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Złotko K, Wiater A, Waśko A, Pleszczyńska M, Paduch R, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Bieganowski A. A Report on Fungal (1→3)-α-d-glucans: Properties, Functions and Application. Molecules 2019; 24:E3972. [PMID: 31684030 PMCID: PMC6864487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell walls of fungi are composed of glycoproteins, chitin, and α- and β-glucans. Although there are many reports on β-glucans, α-glucan polysaccharides are not yet fully understood. This review characterizes the physicochemical properties and functions of (1→3)-α-d-glucans. Particular attention has been paid to practical application and the effect of glucans in various respects, taking into account unfavourable effects and potential use. The role of α-glucans in plant infection has been proven, and collected facts have confirmed the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus infection associated with the presence of glucan in fungal cell wall. Like β-glucans, there are now evidence that α-glucans can also stimulate the immune system. Moreover, α-d-glucans have the ability to induce mutanases and can thus decompose plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Złotko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodity Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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Valasques Junior GL, Boffo EF, Santos JDG, Brandão HN, Mascarenhas AJS, Cruz FT, Assis SA. The extraction and characterisation of a polysaccharide from Moniliophthora perniciosa CCMB 0257. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1647-1654. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1285302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gildomar L. Valasques Junior
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Tecnologia de Fermentação, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Elisangela F. Boffo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Jener David G. Santos
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Bahia, Brasil
| | - Hugo Neves Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Bioprospecção Vegetal (LABIV), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Artur J. S. Mascarenhas
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Fernanda T. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Sandra A. Assis
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Tecnologia de Fermentação, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
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Kangussu-Marcolino MM, do Rosário MMT, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Ducatti DRB, Cassolato JEF, Iacomini M, Martinez GR, Rocha MEM, Cadena SMSC, Noleto GR. Acid heteropolysaccharides with potent antileishmanial effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Moreira ASN, Braz-Filho R, Mussi-Dias V, Vieira IJC. Chemistry and biological activity of ramalina lichenized fungi. Molecules 2015; 20:8952-87. [PMID: 25996207 PMCID: PMC6272487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a form of symbiont between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium, which contains a wide variety of organic compounds with certain secondary metabolite classes typical of these organisms. The Ramalina genus has approximately 246 species distributed around the World, of which in this review approximately 118 species with published chemical or biological activity studies of extracts or isolated compounds were cited. From the 153 mentioned compounds, only 27 passed were tested for biological activity, being usnic acid the most studied compound and the one showing the best results in almost all in vitro tests performed, although other compounds also presented excellent results as antimicrobial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents, among others. Extracts of several species also presented significant results in performed biological tests, demonstrating the potential that these organisms have, in particular, the gender Ramalina, to produce bioactive molecules that can be used as a model for the production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Sérgio Nascimento Moreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal Fluminense, IFF, Avenida Souza Mota 350, Parque Fundão, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28060-010 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vicente Mussi-Dias
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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The anticancer effect of Huaier (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:12-21. [PMID: 25955759 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila Murr. (Huaier) is a sandy beige mushroom found on the trunks of trees and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for ~1,600 years. The anticancer effects of Huaier have attracted increasing worldwide interest in recent years. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anticancer mechanism of Huaier may be associated with various biological activities, such as inhibition of cell proliferation, anti-metastasis, interference with tumor angiogenesis and tumor-specific immunomodulatory effect. Animal and experimental studies suggest that Huaier is a promising anticancer agent. Further clinical research is warranted to illustrate the untapped chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of Huaier either alone or in conjunction with existing therapies.
