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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Epidemiological, serological, and genetic evidence of influenza D virus infection in humans: Is it a justifiable cause for concern? Virulence 2023; 14:2150443. [PMID: 36411274 PMCID: PMC9817117 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Widaliz Vega-Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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Papagiannis D, Perlepe G, Tendolouri T, Karakitsiou P, Damagka G, Kalaitzi A, Alevra S, Malli F, Gourgoulianis KI. Proportion of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and Adenovirus Cases via Rapid Tests in the Community during Winter 2023-A Cross Sectional Study. Diseases 2023; 11:122. [PMID: 37754318 PMCID: PMC10529898 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections constitute a major reason for infants and children seeking medical advice and visiting health facilities, thus remaining a significant public threat with high morbidity and mortality. The predominant viruses causing viral respiratory infections are influenza A and B viruses (Flu-A, Flu-B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and coronaviruses. We aimed to record the proportion of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B and adenovirus cases with rapid antigen tests and validate the results with RT-PCR assays of upper respiratory specimens with a wide range of viral loads and (co)-infection patterns in children. Clinical samples were collected from early symptomatic children (presenting with fever and/or cough and/or headache within 5-7 days). The surveillance program was conducted in five private pediatric dispensaries and one pediatric care unit, from 10 January 2023 to 30 March 2023 in central Greece. The total sample of specimens collected was 784 young children and infants, of which 383 (48.8%) were female and 401 were male (51.2%). The mean age of participants was 7.3 + 5.5 years. The sensitivity of the FLU A & B test was 91.15% (95% CI: 84.33-95.67%), and the specificity was 98.96% (95% CI: 97.86-99.58%). The sensitivity and specificity of the adenovirus and RSV test was {92.45% (95% CI: 81.79-97.91%), 99.32% (95% CI: 98.41-99.78%)} and {92.59% (95% CI: 75.71-99.09%), 99.47% (95% CI: 98.65-99.86%)} respectively. Lastly, the sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 test was 100.00% (95% CI: 79.41-100.00%) and the specificity was 99.74% (95% CI: 99.06-99.97%). We recorded a proportion of 14.3% and 3.44% for influenza A and B, respectively, followed by a proportion of 6.9% for adenovirus, a proportion of 3.7% for RSV, and finally, a proportion of 2.3% for SARS-CoV-2. The combination of a new multiple rapid test with multiple antigens will probably be a useful tool with a financial impact for health systems targeting the early detection and appropriate treatment of respiratory infections in emergency departments in primary health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Public Health & Vaccines Laboratory, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Garifallia Perlepe
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (G.P.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Theodora Tendolouri
- MD Private Sector of Greek Health System, Kanouta 1 Str. Trikala Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Polyxeni Karakitsiou
- MD Private Sector of Greek Health System, Annas Komninis 1-3 Str. Trikala Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Georgia Damagka
- MD Private Sector of Greek Health System, Lefkosias Str. 3 Larissa Thessaly, 41335 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Anna Kalaitzi
- Pediatric Department, General Hospital of Larissa, Tsakalof 1 Str. Larissa Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece; (A.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Sofia Alevra
- Pediatric Department, General Hospital of Larissa, Tsakalof 1 Str. Larissa Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece; (A.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Foteini Malli
- Respiratory Disorders Laboratory, Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (G.P.); (K.I.G.)
