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Álvarez-Rodríguez M, Roca J, Martínez EA, Rodríguez-Martínez H. Mating modifies the expression of crucial oxidative-reductive transcripts in the pig oviductal sperm reservoir: is the female ensuring sperm survival? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1042176. [PMID: 37351104 PMCID: PMC10282951 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1042176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mating induces large changes in the female genital tract, warranting female homeostasis and immune preparation for pregnancy, including the preservation of crucial oxidative status among its pathways. Being highly susceptible to oxidative stress, sperm survival and preserved function depend on the seminal plasma, a protection that is removed during sperm handling but also after mating when spermatozoa enter the oviduct. Therefore, it is pertinent to consider that the female sperm reservoir takes up this protection, providing a suitable environment for sperm viability. These aspects have not been explored despite the increasing strategies in modulating the female status through diet control and nutritional supplementation. Aims To test the hypothesis that mating modifies the expression of crucial oxidative-reductive transcripts across the entire pig female genital tract (cervix to infundibulum) and, particularly in the sperm reservoir at the utero-tubal junction, before ovulation, a period dominated by estrogen stimulation of ovarian as well as of seminal origin. Methods The differential expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors and of 59 oxidative-reductive transcripts were studied using a species-specific microarray platform, in specific segments of the peri-ovulatory sow reproductive tract in response to mating. Results Mating induced changes along the entire tract, with a conspicuous downregulation of both ER and PR and an upregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutaredoxin (GLRX3), and peroxiredoxin 1 and 3 (PRDX1, PRDX3), among other NADH Dehydrogenase Ubiquinone Flavoproteins, in the distal uterus segment. These changes perhaps helped prevent oxidative stress in the area adjacent to the sperm reservoir at the utero-tubal junction. Concomitantly, there were a downregulation of catalase (CAT) and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) oxidoreductases 1 beta subcomplex, subunit 1 (NDUFB1) in the utero-tubal junction alongside an overall downregulation of CAT, SOD1, and PRDX3 in the ampullar and infundibulum segments. Conclusions Natural mating is an inducer of changes in the expression of female genes commanding antioxidant enzymes relevant for sperm survival during sperm transport, under predominant estrogen influence through the bloodstream and semen. The findings could contribute to the design of new therapeutics for the female to improve oxidative-reductive balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilio A. Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Heriberto Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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A hypothetical proposal to employ meperidine and tamoxifen in treatment of glioblastoma. Role of P-glycoprotein, ceramide and metabolic pathways. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 215:107208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Systematic integrated analyses of methylomic and transcriptomic impacts of early combined botanicals on estrogen receptor-negative mammary cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9481. [PMID: 33947955 PMCID: PMC8096837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary botanicals such as the cruciferous vegetable broccoli sprouts (BSp) as well as green tea polyphenols (GTPs) have shown exciting potential in preventing or delaying breast cancer (BC). However, little is known about their impact on epigenomic aberrations that are centrally involved in the initiation and progression of estrogen receptor-negative [ER(−)] BC. We have investigated the efficacy of combined BSp and GTPs diets on mammary tumor inhibition in transgenic Her2/neu mice that were administered the diets from prepubescence until adulthood. Herein, we present an integrated DNA methylome and transcriptome analyses for defining the early-life epigenetic impacts of combined BSp and GTPs on mammary tumors and our results indicate that a combinatorial administration of BSp and GTPs have a stronger impact at both transcriptome and methylome levels in comparison to BSp or GTPs administered alone. We also demonstrated a streamlined approach by performing an extensive preprocessing, quality assessment and downstream analyses on the genomic dataset. Our identification of differentially methylated regions in response to dietary botanicals administered during early-life will allow us to identify key genes and facilitate implementation of the subsequent downstream functional analyses on a genomic scale and various epigenetic modifications that are crucial in preventing ER(−) mammary cancer. Furthermore, our realtime PCR results were also found to be consistent with our genome-wide analysis results. These results could be exploited as a comprehensive resource for understanding understudied genes and their associated epigenetic modifications in response to these dietary botanicals.
