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Ushakova N, Dontsov A, Sakina N, Bastrakov A, Ostrovsky M. Antioxidative Properties of Melanins and Ommochromes from Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E408. [PMID: 31450873 PMCID: PMC6770681 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of melanin and ommochrome-containing samples, isolated from the black soldier fly (BSF) by enzymatic hydrolysis, alkaline and acid alcohol extraction or by acid hydrolysis, was carried out. Melanin was isolated both as a melanin-chitin complex and as a water-soluble melanin. Acid hydrolysis followed by delipidization yielded a more concentrated melanin sample, the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of which was 2.6 × 1018 spin/g. The ommochromes were extracted from the BSF eyes with acid methanol. The antiradical activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes was determined by the method of quenching of luminol chemiluminescence. It has been shown that delipidization of water-soluble melanin increases its antioxidant properties. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes in relation to photoinduced lipid peroxidation was carried out. The ESR characteristics of native and oxidized melanins and ommochromes were studied. It is assumed that H. illucens adult flies can be a useful source of natural pigments with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ushakova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Dontsov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Sakina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Bastrakov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Zdybel M, Chodurek E, Pilawa B. Effect of simvastatin in different concentrations on free radicals in A-2058 human melanoma malignum cells-EPR studies. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2483-2492. [PMID: 30277600 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of concentration of simvastatin (SIM) on free radicals in A-2058 human melanoma malignum cells was studied. The proliferation assay for melanoma A-2058 cells with SIM in concentration range from 0.1 to 20 µM was performed. SIM in the concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μM only slightly changed the growth of A-2058 cells, but the growth of the cells considerably decreased for higher concentrations of SIM. Free radicals in the cells were examined by an X-band (9.3 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. o-Semiquinone free radicals with g-factors in the range of 2.0060 to 2.0065 were found in A-2058 cells. The asymmetric broad EPR spectra with linewidths (ΔBpp ) from 0.87 to 1.25 mT were measured. The fast spin-lattice relaxation processes characterized all the tested cells. The free radical concentrations in the all A-2058 cells cultured with SIM were lower than in the control cells. The quenching of free radicals in A-2058 cells depended on concentration of SIM. This effect was the weakest for concentration of SIM of 3 μM. The strongest decrease of free radical concentration caused SIM in concentration of 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdybel
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Stanjek-Cichoracka A, Żegleń S, Ramos P, Pilawa B, Wojarski J. Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on free radical scavenging activity of immunosuppressants used in lung transplantation and comparative electron paramagnetic resonance study of kinetics of their interactions with model free radicals. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 43:385-392. [PMID: 29377194 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ transplantation or autoimmunological processes were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to estimate their free radical scavenging activity. The interactions of immunosuppressants with free radicals were examined by an X-band (9.3 GHz) EPR spectroscopy and a model of DPPH free radicals. METHODS The EPR spectra of DPPH and DPPH interacting with individual drugs were compared. Kinetic studies were performed, and the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the free radical scavenging activity of the tested drugs was determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The free radical scavenging activity of non-irradiated drugs decreased in the order: rapamycin > mycophenolate mofetil > ciclosporin > tacrolimus. UV irradiation increased the free radical scavenging activity of all the tested immunosuppressive drugs, and the effect was highest for tacrolimus. For the non-irradiated samples, the speed of free radical interactions decreased in the order: ciclosporin > tacrolimus > mycophenolate mofetil > rapamycin. UV irradiation only slightly affected the speed of interactions of the immunosuppressive drugs with the model DPPH free radicals. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is useful for obtaining information on interactions of immunosuppressive drugs with free radicals. We hypothesized that the long-term immunosuppressive effects of these drugs after transplantation or during autoimmune disorders may be mediated by anti-inflammatory action in addition to the known receptor/cell cycle inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stanjek-Cichoracka
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Department of Biophysics, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - S Żegleń
- Department and Clinic of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland, Zabrze, Poland
| | - P Ramos
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Department of Biophysics, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - B Pilawa
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Department of Biophysics, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - J Wojarski
- Department and Clinic of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland, Zabrze, Poland
