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Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, Elnagdy S, Kaczmarek K, Matsoukas J, New R, Parang K, Lopez OP, Parhiz H, Perera CO, Pickholz M, Remko M, Saviano M, Skwarczynski M, Tang Y, Wolf WM, Yoshiya T, Zabrocki J, Zielenkiewicz P, AlKhazindar M, Barriga V, Kelaidonis K, Sarasia EM, Toth I. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:E430. [PMID: 33467522 PMCID: PMC7830668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia;
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- NewDrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roger New
- Vaxcine (UK) Ltd., c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK;
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Octavio Paredes Lopez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Conrad O. Perera
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA, UBA-CONICET), Argentina, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharma Ceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Barriga
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | | | | | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2958-3043. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300176g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
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Androutsou ME, Saifeddine M, Hollenberg MD, Matsoukas J, Agelis G. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of non-peptide PAR1 thrombin receptor antagonists based on small bifunctional templates: arginine and phenylalanine side chain groups are keys for receptor activity. Amino Acids 2009; 38:985-90. [PMID: 19484400 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of new non-peptide PAR(1) mimetic receptor antagonists, based on conformational analysis of the S(42)FLLR(46) tethered ligand (TL) sequence of PAR(1). These compounds incorporate the key pharmacophore groups in the TL sequence, guanidyl, amino and phenyl, which are essential for triggering receptor activity. Compounds 5 and 15 (50-100 microM) inhibited both TFLLR-amide (10 microM) and thrombin-mediated (0.5 and 1 U/ml; 5 and 10 microM) calcium signaling in a cultured human HEK cell assay.
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Alexopoulos K, Fatseas P, Melissari E, Vlahakos D, Roumelioti P, Mavromoustakos T, Mihailescu S, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Mascher D, Matsoukas J. Design and Synthesis of Novel Biologically Active Thrombin Receptor Non-Peptide Mimetics Based on the Pharmacophoric Cluster Phe/Arg/NH2 of the Ser42-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg46 Motif Sequence: Platelet Aggregation and Relaxant Activities. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3338-52. [PMID: 15189031 DOI: 10.1021/jm031080v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the thrombin receptor has promoted the interest for the development of new therapeutic agents capable of selectively inhibiting unwanted biological effects of thrombin on various cell types. In this study we have designed and synthesized two series of new thrombin receptor antagonists based on the thrombin receptor motif sequence S42FLLR46, one possessing two (Phe/Arg) pharmacophoric groups and the other possessing three (Phe/Arg/NH2). N-(6-Guanidohexanoyl)-N'-(phenylacetyl)piperazine (1), N-(phenylacetyl)-4-(6-guanidohexanoylamidomethyl)piperidine (2), and N-(phenylacetyl)-3-(6-guanidohexanoylamido)pyrrolidine (3) (group A) carry the two pharmacophoric side chains of Phe and Arg residues incorporated on three different templates (piperazine, 4-aminomethylpiperidine, and 3-aminopyrrolidine). Compounds with three pharmacophoric groups (group B) were built similarly to group A using the same templates with the addition of an extra methylamino group leading to (S)-N-(6-guanidohexanoyl)-N'-(2-amino-3-phenylpropionyl)piperazine (4), (S)-N-(2-amino-3-phenylpropionyl)-4-(6-guanidohexanoylamidomethyl)piperidine (5), and (S)-N-(2-amino-3-phenylpropionyl)-3-(6-guanidohexanoylamido)pyrrolidine (6). Compounds were able to inhibit thrombin-induced human platelet activation even at low concentrations. In particular, among compounds in group A, compound 3 was found to be the most powerful thrombin receptor activation inhibitor, showing an IC50 of approximately 0.11 mM on platelet aggregation assay. Among compounds in group B, compound 4 was the most powerful to inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, showing an IC50 of approximately 0.09 mM. All compounds were also found to act as agonists in the rat aorta relaxation assay. Interestingly, the order of potency of these compounds as agonists of the endothelial thrombin receptor was the inverse of the order of potency of the same compounds as antagonists of the platelet thrombin receptor. Such compounds that are causing vasodilation while simultaneously inhibiting platelet aggregation would be very useful in preventing the installation of atherosclerotic lesions and deserve further investigation as potential drugs for treating cardiovascular diseases. The above findings coupled with computational analysis molecular dynamics experiments support also our hypothesis that a cluster of phenyl, guanidino, and amino groups is responsible for thrombin receptor triggering and activation.
