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Knapek KJ, Georges HM, Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Smirnova NP, Hansen TR. Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080816. [PMID: 32731575 PMCID: PMC7472107 DOI: 10.3390/v12080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Knapek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hanah M. Georges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Hana Van Campen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Natalia P. Smirnova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-988-4582
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Ma Z, Li C, Pan G, Li Z, Han B, Xu J, Lan X, Chen J, Yang D, Chen Q, Sang Q, Ji X, Li T, Long M, Zhou Z. Genome-wide transcriptional response of silkworm (Bombyx mori) to infection by the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84137. [PMID: 24386341 PMCID: PMC3875524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia have attracted much attention because they infect a variety of species ranging from protists to mammals, including immunocompromised patients with AIDS or cancer. Aside from the study on Nosema ceranae, few works have focused on elucidating the mechanism in host response to microsporidia infection. Nosema bombycis is a pathogen of silkworm pébrine that causes great economic losses to the silkworm industry. Detailed understanding of the host (Bombyx mori) response to infection by N. bombycis is helpful for prevention of this disease. A genome-wide survey of the gene expression profile at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection by N. bombycis was performed and results showed that 64, 244, 1,328, 1,887 genes were induced, respectively. Up to 124 genes, which are involved in basal metabolism pathways, were modulated. Notably, B. mori genes that play a role in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathways were induced, suggesting that the host may accumulate JH as a response to infection. Interestingly, N. bombycis can inhibit the silkworm serine protease cascade melanization pathway in hemolymph, which may be due to the secretion of serpins in the microsporidia. N. bombycis also induced up-regulation of several cellular immune factors, in which CTL11 has been suggested to be involved in both spore recognition and immune signal transduction. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis indicated the activation of silkworm Toll and JAK/STAT pathways. The notable up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides, including gloverins, lebocins and moricins, strongly indicated that antimicrobial peptide defense mechanisms were triggered to resist the invasive microsporidia. An analysis of N. bombycis-specific response factors suggested their important roles in anti-microsporidia defense. Overall, this study primarily provides insight into the potential molecular mechanisms for the host-parasite interaction between B. mori and N. bombycis and may provide a foundation for further work on host-parasite interaction between insects and microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinshan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiqian Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanmei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Sang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Huang L, Cheng T, Xu P, Cheng D, Fang T, Xia Q. A genome-wide survey for host response of silkworm, Bombyx mori during pathogen Bacillus bombyseptieus infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8098. [PMID: 19956592 PMCID: PMC2780328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are complex relationships, and a central challenge is to reveal the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Bacillus bombysepticus (Bb) which can produces spores and parasporal crystals was firstly separated from the corpses of the infected silkworms (Bombyx mori). Bb naturally infects the silkworm can cause an acute fuliginosa septicaemia and kill the silkworm larvae generally within one day in the hot and humid season. Bb pathogen of the silkworm can be used for investigating the host responses after the infection. Gene expression profiling during four time-points of silkworm whole larvae after Bb infection was performed to gain insight into the mechanism of Bb-associated host whole body effect. Genome-wide survey of the host genes demonstrated many genes and pathways modulated after the infection. GO analysis of the induced genes indicated that their functions could be divided into 14 categories. KEGG pathway analysis identified that six types of basal metabolic pathway were regulated, including genetic information processing and transcription, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. Similar to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bb can also induce a silkworm poisoning-related response. In this process, genes encoding midgut peritrophic membrane proteins, aminopeptidase N receptors and sodium/calcium exchange protein showed modulation. For the first time, we found that Bb induced a lot of genes involved in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathway upregulated. Bb also triggered the host immune responses, including cellular immune response and serine protease cascade melanization response. Real time PCR analysis showed that Bb can induce the silkworm systemic immune response, mainly by the Toll pathway. Anti-microorganism peptides (AMPs), including of Attacin, Lebocin, Enbocin, Gloverin and Moricin families, were upregulated at 24 hours post the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Economic Crops Breeding and Cultivation, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingzhen Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Cheng
