1
|
Binding of Equine Seminal Lactoferrin/Superoxide Dismutase (SOD-3) Complex Is Biased towards Dead Spermatozoa. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010052. [PMID: 36611662 PMCID: PMC9817809 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm-neutrophil binding is an important facet of breeding and significantly impacts fertility. While a specific seminal plasma protein has been found to reduce this binding and improve fertility (CRISP-3), additional molecule(s) appear to promote binding between defective sperm and neutrophils. Recent work has suggested one of these proteins is lactoferrin (LF), an 80 kDa iron-binding protein found throughout the body, but the purity of the protein was not confirmed. It is unknown if LF binds to sperm selectively based on viability, and if receptors for LF are located on equine sperm. To evaluate this, we attempted to purify equine seminal LF from five stallions (n = 5), biotinylate LF, and evaluate potential binding site(s) on spermatozoa. LF was consistently associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD-3), and all attempts to separate the two proteins were unsuccessful. Flow cytometric and microscopic analyses were used to compare LF/SOD-3 binding to viable and nonviable spermatozoa. Additionally, various methods of biotinylation were assessed to optimize this methodology. Biotinylation of seminal plasma protein was an effective and efficient method to study seminal plasma protein properties, and the binding site for LF/SOD-3 was found to be broadly localized to the entire sperm cell surface as well as selective towards nonviable/defective sperm. Although we were not able to determine if the binding to equine spermatozoa was through LF or SOD-3, we can conclude that equine seminal LF is tightly bound to SOD-3 and this protein complex binds selectively to nonviable spermatozoa, possibly to mark them for elimination by neutrophil phagocytosis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Habib A, Nausheen S, Nooruddin S, Javed T, Samejo T, Hussain A, Namdev S, Amirali S, Umer M, Sheikh L, Hussain I, Ariff S, Soofi S. Effect of bovine lactoferrin on seroconversion following polio vaccine administration in children: protocol for a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050849. [PMID: 35613782 PMCID: PMC9125737 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oral polio vaccine (OPV) has substantial results in eliminating wild poliovirus and the vaccine of choice in polio eradication. However, the mucosal immunity induced by the OPV is still uncertain. Literature has shown that bovine lactoferrin (BLF) is a safe and useful protein found in cow's milk with extraordinary antimicrobial, antiviral, antiinflammatory and immune-modulatory functions that help children's gut to fight against micro-organisms like poliovirus. However, limited data exist regarding the effect of BLF on polio vaccine immune response. The primary objective is to evaluate the effect of BLF in enhancing mucosal and humoral immunity in children following the administration of oral and inactivated polio vaccines. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a two-arm double-blinded randomised controlled trial comparing 462 neonates (231 in both groups) receiving either BLF or placebo with breast milk. The intervention is administered from day 1 till 6 weeks of age to a full-term healthy singleton newborn born at the Aga Khan University Hospitals, Karachi, Pakistan. The primary outcome is the seroconversion, 1 month after the receipt of two doses of OPV (at 10 weeks). For descriptive statistical analysis, Stata will be used, the frequency with percentages will be reported to describe baseline characteristics of the participants. A χ2 test will be used to compare categorical variables and a simple t test to compare continuous variables. The proportion of seroconversion and shedding will be compared using χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Ethics approval has been granted by the Ethics Review Committee (ERC) of Aga Khan University for the proposed trial (ID: 2019-1955-5013). Furthermore, the National Bioethics Committee (NBC) of Pakistan has also approved the study for human subject research (ID: 4-87/NBC-443/19/669). Study findings will be disseminated through presentations at scientific conferences and educational practice workshops and will be published in an international peer-reviewed scientific journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04432935; ClinicalTrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Habib
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sidrah Nausheen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shanila Nooruddin
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Javed
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Samejo
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Suneeta Namdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Amirali
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Lumaan Sheikh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shabina Ariff
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Soofi
