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Azevedo CM, Solano de Freitas Souza B, Andrade de Oliveira S, Paredes BD, Barreto ES, Neto HA, Ribeiro dos Santos R, Pereira Soares MB. Bone marrow-derived cells migrate to the liver and contribute to the generation of different cell types in chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159:29-36. [PMID: 26297681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main pathogenic event caused by Schistosoma mansoni infection is characterized by a granulomatous inflammatory reaction around parasite eggs and fibrosis in the liver. We have previously shown that transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) promotes a reduction in liver fibrosis in chronically S. mansoni-infected mice. Here we investigated the presence and phenotype of bone marrow-derived cells in livers of S. mansoni-infected mice. During the chronic phase of infection, C57BL/6 mice had an increased number of circulating mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood when compared to uninfected controls. In order to investigate the fate of BMC in the liver, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice by transplanting BMC from transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice into lethally irradiated wild-type C57BL/6 mice. S. mansoni-infected chimeric mice did not demonstrate increased mortality and developed similar liver histopathological features, when compared to wild-type S. mansoni-infected mice. GFP(+) bone marrow-derived cells were found in the liver parenchyma, particularly in periportal regions. CD45(+)GFP(+) cells were found in the granulomas. Flow cytometry analysis of digested liver tissue characterized GFP(+) cells as lymphocytes, myeloid cells and stem cells. GFP(+) cells were also found in areas of collagen deposition, although rare GFP(+) cells expressed the myofibroblast cell marker α-SMA. Additionally GFP(+) endothelial cells (co-stained with von Willebrand factor) were frequently observed, while BMC-derived hepatocytes (GFP(+) albumin(+) cells) were sparsely found in the liver of chimeric mice chronically infected with S. mansoni. In conclusion, BMC are recruited to the liver during chronic experimental infection with S. mansoni and contribute to the generation of different cell types involved, not only in disease pathogenesis, but possibly in liver regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Machado Azevedo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sheilla Andrade de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Diaz Paredes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Elton Sá Barreto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Hélio Almeida Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro dos Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Holzscheiter M, Layland LE, Loffredo-Verde E, Mair K, Vogelmann R, Langer R, Wagner H, Prazeres da Costa C. Lack of host gut microbiota alters immune responses and intestinal granuloma formation during schistosomiasis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:246-57. [PMID: 24168057 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatalities from schistosome infections arise due to granulomatous, immune-mediated responses to eggs that become trapped in host tissues. Schistosome-specific immune responses are characterized by initial T helper type 1 (Th1) responses and our previous studies demonstrated that myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88)-deficient mice failed to initiate such responses in vivo. Paradoxically, schistosomal antigens fail to stimulate innate cells to release proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Since Schistosoma mansoni infection is an intestinal disease, we hypothesized that commensal bacteria could act as bystander activators of the intestinal innate immune system to instigate Th1 responses. Using a broad spectrum of orally administered antibiotics and anti-mycotics we analysed schistosome-infected mice that were simultaneously depleted of gut bacteria. After depletion there was significantly less inflammation in the intestine, which was accompanied by decreased intestinal granuloma development. In contrast, liver pathology remained unaltered. In addition, schistosome-specific immune responses were skewed and faecal egg excretion was diminished. This study demonstrates that host microbiota can act as a third partner in instigating helminth-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holzscheiter
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene (MIH), Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens attenuate IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49234. [PMID: 23152879 PMCID: PMC3496699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune response plays the key role in initiating and guiding the immune response. Elucidating the innate immune related molecular events involved in the interaction between the parasite and the host will aid in the development of an effective vaccine and anti-schistosome pharmaceuticals. In this study, we examined the regulatory effect of Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA) on MHC class II expression in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. We demonstrated that SEA possesses the ability to down-regulate IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The production of IL-10 and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells, induced by SEA, was responsible for mediating the down-regulation of MHC class II. Our findings suggest that in RAW 264.7 cells (1) IFN-γ provides a condition for lower concentrations of SEA to attenuate MHC class II expression; (2) SEA attenuated IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression and the IL-10 and IL-6 production is mediated at least partly by the interaction of SEA with TLR4; and (3) SEA attenuated IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression at the transcriptional level.
