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Cheng CW, Fang WF, Yang YM, Lin JD. High Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Expression Associated with Favorable Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2024; 35:245-255. [PMID: 38884688 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a fatty acid transporter that coordinates lipid metabolism, is reported to exert a tumorigenic role in certain cancers. We investigated the effects of FABP4 in the carcinogenesis of thyroid cancer. Bioinformatics data about FABP4 in thyroid cancer were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Sixteen paired papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues from Taipei Medical University (TMU) were gathered, and commercial thyroid cancer complementary (c)DNA and tissue arrays were purchased to measure FABP4 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels. By analyzing data from the GEO and TCGA, we showed that FABP4 mRNA was reduced in PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). In addition, a lower FABP4 mRNA level in PTC was associated with poor clinical parameters and outcomes in the TCGA database. Moreover, FABP4 transcripts and proteins were downregulated in PTC and FTC, and its mRNA expression was associated with PTC staging in clinical specimens. In the TCGA database and TMU cohort, FABP4 mRNA levels were associated with thyroglobulin (r = 0.511 and r = 0.656, respectively), thyroid peroxidase (r = 0.612 and r = 0.909, respectively), and sodium iodide symporter (r = 0.485 and r = 0.637, respectively) transcripts. In conclusion, FABP4 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in PTC and FTC, and may be used as a potential indicator for thyroid cancer evolution in clinical settings. Further, well-designed research to dissect the molecular mechanism of FABP4 in modulating thyroid carcinogenesis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herb Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan
| | | | - Yea-Mey Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 291 Jhongzheng Rd, Jhonghe District, 23561, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Zhao H, Liu CH, Lu Y, Liu SZ, Yeerkenbieke P, Cao Y, Xia Y, Gao LY, Liu YW, Liu ZW, Chen SG, Liang ZY, Li XY. BRAF V600E mutation does not predict lymph node metastases and recurrence in Chinese papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients. Oral Oncol 2024; 152:106755. [PMID: 38547780 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECT Previous studies suggest BRAFV600E mutation is a marker for poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer, however, its ability to further risk stratify papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association between BRAFV600E mutation and the clinicopathological features and recurrence in Chinese PTMC patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 2094 PTMC patients who underwent surgery and had a valid BRAFV600E mutation test result. Among them, 1292 patients had complete follow-up data. The mutation incidence was determined. Moreover, the clinicopathological characteristics, disease-free survival (DFS), and response to therapy distribution were compared between the mutation and non-mutation groups. RESULTS BRAFV600E mutation was observed in 90.6 % of all patients and 89.2 % of patients with complete follow-up data. No significant difference was observed in lymph node metastases (LNM) number categories between the mutation and non-mutation groups among all patients (P = 0.329) and 1292 patients (P = 0.408). Neither the 3-year DFS (97.9 % vs. 98.0 %, P = 0.832) nor the response to therapy distribution (P > 0.05) indicated a significant difference between the mutation and non-mutation groups. The 3-year DFS differs among patients having different LNM number categories (99.8 % vs. 98.5 % vs. 77.3 %, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that high-volume (over 5) LNM (Total thyroidectomy (TT): OR = 4.000, 95 % CI 2.390-6.694, P < 0.001; Unilateral thyroidectomy (UT): OR = 4.183, 95 % CI 1.565-11.190, P = 0.004), rather than BRAFV600E mutation (P > 0.05), was an independent risk factor of response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that BRAFV600E mutation could not accurately predict LNM or the recurrence of Chinese PTMC patients. Moreover, high-volume LNM is significantly associated with PTMC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China; Surgery Centre of Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100036, China.
| | - Chun-Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Shu-Zhou Liu
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan 570311, China.
| | - Palashate Yeerkenbieke
- Department of General Surgery, Xinjiang Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Friendship Hospital, Xinjiang 835099, China.
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sci-ences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Lu-Ying Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sci-ences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Yue-Wu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Zi-Wen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Shu-Guang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100010, China.
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Pereira-Macedo J, Freire B, Macedo-Oliveira C, Mendes J, Carvalho M, Rocha-Neves J, Fonseca S, Vinagreiro M, Lemos R, Silva N, Sampaio F. Hyperfunctioning papillary thyroid carcinoma - a case report and literature review. Acta Chir Belg 2024; 124:147-152. [PMID: 37133354 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2023.2210699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are rare and more likely to occur in follicular cancer types rather than papillary variants. The authors present a case of a papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with a hyperfunctioning nodule. METHODS A single adult patient submitted to total thyroidectomy with the presence of thyroid carcinoma within hyperfunctioning nodules was selected. Additionally, brief literature was conducted. RESULTS An asymptomatic 58-year-old male was subjected to routine blood analysis and a TSH level of <0.003 mIU/L was found. Ultrasonography revealed a 21 mm solid, hypoechoic, and heterogenous nodule with microcalcifications in the right lobe. A fine needle aspiration guided by ultrasound resulted in a follicular lesion of undetermined significance. A 99mTc thyroid scintigram was followed and identified a right-sided hyperfunctioning nodule. Another cytology was performed and a papillary thyroid carcinoma was derived as a result. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. Postoperative histology confirmed the diagnosis and a tumor-free margin with no vascular or capsular invasions. CONCLUSION Hyperfunctioning malignant nodules are a rare association, although a careful approach should be led since major clinical implications arise. Selective fine needle aspiration in all suspicious ≥1 cm nodules should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pereira-Macedo
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Freire
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Carlos Macedo-Oliveira
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - João Mendes
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Rocha-Neves
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, Centro Hospitalar, Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Fonseca
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Margarida Vinagreiro
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lemos
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Nair Silva
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sampaio
- Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
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Takahito A, Fujii K, Banno H, Saito M, Ito Y, Ido M, Goto M, Mouri Y, Kousaka J, Imai T, Nakano S. Clinicopathological Evaluation of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e56404. [PMID: 38501028 PMCID: PMC10948234 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clinicians sometimes encounter papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PMC) that is less than 10 mm, associated with lymph node metastasis. In this study, we assessed PMC clinicopathologically to clarify risk factors for poor prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients who underwent thyroid surgery at Aichi Medical University from September 2009 to October 2016 were included. Patients were divided into two groups, pEX-positive (23 patients) and pEX-negative (28 patients), based on the pathological finding of thyroid capsule invasion. The former indicates that the tumor infiltrated the thyroid capsule and spread to the neighboring tissue, and the latter indicates no capsule invasion. We analyzed factors such as patient characteristics, pathological findings, and serum levels of thyroid hormones in the two groups. RESULTS No statistical differences were observed between the two groups in gender distribution or age at surgery. Preoperative cancer diagnoses were established for more patients in the pEX-positive group than in the pEX-negative group (n = 21 and 14, respectively; P = 0.004). The mean (±SD) pathological tumor diameter was 5.42 ± 2.77 in the pEX-negative group and 8.32 ± 1.61 in the pEX-positive group (P < 0.001). No significant differences in preoperative serum levels of free T3, free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyroglobulin were observed between the two groups. The odds ratio for node positivity in tumors invading thyroid capsules (pEX-positive) compared to those with no capsule invasion (pEX-negative) was 13.20 (95% confidence interval, 3.45-50.42). Immunohistological staining for phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Akt (protein kinase B) revealed the facilitation of PTEN and suppression of Akt, which might indicate downregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) cascade. DISCUSSION In general, the prognosis of PMC is favorable. However, the prognosis is less favorable in patients with nodal metastasis or extrathyroidal invasion. It is controversial whether resection is required for proven PMCs. For PMCs associated with extrathyroidal invasion, regional lymph node resection with lobectomy should be performed due to the high risk for lymphatic spread. There might be a possibility that the natural progression of PMC seems to be controlled by the facilitation of PTEN. However, a tumor in the lateral peripheral region of the thyroid parenchyma might be associated with capsule invasion followed by lymphatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ando Takahito
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Kimihito Fujii
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Hirona Banno
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Masayuki Saito
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Yukie Ito
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Mirai Ido
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Manami Goto
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Yukako Mouri
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Junko Kousaka
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Tsuneo Imai
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
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Vedovatto S, Oliveira FD, Pereira LC, Scheffel TB, Beckenkamp LR, Bertoni APS, Wink MR, Lenz G. CD73 mitigates ZEB1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:145. [PMID: 38388432 PMCID: PMC10882796 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZEB1, a core transcription factor involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is associated with aggressive cancer cell behavior, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis across various tumor types. Similarly, the expression and activity of CD73, an ectonucleotidase implicated in adenosine generation, is an important marker of tumor malignancy. Growing evidence suggests that EMT and the adenosinergic pathway are intricately linked and play a pivotal role in cancer development. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the correlations between CD73 and ZEB1, considering their impact on tumor progression. METHODS We employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to silence CD73 expression in cell lines derived from papillary thyroid carcinoma. These same cells underwent lentiviral transduction of a reporter of ZEB1 non-coding RNA regulation. We conducted studies on cell migration using scratch assays and analyses of cellular speed and polarity. Additionally, we examined ZEB1 reporter expression through flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, complemented by Western blot analysis for protein quantification. For further insights, we applied gene signatures representing different EMT states in an RNA-seq expression analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS Silencing CD73 expression led to a reduction in ZEB1 non-coding RNA regulation reporter expression in a papillary thyroid carcinoma-derived cell line. Additionally, it also mitigated ZEB1 protein expression. Moreover, the expression of CD73 and ZEB1 was correlated with alterations in cell morphology characteristics crucial for cell migration, promoting an increase in cell polarity index and cell migration speed. RNA-seq analysis revealed higher expression of NT5E (CD73) in samples with BRAF mutations, accompanied by a prevalence of partial-EMT/hybrid state signature expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest an association between CD73 expression and/or activity and the post-transcriptional regulation of ZEB1 by non-coding RNA, indicating a reduction in its absence. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the relationship between CD73 and ZEB1, with the potential for targeting them as therapeutic alternatives for cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samlai Vedovatto