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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5
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Moodie LWK, Cervin G, Trepos R, Labriere C, Hellio C, Pavia H, Svenson J. Design and Biological Evaluation of Antifouling Dihydrostilbene Oxime Hybrids. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:257-267. [PMID: 29532333 PMCID: PMC5889410 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By combining the recently reported repelling natural dihydrostilbene scaffold with an oxime moiety found in many marine antifoulants, a library of nine antifouling hybrid compounds was developed and biologically evaluated. The prepared compounds were shown to display a low antifouling effect against marine bacteria but a high potency against the attachment and growth of microalgae down to MIC values of 0.01 μg/mL for the most potent hybrid. The mode of action can be characterized as repelling via a reversible non-toxic biostatic mechanism. Barnacle cyprid larval settlement was also inhibited at low μg/mL concentrations with low levels or no toxicity observed. Several of the prepared compounds performed better than many reported antifouling marine natural products. While several of the prepared compounds are highly active as antifoulants, no apparent synergy is observed by incorporating the oxime functionality into the dihydrostilbene scaffold. This observation is discussed in light of recently reported literature data on related marine natural antifoulants and antifouling hybrids as a potentially general strategy for generation of improved antifoulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindon W K Moodie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Cervin
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Rozenn Trepos
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Biodimar/LEMAR UMR 6539, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Labriere
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claire Hellio
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Biodimar/LEMAR UMR 6539, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Surfaces, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15, Borås, Sweden
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Alkylation of Phenol And Hydroquinone by Prenol in the Presence of Organoaluminum Catalysts. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Srinivasulu V, Reddy A, Mazitschek R, Lukens AK, Wirth DF, Li L, Naumov P, O'Connor MJ, Al-Tel TH. Intramolecular Diaza-Diels-Alder Protocol: A New Diastereoselective and Modular One-Step Synthesis of Constrained Polycyclic Frameworks. Chemistry 2017; 23:4137-4148. [PMID: 27997727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype-based screening of diverse compound collections generated by privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis (pDOS) is considered one of the prominent approaches in the discovery of novel drug leads. However, one key challenge that remains is the development of efficient and modular synthetic routes toward the facile access of privileged small-molecule libraries with skeletal and stereochemical complexity and drug-like properties. In this regard, a novel and diverse one-pot procedure for the diastereoselective synthesis of privileged polycyclic benzopyrans and benzoxepines is described herein. These unexplored chemotypes were accessed by utilizing an acid-mediated diaza-Diels-Alder reaction of 2-allyloxy- and/or homoallyloxy benzaldehyde with 2-aminoazine building blocks. Profiling of representative analogues against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites identified three lead candidates with low micromolar antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vunnam Srinivasulu
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Amarnath Reddy
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Core Technologies Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Panče Naumov
- Department of Chemistry, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Matthew John O'Connor
- Core Technologies Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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Soliman AM, Fathalla AM, Moustafa AA. Dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of caffeine on a rotenone-induced rat model of parkinsonism: A histological study. Neurosci Lett 2016; 623:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Jäger SN, Porta EOJ, Labadie GR. Tuning the Lewis acid phenol ortho-prenylation as a molecular diversity tool. Mol Divers 2015; 20:407-19. [PMID: 26525879 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented approach for the synthesis of various structurally different prenylated alcohols from readily accessible and common precursors was developed. With varying approaches, this article describes some successful examples of a Friedel-Crafts alkylation using methoxyphenols and different prenyl alcohols (geraniol and (E,E)-farnesol). We demonstrated that just by varying the stoichiometry of the Lewis acid used, the course of the reaction can be shifted to produce the alkylated or the cyclized product. Eighteen unique products were obtained with good isolated yields by direct alkylation with or without a consecutive π-cationic cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián N Jäger
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Exequiel O J Porta
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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Wang L, Chen G, Lu X, Wang S, Han S, Li Y, Ping G, Jiang X, Li H, Yang J, Wu C. Novel chalcone derivatives as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 inhibitor: Synthesis, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Kim J, Kim H, Park SB. Privileged Structures: Efficient Chemical “Navigators” toward Unexplored Biologically Relevant Chemical Spaces. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14629-38. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Heejun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
- Department