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Hüsser AP, Ohnmacht T. A comparative study of eight COVID-19 protective measures and their impact on Swiss tourists' travel intentions. TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2023; 97:104734. [PMID: 36712143 PMCID: PMC9874056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A comparative vignette-based experimental survey design incorporating various socio-psychological factors, linked to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale (DOSPERT) was carried out to test variations in eight travel-related COVID-19 protective measures on Swiss tourists' travel intentions. Among the tested measures, vaccination passports, surgical masks and quarantining are those that stand out the most, with surgical masks having the greatest acceptance and willingness to adopt while traveling. Quarantining, on the other hand, appears to have a deterrent influence on travel intentions, and vaccination passports have the lowest perceived barriers during travel, but the highest perceived benefits in mitigating the spread of the infection. The discussion of individual differences has specific implications for tourism management against the background of our empirical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Philippe Hüsser
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Institute of Tourism and Mobility ITM, Rösslimatte 48, CH-6002, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Timo Ohnmacht
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Institute of Tourism and Mobility ITM, Rösslimatte 48, CH-6002, Lucerne, Switzerland
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Venekamp RP, Schuit E, Hooft L, Veldhuijzen IK, van den Bijllaardt W, Pas SD, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Hellwich M, Koppelman M, Molenkamp R, Wijers CJ, Vroom IH, Smeets LC, Nagel-Imming CR, Han WG, van den Hof S, Kluytmans JA, van de Wijgert JH, Moons KG. Diagnostic accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen self-tests in asymptomatic individuals in the omicron period: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:391.e1-391.e7. [PMID: 36379401 PMCID: PMC9659357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the performances of three commonly used antigen rapid diagnostic tests used as self-tests in asymptomatic individuals in the Omicron period. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional diagnostic test accuracy study in the Omicron period in three public health service COVID-19 test sites in the Netherlands, including 3600 asymptomatic individuals aged ≥ 16 years presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing for any reason except confirmatory testing after a positive self-test. Participants were sampled for RT-PCR (reference test) and received one self-test (either Acon Flowflex [Flowflex], MP Biomedicals (MPBio), or Siemens-Healthineers CLINITEST [CLINITEST]) to perform unsupervised at home. Diagnostic accuracies of each self-test were calculated. RESULTS Overall sensitivities were 27.5% (95% CI, 21.3-34.3%) for Flowflex, 20.9% (13.9-29.4%) for MPBio, and 25.6% (19.1-33.1%) for CLINITEST. After applying a viral load cut-off (≥5.2 log10 SARS-CoV-2 E-gene copies/mL), sensitivities increased to 48.3% (37.6-59.2%), 37.8% (22.5-55.2%), and 40.0% (29.5-51.2%), respectively. Specificities were >99% for all tests in most analyses. DISCUSSION The sensitivities of three commonly used SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests when used as self-tests in asymptomatic individuals in the Omicron period were very low. Antigen rapid diagnostic test self-testing in asymptomatic individuals may only detect a minority of infections at that point in time. Repeated self-testing in case of a negative self-test is advocated to improve the diagnostic yield, and individuals should be advised to re-test when symptoms develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick P. Venekamp
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ewoud Schuit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene K. Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter van den Bijllaardt
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands,Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Suzan D. Pas
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands,Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian F. Zwart
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marloes Hellwich
- Public Health Service Hart voor Brabant, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Koppelman
- National Screening Laboratory of Sanquin, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Irene H. Vroom
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carla R.S. Nagel-Imming
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wanda G.H. Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A.J.W. Kluytmans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke H.H.M. van de Wijgert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karel G.M. Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author. Karel G.M. Moons, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dinnes J, Davenport C. COVID-19 rapid antigen testing strategies must be evaluated in intended use settings. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 25:100542. [PMID: 35845813 PMCID: PMC9278341 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
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Liu L. Modeling the optimization of COVID-19 pooled testing: How many samples can be included in a single test? INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 32:101037. [PMID: 35966127 PMCID: PMC9357440 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study tries to answer the crucial question of how many biological samples can be optimally included in a single test for COVID-19 pooled testing. Methods It builds a novel theoretical model which links the local population to be tested in a region, the number of biological samples included in a single test, the “attitude” toward resource cost saving and time taken in a single test, as well as the corresponding resource cost function and time function, together. The numerical simulation results are then used to formulate the resource cost function as well as the time function. Finally, a loss function to be minimized is constructed and the optimal number of samples included is calculated. Results In a numerical example, we consider a region of 1 million population which needs to be tested for the infection of COVID-19. The solution calculates the optimal number of biological samples included in a single test as 4.254 when the time taken is given the weight of 50% under the infection probability of 10%. Other combinations of numerical results are also presented. Conclusions As we can see in our simulation results, given the infection probability at 10%, setting the number of biological samples included in a single test (in the integer level) at [4,6] is reasonable for a wide range of the subjective attitude between time and resource costs. Therefore, in the current practice, 5-mixed samples would sound better than the commonly used 10-mixed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China
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SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination Coverage among Fragile Populations in a Local Health Area of Northern Italy. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071009. [PMID: 35888096 PMCID: PMC9316873 DOI: 10.3390/life12071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Italy was dramatically hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the province of Brescia was one of the epicenters of the outbreak. Furthermore, Brescia has one of the highest incidences of people living with HIV (PLWH) and a substantial presence of migrants. We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving all citizens connected to the Brescia Health Protection Agency, assessing the SARS-CoV-2 burden, COVID-19 prevalence, and vaccination coverage. A total of 1,004,210 persons were included, 3817 PLWH and 134,492 foreigners. SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalizations and death were more frequent among Italians than foreigners. SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths were more frequent in HIV-uninfected people than in PLWH. PLWH and foreigners were less likely to have a SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis compared to HIV-negative patients. Migrants were more likely to be hospitalized but had a lower risk of death compared to HIV-negative patients. Regarding vaccination, 89.1% of the population received at least one dose of vaccine, while 70.4% of the Italian citizens and 36.3% of the foreigner subjects received three doses of vaccine. Foreigners showed a lower risk of being diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 but a higher risk of complications. HIV infection was not associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 severe manifestations compared to the general population. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was not different between PLWH and HIV uninfected people, but foreigners were more hesitant.