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de Abreu da Silva IC, Carneiro VC, Maciel RDM, da Costa RFM, Furtado DR, de Oliveira FMB, da Silva-Neto MAC, Rumjanek FD, Fantappié MR. CK2 phosphorylation of Schistosoma mansoni HMGB1 protein regulates its cellular traffic and secretion but not its DNA transactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23572. [PMID: 21887276 PMCID: PMC3160966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The helminth Schistosoma mansoni parasite resides in mesenteric veins where fecundated female worms lay hundred of eggs daily. Some of the egg antigens are trapped in the liver and induce a vigorous granulomatous response. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear factor, can also be secreted and act as a cytokine. Schistosome HMGB1 (SmHMGB1) is secreted by the eggs and stimulate the production of key cytokines involved in the pathology of schistosomiasis. Thus, understanding the mechanism of SmHMGB1 release becomes mandatory. Here, we addressed the question of how the nuclear SmHMGB1 can reach the extracellular space. Principal Findings We showed in vitro and in vivo that CK2 phosphorylation was involved in the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SmHMGB1. By site-directed mutagenesis we mapped the two serine residues of SmHMGB1 that were phosphorylated by CK2. By DNA bending and supercoiling assays we showed that CK2 phosphorylation of SmHMGB1 had no effect in the DNA binding activities of the protein. We showed by electron microscopy, as well as by cell transfection and fluorescence microscopy that SmHMGB1 was present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of adult schistosomes and mammalian cells. In addition, we showed that treatments of the cells with either a phosphatase or a CK2 inhibitor were able to enhance or block, respectively, the cellular traffic of SmHMGB1. Importantly, we showed by confocal microscopy and biochemically that SmHMGB1 is significantly secreted by S. mansoni eggs of infected animals and that SmHMGB1 that were localized in the periovular schistosomotic granuloma were phosphorylated. Conclusions We showed that secretion of SmHMGB1 is regulated by phosphorylation. Moreover, our results suggest that egg-secreted SmHMGB1 may represent a new egg antigen. Therefore, the identification of drugs that specifically target phosphorylation of SmHMGB1 might block its secretion and interfere with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Caetano de Abreu da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Vitor Coutinho Carneiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Renata de Moraes Maciel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Furtado Madeiro da Costa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues Furtado
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Francisco Meirelles Bastos de Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário Alberto Cardoso da Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Franklin David Rumjanek
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Rosado Fantappié
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Oloris SCS, Mesnil M, Reis VNDS, Sakai M, Matsuzaki P, Fonseca EDSM, da Silva TC, Avanzo JL, Sinhorini IL, Guerra JL, Costa-Pinto FA, Maiorka PC, Dagli MLZ. Hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice deficient for connexin 43 present lower cell proliferation and higher collagen content. Life Sci 2007; 80:1228-35. [PMID: 17289089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma formation involves a coordinated interaction between monocytes and macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. It has been established that extracellular communication via cytokines is important for the assembly of granulomas. However, the importance of gap junctions and intercellular communication to granuloma formation and development had never been assessed. Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions, and connexin 43 (Cx43) is present in macrophages, lymphoid cells, myelogenous cells, fibroblasts and others. We analyzed the effect of heterologous deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) on the formation and development of hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Heterozygous (Cx43(+/-)) and wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) mice were infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercarie and evaluated after 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Granuloma cells express Cx43, as revealed by real-time PCR in isolated granulomas, and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43(+/-) mice, as expected. No differences in the average area of granulomas or number of cells per granuloma were observed between mice of different genotypes. However, granuloma cells from Cx43(+/-) mice displayed a reduced index of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Moreover, Cx43(+/-) granulomas unexpectedly presented a higher degree of fibrosis, quantified by morphometric analysis in Sirius Red-stained slides. Our results indicate that the deletion of one allele of the Cx43 gene, and possibly the reduced gap junction intercellular communication capacity (GJIC), may impair the interactions between granuloma cells, reducing their proliferation and increasing their collagen content, thereby modifying the characteristics of S. mansoni granuloma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catarina Salgado Oloris
