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Perry SK, Emrick JJ. Trigeminal somatosensation in the temporomandibular joint and associated disorders. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1374929. [PMID: 38784786 PMCID: PMC11111860 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1374929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and associated masticatory muscles and tendons that coordinate to enable mastication in mammals. The TMJ is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CNV), containing axons of motor and somatosensory neurons. Somatosensation includes touch, temperature, proprioception, and pain that enables mammals to recognize and react to stimuli for survival. The somatosensory innervation of the TMJ remains poorly defined. Disorders of the TMJ (TMD) are of diverse etiology and presentation. Some known symptoms associated with TMD include facial, shoulder, or neck pain, jaw popping or clicking, headaches, toothaches, and tinnitus. Acute or chronic pain in TMD stems from the activation of somatosensory nociceptors. Treatment of TMD may involve over- the-counter and prescription medication, nonsurgical treatments, and surgical treatments. In many cases, treatment achieves only a temporary relief of symptoms including pain. We suggest that defining the sensory innervation of the temporomandibular joint and its associated tissues with a specific focus on the contribution of peripheral innervation to the development of chronic pain could provide insights into the origins of joint pain and facilitate the development of improved analgesics and treatments for TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J. Emrick
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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2
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Lim DH. A Challenging Target: Persistent Pain During the Remission State in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2023; 30:1-2. [PMID: 37476526 PMCID: PMC10351353 DOI: 10.4078/jrd.22.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Ho Lim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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3
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Shinoda M, Hitomi S, Iwata K, Hayashi Y. Plastic changes in nociceptive pathways contributing to persistent orofacial pain. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:263-270. [PMID: 35840073 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a warning signal for the body defense mechanisms and is a critical sensation for supporting life. However, orofacial pain is not a vital sensation, but a disease. However, there are still many unclear points about the pathophysiological mechanism of orofacial pain. This situation makes it difficult for many clinicians to treat orofacial pain hypersensitivity. HIGHLIGHT Noxious information on the orofacial region received by trigeminal ganglion neurons is recognized as "orofacial pain" by being transmitted to the somatosensory cortex and limbic system via the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the thalamic sensory nuclei. Orofacial inflammation or trigeminal nerve injury causes neuropathic changes in various nociceptive signaling pathways, resulting in persistent orofacial pain. It is considered that persistent oral facial pain is triggered by plastic changes in nociceptive signaling pathways involving various cells such as satellite glial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages, as well as nociceptive neurons. CONCLUSION Recent studies have shown that hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons in the nociceptive signaling pathways of the orofacial region caused by a variety of factors causes persistent orofacial pain. This review outlines the pathophysiology of orofacial pain along with the results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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4
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Zhang X, Rahman M, Bereiter DA. Estrogen Status and Trigeminal Ganglion Responses to Jaw Movement. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1075-1081. [PMID: 35259995 PMCID: PMC9305844 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221077951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) present with pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication. Risk factors for TMD include localized joint/muscle inflammation and estrogen status. This study determined whether mild tissue inflammation and estrogen status influenced the responses of trigeminal ganglion neurons to jaw palpation or jaw movement, 2 key diagnostic features of clinical TMD, in adult rats. Neuronal activity was recorded from male rats, ovariectomized (OvX) female rats, and OvX female rats injected with 17β-estradiol 24 h prior to testing (OvXE). Neurons were tested for responses to deep press over the TMJ region and jaw movement in 3 directions (open, protrusion, lateral) 10 d after intra-TMJ injection of a low dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or vehicle (sham). Deep press evoked similar responses in all treatment groups. The response magnitude to jaw opening and protrusion was significantly greater for neurons recorded from OvXE CFA-treated rats than from OvX CFA-treated or OvXE sham rats. The responses to lateral movement of the jaw were similar across all treatment groups. Most neurons (70% to 90%) displayed a static response pattern to jaw movement independent of direction. Estradiol treatment also increased the proportion of neurons that were excited by jaw movement in >1 direction as compared with untreated OvX females or males. These results suggest that mild localized inflammation in the TMJ region during periods of elevated estrogen were sufficient to increase the peripheral driving force for jaw movement-evoked hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Rahman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Mathias K, Amarnani A, Pal N, Karri J, Arkfeld D, Hagedorn JM, Abd-Elsayed A. Chronic Pain in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021; 25:59. [PMID: 34269913 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic pain is highly prevalent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and can cause various physical and psychological impairments. Unfortunately, the appropriate diagnosis of chronic pain syndromes in this population can be challenging because pain may be primary to RA-specific inflammation and/or secondary to other conditions, typically osteoarthritis (OA) and fibromyalgia (FM). This disparity further poses a clinical challenge, given that chronic pain can often be discordant or undetected with standard RA-specific surveillance strategies, including serological markers and imaging