of Biophysics and Chemical Biology/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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12
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Jeso V, Yang C, Cameron MD, Cleveland JL, Micalizio GC. Synthesis and SAR of Lehualide B: a marine-derived natural product with potent anti-multiple myeloma activity. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1241-52. [PMID: 23547759 PMCID: PMC3758376 DOI: 10.1021/cb300582s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a concise and convergent laboratory synthesis of the rare marine natural product lehualide B that has led to the discovery that (1) this compound has low nanomolar activity against human multiple myeloma cells and (2) the anticancer effects of lehualide B and its analogues are selective (i.e., they are approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude less toxic to human breast cancer cells). Synthetic lehualide B is shown to be an effective inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, with potency similar to that observed for the terrestrial natural products piericidin A1 and rotenone, an observation that led to the discovery that piericidin A1 is also selectively cytotoxic toward human multiple myeloma cells. Interestingly, synthetic derivatives of lehualide B that resemble verticipyrone (an established complex I inhibitor composed of a γ-pyrone and a simple monounsaturated hydrophobic chain) lack the potent antimyeloma activity of the natural product. Finally, the synthesis and evaluation of a collection of lehualide-inspired analogues led to the elucidation of structure-activity relationships for this rare natural product that established important roles for the substituted γ-pyrone headgroup and the skipped polyene side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valer Jeso
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Chunying Yang
- Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - John L. Cleveland
- Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Staats HF, Kirwan SM, Choi HW, Shelburne CP, Abraham SN, Leung GYC, Chen DYK. A Mast Cell Degranulation Screening Assay for the Identification of Novel Mast Cell Activating Agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4. [PMID: 23667736 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and use of vaccines and their ability to prevent infection/disease is a shining example of the benefit of biomedical research. Modern vaccines often utilize subunit immunogens that exhibit minimal immunogenicity and require the use of adjuvants to maximize the induction of protective immune responses. We recently described a novel class of vaccine adjuvants, mast cell (MC) activators, that exhibit safe and effective vaccine adjuvant activity when administered by intranasal or intradermal routes. A compound library containing 580 functionalized benzopyrans, a structural motif found in a diverse array of natural and designed bioactive compounds, was screened using a MC degranulation assay to identify novel MC activating compounds for future evaluation as novel vaccine adjuvants. This approach identified 12 novel MC degranulating compounds. Therefore, MC degranulation can be used to reliably detect novel compounds for evaluation as adjuvants for use in mucosal vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman F Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA ; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA ; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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Zhang T, Huang X, Luling Wu A. A Facile Synthesis of 2H-Chromenes and 9-Functionalized Phenanthrenes through Reactions between α,β-Unsaturated Compounds and Arynes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Lee T, Gong YD. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of drug-like artificial 2H-benzopyran libraries. Molecules 2012; 17:5467-96. [PMID: 22572931 PMCID: PMC6268589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the construction of drug-like 2H-benzopyrans and related libraries using solid-phase parallel synthesis. In this context, the preparation of substituted benzopyrans such as mono-, di- and trisubstituted benzopyran derivatives and additional ring-fused benzopyrans such as benzopyranoisoxazoles, benzopyranopyrazoles, six-membered ring-fused benzopyrans, and polycyclic benzopyrans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea;
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Center for Innovative Drug Library Research, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 26 Pildong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-2-2260-3206; Fax: +82-2-2268-8204
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Yeo WK, Tan KL, Koh SB, Khan M, Nilar S, Go ML. Exploration and Optimization of Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design using the Taguchi Method. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:977-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Labruère R, Gautier B, Testud M, Seguin J, Lenoir C, Desbène-Finck S, Helissey P, Garbay C, Chabot GG, Vidal M, Giorgi-Renault S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the First Podophyllotoxin Analogues as Potential Vascular-Disrupting Agents. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:2016-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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20
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Park SO, Kim J, Koh M, Park SB. Efficient Parallel Synthesis of Privileged Benzopyranylpyrazoles via Regioselective Condensation of β-Keto Aldehydes with Hydrazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:315-26. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800197s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Ok Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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21