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Andrade CMB, Ziulkoski AL, dos Santos AXS, Boldrini LC, Trindade VMT, Borojevic R, Guma FCR. Gangliosides of the stroma layer participate in the interferon-gamma receptor-dependent controls of myelopoiesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1761:1030-40. [PMID: 16962370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroma-mediated myelopoiesis depends upon growth-factors and an appropriate intercellular microenvironment, whose polarity is relevant for granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mediated myeloid cell proliferation. Here we have studied qualitative and quantitative aspects of ganglioside participation in controls of the microenvironment required to sustain myelopoiesis. We analysed ganglioside synthesis, expression and shedding by two primary liver stromal cell cultures isolated from wild type and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) receptor knockout mice. The latter one has a higher capacity to sustain myelopoiesis. FDC-P1 myeloid growth factor-dependent cell line was used as the reporter system, monitoring the cell survival and proliferation that reflect the bio-availability and the activity of GM-CSF. Although the two stromal cells synthesised the same gangliosides their relative content was quite different. FDC-P1 proliferation decreased in cultures in which ganglioside synthesis was inhibited in the stroma, as well as in presence of stroma cell supernatants in which GM3 was neutralised by the anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody. Addition of exogenous GM3 reverted the inhibition and sustained proliferation of FDC-P1 cells. FDC-P1 cells do not accumulate GM3, but they are able to take up the stroma-produced sphingolipids. Thus, stroma has a double role in sustaining myelopoiesis, providing both growth factor(s) and ganglioside(s) required for the optimal stimulation of the myeloid cell proliferation, and the IFNgamma mediated stroma-dependent controls of myelopoiesis are determinant for this cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M B Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Blanton RE, Salam EA, Ehsan A, King CH, Goddard KA. Schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and the interferon gamma receptor: a linkage analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphic markers. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:660-8. [PMID: 15756299 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A minority of individuals infected with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni develops hepatic fibrosis. HLA studies in Egypt and a candidate gene search in a Sudanese population indicate that the host's genetics contribute to disease susceptibility. In an Egyptian community, 32.7% of individuals 11 years and older had significant fibrosis by WHO ultrasound criteria. Linkage to 10 candidate genes was tested using 89 affected sibling pairs from 40 pedigrees in this community. The candidates included genes that initiate fibrosis, participate in collagen synthesis, or control collagen degradation. Two to four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped per locus, and 188 individuals were genotyped at 48 markers. Model-free modified Haseman-Elston analysis identified linkage to a SNP in the interferon gamma receptor locus (P=0.000001). There was also weak evidence for linkage to the interleukin 13-4 region and tissue growth factor beta 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Blanton
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Room 4133, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286, USA.
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Stavitsky AB. Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in experimental models of schistosomiasis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1-12. [PMID: 14688074 PMCID: PMC343951 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.1-12.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abram B Stavitsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Cheever AW, Lenzi JA, Lenzi HL, Andrade ZA. Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:917-40. [PMID: 12471417 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mammals have contributed greatly to our understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of infection. We consider here hepatic and extrahepatic disease in models of acute and chronic infection. Experimental schistosome infections have also contributed more broadly to our understanding of granulomatous inflammation and our understanding of Th1 versus Th2 related inflammation and particularly to Th2-mediated fibrosis of the liver.
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Lagrota-Candido J, Vasconcellos R, Cavalcanti M, Bozza M, Savino W, Quirico-Santos T. Resolution of skeletal muscle inflammation in mdx dystrophic mouse is accompanied by increased immunoglobulin and interferon-gamma production. Int J Exp Pathol 2002; 83:121-32. [PMID: 12383191 PMCID: PMC2517677 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2002.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mdx mouse, the animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, develops an X-linked recessive inflammatory myopathy with an apparent sustained capacity for muscle regeneration. We analysed whether changes in the skeletal muscle during myonecrosis and regeneration would correlate with functional alterations in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Here we show that during the height of myonecrosis, mdx mice display marked atrophy of peripheral lymph nodes and extensive muscle inflammation. In contrast, enlargement of draining lymph nodes with accumulation of CD4+ CD44+, CD4+ CD25+, CD8+ CD44+ T lymphocytes and type-2 B cells was consistently observed during amelioration of the muscle lesion. In addition, regeneration of the muscular tissue was accompanied by concomitant increase of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in regional lymph nodes and bone marrow. Double immunolabelling analysis revealed intense B cell proliferation and formation of germinal centre in the follicles of dystrophic regional lymph nodes. Furthermore, lymph node cells produced large amounts of IFN-gamma but not IL-4, IL-6 or IL-10 after in vitro mitogen stimulation with Concanavalin A. As these alterations occurred mainly during the recovery period, we suggested that local activation of the immune system could be an influence which mitigates the myonecrosis of muscular tissue in the mdx dystrophic mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Vasconcellos
- Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, DIP/HUCFF, Rio de Janeiro Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, DIP/HUCFF, Rio de Janeiro Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bozza
- Department of Immunology, DIP/HUCFF, Rio de Janeiro Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteFIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- CNRS UMR-8603, Hospital NeckerParis, France
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