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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Wang Y, Shah PT, Liu Y, Bahoussi AN, Xing L. Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeographic Dynamics of Echovirus. J Microbiol 2023; 61:865-877. [PMID: 37713068 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Echoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family, forming a large group of Enterovirus B (EV-B) within the Enteroviruses. Previously, Echoviruses were classified based on the coding sequence of VP1. In this study, we performed a reliable phylogenetic classification of 277 sequences isolated from 1992 to 2019 based on the full-length genomes of Echovirus. In this report, phylogenetic, phylogeographic, recombination, and amino acid variability landscape analyses were performed to reveal the evolutional characteristics of Echovirus worldwide. Echoviruses were clustered into nine major clades, e.g., G1-G9. Phylogeographic analysis showed that branches G2-G9 were linked to common strains, while the branch G1 was only linked to G5. In contrast, strains E12, E14, and E16 clustered separately from their G3 and G7 clades respectively, and became a separate branch. In addition, we identified a total of 93 recombination events, where most of the events occurred within the VP1-VP4 coding regions. Analysis of amino acid variation showed high variability in the a positions of VP2, VP1, and VP3. This study updates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of Echovirus and indicates that extensive recombination and significant amino acid variation in the capsid proteins drove the emergence of new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Amina Nawal Bahoussi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Smura T, Blomqvist S, Kolehmainen P, Schuffenecker I, Lina B, Böttcher S, Diedrich S, Löve A, Brytting M, Hauzenberger E, Dudman S, Ivanova O, Lukasev A, Fischer TK, Midgley S, Susi P, Savolainen-Kopra C, Lappalainen M, Jääskeläinen AJ. Aseptic meningitis outbreak associated with echovirus 4 in Northern Europe in 2013-2014. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104535. [PMID: 32652478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses (family Picornaviridae) are small, nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The members of this family are currently classified into 47 genera and 110 species. Of picornaviruses, entero- and parechoviruses are associated with aseptic meningitis. They are transmitted via fecal-oral and respiratory routes, and occasionally, these viruses may cause a brief viremia and gain access to central nervous system (CNS). During the diagnostic screening of entero- and parechovirus types in Finland in year 2013-14, we detected a cluster of echovirus 4 (E4) infections in young adults and adolescents. As E4 is infrequently detected in Finland, we contacted several Northern and Central European laboratories that conduct routine surveillance for enteroviruses and, for those who have had E4 cases, we send a query for E4 sequences and data. Here we report CNS infections caused by E4 in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Germany in 2013 and 2014, and show that the E4 detected in these countries form a single lineage. In contrast, E4 strains circulating in these countries preceding the year 2013, and those circulating elsewhere in Europe during 2013-2014, formed several independent clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Blomqvist
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Isabelle Schuffenecker
- Institut des Agents infectieux des HCL, CNR des enterovirus, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse & Université de Lyon, CIRI INSERM U1111, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- Institut des Agents infectieux des HCL, CNR des enterovirus, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse & Université de Lyon, CIRI INSERM U1111, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Arthur Löve
- Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mia Brytting
- Folkhälsomyndigheten, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Olga Ivanova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Lukasev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Petri Susi
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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B'Krong NTTC, Minh NNQ, Qui PT, Chau TTH, Nghia HDT, Do LAH, Nhung NN, Van Vinh Chau N, Thwaites G, Van Tan L, van Doorn HR, Thanh TT. Enterovirus serotypes in patients with central nervous system and respiratory infections in Viet Nam 1997-2010. Virol J 2018; 15:69. [PMID: 29650033 PMCID: PMC5897964 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses are the most common causative agents of human illness. Enteroviruses have been associated with regional and global epidemics, recently, including with severe disease (Enterovirus A71 and D68), and are of interest as emerging viruses. Here, we typed Enterovirus A-D (EV) from central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory infections in Viet Nam. Methods