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Ding Q, Chen Z, Yu X, Peng Y, Wu J. Highly efficient electrophilic cyclization of N′-(2-alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazides. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Hail N, Cortes M, Drake EN, Spallholz JE. Cancer chemoprevention: a radical perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:97-110. [PMID: 18454943 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemopreventive agents block the transformation of normal cells and/or suppress the promotion of premalignant cells to malignant cells. Certain agents may achieve these objectives by modulating xenobiotic biotransformation, protecting cellular elements from oxidative damage, or promoting a more differentiated phenotype in target cells. Conversely, various cancer chemopreventive agents can encourage apoptosis in premalignant and malignant cells in vivo and/or in vitro, which is conceivably another anticancer mechanism. Furthermore, it is evident that many of these apoptogenic agents function as prooxidants in vitro. The constitutive intracellular redox environment dictates a cell's response to an agent that alters this environment. Thus, it is highly probable that normal cells, through adaption, could acquire resistance to transformation via exposure to a chemopreventive agent that promotes oxidative stress or disrupts the normal redox tone of these cells. In contrast, transformed cells, which typically endure an oxidizing intracellular environment, would ultimately succumb to apoptosis due to an uncontrollable production of reactive oxygen species caused by the same agent. Here, we provide evidence to support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species and cellular redox tone are exploitable targets in cancer chemoprevention via the stimulation of cytoprotection in normal cells and/or the induction of apoptosis in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numsen Hail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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23
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Newman DJ. Natural products as leads to potential drugs: an old process or the new hope for drug discovery? J Med Chem 2008; 51:2589-99. [PMID: 18393402 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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24
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Synthesis of phenanthrene derivatives through the net [5+5]-cycloaddition of prenylated carbene complexes with 2-alkynylbenzaldehyde derivatives. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:8788-8793. [PMID: 18769535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of prenylated carbene complexes and 2-alkynylbenzoyl derivatives has been investigated. Phenanthrene derivatives are produced if iodine is added prior to product isolation. Under these conditions alkyl migration reactions occur to form the observed products. The product yields are considerably higher using bis(prenylated) species owing to an increase in the effective molarity of dienophilic entities.
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25
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Purohit A, Benetti R, Hayes M, Guaraldi M, Kagan M, Yalamanchilli P, Su F, Azure M, Mistry M, Yu M, Robinson S, Dischino DD, Casebier D. Quinazoline derivatives as MC-I inhibitors: evaluation of myocardial uptake using Positron Emission Tomography in rat and non-human primate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4882-5. [PMID: 17604167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several quinazoline derivatives were made as mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitors. Compound 4 showed an IC(50) of 11.3 nM and was the most potent compound of this series. The (18)F analog of 4, [(18)F] 4, was injected in the rat and showed high and rapid heart uptake, fast liver clearance, and low blood uptake. Images obtained using a microPET showed clear delineation of the myocardium in normal rats and perfusion deficit in ischemic rats. In the non-human primate, [(18)F] 4 showed rapid uptake and clearance from the myocardium and high liver uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Purohit
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging, N Billerica, MA 01860, USA.
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26
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27
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Betarbet R, Greenamyre JT. Parkinson's disease: animal models. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 83:265-87. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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McAllister LA, McCormick RA, Procter DJ. Sulfide- and selenide-based linkers in phase tag-assisted synthesis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Koch MA, Schuffenhauer A, Scheck M, Wetzel S, Casaulta M, Odermatt A, Ertl P, Waldmann H. Charting biologically relevant chemical space: a structural classification of natural products (SCONP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17272-7. [PMID: 16301544 PMCID: PMC1297657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503647102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of small molecules that fall within the biologically relevant subfraction of vast chemical space is of utmost importance to chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research. The prerequirement of biological relevance to be met by such molecules is fulfilled by natural product-derived compound collections. We report a structural classification of natural products (SCONP) as organizing principle for charting the known chemical space explored by nature. SCONP arranges the scaffolds of the natural products in a tree-like fashion and provides a viable analysis- and hypothesis-generating tool for the design of natural product-derived compound collections. The validity of the approach is demonstrated in the development of a previously undescribed class of selective and potent inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with activity in cells guided by SCONP and protein structure similarity clustering. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a target in the development of new therapies for the treatment of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Koch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Shang S, Tan DS. Advancing chemistry and biology through diversity-oriented synthesis of natural product-like libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:248-58. [PMID: 15939326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products provide the inspiration for a variety of strategies used in the diversity-oriented synthesis of novel small-molecule libraries. These libraries can be based on core scaffolds from individual natural products, specific substructures found across a class of natural products, or general structural characteristics of natural products. An increasing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of these strategies for identifying new biologically active molecules. Moreover, these efforts have led to significant advances in synthetic organic chemistry. Larger-scale evaluation of these approaches is on the horizon, using screening data that will be made publicly available in the new PubChem database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Shang
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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31
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Mamelak AJ, Kowalski J, Murphy K, Yadava N, Zahurak M, Kouba DJ, Howell BG, Tzu J, Cummins DL, Liégeois NJ, Berg K, Sauder DN. Downregulation of NDUFA1 and other oxidative phosphorylation-related genes is a consistent feature of basal cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:336-48. [PMID: 15854127 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy that, like other tumours, possesses a heterogeneous genetic composition. In order to select genes with consistent changes in expression among these tumours, we analysed BCC microarray expression data by using a novel approach, termed correlative analysis of microarrays (CAM). CAM is a nested, non-parametric method designed to qualitatively select candidates based on their individual, similar effects upon an array-wide closeness measure. We applied the CAM method to expression data generated by two-channel cDNA microarray experiments, where 21 BCC and patient-matched normal skin specimens were examined. Fifteen candidate genes were selected, with six overexpressed and nine underexpressed in BCC vs. normal skin. Five of the nine consistently downregulated genes in the tumour samples are involved in mitochondrial function and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. One of these genes was the 7.5-kDa subunit, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) alpha subcomplex-1 (NDUFA1), an accessory component of OXPHOS complex-I that is essential for respiratory activity. These findings support the hypothesis that irregularities in mitochondrial function are involved in neoplasia. Suppression of NDUFA1 expression could represent a key pathogenic mechanism in the development of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mamelak
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-0900, USA
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32
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Abstract
The mitochondria have emerged as a novel target for anticancer chemotherapy. This tenet is based on the observations that several conventional and experimental chemotherapeutic agents promote the permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes in cancerous cells to initiate the release of apoptogenic mitochondrial proteins. This ability to engage mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis directly using chemotherapy may be responsible for overcoming aberrant apoptosis regulatory mechanisms commonly encountered in cancerous cells. Interestingly, several putative cancer chemopreventive agents also possess the ability to trigger apoptosis in transformed, premalignant, or malignant cells in vitro via mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. This process may occur through the regulation of Bcl-2 family members, or by the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Thus, by exploiting endogenous mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis-inducing mechanisms, certain chemopreventive agents may be able to block the progression of premalignant cells to malignant cells or the dissemination of malignant cells to distant organ sites as means of modulating carcinogenesis in vivo. This review will examine cancer chemoprevention with respect to apoptosis, carcinogenesis, and the proapoptotic activity of various chemopreventive agents observed in vitro. In doing so, I will construct a paradigm supporting the notion that the mitochondria are a novel target for the chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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33
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Piscopio AD, Robinson JE. Recent applications of olefin metathesis to combinatorial chemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 8:245-54. [PMID: 15183322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olefin metathesis has emerged as a versatile technology for the synthesis of combinatorial libraries with regard to both scaffold creation and embellishment. The incessant pursuit of 'next-generation' catalysts continues to raise the bar in terms of efficiency, functional group tolerability, diminished reaction times and temperatures and has helped foster both diversity-oriented and target-directed efforts. This report summarizes recent contributions in the area of olefin cross-metathesis and ring-closing metathesis as applied to combinatorial and parallel synthesis. These examples include generation of dimeric benzo[b]furans as novel probes for protein-protein interaction, a cross-metathesis approach to 'traceless linkers' for azide-containing sugars, stereo-diversified synthesis of 1,4- and 1,5-enediols, a novel mannitol derived combinatorial scaffold, parallel synthesis strategies for aza-sugars, as well as the synthesis of dehydro-Freidinger lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Piscopio
- Array BioPharma Inc., Process Chemistry Division, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA.
