into human hepatocytes. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002356. [PMID: 22072970 PMCID: PMC3207921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to invade and survive within host cells. Among the most studied facultative intracellular pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes is known to express two invasins-InlA and InlB-that induce bacterial internalization into nonphagocytic cells. The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) facilitates bacterial escape from the internalization vesicle into the cytoplasm, where bacteria divide and undergo cell-to-cell spreading via actin-based motility. In the present study we demonstrate that in addition to InlA and InlB, LLO is required for efficient internalization of L. monocytogenes into human hepatocytes (HepG2). Surprisingly, LLO is an invasion factor sufficient to induce the internalization of noninvasive Listeria innocua or polystyrene beads into host cells in a dose-dependent fashion and at the concentrations produced by L. monocytogenes. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying LLO-induced bacterial entry, we constructed novel LLO derivatives locked at different stages of the toxin assembly on host membranes. We found that LLO-induced bacterial or bead entry only occurs upon LLO pore formation. Scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy studies show that LLO-coated beads stimulate the formation of membrane extensions that ingest the beads into an early endosomal compartment. This LLO-induced internalization pathway is dynamin-and F-actin-dependent, and clathrin-independent. Interestingly, further linking pore formation to bacteria/bead uptake, LLO induces F-actin polymerization in a tyrosine kinase-and pore-dependent fashion. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that a bacterial pathogen perforates the host cell plasma membrane as a strategy to activate the endocytic machinery and gain entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Vadia
- Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne-Cécile Haghighat
- Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Arnett E, Lehrer RI, Pratikhya P, Lu W, Seveau S. Defensins enable macrophages to inhibit the intracellular proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:635-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Greiling TM, Arnett E, Clark JI. Non invasive method for quantification of protein unfolding and aggregation in transparent lens cells. J Vis 2009. [DOI: 10.1167/9.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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28
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Arnett E. Gain public support for adequate payment. Hospitals 1988; 62:96. [PMID: 3280455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Arnett
- Memorial Hospital of Taylor County, Inc., Medford, WI
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