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, sala 107, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dittrich Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, sala 107, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Cherobini Pereira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, sala 107, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Becker Scheffel
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, sala 107, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liziane Raquel Beckenkamp
- Department of Basics Health Sciences and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Santin Bertoni
- Department of Basics Health Sciences and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Department of Basics Health Sciences and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, sala 107, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Xu M, Wen J, Xu Q, Li H, Lin B, Bhandari A, Qu J. AHNAK2 Promotes the Progression of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:220-229. [PMID: 36089788 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220908092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AHNAK2 may be used as a candidate marker for TC diagnosis and treatment. BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most frequent malignancy in endocrine carcinoma, and the incidence has been increasing for decades. OBJECTIVE To understand the molecular mechanism of DTC, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on 79 paired DTC tissues and normal thyroid tissues. The RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis results indicated that AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 (AHNAK2) was significantly upregulated in the thyroid cancer patient's tissue. METHODS We also analyzed AHNAK2 mRNA levels of DTC tissues and normal tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The association between the expression level of AHNAK2 and clinicopathological features was evaluated in the TCGA cohort. Furthermore, AHNAK2 gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 40 paired DTC tissues and adjacent normal thyroid tissues. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of AHNAK2. For cell experiments in vitro, AHNAK2 was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and the biological function of AHNAK2 in TC cell lines was investigated. The expression of AHNAK2 was significantly upregulated in both the TCGA cohort and the local cohort. RESULTS The analysis results of the TCGA cohort indicated that the upregulation of AHNAK2 was associated with tumor size (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), and disease stage (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC, TCGA: P < 0.0001; local validated cohort: P < 0.0001) in the ROC curve revealed that AHNAK2 might be considered a diagnostic biomarker for TC. The knockdown of AHNAK2 reduced TC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Furthermore, the protein levels of phospho-PI3 Kinase p85 and phospho-AKT were downregulated in the transfected TC cell. Our study results indicate that AHNAK2 may promote metastasis and proliferation of thyroid cancer through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Thus, AHNAK2 may be used as a candidate marker for TC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Operating Theatre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Wen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qiding Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Bangyi Lin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Primera Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jinmiao Qu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P.R. China
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Qin Z, Zheng M. Advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for melanoma (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:416. [PMID: 37559935 PMCID: PMC10407994 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly type of skin cancer and is known for its poor prognosis as soon as metastasis occurs. Since 2011, new and effective therapies for metastatic melanoma have emerged, with US Food and Drug Administration approval of multiple targeted agents, such as V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors and multiple immunotherapy agents, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and anti-programmed cell death protein 1/ligand 1 blockade. Based on insight into the respective advantages of the above two strategies, the present article provided a review of clinical trials of the application of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, as well as novel approaches of their combinations for the treatment of metastatic melanoma in recent years, with a focus on upcoming initiatives to improve the efficacy of these treatment approaches for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Qin
- No. 4 Research Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200051, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zheng
- No. 4 Research Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200051, P.R. China
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8
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Hu C, Zhang H, Chu L, Qiu T, Lu H. Clinicopathological features of incidentally detected metastatic thyroid papillary carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes of non-thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective analysis of 31cases. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:82. [PMID: 37454141 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidental finding of thyroid inclusions in lymph nodes of neck dissections of non-thyroid cancer patients is an unusual event. It is still controversial for pathologists about whether this represents benign inclusions or metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study is to analyze clinicopathological features of such cases in an attempt to explore their clinical implications. METHODS Pathological data were searched for incidentally detected PTC of cervical lymph nodes in non-thyroid cancer cases. Clinicopathological characteristics were reevaluated and recorded. BRAF V600E protein expression and sequencing analysis was then performed in cases with sufficient tissues. RESULTS 31 patients had an incidental finding of PTC in lymph nodes of patients with non-thyroid cancer. BRAF immunohistochemical staining were performed in 17 metastatic lymph nodes with sufficient tumor tissues, and 6 were positive. BRAF V600E point mutation was detected in 5 of 6 BRAF V600E positive cases. Subsequent imaging examinations of the thyroid showed no nodules or calcifications/benign nodules in 20 patients, and suspected malignant nodules in 5 patients. 12 patients underwent total thyroidectomy or ipsilateral lobectomy, and 6 showed PTC in postoperative pathological examinations. The remaining 19 patients without surgery were kept under active surveillance, and no one had recurrence of PTC. CONCLUSION Incidentally discovered PTC in lymph nodes has usually interpreted as metastasis from a clinical occult thyroid primary cancer, but primary PTC was not always detected. This suggests it could be double occult lesions. With regards to concurrence with highly malignant tumor, most patients could keep regular surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Hu
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Chu
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Haizhen Lu
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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9
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Harahap AS, Subekti I, Panigoro SS, Asmarinah, Lisnawati, Werdhani RA, Agustina H, Khoirunnisa D, Mutmainnah M, Salinah, Siswoyo AD, Ham MF. Profile of BRAFV600E, BRAFK601E, NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS Mutational Status, and Clinicopathological Characteristics of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Indonesian National Referral Hospital. Appl Clin Genet 2023; 16:99-110. [PMID: 37255533 PMCID: PMC10226481 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s412364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BRAFV600E and RAS mutations are the most common gene mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that may be correlated with its biological behavior. There are still limited data about BRAFV600E and RAS mutations in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of BRAFV600E and RAS mutations, and their association with clinicopathologic characteristics. METHODS Patients who had total thyroidectomy from 2019 to 2021 and those who met our study criteria underwent PCR and DNA sequencing analysis for BRAFV600E, BRAFK601E, exon 2 and 3 of NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS. Analyses were performed to determine the associations of BRAFV600E and RAS mutations with clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS Of 172 PTC patients, BRAFV600E mutation was observed in 37.8% of the patients and RAS mutations were found in 21.5%. One patient harbored BRAFK601E mutation. There was a significant association of BRAFV600E with a high-stage (p = 0.033, OR: 3.279; 95% CI: 1.048-10.259), tall-cell variants (p ≤0.001, OR: 41.143; 95% CI: 11.979-141.308), non-encapsulated (p = 0.001, OR: 4.176; 95% CI: 2.008-8.685), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.043, OR: 1.912; 95% CI: 1.018-3.592), extrathyroidal extension (p = <0.001, OR: 3.983; 95% CI: 1.970-8.054), and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.009, OR: 2.301; 95% CI: 1.224-4.326). Follicular variant (p = 0.001, OR: 7.011; 95% CI: 2.690-18.268), encapsulated (p = 0.017, OR: 2.433; 95% CI: 1.161-5.100), and absent of extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.033, OR: 2.890; 95% CI: 1.052-7.940) were associated with RAS mutations. CONCLUSION A significant association between BRAFV600E mutation and high clinical stage, tall-cell variants, non-encapsulated morphology, lymphovascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis in PTC was observed. RAS mutations were associated with the follicular variant, encapsulated tumor, and no extrathyroidal extension. HRAS-mutated PTC frequently exhibited tumor multifocality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Stephanie Harahap
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Cancer Research Center-Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Imam Subekti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sonar Soni Panigoro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asmarinah
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lisnawati
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Retno Asti Werdhani
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hasrayati Agustina
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dina Khoirunnisa
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mutiah Mutmainnah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Salinah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvita Dewi Siswoyo
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maria Francisca Ham
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Cancer Research Center-Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Downregulation of Rap1GAP Expression Activates the TGF- β/Smad3 Pathway to Inhibit the Expression of Sodium/Iodine Transporter in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6840642. [PMID: 34840979 PMCID: PMC8616680 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6840642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Rap1GAP is considered a tumor suppressor gene, but its regulatory mechanism in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore whether the regulation between Rap1GAP and sodium/iodine transporter (NIS) in tumorigenesis of PTC is mediated by TGF-β1. Methods Western blotting (WB) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed to analyze the relationships between TGF-β1 concentration and NIS expression. After transfecting BCPAP cells with siRNAs, the Rap1GAP interference model was successfully established. Then, the expression and nuclear localization of TGF-β1 and pathway-related proteins were detected. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze cell apoptosis and cycle. WB was performed to detect apoptotic-related proteins. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to measure cell migration and invasion. EDU was performed to detect cell proliferative activity. Results The results suggested that TGF-β1 could significantly inhibit the expression of NIS in both mRNA and protein levels. In BCPAP cells transfected with siRNA-Rap1GAP, the expression levels of TGF-β1, Foxp3, and p-Smad3 were significantly increased. By applying immunofluorescence assay, the nuclear localizations of TβR-1 and p-Smad3 were found to be activated. Moreover, anti-TGF-β1 can reverse the decrease in NIS expression caused by downregulation of Rap1GAP. Additionally, the knockdown of Rap1GAP could alter the cell apoptosis, cycle, migration, invasion, and proliferation of BCPAP. Conclusion The downregulation of Rap1GAP expression can activate the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to inhibit NIS expression and alter the tumor cell functions of PTC.