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Roumelioti P, Polevaya L, Zoumpoulakis P, Giatas N, Mutule I, Keivish T, Zoga A, Vlahakos D, Iliodromitis E, Kremastinos D, Grdadolnik SG, Mavromoustakos T, Matsoukas J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic angiotensin II analogues with 3,5 side-chain bridges. Role of C-terminal aromatic residue and ring cluster for activity and implications in the drug design of AT1 non-peptide antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2627-33. [PMID: 12182875 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel amide linked angiotensin II (ANG II) cyclic analogues: gamma, epsilon -cyclo(3, 5)-[Sar(1)-Glu(3)-Lys(5)-Ile(8)] ANG II (I) and gamma, epsilon -cyclo(3, 5)-[Sar(1)-Glu(3)-Lys(5)-Phe(8)] ANG II (II) have been designed, synthesized and bioassayed in anesthetized rabbits in order to unravel structural ring cluster characteristics important for receptor activation. Analogue I with Ile at position 8 was an inhibitor of Angiotensin II while analogue II with Phe at position 8 was found to be an agonist. Similar results were reported for cyclic compounds that have reversed the linking between positions 3 and 5. The overall results show that positions 3 and 5 do not govern the biological activity of the synthetic analogues. It also appears that the aromatic ring cluster (Tyr-His-Phe) in agonist peptides is an essential stereo-electronic feature for Angiotensin II to exert its biological activity. A non-peptide mimetic of ANG II, 1-[2'-[(N-benzyl)tetrazol-5-yl]biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole (BZI8) has been designed and synthesized. This molecule is more rigid and much less active than AT(1) non-peptide mimetic losartan probably because it lacks to mimic the orientation of tetrazole and the pharmacophore segments of butyl chain and imidazole ring.
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Alexopoulos K, Panagiotopoulos D, Mavromoustakos T, Fatseas P, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Mascher D, Mihailescu S, Matsoukas J. Design, synthesis, and modeling of novel cyclic thrombin receptor-derived peptide analogues of the Ser42-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg46 motif sequence with fixed conformations of pharmacophoric groups: importance of a Phe/Arg/NH2 cluster for receptor activation and implications in the design of nonpeptide thrombin receptor mimetics. J Med Chem 2001; 44:328-39. [PMID: 11462974 DOI: 10.1021/jm0001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel cyclic analogues cyclo(Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-epsilonLys-Dap) (1) and cyclo(D-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-epsilonLys-Dap) (2), which differ only in the absolute conformation of Phe, have been designed and synthesized based upon the minimal peptide sequence Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg which has been found to exhibit biological activity for the thrombin receptor. Compound 1, in which all amino acids have the L-configuration, exhibited higher activity in the rat aorta relaxation and rat longitudinal muscle bioassays compared to compound 2, in which the Phe residue is in the D-configuration. This is attributed to the spatial proximity of the Phe and Arg in compound 1 which does not exist in its diastereomeric compound 2, as is depicted from a combination of NMR studies and computational analysis. Structure-activity studies (SAR) showed that the Phe and Arg side chains along with a primary amino group form an active recognition motif that is augmented by the presence of a second primary amino group in the cyclic peptide. We suggest that a comparable cyclic conformation may be responsible for the interaction of linear TRAPs with the thrombin receptor. The validity of this proposition was tested by the synthesis of four active nonpeptide thrombin receptor mimetics. Substance (S)-N-(6-guanidohexanoyl)-N'-(2-amino-3-phenylpropionyl)piperazine (3), in which the pharmacophoric phenyl, guanidino, and amino groups were incorporated onto a piperazine template, was found to be the most active compared to the other synthesized compounds which lack the amino pharmacophoric group.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Guanidines/chemical synthesis
- Guanidines/chemistry
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Relaxation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Piperazines/chemical synthesis
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Thrombin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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