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Galliez RM, Bomfim L, Mariani D, Leitão IDC, Castiñeiras ACP, Gonçalves CCA, Ortiz da Silva B, Cardoso PH, Arruda MB, Alvarez P, Brindeiro R, Ota VA, Rodrigues DGM, da Costa LJ, Ferreira ODC, Castiñeiras TMPP, Faffe DS, Tanuri A. Evaluation of the Panbio COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Test in Subjects Infected with Omicron Using Different Specimens. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125022. [PMID: 35652635 PMCID: PMC9241948 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01250-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Community testing is a crucial tool for the early identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission control. The emergence of the highly mutated Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) raised concerns about its primary site of replication, impacting sample collection and its detectability by rapid antigen tests. We tested the performance of the Panbio antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) using nasal and oral specimens for COVID-19 diagnosis in 192 symptomatic individuals, with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) of nasopharyngeal samples as a control. Variant of concern (VOC) investigation was performed with the 4Plex SARS-CoV-2 screening kit. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 66.2%, with 99% of the positive samples showing an amplification profile consistent with that of the Omicron variant. Nasal Ag-RDT showed higher sensitivity (89%) than oral (12.6%) Ag-RDT. Our data showed good performance of the Ag-RDT in a pandemic scenario dominated by the Omicron VOC. Furthermore, our data also demonstrated that the Panbio COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic test does not provide good sensitivity with oral swabs for Omicron Ag-RDT detection. IMPORTANCE This study showed that the antigen rapid test for COVID19 worked fine using nasal swabs when it was utilized in patients infected with the Omicron variant, showing a concordance with PCR in 93% of patients tested. The nasal swab yielded more reliable results than the oral swab when an antigen rapid diagnosis test (the Panbio COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic test) was used in patients infected with the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mello Galliez
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Bomfim
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diana Mariani
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Carvalho Leitão
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Carla Pinto Castiñeiras
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassia Cristina Alves Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ortiz da Silva
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Decania, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Cardoso
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos Bio-manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Barcelos Arruda
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos Bio-manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos Bio-manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brindeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos Bio-manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Akira Ota
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Gomes Marins Rodrigues
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando da Costa Ferreira
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Marta Pereira Pinto Castiñeiras
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Souza Faffe
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Simonetto M, Wechsler PM, Merkler AE. Stroke Treatment in the Era of COVID-19: a Review. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2022; 24:155-171. [PMID: 35497091 PMCID: PMC9035774 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-022-00713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To describe a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of stroke in the era of COVID-19. Recent Findings COVID-19 is associated with myriad neurological disorders, including cerebrovascular disease. While ischemic stroke is the most common, COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage, arterial dissection, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of stroke due to COVID-19. In addition, we describe how COVID-19 has changed the landscape of stroke systems of care and the effect this has had on patients with cerebrovascular disease. Summary While COVID-19 is associated with a heightened risk of stroke, the pandemic has led to advances in stroke systems of care that may reduce the long-term burden of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Simonetto
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Room F610, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Paul M. Wechsler
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Room F610, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexander E. Merkler
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Room F610, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
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Krüger LJ, Tanuri A, Lindner AK, Gaeddert M, Köppel L, Tobian F, Brümmer LE, Klein JAF, Lainati F, Schnitzler P, Nikolai O, Mockenhaupt FP, Seybold J, Corman VM, Jones TC, Drosten C, Gottschalk C, Weber SF, Weber S, Ferreira OC, Mariani D, Dos Santos Nascimento ER, Pereira Pinto Castineiras TM, Galliez RM, Faffe DS, Leitão IDC, Dos Santos Rodrigues C, Frauches TS, Nocchi KJCV, Feitosa NM, Ribeiro SS, Pollock NR, Knorr B, Welker A, de Vos M, Sacks J, Ongarello S, Denkinger CM. Accuracy and ease-of-use of seven point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting tests: A multi-centre clinical evaluation. