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Gardiner D, Bray CW, Frederick S. Spontaneous pneumothorax in a dog with a history of successfully treated heartworm disease: A case report. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 58:100842. [PMID: 37979616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a dog presented with spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to chronic pulmonary changes associated with a history of resolved canine heartworm disease. CASE OR SERIES SUMMARY A 7-year-old 25.2kg female spayed German Shepherd mix was presented for management of spontaneous pneumothorax. The dog had a history of heartworm disease that underwent therapy prior to adoption, and the dog was heartworm antigen negative (SNAP 4Dx) during hospitalization for the pneumothorax. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed due to an unresolving pneumothorax requiring multiple thoracocenteses. Perioperatively, the lungs did not expand with positive pressure ventilation and diffuse, multifocal to coalescing areas of darkened tissue that were grossly consistent with necrosis and/or hemorrhage were noted. The dog was euthanized intraoperatively due to an assumed poor prognosis. Histopathologic examination findings were consistent with chronic reactive changes related to previous heartworm infection. No neoplastic or infectious etiologies were identified. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Spontaneous pneumothorax is a known complication of active heartworm infection. However, this case represents the first report of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to chronic pulmonary changes caused by resolved heartworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Frederick
- Clinical Studies Coordinator of Blue Pearl Sciences, Blue Pearl, Atlanta, United States
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Constantinoiu C, Croton C, Paterson MBA, Knott L, Henning J, Mallyon J, Coleman GT. Prevalence of canine heartworm infection in Queensland, Australia: comparison of diagnostic methods and investigation of factors associated with reduction in antigen detection. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:63. [PMID: 36765417 PMCID: PMC9921331 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs is increasing globally and spreading into new areas. Prevalence of dirofilariosis in the state of Queensland, Australia, was as high as 90% before the introduction of macrocyclic lactones. Limited research on prevalence of D. immitis infection in dogs in Queensland has been reported in the last 30 years. Antigen testing is the most common method for detection of dirofilariosis but its accuracy is reduced by antigen getting trapped (blocked antigen) in immune complexes (ICs). The objectives of this research were to determine the prevalence of D. immitis infection in dogs from two geographical areas (Brisbane and Townsville) in Queensland, to determine the extent to which blocked antigen affects the validity of antigen testing, and to explore whether this was associated with microfilaraemia, location, age or sex. METHODS Blood samples from Brisbane (sub-tropical climate) and Townsville (tropical climate) shelter dogs were evaluated for the presence of D. immitis antigen before (conventional antigen testing, CAT) and after dissociation of ICs by heat treatment (antigen testing after heat treatment, ATHT), using a commercially available test. Microfilariae were detected using modified Knott's test (MKT). Test proportions were compared with McNemar's test and the association between antigen test-discordant results (positive for antigen after dissociation of ICs) and microfilaraemia, location, sex and age was modelled using logistic regression. RESULTS Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in dogs from Townsville (22% by CAT, 32.1% by ATHT and 16.7% by MKT) was significantly higher than in dogs from Brisbane (1.1% by CAT and MKT and 1.7% by ATHT) [Formula: see text]. Dissociation of ICs allowed detection of significantly more D. immitis infected dogs than either conventional antigen testing or microfilariae detection, or the combined antigen and microfilariae detection [Formula: see text]. The odds of dogs being positive for antigen after dissociation of ICs were significantly higher for microfilaraemic, 3-4-year-old female dogs from Townsville. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of infection with D. immitis in dogs from Townsville poses a health risk for local susceptible host species, including humans. Dissociation of ICs increases antigen detection and should be considered in dogs suspected of D. immitis infection but negative on routine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catriona Croton
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD Australia
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
| | - Mandy B. A. Paterson
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
| | - Lyn Knott
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD Australia
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
| | - John Mallyon
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
| | - Glen T. Coleman
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD Australia
- The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD Australia