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Paediatric & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TK, Niaz Z, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Recombinant Human Lactoferrin Reduces Inflammation and Increases Fluoroquinolone Penetration to Primary Granulomas During Mycobacterial Infection of C57Bl/6 Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2022; 70:9. [PMID: 35226195 PMCID: PMC8922470 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-022-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in the primary formation of a densely packed inflammatory foci that limits entry of therapeutic agents into pulmonary sites where organisms reside. No current therapeutic regimens exist that modulate host immune responses to permit increased drug penetration to regions of pathological damage during tuberculosis disease. Lactoferrin is a natural iron-binding protein previously demonstrated to modulate inflammation and granuloma cohesiveness, while maintaining control of pathogenic burden. Studies were designed to examine recombinant human lactoferrin (rHLF) to modulate histological progression of Mtb-induced pathology in a non-necrotic model using C57Bl/6 mice. The rHLF was oral administered at times corresponding to initiation of primary granulomatous response, or during granuloma maintenance. Treatment with rHLF demonstrated significant reduction in size of primary inflammatory foci following Mtb challenge, and permitted penetration of ofloxacin fluoroquinolone therapeutic to sites of pathological disruption where activated (foamy) macrophages reside. Increased drug penetration was accompanied by retention of endothelial cell integrity. Immunohistochemistry revealed altered patterns of M1-like and M2-like phenotypic cell localization post infectious challenge, with increased presence of M2-like markers found evenly distributed throughout regions of pulmonary inflammatory foci in rHLF-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao K.T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center – UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zainab Niaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L. Kruzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Potential immunomodulatory effect of allelochemical juglone in mice vaccinated with BCG. Toxicon 2019; 157:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
6
|
Kruzel ML, Zimecki M, Actor JK. Lactoferrin in a Context of Inflammation-Induced Pathology. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1438. [PMID: 29163511 PMCID: PMC5681489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been achieved to elucidate the function of lactoferrin (LTF), an iron-binding glycoprotein, in the milieu of immune functionality. This review represents a unique examination of LTF toward its importance in physiologic homeostasis as related to development of disease-associated pathology. The immunomodulatory nature of this protein derives from its unique ability to "sense" the immune activation status of an organism and act accordingly. Underlying mechanisms are proposed whereby LTF controls disease states, thereby pinpointing regions of entry for LTF in maintenance of various physiological pathways to limit the magnitude of tissue damage. LTF is examined as a first line mediator in immune defense and response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic injury, as well as a molecule critical for control of oxidative cell function. Mechanisms of interaction of LTF with its receptors are examined, with a focus on protective effects via regulation of enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species production, immune deviation, and prevention of cell apoptosis. Indeed, LTF serves as a critical control point in physiologic homeostasis, functioning as a sensor of immunological performance related to pathology. Specific mediation of tissue pathophysiology is described for maintenance of intestinal integrity during endotoxemia, elicited airway inflammation due to allergens, and pulmonary damage during tuberculosis. Finally, the role of LTF to alter differentiation of adaptive immune function is examined, with specific recognition of its utility as a vaccine adjuvant to control subsequent lymphocytic reactivity. Overall, it is clear that while the ability of LTF to both sequester iron and to direct reactive oxygen intermediates is a major factor in lessening damage due to excessive inflammatory responses, further effects are apparent through direct control over development of higher order immune functions that regulate pathology due to insult and injury. This culminates in attenuation of pathological damage during inflammatory injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian L. Kruzel
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jeffrey K. Actor
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moliva JI, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Immune Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination: Why Do They Fail to Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2017; 8:407. [PMID: 28424703 PMCID: PMC5380737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the current leading cause of death due to a single infectious organism. Although curable, the broad emergence of multi-, extensive-, extreme-, and total-drug resistant strains of M.tb has hindered eradication efforts of this pathogen. Furthermore, computational models predict a quarter of the world’s population is infected with M.tb in a latent state, effectively serving as the largest reservoir for any human pathogen with the ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has prioritized new strategies for improved vaccination programs; however, the lack of understanding of mycobacterial immunity has made it difficult to develop new successful vaccines. Currently, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine approved for use to prevent TB. BCG is highly efficacious at preventing meningeal and miliary TB, but is at best 60% effective against the development of pulmonary TB in adults and wanes as we age. In this review, we provide a detailed summary on the innate immune response of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, we discuss adaptive immune responses generated by BCG vaccination, emphasizing their specific contributions to mycobacterial immunity. The success of future vaccines against TB will directly depend on our understanding