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Cai HL, Huang XJ, Nie SP, Xie MY, Phillips GO, Cui SW. Study on Dendrobium officinale O-acetyl-glucomannan (Dendronan®): Part III–Immunomodulatory activity in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shrestha G, St. Clair LL, O'Neill KL. The Immunostimulating Role of Lichen Polysaccharides: A Review. Phytother Res 2014; 29:317-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- M. L. Bean Life Science Museum; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Larry L. St. Clair
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- M. L. Bean Life Science Museum; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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Nie X, Shi B, Ding Y, Tao W. Antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of weikangfu granule compound in tumor-bearing mice. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 67:138-50. [PMID: 24678090 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weikangfu granule compound (WKC) is a drug preparation based on a clinical prescription drug, Weikangfu-tang, which has been found to have therapeutic effects on gastric cancer. WKC comprises 7 components, including polysaccharides, saponin, flavonoids, and essential oil. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of WKC in a tumor-bearing rodent model. METHODS Male and female Kuming mice weighing ∼20 g were subcutaneously implanted with sarcoma 180 (S180) tumor cells and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: oral WKC 175, 350, or 525 mg/kg·d, isotonic saline (negative control), or intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide 25 mg/kg·d (positive control). All treatments were administered daily for 10 days. After euthanization on day 11, the mice, tumors, and spleens were weighed. Lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cellular viability assay method. Macrophage phagocytosis was identified using a yeast test. RESULTS Fifty mice were included in the study (10 mice were assigned to each group). The tumors of the mice administered WKC 175, 350, and 525 mg/kg·d were significantly regressed, as determined using MICs, compared with those in the negative-control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively), and the inhibitory rates were 30.43%, 46.72%, and 54.35%, respectively. Compared with those in the negative-control group, CTL activities and lymphocyte proliferations in the presence of concanavalin A were significantly greater in the WKC-treated groups at all doses (CTL activities: P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively; lymphocyte proliferations: P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively). In the groups receiving WKC 175, 350, and 525 mg/kg·d, the phagocytic rates were 1.5- to 2.0-fold those in the negative-control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively). In the groups receiving WKC 175, 350, and 525 mg/kg·d, the phagocytic indexes were 3.7- to 5.0-fold those in the negative-control group (all, P<0.01). In contrast, lymphocyte proliferation in the positive-control group was significantly less compared with that in the negative-control group (P<0.01), but no significant differences were found in CTL activities or macrophage phagocytosis between these 2 groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study in a rodent model suggest that WKC exhibited antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in S180-bearing mice, and that WKC improved nonspecific and specific immune functions in mice, such as lymphocyte proliferation, CTL activity, and macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Nie
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojun Shi
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Tao
- College of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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A polysaccharide from the fungi of Huaier exhibits anti-tumor potential and immunomodulatory effects. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:577-82. [PMID: 23218338 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A neutral water-soluble polysaccharide (W-NTRP), with a molecular weight of 2.5 × 10(4)Da, was isolated from the fruit bodies of Trametes robiniophila (Huaier). Gas chromatography (GC) results indicated that W-NTRP was determined to be galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara) and glucose (Glc), with a relative molar ratio of 4.2:2.5:0.7. Its antitumor and immunomodulatory activity were evaluated in vitro. W-NTRP showed remarkable inhibitory effect on three human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (QBC939, Sk-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1), with respective IC(50) values of 47.8, 75.9, and 43.7 μg/mL, but had no cytotoxicity to L-929 normal cells. Furthermore, W-NTRP had proliferation promoting effect on mouse splenocytes with or without concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a bell-shaped dose-response manner. In addition, W-NTRP could prominently stimulate macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) through the up-regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity. These results suggest that W-NTRP could be explored as a potential antitumor agent for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Bioactivity of the crude polysaccharides from fermented soybean curd residue by Flammulina velutipes. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:1268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ni W, Zhang X, Wang B, Chen Y, Han H, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Tai G. Antitumor Activities and Immunomodulatory Effects of Ginseng Neutral Polysaccharides in Combination with 5-Fluorouracil. J Med Food 2010; 13:270-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Baicheng Medical College, Baicheng, China