Data and specimens from prospective observational clinical studies conducted between 1997 and 2010 were used. Species and serotypes were determined using type-specific RT-PCR and viral protein 1 or 4 (VP1, VP4) sequencing. Results Samples from patients with CNS infection (51 children – 10 CSF and 41 respiratory/rectal swabs) and 28 adults (28 CSF) and respiratory infection (124 children – 124 respiratory swabs) were analysed. Twenty-six different serotypes of the four Enterovirus species (A-D) were identified, including EV-A71 and EV-D68. Enterovirus B was associated with viral meningitis in children and adults. Hand, foot and mouth disease associated Enteroviruses A (EV-A71 and Coxsackievirus [CV] A10) were detected in children with encephalitis. Diverse serotypes of all four Enterovirus species were found in respiratory samples, including 2 polio-vaccine viruses, but also 8 CV-A24 and 8 EV-D68. With the exception of EV-D68, the relevance of these viruses in respiratory infection remains unknown. Conclusion We describe the diverse spectrum of enteroviruses from patients with CNS and respiratory infections in Viet Nam between 1997 and 2010. These data confirm the global circulation of Enterovirus genera and their associations and are important for clinical diagnostics, patient management, and outbreak response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh B'Krong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Division of Medicine and Laboratory Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ngo Ngoc Quang Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Tu Qui
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 78 Giai Phong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Levine H, Mimouni D, Zurel-Farber A, Zahavi A, Molina-Hazan V, Bar-Zeev Y, Huerta-Hartal M. Time trends of viral meningitis among young adults in Israel: 1978-2012. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1149-53. [PMID: 24463724 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral meningitis (VM) is a medical condition of public health concern, as it is a common sporadic and epidemic illness. However, there is limited data on the epidemiology of VM. The purpose of this study was to analyze long-term and seasonal trends of VM in a young adult military population. VM is a obligatory notifiable disease in the Israel Defense Forces. For the present study, the archives of the Army Health Branch were reviewed for all cases of VM from January 1, 1978 to December 31, 2012, and the annual, monthly, and seasonal rates were calculated. The annual incidence over the 35-year period showed a high peak every 3-5 years followed by a quiescent period of 2-3 years, reaching as high as 58.4 per 100,000 in 1980 and as low as 3.0 per 100,000 in 2005. This cyclic pattern has diminished over the last decade, reflected by a decline in mean incidence (10.46 per 100,000 in 2003-2012 compared to 19.79 per 100,000 in 1978-2002). Average monthly rates ranged from 1.0 cases per 100,000 soldiers in January/February to 2.2 per 100,000 in July/August. The difference in average rates between winter (1.2 cases per 100,000) and summer (1.9 cases per 100,000) was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Analysis of the long-term epidemiology of VM shows an epidemic pattern, with predominance in the warmer months. Identifying viral causes of meningitis may spare patients unnecessary treatment while prompting the introduction of public health interventions and control measures, especially in crowded settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Levine
- Army Health Branch, Medical Corps Headquarters, Israel Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer, Israel,
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Markey PG, Davis JS, Harnett GB, Williams SH, Speers DJ. Meningitis and a febrile vomiting illness caused by echovirus type 4, Northern Territory, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:63-8. [PMID: 20031044 PMCID: PMC2874345 DOI: 10.3201/eid1601.081519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2007, a cluster of meningitis cases caused by an echovirus 4 strain was detected in 1 indigenous community in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. Illness was characterized by fever, vomiting, and headache. Over the next 4 months, additional cases of meningitis and the fever and vomiting syndrome emerged in other indigenous communities and subsequently in the major urban center of Darwin. We describe the epidemiology of 95 laboratory-confirmed meningitis cases and conclude that the epidemic fever and vomiting syndrome was caused by the same enterovirus. Nucleotide sequencing of the whole genome verified this enterovirus (AUS250G) as a strain of echovirus type 4. Viral protein 1 nucleotide sequencing demonstrated 96% homology with an echovirus 4 strain responsible for a large outbreak of meningitis in the Yanbian Prefecture of China in 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Markey
- Centre for Disease Control, PO Box 40596, Casuarina, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.