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11
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Raevskiy M, Sorokin M, Vladimirova U, Suntsova M, Efimov V, Garazha A, Drobyshev A, Moisseev A, Rumiantsev P, Li X, Buzdin A. EGFR Pathway-Based Gene Signatures of Druggable Gene Mutations in Melanoma, Breast, Lung, and Thyroid Cancers. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1477-1488. [PMID: 34906047 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
EGFR, BRAF, PIK3CA, and KRAS genes play major roles in EGFR pathway, and accommodate activating mutations that predict response to many targeted therapeutics. However, connections between these mutations and EGFR pathway expression patterns remain unexplored. Here, we investigated transcriptomic associations with these activating mutations in three ways. First, we compared expressions of these genes in the mutant and wild type tumors, respectively, using RNA sequencing profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas project database (n = 3660). Second, mutations were associated with the activation level of EGFR pathway. Third, they were associated with the gene signatures of differentially expressed genes from these pathways between the mutant and wild type tumors. We found that the upregulated EGFR pathway was linked with mutations in the BRAF (thyroid cancer, melanoma) and PIK3CA (breast cancer) genes. Gene signatures were associated with BRAF (thyroid cancer, melanoma), EGFR (squamous cell lung cancer), KRAS (colorectal cancer), and PIK3CA (breast cancer) mutations. However, only for the BRAF gene signature in the thyroid cancer we observed strong biomarker diagnostic capacity with AUC > 0.7 (0.809). Next, we validated this signature on the independent literature-based dataset (n = 127, fresh-frozen tissue samples, AUC 0.912), and on the experimental dataset (n = 42, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples, AUC 0.822). Our results suggest that the RNA sequencing profiles can be used for robust identification of the replacement of Valine at position 600 with Glutamic acid in the BRAF gene in the papillary subtype of thyroid cancer, and evidence that the specific gene expression levels could provide information about the driver carcinogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Raevskiy
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Oncobox Ltd., Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Uliana Vladimirova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Maria Suntsova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Victor Efimov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
| | | | - Alexei Drobyshev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksey Moisseev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA.
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Lin CL, Tsai ML, Chen YH, Liu WN, Lin CY, Hsu KW, Huang CY, Chang YJ, Wei PL, Chen SH, Huang LC, Lee CH. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-α Subunit Targeting Suppresses Metastasis in Advanced Thyroid Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:551-561. [PMID: 34031270 PMCID: PMC8411021 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancers, such as papillary and follicular cancers, have a favorable prognosis. However, poorly differentiated thyroid cancers, such as medullary, squamous and anaplastic advanced thyroid cancers, are very aggressive and insensitive to radioiodine treatment. Thus, novel therapies that attenuate metastasis are urgently needed. We found that both PDGFC and PDGFRA are predominantly expressed in thyroid cancers and that the survival rate is significantly lower in patients with high PDGFRA expression. This finding indicates the important role of PDGF/PDGFR signaling in thyroid cancer development. Next, we established a SW579 squamous thyroid cancer cell line with 95.6% PDGFRA gene insertion and deletions (indels) through CRISPR/Cas9. Protein and invasion analysis showed a dramatic loss in EMT marker expression and metastatic ability. Furthermore, xenograft tumors derived from PDGFRA gene-edited SW579 cells exhibited a minor decrease in tumor growth. However, distant lung metastasis was completely abolished upon PDGFRA gene editing, implying that PDGFRA could be an effective target to inhibit distant metastasis in advanced thyroid cancers. To translate this finding to the clinic, we used the most relevant multikinase inhibitor, imatinib, to inhibit PDGFRA signaling. The results showed that imatinib significantly suppressed cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in SW579 cells. Our developed noninvasive apoptosis detection sensor (NIADS) indicated that imatinib induced cell apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. In conclusion, we believe that developing a specific and selective targeted therapy for PDGFRA would effectively suppress PDGFRA-mediated cancer aggressiveness in advanced thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ling Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lin Tsai
- Department of General Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.,Department of Cytology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ni Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wen Hsu
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huey Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Ph. D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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13
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Anand D, Yashashwi K, Kumar N, Rane S, Gann PH, Sethi A. Weakly supervised learning on unannotated hematoxylin and eosin stained slides predicts BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer with high accuracy. J Pathol 2021; 255:232-242. [PMID: 34346511 DOI: 10.1002/path.5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) that predict mutational status from H&E slides of cancers can enable inexpensive and timely precision oncology. Although expert knowledge is reliable for annotating regions informative of malignancy and other known histological patterns (strong supervision), it is unreliable for identifying regions informative of mutational status. This poses a serious impediment to obtaining higher prognostic accuracy and discovering new knowledge of pathobiology. We used a weakly supervised learning technique to train a DNN to predict BRAF V600E mutational status, determined using DNA testing, in H&E stained images of thyroid cancer tissue without regional annotations. Our discovery cohort was a tissue microarray of only 85 patients from a single hospital. Yet, on a large independent external cohort of 444 patients from other hospitals, the trained model gave an AUC = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97-1.00), which is much higher than the previously reported results for detecting any mutation using H&E by DNNs trained using strong supervision. We also developed a visualization technique that can automatically highlight regions the DNN found most informative for predicting mutational status. Our visualization is spatially granular and highly specific in highlighting regions with strong negative and positive regions and move us towards explainable artificial intelligence. Using t-tests, we confirmed that the proportions of follicular or papillary histology and oncocytic cytology, as noted for each patient by a pathologist who was blinded to the mutational status, were significantly different between mutated and wildtype patients. However, based solely on these features noted by the pathologist, a logistic regression classifier gave an average AUC = 0.78 in 5-fold CV, which is much lower than that obtained using the DNN. These results highlight the potential of weakly supervised learning for training DNN models for problems where the informative visual patterns and their locations are not known a priori. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Anand
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India
| | - Kumar Yashashwi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Swapnil Rane
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre-ACTREC, HBNI, Mumbai, MH, India
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amit Sethi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India.,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Sun J, Peng Y, Liu J, Zhou H, Sun L, He Q, Yu E. Pseudogene legumain promotes thyroid carcinoma progression via the microRNA-495/autophagy pathway. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:616. [PMID: 34257724 PMCID: PMC8243076 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudogene legumain (LGMN) has been reported to regulate cancer cell biology. However, the role of LGMN in thyroid carcinoma remains unknown. Herein, Cell Counting Kit 8 and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate cellular proliferation and invasion capacity, respectively. In addition, a tube formation assay was performed to assess HUVEC angiogenesis. The results showed that LGMN depletion attenuated cellular proliferation, invasion and tube formation ability, and that LGMN expression was dysregulated in thyroid carcinoma tumors. Furthermore, patients with high LGMN expression levels exhibited a lower overall survival rate than those with low expression levels. LGMN and microRNA (miR)-495 modulated the expression levels of autophagy-related gene 3 (ATG3) and p62. Finally, ATG3 overexpression rescued the LGMN-regulated thyroid carcinoma phenotype. In conclusion, LGMN was found to promote thyroid carcinoma progression via the miR-495/autophagy axis, thus providing novel insights for understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Peng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jianxia Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Enqiao Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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15
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Dong Y, Wang D, Luo Y, Chen L, Bai H, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Su X, Zhao J, Liu H, Lu J, Yao Z, Zhao Y, He C, Li X. Comprehensive evaluation of risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:188. [PMID: 33574927 PMCID: PMC7816409 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), it is important to risk-stratify patients who may have a more aggressive tumor biology. The present study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with PTC, which may provide a significant reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. In total, 1,045 patients with PTC [313 with PT microcarcinoma (PTMC) and 732 with non-PTMC] between August 2016 and August 2019 were investigated. The B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation was tested in all samples. The clinical data (sex, age, tumor location, sample type and pathological features) were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent risk factors for LNM. A total of 181/313 (57.8%) PTMC cases and 145/732 (19.8%) non-PTMC cases had a BRAF V600E mutation. In the PTMC cases, significant differences in sex and sample type were identified (BRAF V600E mutation vs. wild-type). In the non-PTMC cases, significant differences in sex and age were identified (BRAF V600E mutation vs. wild-type). Female sex and tumor diameter ≤1 cm were significant independent predictors of LNM in PTC. In PTMC, female sex was a significant independent predictor of LNM. A bilateral tumor was an independent protective factor for LNM in PTC, PTMC and non-PTMC. The BRAF V600E mutation rate of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was higher compared with FFPE in PTMC (P=0.018). In contrast to previous studies, the results of the present study suggested that being female and having a tumor of diameter ≤1 cm were risk factors for LNM, and that the BRAF wild-type of PTMC may be more aggressive than other types. Notably, the position of the tumor in the bilateral thyroid was also an independent protective factor for LNM. Therefore, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration should be recommended for gene analysis (BRAF V600E) in PTMC. In addition, clinicians should consider an individualized treatment according to gene mutations, sex, age, tumor size and the location of the tumor, in order to achieve an improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Rongchang District, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Luo
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Huili Bai
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Shen
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yangli Zhang
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xinliang Su
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinqiu Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Huandong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, P.R. China
| | - Jungao Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, Guizhou 558000, P.R. China
| | - Zuoyi Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Changlong He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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16
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New Insights into the Link between Melanoma and Thyroid Cancer: Role of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020367. [PMID: 33578751 PMCID: PMC7916461 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health concern, mainly because of the incompletely understood dynamics of molecular mechanisms for progression and resistance to treatments. The link between melanoma and thyroid cancer (TC) has been noted in numerous patients. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins is a common mechanism in melanoma and TC that promotes tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Papillary TC (PTC) patients have a 1.8-fold higher risk for developing cutaneous malignant melanoma than healthy patients. Our group and others showed that patients with melanoma have a 2.15 to 2.3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported as a biological marker for aggressiveness and a potential genetic link between malignant melanoma and TC. The main mechanistic factor in the connection between these two cancer types is the alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway activation and translocation. The mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking associated with RAS, RAF, and Wnt signaling pathways in melanoma and TC are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the roles of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, p27, forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), and NF-KB within the nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and their association with tumor aggressiveness. A meticulous English-language literature analysis was performed using the PubMed Central database. Search parameters included articles published up to 2021 with keyword search terms melanoma and thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer.