of mycobacterial immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Endogenous antimicrobial factors in the treatment of infectious diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:419-425. [PMID: 28450805 PMCID: PMC5382887 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains is increasing. It is a serious clinical problem and poses a threat to the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. Thus, scientists are constantly seeking new alternatives for treatment of infectious diseases. There are some natural endogenous factors, which possess antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses and fungi. These factors are present in all eukaryotic organisms and constitute an essential element of their immune system. A large number of in vitro and in vivo models have been used to show the activity of antimicrobial factors, and only few studies have been conducted on people. Results indicate that administration of these molecules is therapeutically beneficial. This review summarizes knowledge of selected endogenous antimicrobial agents, such as cathelicidins, defensins, histatins, lysozyme and lactoferrin. We also discuss potential uses of these factors in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Recombinant human lactoferrin modulates human PBMC derived macrophage responses to BCG and LPS. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S53-S62. [PMID: 27727130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mammalian mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, possesses several immune modulatory properties. Published reports indicate that lactoferrin enhances the efficacy of the tuberculosis vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin), both by increasing macrophage and dendritic cell ability to stimulate receptive T cells and by modulating the inflammatory response. This report is the first to demonstrate the effects of a recombinant human lactoferrin (10 μg/mL) on human PBMC derived CD14+ and CD16+ macrophages stimulated with a strong (LPS, 10 ng/mL) or weaker (BCG, MOI 1:1) stimulator of inflammation. After 3 days culture, LPS and human lactoferrin treated CD14+ cells significantly increased production of IL-10, IL-6, and MCP-1 compared to the LPS only group. In contrast, similarly treated CD16+ macrophages increased production of IL-12p40 and IL-10 and decreased TNF-α. Limited changes were observed in BCG stimulated CD14+ and CD16+ macrophages with and without lactoferrin. Analysis of surface expression of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules demonstrated that CD14+ macrophages, when stimulated with BCG or LPS and cultured with lactoferrin, increased expression of CD86. CD16+ macrophages treated with lactoferrin showed a similar trend of increase in CD86 expression, but only when stimulated with BCG.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Oral recombinant human or mouse lactoferrin reduces Mycobacterium tuberculosis TDM induced granulomatous lung pathology. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:148-154. [PMID: 28165282 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6'6-dimycolate (TDM) is the most abundant glycolipid on the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TDM is capable of inducing granulomatous pathology in mouse models that resembles those induced by MTB infection. Using the acute TDM model, this work investigates the effect of recombinant human and mouse lactoferrin to reduce granulomatous pathology. C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with TDM at a dose of 25 μg·mouse-1. At day 4 and 6, recombinant human or mouse lactoferrin (1 mg·(100 μL)-1·mouse-1) were delivered by gavage. At day 7 after TDM injection, mice were evaluated for lung pathology, cytokine production, and leukocyte populations. Mice given human or mouse lactoferrin had reduced production of IL-12p40 in their lungs. Mouse lactoferrin increased IL-6 and KC (CXCL1) in lung tissue. Increased numbers of macrophages were observed in TDM-injected mice given human or mouse lactoferrin. Granulomatous pathology, composed of mainly migrated leukocytes, was visually reduced in mice that received human or mouse lactoferrin. Quantitation of granulomatous pathology demonstrated a significant decrease in mice given human or mouse lactoferrin compared with TDM control mice. This report is the first to directly compare the immune modulatory effects of both heterologous recombinant human and homologous mouse lactoferrin on the development of TDM-induced granulomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- b Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lactoferrin: A Modulator for Immunity against Tuberculosis Related Granulomatous Pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:409596. [PMID: 26788020 PMCID: PMC4691619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/409596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great need for a therapeutic that would limit tuberculosis related pathology and thus curtail spread of disease between individuals by establishing a "firebreak" to slow transmission. A promising avenue to increase current therapeutic efficacy may be through incorporation of adjunct components that slow or stop development of aggressive destructive pulmonary pathology. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, is just such a potential adjunct therapeutic agent. The focus of this review is to explore the utility of lactoferrin to serve as a therapeutic tool to investigate "disruption" of the mycobacterial granuloma. Proposed concepts for mechanisms underlying lactoferrin efficacy to control immunopathology are supported by data generated based on in vivo models using nonpathogenic trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM, cord factor).