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7
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Laboratory investigation and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses involved in an aseptic meningitis outbreak in Greece during the summer of 2007. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang Q, Bai G, Chen JQ, Tian W, Cao Y, Pan PW, Wang C. Identification of antiviral mimetic peptides with interferon alpha-2b-like activity from a random peptide library using a novel functional biopanning method. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:634-40. [PMID: 18430373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To screen for interferon (IFN) alpha-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity. METHODS Selecting IFN receptor-binding peptides from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional biopanning method. This method was developed to identify peptides with activity against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) inducing cytopathic effects on WISH cells. RESULTS Sixteen positive clones were obtained after 3 rounds of functional selection. Ten clones were picked from these positive clones according to the results of phage ELISA and were sequenced. The amino acid sequences homologous to IFN alpha-2b were defined by residues AB loop 31-37, BC loop 68-74, C helix 93-99, CD loop 106-112, D helix 115-121, DE loop 132-138, and E helix 143-161. Two of the peptides, designated clones T3 and T9, aligned with the IFNAR2-binding domains (AB loop and E helix), were synthesized and designated as IR-7 and KP-7, respectively. Both KP-7 and IR-7 were found to compete with GFP/IFN alpha-2b for receptor binding and mimicked the antiviral activity of IFN alpha -2b cooperatively. CONCLUSION Two IFN alpha-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity were derived from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional selection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of pharmaceutical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
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9
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Dommergues MA, Harzic M, Gobert ME, Landre C, De Truchis A, Charara O, Foucaud P. Épidémie estivale de méningites à entérovirus en 2005: expérience d'un service de pédiatrie générale. Arch Pediatr 2007; 14:964-70. [PMID: 17512177 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and biological characteristics of children presenting with enteroviral (EV) meningitis in a French paediatric unit during summer 2005. METHODS Retrospective study of children with EV meningitis from May to September 2005, diagnosed by PCR and/or viral culture in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum or throat. RESULTS We reported 99 cases of EV meningitis (96 confirmed and 3 probable). The sex ratio was 2/1, and the median age was 5 years. Peak incidence was reached during the second week of July. The predominant symptom was meningism. ENT (16%), digestive (10%), cutaneous (15%) or respiratory (4%) symptoms were rare. Blood leucocyte count found a predominance of neutrophils (73%), and lymphopenia in half of the children. The mean value of CRP was 25,5 mg/l. The median leukocyte count in CSF was 65 cells/mm(3), with a prevalence of neutrophils in 60% of cases. Pleiocytosis was absent in 20 children. CSF protein level was increased in 20% of cases. The rate of hospitalization was 57,5%. Intravenous antibiotic treatment, initiated among 18 patients, was stopped in 66,6% of the cases on reception of PCR result. The latter result was obtained in 2,3 days on average. CONCLUSION The epidemic of 2005 EV meningitis was as widespread as that of summer 2000. Characteristics of these meningitis are strong proportion of CSF without pleiocytose and high prevalence of neutrophils in blood and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Dommergues
- Service de pédiatrie néonatologie, hôpital André-Mignot, centre hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
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Russo DH, Luchs A, Machado BC, Carmona RDC, Timenetsky MDCS. Echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 48:197-9. [PMID: 17119674 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. Echovirus 4 (EV-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. The association of HFMD with EV-4 has not been reported previously. Two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to Enteric Viruses Laboratory of Adolfo Lutz Institute. Clinical samples were inoculated in three different cell lines, and those which presented cytopathic effect (CPE), were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and "one step" RT-PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis from RT-PCR product, showed a product with 437 bp, which is characteristic of Enterovirus group. Echovirus 4 was identified by IFA. Although HFMD is a viral infection associated mainly with Enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), our results demonstrate a diversity of serotype related to HFMD and stress the importance of epidemiological surveillance to this disease and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hage Russo