| | - Han Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuying Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Wang L, Ha CL, Cheng TL, Cheng SY, Lian TW, Wu MJ. Oral administration of submerged cultivated Grifola frondosa enhances phagocytic activity in normal mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:237-43. [PMID: 18237472 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.2.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Grifola frondosa fruiting body (Maitake) has been used as a dietary supplement due to its antitumour and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of orally administered submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture, including both mycelium and culture broth, in a healthy murine model. Composition analyses showed that submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture contained only 32.48% carbohydrate, which was less than half of fruiting bodies. The content of adenosine, a potential immunomodulatory agent in medicinal mushrooms, was 2.8 mg g(-1). After feeding 8-week-old female BALB/cByJ mice with AIN-93G diet containing 0% (C), 1% (G1), 3% (G3) or 5% (G5) (wt/wt) G. frondosa mixture for 31 days, neither body weight nor the outward appearance of organs showed any significant difference among different diet groups. Splenocyte subpopulation, mitogen-activated cytokine release and splenic NK activity were not affected by G. frondosa administration, either. On the other hand, the phagocytic activity was enhanced in leucocytes of groups G3 and G5, without exerting detectable levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggested that oral administration of submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture may enhance host innate immunity against foreign pathogens without eliciting adverse inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Rosário MMT, Noleto GR, Bento JF, Reicher F, Oliveira MBM, Petkowicz CLO. Effect of storage xyloglucans on peritoneal macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:464-72. [PMID: 17888467 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans from seeds of Copaifera langsdorffii (XGC), Hymenaea courbaril (XGJ) and Mucuna sloanei (XGM) were obtained from milled and defatted cotyledons by aqueous extraction at 25 degrees C. The resulting fractions contained Glc, Xyl and Gal in molar ratios of 2.5: 1.5: 1.0 (XGC), 3.8: 2.6: 1.0 (XGJ) and 2.5: 1.6: 1.0 (XGM). HPSEC-MALLS/RI analysis showed that each polysaccharide fraction was homogeneous; M(w) values were 1.6 x 10(5), 2.0 x 10(5) and 1.5 x 10(5)g/mol, respectively. The effect of the xyloglucans on the production of O(2)*(-) and NO* and on the recruitment of macrophages to the mouse peritoneum was evaluated. All polysaccharides promoted an increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The largest increase, of 576% in comparison to the control group, was elicited by XGJ at 200 mg/kg. The effect of XGC, XGJ and XGM on O(2)*(-) production, in the presence or absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), was not statistically significant. For NO(.) production, the lowest concentration of XGC (10 microg/ml) gave rise to an increase of 262% when compared to the control group; the effect was dose-dependent, reaching 307% at 50 microg/ml. On the other hand, XGJ at a concentration of 50 microg/ml enhanced NO* production by 92%. XGM did not affect NO* production significantly. The results indicate that xyloglucans from C. langsdorffii, H. courbaril and M. sloanei have immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M T Rosário
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CP 19046, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Choi I, Jung C, Han Y, Lee EH. Effect of partially hydrolyzed soluble glucan produced by glucosyltrasferases of Streptococcus mutans on stimulating human T cell. Biofactors 2006; 26:1-5. [PMID: 16614478 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520260101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soluble glucan, which was obtained from action of glucosyltransferases (GTFs) of Streptococcus mutans on sucrose, was partially hydrolyzed by acetic acid and examined for human T lymphoblast (MOLT-4) stimulating activity. Addition of the partially hydrolyzed glucan (15-60 microg/ml) stimulated human T cell (39-65%) in a dose dependant manner according to MTT assay. Production of interleukine-2 (IL-2) and interleukine-2 receptor (IL-2R) from T cell was increased by 44.5 and 25%, respectively, by addition of partially hydrolyzed glucan (15 microg/ml). These results indicate that stimulation of human T cells by hydrolyzed glucan is probably caused by its effects on stimulating gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2R of human T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwook Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, San 46-1, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Kyunggi-do, 463-746, Korea.