studies. In this review, we provide a robust exploration of chronic pain in the RA population with emphasis on epidemiology, mechanisms, and management strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic pain associated with RA typically occurs in patients with anxiety, female sex, and elevated inflammatory status. Up to 50% of these patients are thought to have chronic pain despite appropriate inflammatory suppression, typically due to peripheral and central sensitization as well as secondary OA and FM. In addition to the standard-of-care management for OA and FM, patients with RA and chronic pain benefit from behavioral and psychological treatment options. Moreover, early and multimodal therapies, including non-pharmacological, pharmacological, interventional, and surgical strategies, exist, albeit with varying efficacy, to help suppress inflammation, provide necessary analgesia, and optimize functional outcomes. Overall, chronic pain in RA is a difficult entity for both patients and providers. Early diagnosis, improved understanding of its mechanisms, and initiation of early, targeted approaches to pain control may help to improve outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Mathias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Amarnani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California (LAC + USC) and Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neha Pal
- Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jay Karri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Arkfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California (LAC + USC) and Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Hagedorn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Mai L, Huang F, Zhu X, He H, Fan W. Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Orofacial Pain. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1875-1882. [PMID: 32801845 PMCID: PMC7399448 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s250030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some chronic pain conditions in the orofacial region are common and the mechanisms underlying orofacial pain are unresolved. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of a family of neurotrophins and regulates the growth, maintenance and development of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that NGF plays a crucial role in the generation of pain and hyperalgesia in different pain states. This review investigates the role of NGF in orofacial pain and their underlying cellular mechanisms, which may provide essential guidance to drug-discovery programmes. A systemic literature search was conducted in Pubmed focusing on NGF and orofacial pain. Articles were reviewed, and those discussing in vitro studies, animal evidence, clinical course, and possible mechanisms were summarized. We found a hyperalgesic effect of NGF in peripheral sensitization in orofacial pain models. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding NGF-dependent pain mechanism, which is initiated by retrograde transport of the ligand-receptor complex, ensuing transcriptional regulation of many important nociceptor genes involved in nociceptive processing. Phase III trials suggest that anti-NGF drug is endorsed with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects with good tolerance in a variety of pain conditions, including pain associated with osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain. Based on the data reviewed herein, NGF is believed to be an important hyperalgesic mediator in orofacial pain. The identification of underlying mechanisms and pathways of orofacial pain opens new frontiers for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Di YZ, Han BS, Di JM, Liu WY, Tang Q. Role of the brain-gut axis in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1554-1570. [PMID: 31367615 PMCID: PMC6658366 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i13.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have largely focused on the significant role of the nervous and immune systems in the process of tumorigenesis, including tumor growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. The brain-gut-axis is a new paradigm in neuroscience, which describes the biochemical signaling between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. This axis may play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and development of GI cancers. Mechanistically, the bidirectional signal transmission of the brain-gut-axis is complex and remains to be elucidated. In this article, we review the current findings concerning the relationship between the brain-gut axis and GI cancer cells, focusing on the significant role of the brain-gut axis in the processes of tumor proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy, and metastasis. It appears that the brain might modulate GI cancer by two pathways: the anatomical nerve pathway and the neuroendocrine route. The simulation and inactivation of the central nervous, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems, or changes in the innervation of the GI tract might contribute to a higher incidence of GI cancers. In addition, neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors can produce stimulatory or inhibitory effects in the progression of GI cancers. Insights into these mechanisms may lead to the discovery of potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Zi Di
- Department of General Surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo-Sheng Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun-Mao Di
- Department of General Surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
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Abstract
CGRP has long been suspected as a mediator of arthritis pain, although evidence that CGRP directly mediates human musculoskeletal pain remains circumstantial. This chapter describes in depth the evidence surrounding CGRP's association with pain in musculoskeletal disorders and also summarises evidence for CGRP being a direct cause of pain in other conditions. CGRP-immunoreactive nerves are present in musculoskeletal tissues, and CGRP expression is altered in musculoskeletal pain. CGRP modulates musculoskeletal pain through actions both in the periphery and central nervous system. Human observational studies, research on animal arthritis models and the few reported randomised controlled trials in humans of treatments that target CGRP provide the context of CGRP as a possible pain biomarker or mediator in conditions other than migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Walsh
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre and Division of ROD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Rheumatology, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nottinghamshire, UK.