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17
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Zhao W, He L, Zhu J, Su A. A nomogram model based on the preoperative clinical characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis to predict central lymph node metastasis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:310-321. [PMID: 32984984 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preoperative prediction of central lymph node (LN) metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) provides an important basis for surgical decision-making, especially regarding the extent of tumour resection. We aimed to develop and validate a nomogram model for the preoperative assessment of central LN metastasis. METHODS We retrospectively collected the data of 994 PTC patients with HT who underwent surgery at the West China Hospital from January 2008 to December 2017. Among them, 606 patients who underwent surgeries relatively earlier comprised the training cohort for nomogram development, while the other 388 who underwent surgeries relatively later formed the validation cohort to validate the model's performance. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using the data of the two respective cohorts, as well as the data of the combined cohort. The relevant preoperative potential risk factors include demographic characteristics, medical history information, thyroid function test, ultrasound characteristics and BRAF V600E gene detection. A nomogram model was subsequently developed. The performance, discrimination and calibration of the nomogram model were assessed in the training and validation cohorts and in the combined cohort. RESULTS The central LN metastasis rate of PTC with HT was 49.7% (301/606) and 48.7% (193/388) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that younger age, normal body mass index, BRAF V600E mutation, larger maximum diameter, left lobe tumour, aspect ratio >1, capsular invasion and calcification were significant risk factors for central LN metastasis in PTC patients with HT. The preoperative nomogram showed good calibration and discrimination for the training and validation cohorts, as well as for the combined data set. CONCLUSION The nomogram we developed and validated with a comprehensive set of preoperative factors is effective in predicting central LN metastasis in PTC patients with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linye He
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anping Su
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Gao X, Luo W, He L, Cheng J, Yang L. Predictors and a Prediction Model for Central Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (cN0). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:789310. [PMID: 35154002 PMCID: PMC8828537 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.789310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To screen out the predictors of central cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and establish a prediction model to guide the operation of PTC patients (cN0). METHODS Data from 296 PTC patients (cN0) who underwent thyroid operation at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were collected and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups in accordance with central CLNM or not. Their information, including ultrasound (US) features, BRAFV600E status, and other characteristics of the two groups, was analyzed and compared using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and the independent predictors were selected to construct a nomogram. The calibration plot, C-index, and decision curve analysis were used to assess the prediction model's calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. RESULTS A total of 37.8% (112/296) of PTC patients had central CLNM, and 62.2% (184/296) did not. The two groups were compared using a univariate logistic regression analysis, and there were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, aspect ratio, boundary, morphology, hypoechoic nodule, thyroid peroxidase antibody, or tumor location (P>0.05), and there were significant differences between age, tumor size, capsule contact, microcalcifications, blood flow signal, thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), and BRAF gene status (P<0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to further clarify the correlation of these indices. However, only tumor size (OR=2.814, 95% Cl=1.634~4.848, P<0.001), microcalcifications (OR=2.839, 95% Cl=1,684~4.787, P<0.001) and TgAb (OR=1.964, 95% Cl=1.039~3,711, P=0.038) were independent predictors of central CLNM and were incorporated and used to construct the prediction nomogram. The model had good discrimination with a C-index of 0.715. An ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of this model. The decision curve analysis showed that the model was clinically useful when intervention was decided in the threshold range of 16% to 80%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, three independent predictors of central CLNM, including tumor size (> 1.0 cm), US features (microcalcifications), and TgAb (positive), were screened out. A visualized nomogram model was established based on the three predictors in this study, which could be used as a basis of central cervical lymph node dissection (CLND) for PTC patients (cN0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenpei Luo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyun He
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
- Scientific Research and Education Section, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Yang,
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19
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Ieni A, Vita R, Cardia R, Giuffré G, Benvenga S, Tuccari G. BRAF Status in Papillary Microcarcinomas of the Thyroid Gland: a Brief Review. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:665-672. [PMID: 31625469 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190717161359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined by the World Health Organization as papillary cancer measuring 10 mm or less in diameter. Generally, PTMC shows an indolent clinical behavior with a good prognosis, although a minority of PTMC is characterized by an aggressive course. However, efforts to identify this aggressive subset of PTMC after surgery remain inconclusive. Several oncogenic pathways have been identified in thyroid cancer and have been applied translationally to improve prognosis and clinical management. In particular, the BRAFV600E mutation was found more frequently in large, aggressive, recurrent and advanced tumors. We aimed at reviewing studies on BRAFV600E mutation as a prognostic factor in PTMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffré
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
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20
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Wieczorek-Szukala K, Kopczynski J, Kowalska A, Lewinski A. Snail-1 Overexpression Correlates with Metastatic Phenotype in BRAF V600E Positive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2701. [PMID: 32825554 PMCID: PMC7565998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer to metastasize is regulated by various signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), also implicated in the upregulation of Snail-1 transcription factor in malignant neoplasms. B-type Raf kinase gene (BRAF)V600E, the most common driving mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid cancer cells through changes in the Snail-1 level, increasing cell migration and invasion. However, little is known about the mechanism of Snail-1 and BRAFV600E relations in humans. Our study included 61 PTC patients with evaluated BRAFV600E mutation status. A total of 18 of those patients had lymph node metastases-of whom 10 were BRAFV600E positive, and 8 negative. Our findings indicate that the expression of Snail-1, but not TGFβ1, correlates with the metastatic phenotype in PTC. This is the first piece of evidence that the upregulation of Snail-1 corresponds with the presence of BRAFV600E mutation and increased expression of Snail-1 in metastatic PTC samples is dependent on BRAFV600E mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Kopczynski
- Department of Pathology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
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21
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Chavda J, Bhatt H. Systemic review on B-Raf V600E mutation as potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112675. [PMID: 32798788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major public catastrophes worldwide and as per WHO, cancer is the leading cause of death universally after CVS disorders accounting for 9.6 million deaths in 2018. WHO statistics revealed five dangerous types of cancer viz. lung, breast, colorectal, prostate and skin. In male, lung cancer causes highest death, while in female, breast cancer causes the most. Alteration in MAPK signalling pathway plays a significant role in majority of cancer cases. Raf protein is activated by phosphorylation via downstream regulation of the MAPK pathway. Raf composed of 3 subtypes, viz. A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf. B-Raf kinase plays a significant role in healthy cell growth in the MAPK pathway and the problem associated with B-Raf mutation leads to the development of cancer and other diseases. The progression of mutant B-Raf (B-RafV600E) protein is higher in cancer as compare to other diseases. In 2002, B-RafV600E mutation was identified for the first time in the development of cancer. The frequency of B-RafV600E mutation is higher in melanoma, thyroid, colorectal and ovarian cancer. We have covered small molecule B-RafV600E inhibitors reported in various literatures; from 2002 to 2020 and also covered clinical trial data. To widen the scope of readers, we compiled details of small molecules, specifically inhibiting B-RafV600E mutant and showing anti-proliferative activity against various cancer cell lines along with in-vivo data. We believe that the information covered here will be important in signifying the potentials of B-RafV600E mutation and its inhibitors as potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeepsinh Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382 481, India
| | - Hardik Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382 481, India.
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22
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Dong SY, Chen J, Xia EJ, Lin RX, Du HY, Wang OC, Zhang XH, Hao RT. Clinical Analysis of BRAF V600E Mutation and Its Correlation With Sonographic Image Characteristics in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Chinese Coastal Areas. Am Surg 2020; 86:450-457. [PMID: 32684022 DOI: 10.1177/0003134820919734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the characteristics of BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in Chinese coastal areas. We intended to identify noninvasive methods to determine BRAFV600E status in thyroid nodules prior to surgery. BRAFV600E mutation and the sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules were investigated in 670 PTC patients in our hospital. We aimed to determine the relationship between BRAFV600E mutation and the clinicopathological and sonographic imaging characteristics of PTC. The mutation rate of the BRAFV600E was 78.2%. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with central node (univariate analyses, P = .005; multivariate analyses, P < .001, odds ratio [OR] = 10.255) and lateral node metastases (univariate analyses, P = .001; multivariate analyses, P < .001, OR = 22). It was less frequent in PTC coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (univariate analyses, P = .016; multivariate analyses, P < .001, OR = .034). Nodules without blood flow had a significantly higher mutation rate of BRAFV600E in PTC patients (univariate analyses, P = .026). BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with high suspicion in the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System 5 (univariate analyses, P = .004; multivariate analyses, P = .014, OR = 6.456). Our results strongly suggest that BRAFV600E mutation plays a potential role in lymph node metastasis (central node metastasis, OR = 10.225; lateral node metastasis, OR = 22). Some sonographic imaging features might be helpful in estimating the status of BRAFV600E preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yang Dong
- 89657 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- 89657 Operating Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Er-Jie Xia
- 89657 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ri-Xu Lin
- 89657 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hai-Yan Du
- 89657 Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ou-Chen Wang
- 89657 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- 89657 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ru-Tian Hao