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Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:317-33. [PMID: 16428067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botanical polysaccharides exhibit a number of beneficial therapeutic properties, and it is thought that the mechanisms involved in these effects are due to the modulation of innate immunity and, more specifically, macrophage function. In this review, we summarize our current state of understanding of the macrophage modulatory effects of botanical polysaccharides isolated from a wide array of different species of flora, including higher plants, mushrooms, lichens and algae. Overall, the primary effect of botanical polysaccharides is to enhance and/or activate macrophage immune responses, leading to immunomodulation, anti-tumor activity, wound-healing and other therapeutic effects. Furthermore, botanical and microbial polysaccharides bind to common surface receptors and induce similar immunomodulatory responses in macrophages, suggesting that evolutionarily conserved polysaccharide structural features are shared between these organisms. Thus, the evaluation of botanical polysaccharides provides a unique opportunity for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and adjuvants that exhibit beneficial immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Zhao G, Kan J, Li Z, Chen Z. Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of an (1→6)-a-d-glucan from the root of Ipomoea batatas. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1436-45. [PMID: 15953570 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharide PSPP (purified sweet potato polysaccharide), isolated and purified from the roots of Ipomoea batatas, was found to be a glucan with a molecular weight of 53.2 kDa and specific rotation of +115.0 degrees (ca. 0.80, H(2)O). On the basis of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, infra-red spectroscopy, and (13)C NMR, the polysaccharide was confirmed as a (1-->6)-alpha-D-glucan. We evaluated the effects of polysaccharide PSPP on the in vivo immune function of mouse. Mice were treated with the polysaccharide PSPP (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Phagocytic function, proliferation of lymphocytes, natural killer cell activity, hemolytic activity, and serum IgG concentration of the mice were studied. At the dose of 50 mg/kg, significant increments in proliferation of lymphocytes (P<0.05) and serum IgG concentration (P<0.05) were observed. At the dose of 150 and 250 mg/kg, significant increments (P<0.01 or P<0.05) were observed in all tested immunological indexes. A dose-dependent manner was demonstrated in phagocytic function, hemolytic activity, and serum IgG concentration, but not in proliferation of lymphocytes and natural killer cell activity. This suggests that PSPP improve the immune system and could be regarded as a biological response modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- Food College of Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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17
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Cordeiro LM, Iacomini M, Stocker-Wörgötter E. Culture studies and secondary compounds of six Ramalina species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:489-97. [PMID: 15230001 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycobiont isolation experiments were performed on six species of Ramalina from Brazil: R. celastri, R. complanata, R. dendriscoides, R. gracilis, R. peruviana and R. sprengelii. This study aimed to optimize the culture conditions and nutrient requirements of the selected mycobionts. The aposymbiotic R. complanta was successfully isolated from ascospores, while aposymbiotic R. peruviana was obtained from thallus fragments. In R. peruviana the production of secondary metabolites was investigated under aposymbiotical growth conditions using HPLC. When cultivated on solid medium, this mycobiont produced the typical chemosyndrome (sekikaic acid and satellite compounds), found in the voucher lichen thallus. When cultivated in liquid medium (immersed in malt yeast medium in the absence of agar), only one, the major lichen substance, sekikaic acid, was synthesized by the fungus. In addition, atranorin was formed, but was not detected in any of the voucher specimens. Red pigments were found in solid and liquid cultures. These were separated into two compounds, but could not be fully identified. R. celastri spores germinated, but did not form mycelia. R. dendriscoides, R. gracilis and R. sprengelii were not successfully cultivated in aposymbiotic conditions, although eight different culture media were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Box 19046, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81.531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Moretão MP, Zampronio AR, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M, Oliveira MBM. Induction of secretory and tumoricidal activities in peritoneal macrophages activated by an acidic heteropolysaccharide (ARAGAL) from the gum of Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco). Immunol Lett 2004; 93:189-97. [PMID: 15158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory and anti-tumoral effects of an acidic heteropolysaccharide containing mainly galactose and arabinose (ARAGAL), isolated from the gum of the leguminous tree Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco) native to Brazil, were studied. It has been demonstrated that activation of mice peritoneal macrophages both in vivo and in vitro, increases phagocytic ability and anion superoxide production. In