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34
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Uversky VN. Neurotoxicant-induced animal models of Parkinson?s disease: understanding the role of rotenone, maneb and paraquat in neurodegeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:225-41. [PMID: 15258850 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic basis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is unknown. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of agricultural chemicals, may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. Animal models are important tools in experimental medical science for studying the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention strategies of human diseases. Since many human disorders do not arise spontaneously in animals, characteristic functional changes have to be mimicked by neurotoxic agents. Recently, agricultural chemicals, when administrated systemically, have been shown to reproduce specific features of PD in rodents, thus opening new routes for the development of animal models for this disorder. In addition to a brief historical overview of the toxin-induced PD models, this study provides a detailed description of exiting models in which Parkinsonism is initiated via the exposure of animals to such agricultural chemicals as rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Suggested neurotoxicity mechanisms of these chemicals are considered, and the major lessons learned from the analysis of pesticide-induced PD models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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35
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Rumpler G, Becker B, Hafner C, McClelland M, Stolz W, Landthaler M, Schmitt R, Bosserhoff A, Vogt T. Identification of differentially expressed genes in models of melanoma progression by cDNA array analysis: SPARC, MIF and a novel cathepsin protease characterize aggressive phenotypes. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12:761-71. [PMID: 14714555 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2003.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the scale and consistency of changes of gene expression profiles in models of melanoma progression are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated siblings of cell lines or malignant melanomas (MM), which have been selected by nude mouse passages for (a). increased tumorigenicity (local ECM-independent growth), (b). metastatic potential, or (c). selected for increase invasiveness using the Boyden chamber. cDNA array analysis surveying more than 27.000 transcripts per cell line showed that 1.5-2.8% of all detectable transcripts were consistently differentially regulated during selection process in those models. Using array analysis, we identified 33 individual transcripts that exhibited significant differential hybridization paralleling the increased aggressiveness of the selected progeny. Because some of those genes could play a significant functional role in the progression of MM, we additionally proved their regulative pattern using Northern blotting. Among others, progressive overexpression of osteonectin/SPARC, a angiogenesis, was found in the selected offspring from all three experimental models and may therefore be considered as a potential marker for aggressive MM as well a promising therapeutic target. We further show that the selection of MM cells for increased ECM-independent local growth was accompanied by overexpresssion of macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF), an important modulator of both cell cycle progression and angiogenesis, and cathepsin Z, a novel member of the family of matrix degrading proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rumpler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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36
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37
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Hockenbery DM, Giedt CD, O'Neill JW, Manion MK, Banker DE. Mitochondria and apoptosis: new therapeutic targets. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 85:203-42. [PMID: 12374287 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)85007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Hockenbery
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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38
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2442] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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39
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Abstract
Mitochondria are principal actors in apoptosis as central hubs for diverse apoptotic signals. A new paper demonstrates the therapeutic potential of directly engaging these apoptotic pathways by identifying a mitochondrial toxin selective for tumor cells.
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40
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Abstract
Natural products have served as an important source of medicinal compounds and pharmaceutical leads over the last century. Within the last 10 years, significant interest has developed in applying combinatorial chemistry techniques to the study of natural products and their biological activities. In this review, we examine several representative efforts wherein natural product skeletons have been constructed or immobilized on solid support and subsequently derivatized, giving rise to analog libraries useful in understanding the structure-activity relationships of the parent natural product. Issues such as target selection, library design, linker development, automation, and library characterization are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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41
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Arya P, Joseph R, Chou DTH. Toward high-throughput synthesis of complex natural product-like compounds in the genomics and proteomics age. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:145-56. [PMID: 11880029 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the age of high-throughput biology, novel genes and proteins are emerging quickly. The need for developing organic synthesis-derived methods that allow rapid access to polyfunctional, complex natural product-like compounds is growing constantly, largely because these small-molecule-based compounds serve as smart, powerful tools both in understanding the roles and functions of emerging biological targets and in validating their biological responses. Developing asymmetric synthesis-derived organic reactions on solid phase allows the synthesis of complex natural product-like compounds in a high-throughput manner. Solid phase organic synthesis is now commonly utilized in the library synthesis of rather simple compounds (i.e., compounds with no multiple stereogenic centers). With few exceptions, the synthesis of complex natural product-like derivatives is still in its infancy. Some recent efforts made in this area indicate opportunities yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Arya
- Chemical Biology Program, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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42
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Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry has become a popular tool for the preparation of collections of compounds that can be used to find inhibitors and substrates for different protein targets. It has evolved to provide small molecule libraries, which, with the concomittant use of affinity chromatography, gene expression profiling and complementation, can be used to identify compounds and their protein targets in biological systems, including the neurological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Gray
- Novartis Institute of Functional Genomics, 3115 Merryfield Row Suite 200, 92121-1125, San Diego, CA 92121-1125, USA.
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