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103774. [PMID: 34959134 PMCID: PMC8702380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 are important diagnostic tools. We assessed clinical performance and ease-of-use of seven Ag-RDTs in a prospective, manufacturer-independent, multi-centre cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study to inform global decision makers. METHODS Unvaccinated participants suspected of a first SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited at six sites (Germany, Brazil). Ag-RDTs were evaluated sequentially, with collection of paired swabs for routine reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing and Ag-RDT testing. Performance was compared to RT-PCR overall and in sub-group analyses (viral load, symptoms, symptoms duration). To understandusability a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire and ease-of-use (EoU) assessment were performed. FINDINGS 7471 participants were included in the analysis. Sensitivities across Ag-RDTs ranged from 70·4%-90·1%, specificities were above 97·2% for all Ag-RDTs but one (93·1%).Ag-RDTs, Mologic, Bionote, Standard Q, showed diagnostic accuracy in line with WHO targets (> 80% sensitivity, > 97% specificity). All tests showed high sensitivity in the first three days after symptom onset (≥87·1%) and in individuals with viral loads≥ 6 log10SARS-CoV2 RNA copies/mL (≥ 88·7%). Usability varied, with Rapigen, Bionote and Standard Q reaching very good scores; 90, 88 and 84/100, respectively. INTERPRETATION Variability in test performance is partially explained by variable viral loads in population evaluated over the course of the pandemic. All Ag-RDTs reach high sensitivity early in the disease and in individuals with high viral loads, supporting their role in identifying transmission relevant infections. For easy-to-use tests, performance shown will likely be maintained in routine implementation. FUNDING Ministry of Science, Research and Arts, State of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, internal funds from Heidelberg University Hospital, University Hospital Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, UK Department of International Development, WHO, Unitaid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Krüger
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia - Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Andreas K Lindner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Augustenburger Pl. 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Mary Gaeddert
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lisa Köppel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Frank Tobian
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lukas E Brümmer
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julian A F Klein
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Federica Lainati
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olga Nikolai
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Augustenburger Pl. 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Augustenburger Pl. 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Joachim Seybold
- Medical Directorate, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Pl. 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Rahel-Hirsch-Weg 3, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Charitépl. 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Terence C Jones
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Rahel-Hirsch-Weg 3, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Charitépl. 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Rahel-Hirsch-Weg 3, Berlin 10117, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Charitépl. 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Claudius Gottschalk
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan F Weber
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stephan Weber
- Acomed Statistik, Fockestraße 57, Leipzig 04275, Germany
| | - Orlando C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia - Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Diana Mariani
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia - Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Erika Ramos Dos Santos Nascimento
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia - Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Terezinha M Pereira Pinto Castineiras
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mello Galliez
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Debora Souza Faffe
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Carvalho Leitão
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudia Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Serviço de Atendimento Especializado / Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento, Avenida Roberto Silveira, 46 - 3° Andar, Maricá, Brazil
| | - Thiago Silva Frauches
- Laboratório Central Dr. Francisco Rímolo Neto, R. Álvares de Castro, n° 346, Maricá, RJ 24900-880, Brazil
| | | | - Natalia Martins Feitosa
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustantabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Av. São José Barreto, 764 - São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Santana Ribeiro
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Guapimirim, Rua Pastor Francisco Antônio Rosa - S/N, Guapimirim, RJ 25946-253, Brazil
| | - Nira R Pollock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Britta Knorr
- Department Public Health Rhein Neckar Region, Kurfürsten-Anlage 38-40, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
| | - Andreas Welker
- Department Public Health Rhein Neckar Region, Kurfürsten-Anlage 38-40, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
| | - Margaretha de Vos
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Building B, Level 0, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - JilianA Sacks
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Building B, Level 0, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ongarello
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Building B, Level 0, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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11