Collapse
|
12
|
Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. CHO expressed recombinant human lactoferrin as an adjuvant for BCG. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28:452-68. [PMID: 26315722 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015599832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), an iron binding protein with immune modulatory activities, has adjuvant activity to enhance vaccine efficacy. Tuberculosis (TB) is a pulmonary disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Progressive TB disease is clinically defined by damaging pulmonary pathology, a result of inflammation due to immune reactivity. The current vaccine for TB, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), has only limited efficacy to prevent adult pulmonary TB. This study examines a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) expressed recombinant human LF (rHLF) to boost efficacy of the BCG vaccine and delay early pathology post infectious challenge. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with BCG, or BCG admixed with either rHLF or bovine LF (bLF; internal control), or remained unvaccinated. Mice were then aerosol challenged with Erdman MTB. All vaccinated mice demonstrated decreased organ bacterial load up to 19 weeks post infection compared with non-vaccinated controls. Furthermore, mice receiving bLF or rHLF supplemented BCG vaccines showed a modest decrease in lung pathology developed over time, compared to the BCG vaccine alone. While mice vaccinated with BCG/rHLF demonstrated increased general lung inflammation at day 7, it occurred without noticeable increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. At later times, decreased pathology in the rHLF groups correlated with decreased inflammatory cytokines. Splenic recall to BCG antigens showed BCG/rHLF vaccination increased production of IFN-γ, IL-6, and GM-CSF compared to naïve, BCG, and BCG/bLF groups. Analysis of T cell stimulating functions of bone marrow derived macrophages and dendritic cells treated with BCG/bLF or BCG/rHLF showed decreases in IL-10 production when co-cultured with sensitized CD4 and CD8 T cells, compared to those cultured with macrophages/dendritic cells treated with BCG without LF. These results indicate that addition of rHLF to the BCG vaccine can modulate development of host pathology early post infectious challenge, most likely through host immune regulation affecting hypersensitive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Effects of CHO-expressed recombinant lactoferrins on mouse dendritic cell presentation and function. Innate Immun 2014; 21:553-61. [PMID: 25537452 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914564609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a natural iron-binding protein, has previously demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine. This report investigates immune modulatory effects of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-expressed recombinant mouse and human LFs on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), comparing homologous and heterologous functions. BCG-infected BMDCs were cultured with LF, and examined for class II presentation molecule expression. Culturing of BCG-infected BMDCs with either LF decreased the class II molecule-expressing population. Mouse LF significantly increased the production of IL-12p40, IL-1β and IL-10, while human LF-treated BMDCs increased only IL-1β and IL-10. Overlaying naïve CD4 T-cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs cultured with mouse LF increased IFN-γ, whereas the human LF-exposed group increased IFN-γ and IL-17 from CD4 T cells. Overlay of naïve CD8 T cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs treated with mouse LF increased the production of IFN-γ and IL-17, while similar experiments using human LF only increased IL-17. This report is the first to examine mouse and human recombinant LFs in parallel experiments to assess murine DC function. These