| | - Daniel F McWilliams
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre and Division of ROD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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9
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Bone pain: current and future treatments. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 28:31-7. [PMID: 26940053 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal conditions are common causes of chronic pain and there is an unmet medical need for improved treatment options. Bone pain is currently managed with disease modifying agents and/or analgesics depending on the condition. Disease modifying agents affect the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and reduce as a secondary effect bone pain. Antiresorptive and anabolic agents, such as bisphosphonates and intermittent parathyroid hormone (1-34), respectively, have proven effective as pain relieving agents. Cathepsin K inhibitors and anti-sclerostin antibodies hold, due to their disease modifying effects, promise of a pain relieving effect. NSAIDs and opioids are widely employed in the treatment of bone pain. However, recent preclinical findings demonstrating a unique neuronal innervation of bone tissue and sprouting of sensory nerve fibers open for new treatment possibilities.
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10
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Chartier SR, Thompson ML, Longo G, Fealk MN, Majuta LA, Mantyh PW. Exuberant sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers in nonhealed bone fractures and the generation and maintenance of chronic skeletal pain. Pain 2014; 155:2323-36. [PMID: 25196264 PMCID: PMC4254205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal injury is a leading cause of chronic pain and long-term disability worldwide. While most acute skeletal pain can be effectively managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opiates, chronic skeletal pain is more difficult to control using these same therapy regimens. One possibility as to why chronic skeletal pain is more difficult to manage over time is that there may be nerve sprouting in nonhealed areas of the skeleton that normally receive little (mineralized bone) to no (articular cartilage) innervation. If such ectopic sprouting did occur, it could result in normally nonnoxious loading of the skeleton being perceived as noxious and/or the generation of a neuropathic pain state. To explore this possibility, a mouse model of skeletal pain was generated by inducing a closed fracture of the femur. Examined animals had comminuted fractures and did not fully heal even at 90+days post fracture. In all mice with nonhealed fractures, exuberant sensory and sympathetic nerve sprouting, an increase in the density of nerve fibers, and the formation of neuroma-like structures near the fracture site were observed. Additionally, all of these animals exhibited significant pain behaviors upon palpation of the nonhealed fracture site. In contrast, sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers or significant palpation-induced pain behaviors was never observed in naïve animals. Understanding what drives this ectopic nerve sprouting and the role it plays in skeletal pain may allow a better understanding and treatment of this currently difficult-to-control pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geraldine Longo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michelle N Fealk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lisa A Majuta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick W Mantyh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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11
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Walsh DA, McWilliams DF. Mechanisms, impact and management of pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:581-92. [PMID: 24861185 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) identify pain as their most important symptom, one that often persists despite optimal control of inflammatory disease. RA pain arises from multiple mechanisms, involving inflammation, peripheral and central pain processing and, with disease progression, structural change within the joint. Consequently, RA pain has a wide range of characteristics-constant or intermittent, localized or widespread-and is often associated with psychological distress and fatigue. Dominant pain mechanisms in an individual are identified by critical evaluation of clinical symptoms and signs, and by laboratory and imaging tests. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for effective management, although evidence from preclinical models should be interpreted with caution. A range of pharmacological analgesic and immunomodulatory agents, psychological interventions and surgery may help manage RA pain. Pain contributes importantly to the clinical assessment of inflammatory disease activity, and noninflammatory components of RA pain should be considered when gauging eligibility for or response to biologic agents. Further randomized controlled trials are required to determine the optimal usage of analgesics in RA, and novel agents with greater efficacy and lower propensity for adverse events are urgently needed. Meanwhile, targeted use of existing treatments could reduce pain in people with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Walsh
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Daniel F McWilliams
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Shinoda M, Iwata K. Neural communication in the trigeminal ganglion contributes to ectopic orofacial pain. J Oral Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang H, Shank G, Ma L, Tallents RH, Kyrkanides S. Nerve growth factor induced after temporomandibular joint inflammation decelerates chondrocyte differentiation. Oral Dis 2012; 19:604-10. [PMID: 23231346 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate changes in nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity receptor-tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) expression in the TMJ after intra-articular inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed the Col1-IL1β(XAT) inducible model of joint inflammation. Changes in NGF and TrkA expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The function of NGF on cell differentiation was assessed in vitro employing the ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line. RESULTS NGF expression was observed in articular chondrocytes only after TMJ inflammation, whereas TrkA expression was detected in articular chondrocytes under both naïve as well as inflamed conditions. The potential effect of NGF on articular chondrocytes was studied on the ATDC5 cell line, whereby NGF decelerated the maturation rate of this chondrogenic cell line, presumably by arresting cell differentiation at the prehypertrophic stage of chondrocyte maturation. CONCLUSIONS NGF-TrkA signaling in the TMJ provides potentially a means of protection against the development of osteoarthritis by decelerating chondrocyte differentiation. This discovery may lead to the development of novel therapies for osteoarthritis of the TMJ and other joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huang