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Dontsov AE, Sakina NL, Ostrovsky MA. Loss of melanin by eye retinal pigment epithelium cells is associated with its oxidative destruction in melanolipofuscin granules. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:916-924. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917080065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ushakova NA, Dontsov AE, Bastrakov AI, Garmash NY, Pavlov DS. Paramagnetics melanin and Mn2+ in black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 473:102-105. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramos P, Pilawa B. Application of EPR spectroscopy to examine free radicals evolution during storage of the thermally sterilized Ungentum ophthalmicum. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 23:834-837. [PMID: 27339823 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1199568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals formed during thermal sterilization of the Ungentum ophthalmicum were examined by an X-band EPR spectroscopy. The influence of storage time (15 min; 1, 2 and 3 days after heating) on free radical properties and concentrations in this sample was determined. Thermal sterilization was done according to the pharmaceutical norms. The first-derivative EPR spectra with g-values about 2 were measured with magnetic modulation of 100 kHz in the range of microwave power 2.2-70 mW. The changes of amplitudes (A) and linewidths (ΔBpp) with microwave powers were evaluated. Free radicals in concentration ∼1017 spin/g were formed during heating of the tested Ungentum. Free radical concentration decreased with increase in storage time, and reached values ∼1017 spin/g after 3 days from sterilization. The tested U. ophthalmicum should not be sterilized at a temperature of 160 °C because of the free radicals formation, or it should be used 3 days after heating, when free radicals were considerably quenched. Free radical properties remain unchanged during storage of the Ungentum. The EPR lines of the U. ophthalmicum were homogeneously broadened and their linewidths (ΔBpp) increased with increase in microwave power. EPR spectroscopy is useful to examine free radicals to optimize sterilization process and storage conditions of ophthalmologic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ramos
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
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Positive effect of propolis on free radicals in burn wounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:356737. [PMID: 23762125 PMCID: PMC3676959 DOI: 10.1155/2013/356737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Concentration and properties of free radicals in the burn wounds treated with propolis were examined by the use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magnetic spin-spin interactions and complex free radicals structures in wound beds were studied. The results were compared to those obtained for silver sulphadiazine used as a standard pharmaceutical agent. The changes of free radicals in the matrix of injury with time of exposition on these substances were tested. The aim of this study was to check the hypothesis about the best influence of propolis on the burn wounds healing. It was confirmed that a relatively lower concentration of free radicals exists in the burn wounds treated with propolis. The homogeneously broadened spectra and a complex free radical system characterize the tested tissue samples. The fastening of spin-lattice relaxation processes in the matrix of injury after treatment with propolis and silver sulphadiazine was observed. Practical usefulness of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in alternative medicine was proved.
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Zdybel M, Pilawa B, Buszman E, Wrześniok D, Krzyminiewski R, Kruczyński Z. EPR Studies of DOPA-Melanin Complexes with Netilmicin and Cu(II) at Temperatures in the Range of 105-300 K. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012; 43:341-351. [PMID: 23144536 PMCID: PMC3459086 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-012-0340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in pharmacy of melanin complexes with netilmicin and Cu(II) was presented. The continuous microwave saturation of EPR spectra of DOPA-melanin and the complexes was performed. EPR spectra were measured on an X-band (9.3 GHz) spectrometer at temperatures in the range of 105-300 K. Paramagnetic copper ions decrease the intensity of the EPR lines of melanin's free radicals. It was found that fast spin-lattice relaxation characterizes DOPA-melanin-Cu(II) complexes. Slow spin-lattice relaxation processes exist in melanin's paramagnetic centers of DOPA-melanin and DOPA-melanin-netilmicin, [DOPA-melanin-netilmicin]-Cu(II), [DOPA-melanin-Cu(II)]-netilmicin complexes. Spin-lattice relaxation processes are faster at higher temperatures. The homogeneous broadening of EPR lines for melanin complexes was observed. The practical consequences of differences between paramagnetic properties of melanin complexes with netilmicin and the complexes with Cu(II) were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdybel
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ryszard Krzyminiewski
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Kruczyński
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Beberok A, Buszman E, Zdybel M, Pilawa B, Wrześniok D. EPR examination of free radical properties of DOPA–melanin complexes with ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin and sparfloxacin. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rózanowski B, Cuenco J, Davies S, Shamsi FA, Zadło A, Dayhaw-Barker P, Rózanowska M, Sarna T, Boulton ME. The phototoxicity of aged human retinal melanosomes. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:650-7. [PMID: 18086241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an age-related increase in photoreactivity of human retinal melanosomes (MS) can cause phototoxicity to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. MS were isolated post mortem from young (20-30 years, young human melanosomes [YHMs]) and old (60-90 years, old human melanosomes [OHMs]) human eyes and from young bovine eyes (bovine melanosomes [BMs]). Confluent cultured ARPE-19 cells were fed equivalent numbers of OHMs or BMs and accumulated similar amounts of melanin as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance assay. Cells with and without MS were either maintained in the dark or exposed to blue light for up to 96 h and assessed for alterations in cell morphology, cell viability and lysosomal integrity. Incubation of cells in dark in the presence of internalized MS or irradiation of cells with blue light in the absence or presence of BMs did not significantly affect cell