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Smout F, Schrieber L, Speare R, Skerratt LF. More bark than bite: Comparative studies are needed to determine the importance of canine zoonoses in Aboriginal communities. A critical review of published research. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:495-504. [PMID: 28342271 PMCID: PMC7159129 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify and critique over forty years of peer-reviewed literature concerned with the transmission of canine zoonoses to Aboriginal people and determine the zoonotic organisms documented in dogs in Australian Aboriginal communities. A systematic literature search of public health, medical and veterinary databases identified 19 articles suitable for critical appraisal. Thirteen articles documented the occurrence of recognized zoonotic organisms in dogs in Aboriginal communities, including Toxocara canis, Dirofilaria immitis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Rickettsia felis, Sarcoptes scabiei and Giardia. Currently, there is definitive evidence indicating that dogs act as a reservoir for human scabies in Aboriginal communities. However, there is a need for large-scale, high-quality, comparative studies of dogs and humans from the same household to assess the occurrence and importance of transmission of S. scabiei and other diseases between dogs and humans. These studies should use current genetic and molecular techniques along with traditional techniques to identify and type organisms in order to better understand their epidemiology. This review has revealed that there is a lack of high-quality comparative studies to determine whether dogs are contributing to human disease by transmitting zoonoses. Our recommendations differ significantly from current public health policy and may have substantial implications for human and dog health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Smout
- One Health Research GroupCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
| | - L. Schrieber
- One Health Research GroupCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | | | - L. F. Skerratt
- One Health Research GroupCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
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Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Lee AC, Montgomery SP, Theis JH, Blagburn BL, Eberhard ML. Public health issues concerning the widespread distribution of canine heartworm disease. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:168-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reed SD, Shaw S, Evans DE. Spinal Lymphoma and Pulmonary Filariasis in a Pet Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus Domesticus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:253-6. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal lymphoma and concurrent pulmonary filariasis are reported in a pet rabbit. The rabbit presented for pelvic limb paralysis resulting from extradural spinal lymphoma, presumably rising from the body of the sixth lumbar vertebra. The neoplasm was subsequently immunophenotyped as a B-cell lymphoma. Pulmonary filariasis was an incidental finding at necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Reed
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Shannon Shaw
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Dawn E. Evans
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
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Bazzocchi C, Comazzi S, Santoni R, Bandi C, Genchi C, Mortarino M. Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) inhibits apoptosis in human neutrophils. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:73-9. [PMID: 17241395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are essential for the innate immune response against invading bacteria. At the same time, modulation of PMNs' apoptosis or cell death by bacteria has emerged as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Wolbachia bacteria are Gram-negative endosymbionts of filarial nematodes and arthropods, phylogenetically related to the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia (family Anaplasmataceae). Although several pathogens are known to interfere with apoptosis, there is only limited information on specific proteins that modulate this phenomenon. This is the first evidence for the anti-apoptotic activity of a surface protein of Wolbachia from filarial nematode parasites (the Wolbachia surface protein, WSP). The inhibition of apoptosis was demonstrated on purified human PMNs in vitro by different methods. TUNEL assay showed that the percentage of dead cells was reduced after stimulation with WSP; Annexin V-FITC binding assay confirmed that cell death was due mainly to apoptosis and not to necrosis. Reduced caspase-3 activity in stimulated cells also confirmed an inhibition of the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bazzocchi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Niwetpathomwat A, Kaewthamasorn M, Tiawsirisup S, Techangamsuwan S, Suvarnvibhaja S. A retrospective study of the clinical hematology and the serum biochemistry tests made on canine dirofilariasis cases in an animal hospital population in Bangkok, Thailand. Res Vet Sci 2006; 82:364-9. [PMID: 17095027 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heartworm disease, caused by the filarial nematode, Dirofilaria immitis, is a major, potentially life-threatening disease of dogs, with worldwide distribution and global significance. It is not only of veterinary importance but it also has zoonotic potential in many regions. It is considered as an endemic disease in Thailand, although clinical data about the disease is rarely reported. The objectives of this study were to characterize the clinical hematology and the biochemistry of canine dirofilariasis cases admitted to Chulalongkorn University, Small Animal Teaching Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, from 2001-2003. All hematology and serum biochemistry parameter interpretations were based on reference values. A total of 1023 dogs were evaluated in this study. Dogs were divided into three groups based on their heartworm classification (microfilaremic, occult and negative). The major hematological findings in microfilaremic dogs were a mild to moderate anemia, mild to severe thrombocytopenia, marked leukocytosis, moderate to marked neutrophilia, eosinophilia and monocytosis. The most common serum biochemical abnormalities in microfilaremic dogs included increased alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase with a mean+/-SD of 311+/-299, 82+/-76 and 50+/-38 IU/L, respectively. It is likely that this parasitic infection led to the impairment of the hematological and biochemical status of the infected dogs. We believe that investigation of these laboratory based parameters, when associated with the clinical signs, is a very important approach to be considered in the routine clinical follow up, as well as being important for therapeutic evaluations.