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Yasuda M, Shinoda M, Kiyomoto M, Honda K, Suzuki A, Tamagawa T, Kaji K, Kimoto S, Iwata K. P2X3 receptor mediates ectopic mechanical allodynia with inflamed lower lip in mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:67-72. [PMID: 22981884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic pain in other orofacial regions develops with local inflammation in separated orofacial structures. However, the basis for the spreading of pain to adjacent orofacial areas after local inflammation is still unknown. In the present study, we determined if the P2X(3) receptor (P2X(3)R) was associated with altered mechanical sensitivity of the whisker pad skin following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into the lower lip. Mice with local inflammation induced by CFA injection into the lower lip demonstrated significant mechanical allodynia of whisker pad skin. The mechanical allodynia was reversed by P2X(3)R antagonist, A-317491 administration into whisker pad skin. The number of P2X(3)R and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) positive trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons that innervates the whisker pad skin and lower lip was increased after CFA injection into the lower lip. CGRP protein expression in TG ipsilateral to CFA injection was also significantly greater than that of the saline-injected mice. The present findings suggest that induced CGRP by local inflammation in the lower lip increases P2X(3)R in TG neurons, the increased P2X(3)Rs are involved in the sensitization of primary afferent neurons in the whisker pad skin. This P2X(3)R overexpression may underlie ectopic mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad skin after CFA injection into the lower lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yasuda
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Kanagawa, Japan
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Jimenez-Andrade JM, Mantyh PW. Sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers undergo sprouting and neuroma formation in the painful arthritic joint of geriatric mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R101. [PMID: 22548760 PMCID: PMC3446478 DOI: 10.1186/ar3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the prevalence of arthritis dramatically increases with age, the great majority of preclinical studies concerning the mechanisms that drive arthritic joint pain have been performed in young animals. One mechanism hypothesized to contribute to arthritic pain is ectopic nerve sprouting; however, neuroplasticity is generally thought to be greater in young versus old nerves. Here we explore whether sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers can undergo a significant ectopic nerve remodeling in the painful arthritic knee joint of geriatric mice. Methods Vehicle (saline) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the knee joint of 27- to 29-month-old female mice. Pain behaviors, macrophage infiltration, neovascularization, and the sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers were then assessed 28 days later, when significant knee-joint pain was present. Knee joints were processed for immunohistochemistry by using antibodies raised against CD68 (monocytes/macrophages), PECAM (endothelial cells), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; sensory nerve fibers), neurofilament 200 kDa (NF200; sensory nerve fibers), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; sympathetic nerve fibers), and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43; nerve fibers undergoing sprouting). Results At 4 weeks after initial injection, CFA-injected mice displayed robust pain-related behaviors (which included flinching, guarding, impaired limb use, and reduced weight bearing), whereas animals injected with vehicle alone displayed no significant pain-related behaviors. Similarly, in the CFA-injected knee joint, but not in the vehicle-injected knee joint, a remarkable increase was noted in the number of CD68+ macrophages, density of PECAM+ blood vessels, and density and formation of neuroma-like structures by CGRP+, NF200+, and TH+ nerve fibers in the synovium and periosteum. Conclusions Sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the aged knee joint clearly maintain the capacity for robust nerve sprouting and formation of neuroma-like structures after inflammation/injury. Understanding the factors that drive this neuroplasticity, whether this pathologic reorganization of nerve fibers contributes to chronic joint pain, and how the phenotype of sensory and sympathetic nerves changes with age may provide pharmacologic insight and targets for better controlling aging-related joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Jimenez-Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, 1501 N, Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Svensson P, Wang MW, Dong XD, Kumar U, Cairns BE. Human nerve growth factor sensitizes masseter muscle nociceptors in female rats. Pain 2010; 148:473-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Otake H, Suzuki H, Honda T, Maruyama Y. Influences of autonomic nervous system on atrial arrhythmogenic substrates and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic heart. Int Heart J 2009; 50:627-41. [PMID: 19809211 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.50.