results detail the efficacy of the human LF counterpart used in a heterologous system to understand LF-mediated events that confer BCG efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA Program in Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jena P, Mohanty S, Mohanty T, Kallert S, Morgelin M, Lindstrøm T, Borregaard N, Stenger S, Sonawane A, Sørensen OE. Azurophil granule proteins constitute the major mycobactericidal proteins in human neutrophils and enhance the killing of mycobacteria in macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50345. [PMID: 23251364 PMCID: PMC3522671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria reside in, and are in turn controlled by, macrophages. However, emerging data suggest that neutrophils also play a critical role in innate immunity to tuberculosis, presumably by their different antibacterial granule proteins. In this study, we purified neutrophil azurophil and specific granules and systematically analyzed the antimycobacterial activity of some purified azurophil and specific granule proteins against M. smegmatis, M. bovis-BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Using gel overlay and colony forming unit assays we showed that the defensin-depleted azurophil granule proteins (AZP) were more active against mycobacteria compared to other granule proteins and cytosolic proteins. The proteins showing antimycobacterial activity were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate that the AZP disintegrate bacterial cell membrane resulting in killing of mycobacteria. Exogenous addition of AZP to murine macrophage RAW 264.7, THP-1 and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages significantly reduced the intracellular survival of mycobacteria without exhibiting cytotoxic activity on macrophages. Immunofluorescence studies showed that macrophages actively endocytose neutrophil granular proteins. Treatment with AZP resulted in increase in co-localization of BCG containing phagosomes with lysosomes but not in increase of autophagy. These data demonstrate that neutrophil azurophil proteins may play an important role in controlling intracellular survival of mycobacteria in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Jena
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Tirthankar Mohanty
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Morgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lindstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Ole E. Sørensen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Snelgrove RJ, Cornere MM, Edwards L, Dagg B, Keeble J, Rodgers A, Lyonga DE, Stewart GR, Young DB, Walker B, Hussell T. OX40 ligand fusion protein delivered simultaneously with the BCG vaccine provides superior protection against murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:975-83. [PMID: 22315280 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection claims approximately 2 million lives per year, and improved efficacy of the BCG vaccine remains a World Health Organization priority. Successful vaccination against M. tuberculosis requires the induction and maintenance of T cells. Targeting molecules that promote T-cell survival may therefore provide an alternative strategy to classic adjuvants. We show that the interaction between T-cell-expressed OX40 and OX40L on antigen-presenting cells is critical for effective immunity to BCG. However, because OX40L is lost rapidly from antigen-presenting cells following BCG vaccination, maintenance of OX40-expressing vaccine-activated T cells may not be optimal. Delivering an OX40L:Ig fusion protein simultaneously with BCG provided superior immunity to intravenous and aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge even 6 months after vaccination, an effect that depends on natural killer 1.1(+) cells. Attenuated vaccines may therefore lack sufficient innate stimulation to maintain vaccine-specific T cells, which can be replaced by reagents binding inducible T-cell costimulators.