- 89657 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Guo D, Li F, Zhao X, Long B, Zhang S, Wang A, Cao D, Sun J, Li B. Circular RNA expression and association with the clinicopathological characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:519-532. [PMID: 32468074 PMCID: PMC7336492 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of RNAs, with higher stability and tissue specificity, which may be of value as novel clinical markers. High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to profile the expression of circRNAs in 5 pairs of cancer and normal tissues, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was employed to verify the results of the RNA sequencing in 45 cases of PTC. The dysregulated circRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics were assessed and the potential roles of circRNAs in the cellular miRNA and mRNA network were predicted using bioinformatics analysis. The results demonstrated that, compared with normal tissues, a total of 53 circRNAs were dysregulated in tumour tissues, and 8 circRNAs were validated at the mRNA level (P<0.001 and P<0.01). Among those, the expression of chr5:161330882-161336769- (P=0.015), chr9:22046750-22097364+ (P=0.041) and chr8:18765448-18804898- (P=0.036) were obviously associated with the BRAFV600E mutation, chr12:129699809-129700698- was associated with capsular invasion (P=0.025) and chr5:38523418-38530666- was associated with pT stage (P=0.037) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.002). Therefore, some dysregulated circRNAs were found to be associated with BRAFV600E mutation, capsular invasion, advanced pT stage and lymph node metastasis of PTC, indicating that circRNAs may be involved in tumourigenesis and cancer progression, and they may be putative biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of progression of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Guo
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bo Long
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Dingyan Cao
- Medical Science Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Binglu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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24
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Al-Salam S, Sharma C, Afandi B, Al Dahmani K, Al-Zahrani AS, Al Shamsi A, Al Kaabi J. BRAF and KRAS mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231341. [PMID: 32315324 PMCID: PMC7173769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant thyroid neoplasm comprising 80–90% of all thyroid malignancies. Molecular changes in thyroid follicular cells are likely associated with the development of PTC. Mutations in serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF) and Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) are commonly seen in PTC. Methods In total, 90 cases of PTC are randomly selected from archive paraffin blocks and 10μm sections were cut and processed for DNA extraction. BRAFV600E mutation and 8 types of KRAS mutations were investigated using Real Time PCR. Results BRAFV600E mutation was identified in 46% of PTC while KRAS mutations were seen in 11% of PTC. There was significant correlation between BRAFV600E mutation and PTC larger than 5cm in diameter, positive surgical margin and lymph node metastasis. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly higher in patients with less than 55-year of age than those more than 55-year of age. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly higher in patients with family history of thyroid cancer than those without. There was no significant difference in BRAFV600E mutation between males and females, PTC classic and follicular variants, unifocal and multifocal PTC. There was a significant higher percentage of BRAFV600E mutation in classic PTC than papillary microcarcinoma variant. There was no significant age, gender, histologic type, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor focality, and surgical margin status differences between KRAS mutated and non-mutated PTC. Conclusion BRAFV600E and KRAS mutation are seen in a significant number of PTC in the UAE. BRAF mutation is significantly correlated with large tumor size, positive surgical margins and lymph node metastasis suggesting an association between BRAFV600E mutation and tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bachar Afandi
- Endocrine Division, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ali S. Al-Zahrani
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Division, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Shamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juma Al Kaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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25
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Pamedytyte D, Simanaviciene V, Dauksiene D, Leipute E, Zvirbliene A, Sarauskas V, Dauksa A, Verkauskiene R, Zilaitiene B. Association of MicroRNA Expression and BRAF V600E Mutation with Recurrence of Thyroid Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E625. [PMID: 32316638 PMCID: PMC7226510 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many miRNAs and cancer-related mutations have been proposed as promising molecular markers of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, there are limited data on the correlation between miRNA expression, BRAFV600E mutation, and PTC recurrence. Therefore, to evaluate the potential of BRAFV600E mutation and five selected miRNAs (-146b, -222, -21, -221, -181b) in predicting PTC recurrence, these molecular markers were analyzed in 400 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PTC tissue specimens. The expression levels of miRNAs were measured using qRT-PCR. It was demonstrated that expression levels of all analyzed miRNAs are significantly higher in recurrent PTC than in non-recurrent PTC (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher expression levels of miR-146b, miR-222, miR-21, and miR-221 were associated with other clinicopathologic features of PTC, such as tumor size and lymph node metastases at initial surgery (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the frequency of BRAFV600E mutation in recurrent PTC and non-recurrent PTC were determined. Our results suggest that miRNA expression profile differs in PTC that is prone to recurrence when compared to PTC that does not reoccur after the initial surgery while BRAFV600E mutation frequency does not reflect the PTC recurrence status. However, the prognostic value of the analyzed miRNAs is rather limited in individual cases as the pattern of miRNA expression is highly overlapping between recurrent and non-recurrent PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Pamedytyte
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT- 10257, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Simanaviciene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT- 10257, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Dauksiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Enrika Leipute
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT- 10257, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT- 10257, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Sarauskas
- Department of Pathology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Dauksa
- Institute for Digestive Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Birute Zilaitiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania
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26
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Zhang J, Yan D, He L, Zhang Q, Wen S, Liu P, Zhou H, Peng Y. Expression of Caveolin-1 Is Associated With Thyroid Function in Patients With Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820919330. [PMID: 32313526 PMCID: PMC7160781 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820919330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of caveolin-1 in thyroid
follicular epithelial cells of papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid
cancer, and nonmalignant thyroid nodule benign follicular adenoma, as well
as to explore the relationship between the levels of caveolin-1 and thyroid
function. Methods: Thirty cases of papillary thyroid cancer, 10 cases of follicular thyroid
cancer, 32 cases of nonmalignant thyroid nodule benign follicular adenoma,
and 30 controls were enrolled in this study. Caveolin-1 expression in tissue
specimens obtained from these cases was evaluated by immunohistochemistry
and Western blotting. Results: Caveolin-1 expression in thyroid epithelial cells of patients with papillary
thyroid cancer, particularly female patients, was significantly higher than
that in patients with follicular thyroid cancer and nonmalignant thyroid
nodule benign follicular adenoma (P < .005). Serum
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the caveolin-1-positive
expression group were lower than that in the caveolin-1-negative expression
group, and the lowest expression of caveolin-1 was detected in tissues of
patients with Graves’ disease. The serum TSH level was associated with
caveolin-1 expression in thyroid epithelial cells. Conclusion: Caveolin-1 may participate in regulating thyroid function and is a potential
biomarker of follicular thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Dongxia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Ma'anshan People's Hospital, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Lianping He
- College of Experience Industry, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ma'anshan People's Hospital, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongde Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Associations of the BRAF V600E Mutation and PAQR3 Protein Expression with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Clinicopathological Features. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1833-1841. [PMID: 31758408 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The BRAFV600E mutation is the most prevalent genetic event in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, no study has investigated the expression of PAQR3 in papillary thyroid tissues in relation to the BRAFV600E mutation and the clinicopathological features of PTC patients. Furthermore, the potential associations of the BRAFV600E mutation, PAQR3 expression and clinicopathological parameters in the cancerous tissues of PTC patients have not been investigated. This study was conducted on 60 patients with PTC who were treated surgically at our institution from 2017 to 2018. PCR was used to amplify DNA by the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method to detect BRAFV600E gene mutations. In addition, immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to assess PAQR3 expression in tumor tissue sections. The BRAFV600E mutation was associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM, p < 0.05) but not with other clinicopathological features. Low PAQR3 expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension and LNM (χ2 = 7.143, p = 0.009; χ2 = 6.459, p = 0.014, respectively). Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and LNM (χ2 = 5.275, p = 0.0250). A linear relationship between the BRAFV600E mutation and PAQR3 protein expression has not been identified. These factors may be independent risk factors of extrathyroidal extension and LNM in PTC and be used to indicate the invasiveness of PTC tumors. Higher quality, multivariate analyses based on larger samples from around the world are urgently needed to further validate and revise our findings in the future.
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BRAF Inhibitors in Thyroid Cancer: Clinical Impact, Mechanisms of Resistance and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091388. [PMID: 31540406 PMCID: PMC6770736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS)/v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (RAF)/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK) signaling cascade is the most important oncogenic pathway in human cancers. Tumors leading mutations in the gene encoding for v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) serine-threonine kinase are reliant on the MAPK signaling pathway for their growth and survival. Indeed, the constitutive activation of MAPK pathway results in continuous stimulation of cell proliferation, enhancement of the apoptotic threshold and induction of a migratory and metastatic phenotype. In a clinical perspective, this scenario opens to the possibility of targeting BRAF pathway for therapy. Thyroid carcinomas (TCs) bearing BRAF mutations represent approximately 29–83% of human thyroid malignancies and, differently from melanomas, are less sensitive to BRAF inhibitors and develop primary or acquired resistance due to mutational events or activation of alternative signaling pathways able to reactivate ERK signaling. In this review, we provide an overview on the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms leading to resistance to BRAF inhibitors in human thyroid carcinomas and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies, including combinations of BRAF inhibitors with other targeted agents, which might be employed to overcome drug resistance and potentiate the activity of single agent BRAF inhibitors.