- Enteric Viruses Laboratory, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Tian W, Bai G, Li ZH, Yang WB. Antagonist peptides of human interferon-alpha2b isolated from phage display library inhibit interferon induced antiviral activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1044-50. [PMID: 16867257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To screen human interferon (IFN)-alpha2b antagonist peptides from a phage displayed heptapeptide library. METHODS WISH cells and polyclonal anti-IFN-alpha2b antibodies were used to select IFN receptor-binding peptides from a phage displayed heptapeptide library. The specific binding of phage clones was examined by phage ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The specific binding activities of synthetic peptides to WISH cells were detected by competition assay. Effects of synthetic peptides to IFN-induced antiviral activity were analyzed by evaluating the cytopathic effect (CPE) using the MTT method. RESULTS Twenty-three positive clones were obtained after seven rounds of selection. Ten clones were randomly picked from the positive clones and were sequenced. The corresponding amino acid sequences suggested 3 groups homologous to the 3 domains of IFN-alpha2b, defined by residues 24-41, 43-49, and 148-158 of IFN-alpha2b. As they presented as corresponding to IFN receptor-binding domains, AB loop and E helix, clone No 26 and 35 were chosen for further characterization and shown to bind to WISH cells. Two peptides corresponding to clone No 26 and 35, designated SP-7(SLSPGLP) and FY-7(FSAPVRY) were shown to compete with GFP-IFN-alpha2b for binding to its receptor and to inhibit the IFN-alpha2b-induced antiviral activity. CONCLUSION Both IFN-alpha2b antagonist peptides, SP-7 and FY-7, were able to inhibit the IFN-induced antiviral activity, and could be helpful in laying the foundation for the molecular mechanism of the interaction between IFN and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Ehlers MM, Grabow WOK, Pavlov DN. Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:2253-8. [PMID: 15919105 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses have been detected in many drinking water supplies all over the world. A meaningful number of these supplies were treated and disinfected according to internationally acceptable methods. In addition, counts of bacterial indicators (coliform bacteria and heterotrophic plate count organisms) in these water supplies were within limits generally recommended for treated drinking water and these findings have been supported by epidemiological data on infections associated with drinking water. The shortcomings of conventional treatment methods and indicator organisms to confirm the absence of enteric viruses from drinking water, was generally ascribed to the exceptional resistance of these viruses. In this study, the prevalence of enteroviruses detected from July 2000 to June 2002 in sewage, river-, borehole-, spring- and dam water as well as drinking water supplies treated and disinfected according to international specifications for the production of safe drinking water was analysed. A glass wool adsorption-elution technique was used to recover viruses from 10--20 l of sewage as well as environmental water samples, in the case of drinking water from more than 100 l. Recovered enteroviruses were inoculated onto two cell culture types (BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cells) for amplification of viral RNA with nested-PCR being used to detect the amplified viral RNA. Results from the study demonstrated the presence of enteroviruses in 42.5% of sewage and in 18.7% of treated drinking water samples. Furthermore, enteroviruses were detected in 28.5% of river water, in 26.7% of dam/spring water and in 25.3% of borehole water samples. The high prevalence of coxsackie B viruses found in this study suggested, that a potential health risk and a burden of disease constituted by these viruses might be meaningful. These findings indicated that strategies, other than end-point analysis of treated and disinfected drinking water supplies, may be required to ensure the production of drinking water that does not exceed acceptable health risks. More reliable approaches to ensure acceptable safety of drinking water supplies may be based on control by multiple-barrier principles from catchment to tap using hazard assessment and critical control point (HACCP) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria/NHLS, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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13
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Jaïdane H, Chouchane C, Gharbi J, Chouchane S, Merchaoui Z, Ben Meriem C, Aouni M, Guediche MN. [Neuromeningeal enterovirus infections in Tunisia: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of 26 pediatric cases]. Med Mal Infect 2005; 35:33-8. [PMID: 15695031 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-polio enteroviruses are the most common identified cause of viral neuromeningeal infections following the introduction of the mumps and polio vaccines. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and the outcome of enteroviral infections of the CNS. METHOD AND PATIENTS We performed a prospective study on 41 children admitted for viral neuromeningeal infections in the pediatric department of Monastir between December 2001 and November 2002. Enteroviruses were detected from cerebrospinal fluid by RT-PCR. RESULTS This study showed that enteroviruses were responsible for 63.4% of the infections. The mean age of patients was 6.1 years. Aseptic meningitis was diagnosed in 14 cases and encephalitis in 10. The most frequent symptom was fever (61.5%), followed by seizures (42.3%), and confusion (23%). On follow-up, all patients with meningitis had recovered without sequels. Neurological complications in patients with encephalitis were epilepsy (3 cases), cerebral palsy (2 cases), and mental retardation (1 case). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that enteroviruses were the most common cause of viral infections of the CNS. Common use of RT-PCR can have a significant impact on the outcome of patients with enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jaïdane
- Laboratoire des maladies transmissibles et substances biologiquement actives, faculté de pharmacie de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie.