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yamane D, Zahoor MA, Mohamed YM, Azab W, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Microarray analysis reveals distinct signaling pathways transcriptionally activated by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in different cell types. Virus Res 2009; 142:188-99. [PMID: 19428753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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MAEDA K, FUJIHARA M, HARASAWA R. Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 Infection Activates the Unfolded Protein Response in MDBK Cells, Leading to Apoptosis. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:801-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kouji MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Masatoshi FUJIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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Increase in proto-oncogene mRNA transcript levels in bovine lymphoid cells infected with a cytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virus Res 2008; 135:326-31. [PMID: 18440085 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection of susceptible animals with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) can result in an array of disease symptoms that are dependent in part on the strain of infecting virus and the physiological status of the host. BVDV are lymphotrophic and exist as two biotypes. Cytopathic BVDV kill cells outright while noncytopathic strains can readily establish persistent infections. The molecular mechanisms behind these different affects are unknown. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of disease, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a powerful method for global gene expression analysis, was employed to examine gene expression changes in BVDV-infected BL3 cells, a bovine B-cell lymphosarcoma cell line. SAGE libraries were constructed from mRNA derived from BL3 cells that were noninfected or infected with the cytopathic BVDV2 strain 296c. Annotation of the SAGE data showed the expression of many genes that are characteristic of B cells and integral to their function. Comparison of the SAGE databases also revealed a number of genes that were differentially expressed. Of particular interest was the increased numbers of transcripts encoding proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, junB, junD) in 296c-infected cells, all of which are constituents of the AP-1 transcriptional activation complex. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed these results and indicated that the actual increases were larger than that predicted by SAGE. In contrast, there was no corresponding increase in protein levels, but instead a significant decrease of c-jun and junB protein levels in the infected BL3 cells was observed. Rather than an increase in transcription of these genes, it appeared that these proto-oncogenes transcripts accumulated in the BVDV2-infected cells.
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Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Liebler-Tenorio E. Global gene expression profiling of Bovine immature B cells using serial analysis of gene expression. Anim Biotechnol 2006; 17:21-31. [PMID: 16621757 DOI: 10.1080/10495390500460957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Peyer's patches of the small intestine are important sites of antigen processing. The follicles of the Peyer's patches receive the antigen transported by the M cells at the mucosal surface and then play a major role in development of both protective humoral and mucosal immune responses. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was employed to derive the global gene expression profile of B lymphocytes isolated from the IPPF. Analysis of the SAGE data revealed the identity of genes and the level to which they are expressed by IPPF B lymphocytes. This analysis indicated that they were metabolically active and that the transcripts encoding proteins necessary for a response to antigen presentation were expressed. These transcripts included the B cell receptor components CD76a and b (Ig-alpha and Ig-beta) and accessory c-Src family kinases Lyn and Blk. Furthermore, many of the positive and negative regulators, and accessory proteins that are necessary for B cell antigen receptor signaling were identified. Also present were transcripts encoding interleukins and their cognate receptors. Overall, this SAGE analysis yielded a global picture of gene expression in IPPF B lymphocytes and provides a starting point for the comparison of gene expression in further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Neill
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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Reverter A, McWilliam SM, Barris W, Dalrymple BP. A rapid method for computationally inferring transcriptome coverage and microarray sensitivity. Bioinformatics 2004; 21:80-9. [PMID: 15308544 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION There are many different gene expression technologies, including cDNA and oligo-based microarrays, SAGE and MPSS. For each organism of interest, coverage of the transcriptome and the genome will be different. We address the question of what level of coverage is required to exploit the sensitivity of the different technologies, and what is the sensitivity of the different approaches in the experimental study. RESULTS We estimate the transcriptome coverage by randomly sampling transcripts from a pre-defined tag-to-gene mapping function. For a given microarray experiment, we locate the thresholds in intensities that define the distribution of transcript abundance. These values are compared against the distribution obtained by applying the same thresholds to the intensities from differentially expressed genes. The ratio of these two distributions meets at the equilibrium defining sensitivity. We conclude that a collection of approximately 340,000 sequences is adequate for microarrays, but not large enough for maximum utilization of tag-based technologies. In the absence of large-scale sequencing, the majority of the tags detected by the latter approaches will remain unidentified until the genome sequence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reverter
- Bioinformatics Group, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
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