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Vezzani D, Carbajo AE. Spatial and temporal transmission risk of Dirofilaria immitis in Argentina. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1463-72. [PMID: 17027990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess spatial and seasonal Dirofilaria immitis transmission risk throughout Argentina with models based on the temperature threshold below which filarial development will not proceed in the mosquito (i.e. 14 degrees C), the occurrence and the number of potential vector mosquito species, and the Heartworm Development Units derived from the degree-days concept. The four models showed a similar increasing southwest-northeast tendency and correlated significantly with canine prevalences used as external validation data. About one-third of Argentina would be suitable for heartworm transmission and the highest risk areas include the north-eastern provinces. According to our models, heartworm transmission is markedly seasonal with peaks in January and February; no region would support transmission throughout the year. To improve the present models, it is necessary to know which mosquito species are competent rather than potential vectors in the country. We believe the present study provides the first risk assessment maps for D. immitis transmission in the Southern Hemisphere and provides a useful guide for heartworm prevention during the transmission periods in different regions of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Vezzani
- Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4 piso, (C1428EHA) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Vezzani D, Eiras DF, Wisnivesky C. Dirofilariasis in Argentina: historical review and first report of Dirofilaria immitis in a natural mosquito population. Vet Parasitol 2005; 136:259-73. [PMID: 16310953 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Argentina is one of the four South American countries where the presence of Dirofilaria immitis is currently confirmed. The objective of this study was to review information on dirofilariasis in the country, and to report our recent findings on mosquito vectors. Since the first report of dogs with unidentified microfilariae in 1926, D. immitis was found in seven provinces and canine prevalence ranged 0-71% at local scale. National prevalence was 8% by the end of the 1980s and current information is available only for Buenos Aires Province. Four pulmonary human infections of D. immitis and one subcutaneous of Dirofilaria sp. were documented. The common coati was the only wild host found, and natural infection in mosquitoes was not previously reported in the country. In our recent mosquito survey in Greater Buenos Aires, we captured and dissected 2380 mosquitoes belonging to 20 species. According to a minimum temperature of 14 degrees C, the potential transmission period (PTP) for D. immitis in Buenos Aires covers 6 months, and the most favourable period (mean temperature above 20 degrees C) takes place from the middle of November to the beginning of April. To identify potential vectors of the parasite, we assessed weekly abundances of mosquito species during those PTP estimated previously. We found two specimens of Culex pipiens and one of Aedes aegypti carrying non-infective stages of D. immitis. These two highly anthropophilic mosquitoes may enhance the role of D. immitis as zoonotic agent in temperate Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Vezzani
- Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Argentina
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Rodrigues-Silva R, Guerra RJDA, de Almeida FB, Machado-Silva JR, de Paiva DD. Dirofilaríase pulmonar humana no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: relato de um caso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004; 37:56-9. [PMID: 15042186 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822004000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relata-se caso de dirofilaríase pulmonar humana em paciente com 45 anos de idade, proveniente do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A radiografia torácica evidenciou nódulo pulmonar solitário localizado no lóbulo inferior esquerdo, mimetizando neoplasia. Dirofilaríase pulmonar humana deveria ser investigada em nódulos pulmonares não malignos e de etiologia não conclusiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Departamento de Helmintologia, Instituto Oswaldo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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