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Ihanamäki T, Seppänen M, Tiainen M, Mattila K, Lappalainen M, Setälä K. Echovirus type 4 as a probable cause of meningitis associated with bilateral optic neuritis: a case report. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:e49-51. [PMID: 14999646 DOI: 10.1086/382078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 30-year-old man developed bilateral optic neuritis 1 week after acute viral meningitis caused by echovirus type 4. He received a high-dose steroid treatment combined with intravenous gamma -globulin. His visual recovery was good, and there was no sign of a primary demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapio Ihanamäki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Dalal I, Tzhori S, Somekh E, Mandelberg A, Levine A, Ballin A. Cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluid of children with echovirus type 4 meningitis. Pediatr Neurol 2003; 29:312-6. [PMID: 14643393 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-8994(03)00271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a role in meningeal inflammation and leukocyte recruitment. Research has demonstrated that levels of different cytokines are elevated in aseptic and viral meningitis. Unfortunately, previous data were confounded by the inclusion of multiple viral agents as a study group. The aims of the study were to determine the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of various cytokines in an outbreak of a single viral agent and to correlate between cytokine levels and leukocytes. Cerebrospinal fluid samples, collected during an outbreak of echovirus type 4 meningitis in infants and children in Israel, were tested for routine characteristics. In addition, cytokine levels were measured in 71 meningitis patients and compared with those of 11 nonmeningitis patients. Concentrations of interleukin-6 (2417 +/- 2713 vs 28 +/- 20 pg/mL; P < 0.01) and interferon gamma (36 +/- 38 vs 4.8 +/- 0.9 pg/mL; P < 0.01) were significantly higher in patients with meningitis than in the control group, whereas soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (1.12 +/- 2.6 vs 0.06 +/- 0.1 ng/mL) levels did not differ significantly. In addition, only interleukin-6 levels correlated with leukocyte counts in viral meningitis patients. Interleukin-6 was the most sensitive and specific characteristic in predicting meningitis in this homogeneous group of patients. Furthermore, only interleukin-6 correlated with leukocyte counts in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dalal
- Pediatric Infectious/Allergy/Immunology Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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16
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Avellón A, Casas I, Trallero G, Pérez C, Tenorio A, Palacios G. Molecular analysis of echovirus 13 isolates and aseptic meningitis, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:934-41. [PMID: 12967490 PMCID: PMC3020609 DOI: 10.3201/eid0908.030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 13 (EV13), considered rare, was reported worldwide in 2000, mostly related to aseptic meningitis outbreaks. In Spain, 135 EV13 isolates were identified. The genetic relationships between 64 representative strains from Spain and other reported isolates from the United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden were described by analyzing the partial sequence of the major capsid protein (VP1) gene. The strains from Spain were clearly identified as EV13 (79.5% similarity with the EV13 reference strain) and were grouped phylogenetically into two different clusters (by origination on either the Iberian Peninsula or Canary Islands). Isolates from Germany from 2000 clustered with the Canary Islands group. The isolates from other countries obtained before 2000 were genetically distant. Changes in EV13 coding sequence involved several differences in the C-terminal extreme of the VP1 protein. Part of the neutralizing antigenic site III has been described in this genome region in poliovirus and swine vesicular disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Avellón
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang JR, Tsai HP, Huang SW, Kuo PH, Kiang D, Liu CC. Laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis of an echovirus 30-associated outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Taiwan in 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4439-44. [PMID: 12454133 PMCID: PMC154609 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4439-4444.