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Ucal Y, Tokat F, Duren M, Ince U, Ozpinar A. Peptide Profile Differences of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features, Encapsulated Follicular Variant, and Classical Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Thyroid 2019; 29:1125-1137. [PMID: 31064269 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The lack of papillary structures and faint and/or unclear core features of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FV-PTC) may hamper the definitive fine needle aspiration biopsy -based diagnosis. Recently, the nomenclature of noninvasive encapsulated FV-PTC was revised to "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP). However, it remains inconclusive whether or not the peptide patterns differ between NIFTP and encapsulated FV-PTC. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the viability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) in the pathological assessment of NIFTP and to evaluate the discriminatory power of MALDI MSI for the classification of classical variant of PTC (CV-PTC), NIFTP, and encapsulated FV-PTC. Methods: MALDI MSI was employed to investigate the changes in peptide profiles from 21 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples (n = 7 from each group of CV-PTC, NIFTP, and FV-PTC). Six out of seven FV-PTC FFPE tissue samples were encapsulated FV-PTC; only one was infiltrative FV-PTC. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for the identification of the peptide signals detected in MALDI MSI. Results: Using receiver operating characteristics analysis, 10 peptide signals distinguished NIFTP from normal thyroid parenchyma (area under the curve [AUC] >0.80). To evaluate the discriminatory power of MALDI MSI, statistically significant peptide signals (n = 88) within three groups were used for hierarchical clustering. The method had high discriminatory power for distinguishing CV-PTC from NIFTP and FV-PTC (encapsulated and infiltrative). The majority of the NIFTP and encapsulated FV-PTC were clustered together, indicating that NIFTP could not be distinguished from encapsulated FV-PTC. However, infiltrative FV-PTC FFPE tissue samples had the furthest distance from all the NIFTP cases. High signal intensities of S100-A6, vimentin, and cytoplasmic actin 1 were detected in FV-PTC, prelamin A/C in CV-PTC, and 60S ribosomal protein L6 and L8 in NIFTP tissues. Conclusions: MALDI MSI, a powerful tool combining histological and mass spectrometric data, enabled the differentiation of NIFTP from normal thyroid parenchyma. Although NIFTP is a recent definition that replaces noninvasive encapsulated FV-PTC, the peptide profiles of NIFTP and encapsulated FV-PTC were found to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Ucal
- 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Tokat
- 2Department of Pathology, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mete Duren
- 3Department of General Surgery, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Ince
- 2Department of Pathology, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Reyes I, Reyes N, Suriano R, Iacob C, Suslina N, Policastro A, Moscatello A, Schantz S, Tiwari RK, Geliebter J. Gene expression profiling identifies potential molecular markers of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:71-83. [PMID: 30614796 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide, with the predominant form papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) representing approximately 80% of cases. OBJECTIVE This study was addressed to identify potential genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PTC and potential novel biomarkers for this disease. METHODS Gene expression profiling was carried out by DNA microarray technology. Validation of microarray data by qRT-PCR, western blot, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was also performed in a selected set of genes and gene products, with the potential to be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, such as those associated with cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and immune/inflammatory response. RESULTS In this study we found that upregulation of extracellular activities, such as proteoglycans, ECM-receptor interaction, and cell adhesion molecules, were the most prominent feature of PTC. Significantly over-expressed genes included SDC1 (syndecan 1), SDC4 (syndecan 4), KLK7 (kallikrein-related peptidase 7), KLK10 (kallikrein-related peptidase 10), SLPI (secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor), GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor-15), ALOX5 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase), SFRP2 (secreted Frizzled-related protein 2), among others. Further, elevated KLK10 levels were detected in patients with PTC. Many of these genes belong to KEGG pathway "Proteoglycans in cancer". CONCLUSIONS Using DNA microarray analysis allowed the identification of genes and pathways with known important roles in malignant transformation, and also the discovery of novel genes that may be potential biomarkers for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Niradiz Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Codrin Iacob
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina Suslina
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Policastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Augustine Moscatello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Raj K Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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31
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Ding Y, Feng J, Xu XH, Yao J, Ying RB. Medullary and papillary thyroid carcinomas in a patient with a C634Y mutation in the RET proto-oncogene: A case report. Indian J Cancer 2019; 56:173-175. [PMID: 31062739 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_472_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 41 year old man presented with a familial history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) and severe hypertension. Rearranged during transfection (RET) gene sequencing confirmed a Cys634Tyr mutation of TGC to TAC. Total thyroidectomy and bilateral neck dissection were performed and the pathological assessment revealed a medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), 0.6 cm in size on the right side (number of lymph nodes: 0/2, 0/15, 0/12, and 0/8 in areas VI, II, III, and IV, respectively) and a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 0.2 cm in size on the left side (numbers of lymph nodes: 2/6, 0/3, 0/10, and 0/6 in areas VI, II, III, and IV, respectively). There were no pathological changes in the MTC observed in the thyroid tissues on the left side. We believe that the follow-up of patients with both MTC and PTC should utilize a combination of the respective principles for rational disease reassessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Taizhou Branch of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xun-Hua Xu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Taizhou Branch of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Taizhou Branch of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong-Biao Ying
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Taizhou Branch of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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32
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Means C, Clayburgh DR, Maloney L, Sauer D, Taylor MH, Shindo ML, Coussens LM, Tsujikawa T. Tumor immune microenvironment characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma are associated with histopathological aggressiveness and BRAF mutation status. Head Neck 2019; 41:2636-2646. [PMID: 30896061 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) follows an indolent course; however, up to 30% of patients develop recurrent disease requiring further treatment. Profiling PTC immune complexity may provide new biomarkers for improved risk prediction. METHODS Immune complexity profiles were quantitatively evaluated by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) in archived tissue sections from 39 patients with PTC, and were assessed for correlations with aggressive histopathological features based on the presence of lymphovascular invasion and/or extrathyroidal extension, and BRAF V600E mutational status. RESULTS mIHC revealed two distinct immune clusters stratifying patients: a lymphoid-inflamed group (higher CD8+ T cells, reduced dendritic and mast cells) and a myeloid/hypo-inflamed group that correlated with aggressive pathological features. BRAF mutation was not associated with aggressive pathological features but did correlate with increased mast cell density. CONCLUSIONS Distinct immune microenvironments exist in PTC correlating with pathological aggressiveness. Immune-based biomarkers associated with possible tumor-immune interactions may be used for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Means
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniel R Clayburgh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Operative Care Division, Portland Veterans' Affairs Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lauren Maloney
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David Sauer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew H Taylor
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Maisie L Shindo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Takahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Guo L, Ma YQ, Yao Y, Wu M, Deng ZH, Zhu FW, Luo YK, Tang J. Role of ultrasonographic features and quantified BRAFV600E mutation in lymph node metastasis in Chinese patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 30635590 PMCID: PMC6329760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) and ultrasonographic features as well as BRAFV600E mutations in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remained controversial. This study investigated the association between LNM and ultrasonographic features as well as BRAFV600E mutation in Chinese patients with PTC. A total of 280 patients with PTC in China were included in this study. 108 had cervical lymph node metastasis, while 172 had not. Younger age (<45years) and several ultrasonographic features were significantly associated with cervical LNM (Ps < 0.05). The BRAFV600E mutation was detected in 81.0% of patients with PTC (226/280). The status of BRAFV600E mutation was not associated with cervical LNM. However, Ct values by PCR and intensity of reactions by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRAFV600E expression had shown significant difference between group with and without LNM. Furthermore, an increased proportion of LNM was also found with the incremental intensity of IHC for BRAFV600E expression from weak to strong reaction after adjusted potential confounders. Further studies are required to verify this association and explore the intrinsic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Departments of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Qi Ma
- Departments of Pathology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wu
- Departments of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hui Deng
- Research Laboratory of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Institute, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Wei Zhu
- Departments of Pathology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kun Luo
- Departments of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Departments of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Chen J, Li XL, Zhao CK, Wang D, Wang Q, Li MX, Wei Q, Ji G, Xu HX. Conventional Ultrasound, Immunohistochemical Factors and BRAF V600E Mutation in Predicting Central Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2296-2306. [PMID: 30100099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating the correlation between central cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients and ultrasound (US) features, immunohistochemical factors and BRAFV600E mutation. A total of 225 consecutive patients (225 PTCs) who had undergone surgery were included. All PTCs were pre-operatively analysed by US with respect to size, components, echogenicity, shape, margins, microcalcification, multiple cancers or not, internal vascularity and capsule contact or involvement. The presence of four immunohistochemical factors, including cytokeratin 19, human bone marrow endothelial cell 1, galectin-3 and thyroid peroxidase, and BRAFV600E mutation was also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for central CLNM, and a risk model was established. Pathologically, 44% (99/225) of the PTCs had central CLNMs. Multivariate analysis revealed that size ≤10mm, microcalcification, internal vascularity, capsule contact or involvement and BRAFV600E mutation were independent risk factors for central CLNM. The risk score for central CLNM was calculated as follows: risk score = 1.5 × (if lesion size ≤10 mm) + 1.9 × (if microcalcification) + 0.8 × (if internal flow) + 3.0 × (if capsule contact or involvement) + 1.5 × (if BRAFV600E mutation). The rating result was divided into six stages, and the relevant risk rates of central CLNM were 0% (0/1), 0% (0/22), 7.4% (4/54), 48.6% (34/70), 71.2% (42/59) and 100% (19/19), respectively. In conclusion, PTC ≤10mm, microcalcification, internal vascularity, capsule contact or involvement and BRAFV600E mutation are risk factors for central CLNM. The risk model may be useful in treatment planning and management of patients with PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Long Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Ke Zhao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xu Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Ji
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Thyroid Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai, China.