Collapse
|
16
|
Welsh KJ, Hwang SA, Boyd S, Kruzel ML, Hunter RL, Actor JK. Influence of oral lactoferrin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced immunopathology. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S105-13. [PMID: 22138562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability of lactoferrin to provide protection and decrease immunopathology in infectious diseases was evaluated using an aggressive aerosol model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. C57BL/6 mice were challenged with MTB strain Erdman and treated with 0.5% bovine lactoferrin added to the drinking water starting at day 0 or day 7 post-infection. Mice were sacrificed at three weeks post-challenge and evaluated for organ bacterial burden, lung histopathology, and ELISpot analysis of the lung and spleen for immune cell phenotypes. Mice given tap water alone had lung log10 colony forming units (CFUs) of 7.5 ± 0.3 at week 3 post-infection. Lung CFUs were significantly decreased in mice given lactoferrin starting the day of infection (6.4 ± 0.7), as well as in mice started therapeutically on lactoferrin at day 7 after established infection (6.5 ± 0.4). Quantitative immunohistochemistry using multispectral imaging demonstrated that lung inflammation was significantly reduced in both groups of lactoferrin treated mice, with decreased foamy macrophages, increased total lymphocytes, and increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. ELISpot analysis showed that lactoferrin treated mice had increased numbers of CD4 + IFN-γ+ and IL-17 producing cells in the lung, cells that have protective functions during MTB infection. Lactoferrin alone did not alter the proliferation of MTB in either broth or macrophage culture, but enhanced IFN-γ mediated MTB killing by macrophages in a nitric oxide dependent manner. These studies indicate that lactoferrin may be a novel therapeutic for the treatment of tuberculosis, and may be useful in infectious diseases to reduced immune-mediated tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.214, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hwang SA, Welsh KJ, Boyd S, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Comparing efficacy of BCG/lactoferrin primary vaccination versus booster regimen. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S90-5. [PMID: 22088320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein possessing multiple immune modulatory activities, including ability to affect macrophage cytokine production, promote maturation of T- and B-lymphocyte and immature dendritic cells, and enhance the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells. These characteristics of lactoferrin suggested that it could function as an effective adjuvant enhance efficacy of the BCG, the current vaccine for tuberculosis disease. Admix of lactoferrin to the BCG vaccine promoted host protective responses that surpasses activity of the BCG vaccine alone as determined by decreasing pulmonary pathology upon challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This study builds on previous reports by examining the effectiveness of the lactoferrin adjuvant comparing primary vaccination versus an immunization schedule with a booster administered at 8 weeks. BCG/lactoferrin vaccinating, given once or twice, demonstrated an improvement in pulmonary disease compared to both the BCG vaccinated and non-immunized groups. The splenic recall profiles showed a difference in cytokine production induced by mycobacterial antigen from splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with BCG/lactoferrin once or twice. Production of IL-17 is increased in the BCG/lactoferrin 2× group compared to the primary vaccinated group. Both BCG/lactoferrin vaccinated group exhibited increase production of IFN-γ compared to the non-immunized group and decreased production of IL-10 compared to the group vaccinated with only BCG. This study illustrates that the adjuvant activity of lactoferrin to enhance BCG efficacy occurs whether the vaccination regimen is a single delivery or combined with a booster, leading to enhanced host protection and decreased disease manifestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.214, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lactoferrin Augmentation of the BCG Vaccine Leads to Increased Pulmonary Integrity. Tuberc Res Treat 2011; 2011:835410. [PMID: 22567270 PMCID: PMC3335707 DOI: 10.1155/2011/835410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of vaccination to prevent tuberculosis disease (TB) is to offer long-term protection to the individual and the community. In addition, the success of any protective TB vaccine should include the ability to limit cavitary formation and disease progression. The current BCG vaccine protects against disseminated TB disease in children by promoting development of antigenic-specific responses. However, its efficacy is limited in preventing postprimary pulmonary disease in adults that is responsible for the majority of disease and transmission. This paper illustrates the use of lactoferrin as an adjuvant to boost efficacy of the BCG vaccine to control organism growth and limit severe manifestation of pulmonary disease. This resulting limitation in pathology may ultimately, limit spread of bacilli and subsequent transmission of organisms between individuals. The current literature is reviewed, and data is presented to support molecular mechanisms underlying lactoferrin's utility as an adjuvant for the BCG vaccine.
Collapse
|
19
|
Actor JK. A summary of the Texas Tuberculosis Research Symposium 2009: Emerging directions in TB research and clinical affairs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89 Suppl 1:S1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(09)00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|