1
|
Koizumi Y, Ishii T, Nishii Y, Nojima K, Sueishi K. Influence of experimental hemi-occlusion on mandibular morphology and internal structure in growing rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wada H, Hosomichi J, Shimomoto Y, Soma K. Influence of occlusal hypofunction on the elastic property and bone formation of rat alveolar bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Wada
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Jun Hosomichi
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Shimomoto
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kunimichi Soma
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karatas O, Balci Yuce H, Aydemir Turkal H. Dental hypofunction alters subgingival microorganisms: a pilot study. MINERVA STOMATOLOGICA 2019; 68:183-191. [PMID: 31357852 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate dental plaque compositions, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1-alpha levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) at hypofunctional and normofunctional teeth in healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis patients. METHODS Sixty systemically healthy individuals were enrolled. Study groups were: group 1 hypofunctional healthy group (group 1, N.=15); group 2 hypofunctional periodontitis group (group 2, N.=15); group 3 normofunctional healthy group (group 3, N.=15); and group 4 normofunctional periodontitis group (group 4, N.=15). Clinical periodontal measurements (plaque index, gingival index and clinical attachment level) were recorded. Dental plaque and GCF samples were taken. VEGF and HIF 1-alpha levels in GCF were determined. Subgingival plaque samples were evaluated for 11 different bacterial species as, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga species. RESULTS Tannerella forsythia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Eubacterium nodatum levels decreased in hypofunctional healthy and periodontitis groups (P<0.05). Porphyromonas gingivalis levels increased in hypofunctional healthy group and decreased in hypofunctional periodontitis group (P<0.05). There was also a decrease in Eikenella corrodens levels in hypofunctional periodontitis group (P<0.05). There were no difference regarding the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp., Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum levels among the groups (P>0.05). VEGF and HIF-1α levels in both GCF and serum samples were also similar (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, the authors found that the levels of four significant bacterial strains were decreased in both hypofunctional healthy and hypofunctional periodontitis groups compared to normofunctional equivalents. Though not evaluated in this study, this situation could be due to periodontal ligament atrophy and related physiological alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Karatas
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey -
| | - Hatice Balci Yuce
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Humeyra Aydemir Turkal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi JW, Kim HJ, Moon JW, Kang SH, Tak HJ, Lee SH. Compensatory dentoalveolar supraeruption and occlusal plane cant after botulinum-induced hypotrophy of masticatory closing muscles in juvenile rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:34-42. [PMID: 30875592 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the dentoalveolus and occlusal plane associated with the hypotrophy of unilateral masticatory muscles following botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment in the juvenile period of rats. DESIGN We hypothesized that the loss of functional loading of masticatory muscles and occlusal force invites compensatory dentoalveolar supraeruption, accelerating occlusal cant and skeletal asymmetry. In order to confirm this hypothesis, six-week-old male rats (N = 5) were treated with BTX simultaneously at the unilateral masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles, with a booster injection after six weeks for the experimental group. The control group (N = 6) had saline injections on both sides at the same sites and on the same schedule. RESULTS After 12 weeks, masseter and medial pterygoid muscles on the BTX side showed hypotrophic change. The mandibular structure was asymmetrical, with decreased size and lateral tilting. The maxillary and mandibular molars were supraerupted from the Frankfort plane or mandibular inferior border with lateral tilt. They accompanied downward occlusal plane cant resulting from the supraerupted maxillary and mandibular molars on the BTX side. The dentoalveolar structural changes included diminished alveolar bone density, narrow periodontal ligament space, and disorganized distribution of periodontal collagen fiber. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral hypotrophy of masticatory muscles affected the growth, symmetry, and structure of the skeletal jaws and dentoalveolus. Our hypothesis about the dentoalveolar compensation, that muscular hypotrophy was closely integrated with dentoalveolar supraeruption and an inclined occlusal plane, was confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wook Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak-Jin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Won Moon
- Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Tak
- Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwy Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suteerapongpun P, Sirabanchongkran S, Wattanachai T, Sriwilas P, Jotikasthira D. Root surface areas of maxillary permanent teeth in anterior normal overbite and anterior open bite assessed using cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2017; 47:241-246. [PMID: 29279823 PMCID: PMC5738506 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2017.47.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the root surface areas of the maxillary permanent teeth in Thai patients exhibiting anterior normal overbite and in those exhibiting anterior open bite, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods CBCT images of maxillary permanent teeth from 15 patients with anterior normal overbite and 18 patients with anterior open bite were selected. Three-dimensional tooth models were constructed using Mimics Research version 17.0. The cementoenamel junction was marked manually. The root surface area was calculated automatically by 3-Matic Research version 9.0. The root surface areas of each tooth type from both types of bite were compared using the independent t-test (P<.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess intraobserver reliability. Results The mean root surface areas of the maxillary central and lateral incisors in individuals with anterior open bite were significantly less than those in those with normal bite. The mean root surface area of the maxillary second premolar in individuals with anterior open bite was significantly greater than in those with normal bite. Conclusion Anterior open-bite malocclusion might affect the root surface area, so orthodontic force magnitudes should be carefully determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Supassara Sirabanchongkran
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanapan Wattanachai
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patiyut Sriwilas
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dhirawat Jotikasthira
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Puttaravuttiporn P, Wongsuwanlert M, Charoemratrote C, Lindauer SJ, Leethanakul C. Effect of incisal loading during orthodontic treatment in adults: A randomized control trial. Angle Orthod 2017; 88:35-44. [PMID: 29099236 DOI: 10.2319/071017-456.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the changes in tooth mobility, alveolar bone, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic treatment to regain incisal function in the presence and absence of biting exercises. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six females (42.3 ± 6.5 years old) with periodontally compromised upper incisors received orthodontic treatment to obtain ideal incisor relationships. Eighteen subjects in the experimental biting exercise group were instructed to bite a soft plastic roll for 5 min/d; the 18 control subjects were not given plastic rolls. Alveolar bone thickness, height, and density around the upper incisors were assessed at three root levels using cone-beam computed tomography. GCF was collected at the labial and palatal sites of the upper incisors at pretreatment (T0), end of treatment (T1), 1 month after T1 (T2), and 7 months after T1 (T3). RANKL/OPG was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Labial and palatal bone thickness significantly increased (>twofold) from T1 to T3 in the experimental group at all three root levels (all P < .05). Bone thickness correlated negatively with RANKL/OPG ratio between T1 and T2 ( P < .05). Tooth mobility, bone height, and density were not significantly different between T1 and T3. CONCLUSIONS Biting exercises significantly increased bone thickness but did not affect tooth mobility, bone height, or density. The RANKL/OPG ratio decreased 1 month after treatment (T2) and correlated with increased bone thickness. ( ClinicalTrials.in.th TCTR20170625001).
Collapse
|
7
|
Shimizu Y, Ono T. Three-dimensional structural analysis of the morphological condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment. Korean J Orthod 2017; 47:394-400. [PMID: 29090127 PMCID: PMC5653688 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2017.47.6.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment is important. Recently, cone-beam computed tomography has been widely accepted as a useful tool for orthodontic treatment. Moreover, using a three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis software enables gathering detailed information and quantifying data. The aim of this study was to introduce various quantitative analyses performed before and after orthodontic treatment by using a 3D structural analysis software for evaluating the morphological condition of the alveolar bone of a patient with gingival recession around the canines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shimomoto Y, Chung CJ, Iwasaki-Hayashi Y, Muramoto T, Soma K. Effects of Occlusal Stimuli on Alveolar/Jaw Bone Formation. J Dent Res 2016; 86:47-51. [PMID: 17189462 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusion is known to influence the growth and development of the craniofacial complex. However, the consequences of occlusal hypofunction, or its recovery, on the amount of formation and development of alveolar bone and the jaw are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study was designed to elucidate the relationship between the occlusal stimuli and alveolar and jaw bone growth by the use of a hypofunction/recovered occlusal function model in growing rats. Bone histomorphometric analyses, including bone apposition rate and mineral apposition rate, were evaluated in double-labeled frontal sections of mandibular second molars. Results showed that occlusal hypofunction significantly suppressed alveolar and jaw bone formation compared with that in animals growing normally (p < 0.05). However, recovered occlusal function induced an enhancement in jaw bone formation. These results indicate the influence of occlusal function on alveolar and jaw bone formation during the growth period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimomoto
- Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shimizu Y, Hosomichi J, Nakamura S, Ono T. Micro-computed tomography analysis of changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper induced by occlusal hypofunction of rat molars. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44:263-7. [PMID: 25309866 PMCID: PMC4192528 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.5.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To three-dimensionally elucidate the effects of occlusal hypofunction on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper of rat molars by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Methods Occlusal function in the molar area was restricted by attaching an anterior bite plate on the maxillary incisors and a metal cap on the mandibular incisors of 5-week-old male Wistar rats for 1 week. The periodontal ligament space and alveolar bone proper around roots of the mandibular first molar were assessed by histology and micro-CT. Results The periodontal ligament space was narrower and the alveolar bone proper was sparser and less continuous in the hypofunction group than in the control group. Further, both the volume of the periodontal ligament and the volumetric ratio of the alveolar bone proper to the total tissue in the region of interest were significantly lower in the hypofunction group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Occlusal hypofunction induces atrophic changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper of rat molars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hosomichi
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakamura
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shimizu Y, Ishida T, Hosomichi J, Kaneko S, Hatano K, Ono T. Soft diet causes greater alveolar osteopenia in the mandible than in the maxilla. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:907-11. [PMID: 23490352 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in the bony microstructure of the upper and lower alveolar bone during masticatory loading induced by soft diet feeding in growing rats. DESIGN Three-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. Rats were fed with either pellets [control group (n=6)] or a soft diet [experimental group (n=6)] for nine weeks. 3D-microstructure of the alveolar bone of the first molar region (M1) was examined by micro-CT analysis. RESULTS Micro-CT images showed increased marrow spaces of the inter-radicular alveolar bone around the rat mandibular M1 in the experimental group compared with that in the control group. The bone volume/tissue volume ratio, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, mean intercept length, trabecular width and trabecular star volume for the mandibular M1 inter-radicular alveolar bone were lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Marrow space star volume was increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that alveolar osteopenia is more extensive in the mandible than the maxilla in rats that experience low masticatory loading during growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Uehara S, Maeda A, Tomonari H, Miyawaki S. Relationships between the root-crown ratio and the loss of occlusal contact and high mandibular plane angle in patients with open bite. Angle Orthod 2012; 83:36-42. [PMID: 22897705 DOI: 10.2319/042412-341.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the root-crown (R/C) ratio and dental root length of teeth in patients with open bite and seek any relationships with occlusal contact (OC) and the mandibular plane (Mp) angle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one patients with open bite with negative overbite of at least four anterior teeth and 31 control patients with clinically normal overjet and overbite were enrolled. R/C ratios, dental root length, OC, and Mp angle were measured using panoramic radiographs, dental casts, and cephalograms, respectively. Mean differences between the groups, and variations between the R/C ratio or root length and Mp angle in patients with open bite were statistically analyzed. RESULTS R/C and OC ratios from the incisors to premolars were significantly lower for patients with open bite than for controls, and some teeth had short dental roots. Relationships between low R/C ratio or root length and high Mp angle were significant in patients with open bite. CONCLUSION Patients with open bite, especially those with a high Mp angle, have an unfavorable R/C ratio and short dental roots in some teeth, which may be related to the loss of OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Uehara
- Department of Orthodontics, Field of Developmental Medicine, Health Research Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of sympathetic nervous activity on alveolar bone loss induced by occlusal hypofunction in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Ishida Y, Kanno Z, Soma K. Occlusal Hypofunction Induces Atrophic Changes in Rat Gingiva. Angle Orthod 2008; 78:1015-22. [DOI: 10.2319/092907-465.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To clarify the influence of occlusal hypofunction on the integrity of gingival tissue and gingival extracellular matrix biosynthesis.
Materials and Methods: Thirteen-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. To eliminate occlusal forces, all the right maxillary molars were extracted in the hypofunctional group. The control group was anesthetized but not subjected to surgery. The rats were killed at 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure, and the lower right second molars were prepared for histological analysis. To investigate the effect of occlusal hypofunction on collagen biosynthesis, the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) was determined by immunohistochemistry as well as histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Results: Disorientation of the collagen fibers, proliferation of the connective tissue fibroblasts, and enlargement of epithelial intercellular gaps were observed in gingival tissue of rat molars with experimental occlusal hypofunction. Immunohistochemically, the expression of CTGF and LOX was increased significantly (P < .05) in the hypofunctional group.
Conclusion: These results suggest that occlusal hypofunction can affect the structural integrity and the expression of CTGF and LOX in gingival tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- a Graduate MS student, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zuisei Kanno
- b Assistant Professor, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimichi Soma
- c Professor and Department Chair, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|