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Murakami Y, Shimura T, Okada R, Kofunato Y, Ishigame T, Yashima R, Nakano K, Suzuki S, Takenoshita S. Pancreatic metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma preoperatively diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a case report with review of literatures. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018; 11:521-529. [PMID: 29948817 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-018-0875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic metastatic tumors from thyroid carcinoma are extremely rare. We report a case of an 80-year-old female with a pancreatic metastatic tumor derived from papillary thyroid carcinoma which was initially resected 158 months prior to detection of the metastatic pancreatic tumor. The patient has encountered cervical lymph-node metastasis on three occasions following the initial operation. Metastatic pancreatic lesions and cervical lymph nodes were first detected using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography, and she was preoperatively diagnosed using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A coin lesion, 10 mm in size, was detected in the left lung by chest computed tomography with no abnormal uptake in 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography. Distal pancreatectomy and cervical lymph-node dissection were performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel was administered because anaplastic transformation had been detected in one of the cervical lymph nodes. The patient eventually died from multiple lung metastases 11 months after removing the metastatic pancreatic lesion. We reported a rare case of a pancreatic metastatic tumor from thyroid carcinoma, and found that 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy are useful for preoperatively diagnosing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Murakami
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shimura
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Ryo Okada
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kofunato
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Teruhide Ishigame
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Rei Yashima
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakano
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinichi Suzuki
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiichi Takenoshita
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Xia E, Wang Y, Bhandari A, Niu J, Yang F, Yao Z, Wang O. CITED1 gene promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:105-112. [PMID: 29928391 PMCID: PMC6006398 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine organs. In order to further understand the tumorigenesis and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the present study performed whole transcriptome sequence analysis. It was found that Cbp/p300-interacting transactivators with glutamic acid [E] and aspartic acid [D]-rich C-terminal domain 1 (CITED1) was a novel potential PTC-associated gene in thyroid cancer. The expression level and clinicopathological features of CITED1 were then assessed in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression of CITED1 was knocked down and the biological function of CITED1 in PTC cell lines was examined. The results showed that upregulated CITED1 was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.006) and clinical stage (P=0.003). In order to differentiate PTC tissues and normal tissues, an area under the curve was constructed of a receiver operating characteristic of 91.3% for the TCGA cohort and 85.3% for a validated cohort. The downregulated expression of CITED1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in the PTC cell lines. The present study demonstrated that CITED1 is important in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of PTC and may be a potential therapeutic target in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjie Xia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jizhao Niu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Hashemzadeh S, Imani D, Javad Rashid R, Tarzamani MK, Pourasghary S. Evaluation of Ultrasonography Results in Terms of Involvement of Lymph Nodes before Thyroidectomy and Its Comparison with Pathologic Results after Thyroidectomy in Non-Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. JOURNAL OF ARDABIL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jarums.18.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
The mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway serves an integral role in growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival of all mammalian cells. Aberrant signaling of this pathway is often observed in several types of hematologic and solid malignancies. The most frequent insult to this signaling cascade, leading to its constitutive activation, is to the serine/threonine kinase rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma (RAF). Considering this, the development and approval of various small-molecule inhibitors targeting the MAPK/ERK pathway has become a mainstay of treatment as either mono- or combination therapy in these cancers. Although effective initially, a major clinical barrier with these inhibitors is the relapse of patients due to drug resistance. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs is still premature, highlighting the need for a more in-depth understanding of how patients become insensitive to these pharmacologic interventions. Herein, we will succinctly summarize the milestones in the approval of select MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitors, their use in patients, and major modes of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelyn N Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ton Wang
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Zarkesh M, Zadeh-Vakili A, Azizi F, Fanaei SA, Foroughi F, Hedayati M. The Association of BRAF V600E Mutation With Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 Expression and Clinicopathological Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 16:e56120. [PMID: 29868127 PMCID: PMC5972213 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.56120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) mRNA and protein levels in thyroid tissues, based on BRAF V600E status with the clinicopathologic characteristics of PTC. METHODS A total of 60 fresh frozen tissue samples of PTC patients (15 male and 45 female) were collected during thyroidectomy. All clinicopathological information was obtained and samples were reviewed as well as confirmed by a pathologist; exon 15 of the BRAF gene was genotyped by sequencing, TIMP3 mRNA level was assessed using SYBR-Green Real-Time PCR, and TIMP3 protein level was measured using ELISA. RESULTS Of 60 cases, BRAF mutation was found in 24 (40%). Larger tumor size and higher lymph node metastasis frequency were observed, significant in BRAF (+), compared to the BRAF (-) PTC group (P = 0.039 and P = 0.03, respectively). No significant difference was seen in the tumoral tissues of the TIMP3 mRNA level in BRAF (+), compared to BRAF (-) PTC samples. However, the mean TIMP3 protein level was significantly lower in tumoral tissues, compared to matched non-tumoral tissues in BRAF (+) PTC (P=0.003); TIMP3 protein level was significantly lower in tumoral tissues compared to matched non-tumoral tissues in BRAF (+), in subjects who had no lymph node metastasis and also in subjects with lymph node metastasis in both BRAF positive and negative PTC cases. CONCLUSION Our results showed that BRAF mutation was associated with a larger tumor size, higher frequency of lymph node metastasis, and lower TIMP3 protein levels. Lower TIMP3 protein level was associated with the lymph node metastasis in PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - S Ahmad Fanaei
- Association Professor of General Surgery, Erfan Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Forough Foroughi
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mehdi Hedayati, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122432500, Fax: +98-2122416264, E-mail:
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Park SJ, More S, Murtuza A, Woodward BD, Husain H. New Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:113-129. [PMID: 27912827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the implementation of genomic technologies into clinical practice, we have examples of the predictive benefit of targeted therapy for oncogene-addicted cancer and identified molecular dependencies in non-small cell lung cancer. The clinical success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase activation has shifted treatment emphasize the separation of subsets of lung cancer and genotype-directed therapy. Advances have validated oncogenic driver genes and led to the development of targeted agents. This review highlights treatment options, including clinical trials for ROS1 rearrangement, RET fusions, NTRK1 fusions, MET exon skipping, BRAF mutations, and KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soham More
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayesha Murtuza
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian D Woodward
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hatim Husain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Liu C, Chen T, Liu Z. Associations between BRAF(V600E) and prognostic factors and poor outcomes in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:241. [PMID: 27600854 PMCID: PMC5012084 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study is to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between the BRAFV600E mutation status and aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognostic factors in papillary thyroid cancer. Methods A literature search was performed within the PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science databases, and EMBASE databases using the Medical Subject Headings and keywords from January 2003 to July 2015. Individual study-specific odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated, as were the Mantel-Haenszel pooled odds ratios for the combined studies. Results Sixty-three studies of 20,764 patients were included in the final analysis. Compared with wild-type BRAF, the BRAFV600E mutation was associated with aggressive clinicopathological factors, including extrathyroidal extension, higher TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence, and was associated with reduced overall survival; however, there was no significant association between the presence of BRAF mutation and distant metastasis. Conclusions BRAF mutations are closely associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and poorer prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. Accordingly, aggressive treatment should be considered for papillary thyroid cancer patients with BRAF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Number 1277, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tianwen Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Number 89, Taoyuan Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Number 1277, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Number 238, Jiefanglu, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Mondragón-Terán P, López-Hernández LB, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Suárez-Cuenca JA, Luna-Ceballos RI, Erazo Valle-Solís A. [Intracellular signaling mechanisms in thyroid cancer]. CIR CIR 2016; 84:434-43. [PMID: 27423883 DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, the papillary variant accounts for 80-90% of all diagnosed cases. In the development of papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF and RAS genes are mainly affected, resulting in a modification of the system of intracellular signaling proteins known as «protein kinase mitogen-activated» (MAPK) which consist of «modules» of internal signaling proteins (Receptor/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK) from the cell membrane to the nucleus. In thyroid cancer, these signanling proteins regulate diverse cellular processes such as differentiation, growth, development and apoptosis. MAPK play an important role in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer as they are used as molecular biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and as possible therapeutic molecular targets. Mutations in BRAF gene have been correlated with poor response to treatment with traditional chemotherapy and as an indicator of poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE To review the molecular mechanisms involved in intracellular signaling of BRAF and RAS genes in thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS Molecular therapy research is in progress for this type of cancer as new molecules have been developed in order to inhibit any of the components of the signaling pathway (RET/PTC)/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK; with special emphasis on the (RET/PTC)/Ras/Raf section, which is a major effector of ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mondragón-Terán
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa e Ingeniería de Tejidos, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Luz Berenice López-Hernández
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Gutiérrez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Medicina Experimental, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Antonio Suárez-Cuenca
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Experimental e Investigación Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosa Isela Luna-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa e Ingeniería de Tejidos, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aura Erazo Valle-Solís
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Experimental e Investigación Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México México; Subdirección de Investigación y Enseñanza, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
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Fraser S, Go C, Aniss A, Sidhu S, Delbridge L, Learoyd D, Clifton-Bligh R, Tacon L, Tsang V, Robinson B, Gill AJ, Sywak M. BRAFV600E Mutation is Associated with Decreased Disease-Free Survival in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. World J Surg 2016; 40:1618-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lin JD, Fu SS, Chen JY, Lee CH, Chau WK, Cheng CW, Wang YH, Lin YF, Fang WF, Tang KT. Clinical Manifestations and Gene Expression in Patients with Conventional Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Carrying the BRAF(V600E) Mutation and BRAF Pseudogene. Thyroid 2016; 26:691-704. [PMID: 26914762 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of BRAF(V600E) with the clinical manifestations of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains controversial. Recent studies have shown that the BRAF pseudogene can activate the MAPK pathway and induce tumorigenesis. This study investigated the association of BRAF(V600E), the BRAF pseudogene, and their mRNA levels with clinical features and thyroid-specific gene expression in conventional PTCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 78 specimens were collected from patients with conventional PTCs. RNA was isolated, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA levels of BRAF, the BRAF pseudogene, and thyroid-specific and tumor-related genes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of BRAF, ERK, sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), thyrotropin receptor, glucose transporter 1, and Ki67 was also performed. RESULTS BRAF(V600E) and the BRAF pseudogene were detected in 73.0% (57/78) and 91.7% (44/48), respectively, of the conventional PTCs. The presence of BRAF(V600E) was not associated with the multiple clinical features assessed or the recurrence rate during 76.9 ± 47.2 months of follow-up. Neither was it associated with IHC staining or tumor-related/thyroid-specific gene expression, except for decreased NIS gene expression. The BRAF pseudogene was not associated with clinical characteristics or thyroid-specific gene expression, except for decreased decoy receptor 3 (DCR3) expression. High BRAF mRNA levels were associated with bilateral and multifocal lesions, and BRAF-pseudogene mRNA levels were positively correlated with BRAF mRNA levels (r = 0.415, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION These results do not support the use of the BRAF(V600E) mutation as a prognostic marker of conventional PTC. However, the association of high BRAF mRNA levels with more advanced clinical features suggests that BRAF mRNA levels might be a more useful clinical marker of PTCs, independent of the BRAF(V600E) mutation status. The correlation between BRAF-pseudogene mRNA levels and BRAF mRNA levels in PTCs is in agreement with the hypothesis that the BRAF pseudogene regulates BRAF expression during tumorigenesis by acting as competitive noncoding RNA. However, additional studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Diann Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- 3 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuai-Shuai Fu