viability. However, exposures to blue light in the presence of OHMs resulted in abnormal cell morphology, up to approximately 75% decrease in mitochondrial activity, loss of lysosomal pH and cell death. OHMs contained significantly less melanin than YHMs, supporting the hypothesis that melanin undergoes degradation during RPE aging. Our results demonstrate that aged MS can be phototoxic to human RPE cells and support a contributing role of MS in RPE aging and in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Rózanowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Kayser H, Palivan CG. Stable free radicals in insect cuticles: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy reveals differences between melanization and sclerotization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 453:179-87. [PMID: 16901457 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Insect cuticles (exuviae; cast skins) were examined for the first time by ESR spectroscopy for the presence of stable free radicals, as found in melanins. All cuticles, except those from a locust albino strain, irrespective of the presence of melanin, provided single-line signals of varied g-values and linewidths. The ESR signals of melanins, isolated or in cuticles, were characterized by g-values <2.004 and small linewidths in the range of 4-6G, while sclerotized cuticles, lacking melanin, showed g-values >2.004 and broad linewidths of 5-11 G. The melanin spectra were comparable to those reported for eumelanins with indol-based monomers. Minor signals ascribed to pheomelanins were found in several probes. The 'sclerotin' spectra were broader and displayed unresolved hyperfine structure in some cases. As for melanins, the location and environment of the radicals in cuticles giving rise to the two types of ESR spectra could not be assigned. Changes in the radical environment due to insecticide or solvent treatment can be detected by ESR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kayser
- Department of Biology I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Melanin is the main chromophore of the human iris. This pigment is considered to be the most important factor that determines the color of the irides. Previous studies based mainly on chemical degradation methods showed that brown irides contain more melanin than blue ones. In our study, we used electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to detect and characterize melanin free radical centers and associated iron in human irides. Based on this method, we determined the amount of melanin in the irides and the relative content of iron in iridial melanin as a function of their color, shade, and the age of their donors. Chemical degradation of iridial homogenates enabled us to characterize the structure of eumelanin and determine the content of pheomelanin present in human and bovine irides. The ESR amplitude, the normalized intensity obtained by double integration of the ESR signal of melanin, and the content of the pigment in the irides depended on color and shade of the eyes being 40% higher in the brown group of the irides compared with all other groups. On the other hand, the relative iron content normalized to the melanin content in light blue irides showed a small decrease with age of donors. Melanin in human and bovine irides was mostly composed of eumelanin, and pheomelanin content was of the order of a few percent. Although some differences in the structure of eumelanin present in the human and bovine irides are possible, the results obtained in this study suggest that human irides contain eumelanin with very similar chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Wielgus
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Free Radicals and Medicine. BIOMEDICAL EPR, PART A: FREE RADICALS, METALS, MEDICINE, AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7121688 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26741-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Simon JD. Isolation and biophysical studies of natural eumelanins: applications of imaging technologies and ultrafast spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 16:606-18. [PMID: 14629718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-0749.2003.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The major pigments found in the skin, hair, and eyes of humans and other animals are melanins. Despite significant research efforts, the current understanding of the molecular structure of melanins, the assembly of the pigment within its organelle, and the structural consequences of the association of melanins with protein and metal cations is limited. Likewise, a detailed understanding of the photochemical and photophysical properties of melanins has remained elusive. Many types of melanins have been studied to date, including natural and synthetic model pigments. Such studies are often contradictory and to some extent the diversity of systems studied may have detracted from the development of a basic understanding of the structure and function of the natural pigment. Advances in the understanding of the structure and function of melanins require careful characterization of the pigments examined so as to assure the data obtained may be relevant to the properties of the pigment in vivo. To address this issue, herein the influence of isolation procedures on the resulting structure of the pigment is examined. Sections describing the applications of new technologies to the study of melanins follow this. Advanced imaging technologies such as scanning probe microscopies are providing new insights into the morphology of the pigment assembly. Recent photochemical studies on photoreduction of cytochrome c by different mass fraction of sonicated natural melanins reveal that the photogeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) depends upon aggregation of melanin. Specifically, aggregation mitigates ROS photoproduction by UV-excitation, suggesting the integrity of melanosomes in tissue may play an important role in the balance between the photoprotective and photodamaging behaviors attributed to melanins. Ultrafast laser spectroscopy studies of melanins are providing insights into the time scales and mechanisms by which melanin dissipates absorbed light energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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