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred from April to November 2001 in Taiwan. Of the 1,130 enterovirus-infected patients, echovirus 30 (E30) infection was diagnosed in 188 (16.6%), with the patients having various clinical manifestations including aseptic meningitis (73.9%), young infant fever (6.9%), respiratory symptoms or herpangina (13.3%), or others (5.9%). The majority of the E30-infected patients were between 3 and 10 years old. Of the 264 E30 strains identified, 94.3, 71, and 67.4% were isolated from RD, MRC-5, and A549 cells, respectively. Primary isolation of E30 required mean times of 3.7 days for RD cells and 4.1 days for MRC-5 and A549 cells. Among all E30-positive patients, virus was most frequently isolated from throat swab specimens (85.2%) and, to a lesser extent, stool (76.4%) or cerebrospinal fluid (70.1%) specimens. The virus isolates were initially identified as echovirus 4 (E4) on the basis of immunofluorescence staining with anti-E4 and anti-E30 (Bastianni prototype) monoclonal antibodies. However, upon performance of the neutralization test, E30-specific reverse transcription-PCR, and sequencing of the VP1 gene, the results identified these isolates as E30, not E4, indicating that the reagent used to type E30, which is produced with the Bastianni strain as the immunogen, is inadequate for the identification of recent E30 isolates in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 genes of these isolates showed that their sequences differed from those of E30 isolates from the GenBank database by 9.1 to 25.2%, suggesting that this outbreak was caused by a new variant strain of E30 introduced into Taiwan in 2000 that resulted in the widespread aseptic meningitis epidemic in 2001.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Outbreaks
- Enterovirus B, Human/classification
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis
- Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Meningitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Taiwan/epidemiology
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Virus Cultivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
We report on clinical samples Stuttgart/97, Berlin/99 and Jasi/99 associated with aseptic meningitis. All three samples contained echovirus 4 (E4) but Stuttgart/97 was simultaneous infected with echovirus 30 (E30). The genetic relationship of the E4 strains was assessed using RT-PCR and direct sequencing of amplicons derived from the genomic region encoding the capsid protein VP1. The sequences have been compared with each other and with sequences of further E4 strains obtained from GenBank. The analysis confirms that sequences of recent isolates have drifted away from elderly strains over a longer period of time. Several amino acid changes in assumed antigenic sites of the VP1 gene may be sufficient to cause changes in antigenic specificity and therefore they may be a reason for failure of serological typing of some new antigenic E4 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Künkel
- Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
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Diedrich S, Schreier E. Aseptic meningitis in Germany associated with echovirus type 13. BMC Infect Dis 2001; 1:14. [PMID: 11591222 PMCID: PMC57743 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2001] [Accepted: 09/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echoviruses are the commonest cause of aseptic meningitis. Echovirus type 13 which has not been isolated in Germany over a long period of time was the predominant enterovirus serotype associated with different local outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in Germany in 2000. METHODS Virus isolation was performed from cerebrospinal fluid and stools. In order to study the genetic relationship of echovirus type 13 isolates, sequence analysis of a part of VP1 (~300 nt) was carried out. Isolates from different geographic regions were compared to each other as well as to elder viruses (prototype strain from 1953, four isolates from 1965-1986). RESULTS Overall, 55 isolates of echovirus type 13 were obtained from different parts of Germany. It was shown that the new isolated strains have a very high degree of homology on the nucleotide level (> 98%)) but differ significantly from the old strains (76-85%). CONCLUSIONS a) Rare enterovirus serotypes can cause serious illness.b) The molecular drift has also been shown for other enterovirus serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Schreier
- National Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The emergence of novel infectious diseases, and the re-emergence of others, is not new. The global ecosystem is constantly changing, influencing the micro- and macroenvironments in which humans and their microbial companions reside and interact. Sometimes the environmental circumstances favour the pathogen and there is an unexpected increase in disease activity or emergence of a new infection. Alternatively, pathogenicity factors are acquired by the microbe, allowing new diseases to emerge or old diseases to increase in importance. The forces that drive the emergence, submergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are varied, but the influence that humans have on the global ecosystem is often of central importance. This review considers infections that are of particular emerging importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Pollard
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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