- 4 Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chen
- 5 Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsen Lee
- 5 Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Keung Chau
- 6 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 7 Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 8 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Fang
- 9 Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- 10 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
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JIANG LIXIN, CHU HAIDI, ZHENG HAITAO. B-Raf mutation and papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2699-2705. [PMID: 27073540 PMCID: PMC4812206 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent endocrine neoplasm globally. In the majority of thyroid carcinoma cases, a positive prognosis is predicted following administration of the appropriate treatment. A wide range of genetic alterations present in thyroid carcinoma exert their oncogenic actions partially through the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, with the B-Raf mutation in particular being focused on by experts for decades. The B-Raf gene has numerous mutations, however, V600E presents with the highest frequency. It is believed that the existence of the V600E mutation may demonstrate an association with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, however, inconsistencies remain in the literature. A number of explanatory theories have been presented in order to resolve these discrepancies. Recently, it has been suggested that the V600E mutation may function as a target in a novel approach that may aid the diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma, with a number of vying methods put forward to that effect. The current review aims to assist researchers in further understanding the possible association between B-Raf mutations and thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIXIN JIANG
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - HAIDI CHU
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - HAITAO ZHENG
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Dorris ER, Blackshields G, Sommerville G, Alhashemi M, Dias A, McEneaney V, Smyth P, O'Leary JJ, Sheils O. Pluripotency markers are differentially induced by MEK inhibition in thyroid and melanoma BRAFV600E cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:526-42. [PMID: 26828826 PMCID: PMC4910922 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in BRAF are common in melanoma and thyroid carcinoma and drive constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Molecularly targeted therapies of this pathway improves survival compared to chemotherapy; however, responses tend to be short-lived as resistance invariably occursCell line models of melanoma and thyroid carcinoma, +/− BRAFV600E activating mutation, were treated with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Treated and naive samples were assayed for expression of key members of the MAPK pathway. Global microRNA expression profiling of naive and resistant cells was performed via next generation sequencingand indicated pluripotency pathways in resistance. Parental cell lines were progressed to holoclones to confirm the miRNA stemness profileMembers of the MIR302/373/374/520 family of embryonic stem cell specific cell cycle regulating (ESCC) microRNAs were identified as differentially expressed between resistant BRAFV600E melanoma and thyroid cell lines. Upregulated expression of gene and protein stemness markers, upregulated expression of MAPK pathway genes and downregulation of the ESCC MIR302 cluster in BRAFV600E melanoma indicated an increased stem-like phenotype in resistant BRAFV600E melanoma. Conversely, downregulated expression of gene and protein stemness markers, downregulated expression of MAPK pathway genes, upregulation of the ESCC MIR520 cluster, reeexpression of cell surface receptors, and induced differentiation-associated morphology in resistant BRAFV600E indicate a differentiated phenotype associated with MEK inhibitor resistance in BRAFV600E thyroid cellsThe differential patterns of resistance observed between BRAFV600E melanoma and thyroid cell lines may reflect tissue type or de novo differentiation, but could have significant impact on the response of primary and metastatic cells to MEK inhibitor treatment. This study provides a basis for the investigation of the cellular differentiation/self-renewal access and its role in resistance to MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Dorris
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordon Blackshields
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gary Sommerville
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Mohsen Alhashemi
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Andrew Dias
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Victoria McEneaney
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Paul Smyth
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Zhang YZ, Xu T, Cui D, Li X, Yao Q, Gong HY, Liu XY, Chen HH, Jiang L, Ye XH, Zhang ZH, Shen MP, Duan Y, Yang T, Wu XH. Value of TIRADS, BSRTC and FNA-BRAF V600E mutation analysis in differentiating high-risk thyroid nodules. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16927. [PMID: 26597052 PMCID: PMC4657033 DOI: 10.1038/srep16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) and Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (BSRTC) have been used for interpretation of ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) results of thyroid nodules. BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis is a molecular tool in diagnosing thyroid carcinoma. Our objective was to compare the diagnostic value of these methods in differentiating high-risk thyroid nodules. Total 220 patients with high-risk thyroid nodules were recruited in this prospective study. They all underwent ultrasound, FNAC and BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of TIRADS were 73.1% and 88.4%. BSRTC had higher specificity (97.7%) and similar sensitivity (77.6%) compared with TIRADS. The sensitivity and specificity of BRAF(V600E) mutation (85.1%, 100%) were the highest. The combination of BSRTC and BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis significantly increased the efficiency, with 97.8% sensitivity, 97.7% specificity. In patients with BSRTC I-III, the mutation rate of BRAF(V600E) was 64.5% in nodules with TIRADS 4B compared with 8.4% in nodules with TIRADS 3 or 4A (P < 0.001). Our study indicated that combination of BSRTC and BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis bears a great value in differentiating high-risk thyroid nodules. The TIRADS is useful in selecting high-risk patients for FNAB and patients with BSRTC I-III for BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-yan Gong
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-yun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-huan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-hua Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-ping Shen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-hong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
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Choi SH, Baek JH, Lee JH, Choi YJ, Song DE, Chung KW, Kim TY, Shong YK. Evaluation of the Clinical Usefulness of BRAFV600E Mutation Analysis of Core-Needle Biopsy Specimens in Thyroid Nodules with Previous Atypia of Undetermined Significance or Follicular Lesions of Undetermined Significance Results. Thyroid 2015; 25:897-903. [PMID: 25978151 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate diagnosis of thyroid nodules is important for making management decisions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis with core-needle biopsy (CNB+BRAF(V600E)) in thyroid nodules with previous atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (FLUS) results. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 2011 to December 2012, 590 CNB+BRAF(V600E) mutation analyses were performed. We analyzed 200 nodules from 200 patients with previous AUS/FLUS results (22 men, 178 women; mean age, 48.6 years). The clinical usefulness of CNB+BRAF(V600E) was assessed by comparing the rates of conclusive results, the additional value of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis, diagnostic performances, and therapeutic/diagnostic surgery results with those of CNB alone. For the subgroup analysis, the study patients were divided into those with nodules with previous AUS results and those with previous FLUS results. RESULTS All CNB+BRAF(V600E) procedures were well-tolerated. CNB+BRAF(V600E) did not show significantly better diagnostic performance than CNB alone in thyroid nodules with previous AUS/FLUS results. However, the conclusive result rate of CNB+BRAF(V600E) was improved in thyroid nodules with previous AUS/FLUS results (76.5% vs. 73.0%, p=0.016), especially with previous AUS results (81.1% vs. 76.4%, p=0.031). Of the 56 previous AUS result thyroid nodules with surgical management, BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis led to therapeutic surgery in 5.4% by decreasing unnecessary diagnostic surgery. CONCLUSIONS In general, CNB+BRAF(V600E) did not show significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than CNB alone. Although CNB+BRAF(V600E) may add additional value in nodules with previous AUS results, routinely adding BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis to CNB is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Choi
- 1 Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- 1 Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- 1 Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Choi
- 1 Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Song
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Wook Chung
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- 4 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- 4 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Asan Medical Center, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Na JI, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Kim HK, Moon KS, Lee JS, Lee JH, Lee KH, Park JT. VE1 immunohistochemical detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid carcinoma: a review of its usefulness and limitations. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:155-68. [PMID: 25894433 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation is a valuable prognostic factor in thyroid carcinoma despite lingering debate. Successful immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of the BRAF V600E mutation using a VE1 antibody was introduced recently. The objective of this study was to verify the usefulness of IHC detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid carcinoma using the VE1 antibody. IHC detection of BRAF V600E was performed on various thyroid carcinoma subtypes. IHC results were compared with those obtained from real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. Discordant cases were re-examined using a direct sequencing method following nested PCR amplification. The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 68 % (71/104) of papillary carcinoma cases and 78 % (7/9) of anaplastic carcinoma cases. The mutation was not detected in patients with follicular carcinoma (0/18) or in medullary carcinoma (0/21). The overall sensitivity and specificity of IHC using the VE1 antibody were 100 and 94 %, respectively, suggesting that molecular-based results were indeterminable in four VE1-positive cases. IHC using the VE1 antibody is a highly sensitive and specific method for BRAF V600E mutation detection and may represent a future replacement for DNA-based molecular tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-In Na
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, #5 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwang-ju, 501-746, South Korea
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Yu L, Ma L, Tu Q, Zhang YI, Chen Y, Yu D, Yang S. Clinical significance of BRAF V600E mutation in 154 patients with thyroid nodules. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2633-2638. [PMID: 26137119 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients from eastern coastal China and to determine whether it is correlated with the clinicopathological features of PTCs with or without current Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). The BRAF V600E mutation status was analyzed in 206 thyroid nodules of 154 patients undergoing thyroidectomy using polymerase chain reaction and bi-directional sequencing. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association of the BRAF V600E mutation with clinicopathological features. Thyroid nodules were classified as PTC, nodular goiter (NG), adenomatoid nodule, adenoma and HT. The BRAF V600E mutation was observed in 61.5% of PTCs analyzed; it was also detected in one normal tissue adjacent to PTC and one NG. One patient exhibited double mutations in the BRAF gene; the BRAF V600E mutation in the PTC lesion and the BRAF K601E mutation in the contralateral NG lesion. Patients harboring the BRAF V600E mutation had higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels (2.453±1.464 vs. 1.966±1.296 mIU/l), a reduced occurrence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (55.0 vs. 88%), and a higher occurrence of lymph node metastasis (LNM; 42.5 vs. 16.0%) compared with those with wild-type BRAF (all P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the BRAF V600E mutation was associated with LNM of PTC (hazard ratio, 5.051; 95% confidence interval, 1.068-23.893; P=0.041). Conversely, no association was identified between the BRAF V600E mutation and HT (38.5 vs. 67.3%, χ2=3.656, P=0.056). Thus, in regional PTCs, the BRAF V600E mutation was prevalent, suggesting that it may be an early and phenotypically defining molecular event in PTC, and may represent an independent factor that predicts LNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qiaofeng Tu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Y I Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Daojun Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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