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is clinically associated with an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that neural remodeling enhances AF vulnerability in diabetic hearts. Eight weeks after creating streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (DM rats) or control rats, the hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff method. Inducibility of AF was evaluated by 5 times burst pacing from the right atrium and the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was measured. The protocol was repeated during sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) or parasympathetic nerve stimulation (PNS). In tissue samples taken from the right atrium, the density of nerves positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined. SNS significantly increased the incidence of AF in DM rats (14 +/- 6 to 30 +/- 8%, P < 0.01), but not in control rats (11 +/- 4 to 14 +/- 6%, NS). Although AERP was significantly decreased by SNS in both rats (each P < 0.01), increased heterogeneity of AERP by SNS was seen only in DM rats. PNS significantly decreased AERP and increased the incidence of AF (9 +/- 5 to 30 +/- 5% in control rats, 12 +/- 6 to 27 +/- 6% in DM rats, each P < 0.01) in both rats. The density of TH-positive nerves was heterogeneous in DM rats compared with control rats, whereas the heterogeneity of AChE-positive nerves was not different in the rats. The prevalence of AF was enhanced by adrenergic activation in diabetic hearts, in which heterogeneous sympathetic innervation was evident. These results suggest that neural remodeling may play a crucial role for increased AF vulnerability in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Otake
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Pelegrini-da-Silva A, Oliveira MCG, Parada CA, Tambeli CH. Nerve growth factor acts with the beta2-adrenoceptor to induce spontaneous nociceptive behavior during temporomandibular joint inflammatory hyperalgesia. Life Sci 2008; 83:780-5. [PMID: 18930742 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate whether the injection of nerve growth factor induces spontaneous nociceptive behavior in the intact or sensitized temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats. MAIN METHODS NGF was injected into the TMJ 1 h after the TMJ injection of saline or carrageenan and the spontaneous nociceptive behavior was quantified. The mechanism involved in this phenomenon was investigated by the injection of NGF into the carrageenan-sensitized TMJ in the presence of indomethacin or of beta-adrenergic antagonists. KEY FINDINGS NGF injected into the TMJ sensitized by a prior TMJ injection of carrageenan but not into the intact TMJ induced a significant nociceptive behavior. Co-injection of the non-specific Trk receptor antagonist k252A with NGF 1 h after the TMJ injection of carrageenan significantly reduced NGF-induced spontaneous nociception supporting the Trk receptor activation in this nociceptive effect. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin before the TMJ injection of carrageenan did not reduce NGF-induced nociception. Co-administration of carrageenan with the beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118.55 but not with the beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol significantly reduced NGF-induced nociception. The injection of NGF the TMJ sensitized by a previous TMJ injection of epinephrine also induced nociceptive behavior. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results indicate that NGF can induce TMJ nociception during TMJ inflammation. Moreover, the expression of this nociceptive response seems to depend on the synergic activity of NGF and sympathetic amines released during TMJ inflammation acting on beta2-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pelegrini-da-Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
The neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors are well-known for their effects on neuronal survival and growth. Over the past decade, considerable evidence has accumulated from both humans and animals that one neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), is a peripheral pain mediator, particularly in inflammatory pain states. NGF is upregulated in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, and NGF-neutralizing molecules are effective analgesic agents in many models of persistent pain. Such molecules are now being evaluated in clinical trials. NGF regulates the expression of a second neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in nociceptors. BDNF is released when nociceptors are activated, and it acts as a central modulator of pain. The chapter reviews the evidence for these roles (and briefly the effects of other neurotrophins), the range of conditions under which they act, and their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pezet
- The London Pain Consortium, King's College London, The Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, SE1 1UL London, United Kingdom.
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Han Y. Ginkgo terpene component has an anti-inflammatory effect on Candida albicans-caused arthritic inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1049-56. [PMID: 15829420 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, contains flavonoid glycosides and unique terpene lactones as major active components. In this study, we determined the anti-inflammatory effect of the water-soluble portion (GH415) of the EGb 761 on the inflammation caused by Candida albicans, a major ethiological agent that causes fungal arthritis. For inflammatory induction, an emulsified mixture of C. albicans cell wall and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CACW/CFA) was injected into BALB/c mice by the hind footpad route once a day for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final injection, mice having the swollen footpad were given the GH415 (2 mg/dose) intraperitoneally to the mice once every 3 days for 15 days. The footpad-swelling of these mice was measured during the entire observation period. Results showed that the GH415 treatment reduced the swelling. In the same animal model, this effect was enhanced by treatment with the GH415 entrapped within liposome (Lipo-GH: 200 micro/dose). Further analysis revealed that terpene, not flavone portion, was responsible for such therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect. Treatment with the terpene (7.4 microg/dose) by liposomal delivery method had similar effects as the treatment with indomethacin at 30 microg/dose. Addition of the terpene to lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages showed suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production. These results suggest that blockage of the NO production from the macrophages that infiltrated to the inflamed site may be a possible mechanism for the therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmoon Han
- Department of Immunomicrobiology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, 23-1 Wolgok-Dong, Sungbuk Gu, Seoul 136-714, Korea.
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