order to obtain further insights on the biological effects of ARAGAL, the capacity of eliciting peritoneal macrophages and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and anti-tumoral effect against Sarcoma 180 (S-180), are now evaluated. Cell eliciting activity was observed in ARAGAL-treated animals in a dose dependent manner. Treatment of animals with 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg of ARAGAL increased peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) numbers by approximately 18, approximately 44 and approximately 88%, respectively. ARAGAL also increased 26-fold TNF-alpha production by peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages, treated in vitro for 18 h with ARAGAL, were able to kill Sarcoma 180 cells, as observed by their structures inside the macrophage cytoplasm. ARAGAL (100 mg/kg) showed anti-tumoral activity against S-180 in ascites or solid tumors, the tumoral inhibition being 63 and 38%, respectively. The results suggest a possible role as a BRM for ARAGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Piemonte Moretão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, PR, Brazil
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Zhang W, Wang Y, Hou Y. Effects of Chinese medicinal fungus water extract on tumor metastasis and some parameters of immune function. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:461-8. [PMID: 15037223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the immunomodulation and antitumor metastasis of the Chinese medicinal fungus water extract (FWE) were investigated. After B16 melanoma cells were implanted in C57BL/6 mice through their tail veins, the mice were orally administered by FWE at low dose (160 mg/kg/day) and high dose (400 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. The tumor metastatic foci on the lung surface were observed under dissecting microscope. Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages was detected through ingesting chicken red blood cells (CRBC) test. Lymphocyte proliferation and the natural killer (NK) cell activity were determined by MTT method and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH)-release assay, respectively. The expressions of bcl-2 and p53 of livers and lungs were assayed by immunohistochemical method. The results showed that FWE could increase body weights of mice dose dependently. The lung metastasis inhibition rates (MIR) of B16 melanoma cells by low dose and high dose of FWE were 15.5% and 72.7%, respectively. FWE at the two doses enhanced significantly (p<0.05) the phagocytosis, which was evaluated using the phagocytic rate (PR) and phagocytic index (PI). FWE had significantly promoted mice' NK activity at high dose (p<0.001). Lymphocyte proliferation was not significantly elevated in both of low- and high-dose groups. FWE depressed the levels of bcl-2 and p53 protein in the liver and lung cells at both of the two doses. These results indicate that FWE not only promoted the mouse's immunity, but also inhibited tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Zhang
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Moretão MP, Buchi DF, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M, Oliveira MBM. Effect of an acidic heteropolysaccharide (ARAGAL) from the gum of Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco) on peritoneal macrophage functions. Immunol Lett 2003; 89:175-85. [PMID: 14556976 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian flora are a source of interesting polysaccharides which, either in their native state or when submitted to structural modifications, might have potential applications as biological response modifiers (BRM). A complex acidic heteropolysaccharide, containing mainly galactose and arabinose (ARAGAL), isolated from the gum of the native leguminous tree Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco), was studied for its immunological properties on peritoneal exudate cells, namely their superoxide anion production, phagocytic activity, morphological alterations and percentage content of activated macrophages. Activation of macrophages showing increased cytoplasm, bright and large nuclei, various cytoplasmatic projections and spreading ability, was detected following in vitro cell exposure to ARAGAL or in cells obtained from treated animals. In vitro exposure to ARAGAL increased the occurrence of activated macrophages in a time- and a dose-dependent pattern, since approximately 82% of the cells were activated in the presence of 300 microg/ml of ARAGAL after 24 h of incubation and approximately 91% after 48 h. The occurrence of activated macrophages was also evident in cell preparations from ARAGAL-treated mice, their percentage showing a dose-dependent pattern. There were approximately 60, 75 and 75% following treatment with 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of ARAGAL, respectively. A phagocytic assay showed that 25 microg/ml ARAGAL was sufficient to impose a maximum phagocytic ability, although this effect was dose-dependent. O(2)(-) production by macrophages from ARAGAL-treated mice was 70% higher than that of cells from untreated mice. Moreover, cells from treated mice responded to PMA, the effect being 25% higher than that of the control using untreated mice. These results thus suggest a possible role of ARAGAL from A. colubrina as a BRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Piemonte Moretão
- Departamento de Bioqui;mica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, CP 19046, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Paraná, Brazil
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