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Rainey A, Pierce A, Deng X, Actis LA, Smith P, Kiss AJ, Wilson TJ. Validation and deployment of a direct saliva real-time RT-PCR test on pooled samples for COVID-19 surveillance testing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261956. [PMID: 34969053 PMCID: PMC8718011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A direct, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR test on pooled saliva was validated in 2,786 participants against oropharyngeal swabs. Among asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic participants, the test was found to be in 99.21% agreement and 45% more sensitive than contemporaneous oropharyngeal swabs. The test was then used for surveillance testing on 44,242 saliva samples from asymptomatic participants. Those whose saliva showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 within 50 cycles of amplification were referred for confirmatory testing, with 87% of those tested by nasal swab within 72 hours receiving a positive diagnostic result on Abbott ID NOW or real-time PCR platforms. Median Ct values on the saliva PCR for those with a positive and negative confirmatory tests was 30.67 and 35.92 respectively, however, binary logistic regression analysis of the saliva Ct values indicates that Ct thresholds as high as 47 may be useful in a surveillance setting. Overall, data indicate that direct RT-PCR testing of pooled saliva samples is an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rainey
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Austin Pierce
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andor J. Kiss
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen detection tests. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:1067-1068. [PMID: 33961799 PMCID: PMC8096320 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Schuit E, Veldhuijzen IK, Venekamp RP, van den Bijllaardt W, Pas SD, Lodder EB, Molenkamp R, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Velzing J, Huisman RC, Brouwer L, Boelsums TL, Sips GJ, Benschop KSM, Hooft L, van de Wijgert JHHM, van den Hof S, Moons KGM. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: cross sectional study. BMJ 2021; 374:n1676. [PMID: 34315770 PMCID: PMC8314145 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic test accuracy of two rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts of people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on day 5 after exposure. DESIGN Prospective cross sectional study. SETTING Four public health service covid-19 test sites in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 4274 consecutively included close contacts (identified through test-and-trace programme or contact tracing app) aged 16 years or older and asymptomatic for covid-19 when requesting a test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of Veritor System (Beckton Dickinson) and Biosensor (Roche Diagnostics) rapid antigen tests, with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing as reference standard. The viral load cut-off above which 95% of people with a positive RT-PCR test result were virus culture positive was used as a proxy of infectiousness. RESULTS Of 2678 participants tested with Veritor, 233 (8.7%) had a RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection of whom 149 were also detected by the rapid antigen test (sensitivity 63.9%, 95% confidence interval 57.4% to 70.1%). Of 1596 participants tested with Biosensor, 132 (8.3%) had a RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection of whom 83 were detected by the rapid antigen test (sensitivity 62.9%, 54.0% to 71.1%). In those who were still asymptomatic at the time of sampling, sensitivity was 58.7% (51.1% to 66.0%) for Veritor (n=2317) and 59.4% (49.2% to 69.1%) for Biosensor (n=1414), and in those who developed symptoms were 84.2% (68.7% to 94.0%; n=219) for Veritor and 73.3% (54.1% to 87.7%; n=158) for Biosensor. When a viral load cut-off was applied for infectiouness (≥5.2 log10 SARS-CoV-2 E gene copies/mL), the overall sensitivity was 90.1% (84.2% to 94.4%) for Veritor and 86.8% (78.1% to 93.0%) for Biosensor, and 88.1% (80.5% to 93.5%) for Veritor and 85.1% (74.3% to 92.6%) for Biosensor, among those who remained asymptomatic throughout. Specificities were >99%, and positive and negative predictive values were >90% and >95%, for both rapid antigen tests in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivities of both rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts tested on day 5 onwards after close contact with an index case were more than 60%, increasing to more than 85% after a viral load cut-off was applied as a proxy for infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Schuit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Venekamp
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Suzan D Pas
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology. Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jans Velzing
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin C Huisman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo L Boelsums
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gregorius J Sips
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly S M Benschop
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janneke H H M van de Wijgert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Wachinger J, Olaru ID, Horner S, Schnitzler P, Heeg K, Denkinger CM. The potential of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection tests in the screening of asymptomatic persons. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1700.e1-1700.e3. [PMID: 34325065 PMCID: PMC8310783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess the performance of antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for SARS CoV-2 when implemented for large-scale universal screening of asymptomatic individuals. METHODS This study was a pragmatic implementation study for universal Ag-RDT-based screening at a tertiary care hospital in Germany where patients presenting for elective procedures and selected personnel without symptoms suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 were screened with an Ag-RDT since October 2020. Test performance was calculated on an individual patient level. RESULTS In total, 49 542 RDTs were performed in 27 421 asymptomatic individuals over a duration of 5 and a half months. Out of 222 positive results, 196 underwent in-house confirmatory testing with PCR, out of which 170 were confirmed positive, indicating a positive predictive value of 86.7% (95% CI 81.2-91.1%). Negative Ag-RDTs were not routinely tested with PCR, but a total of 94 cases of false negative Ag-RDTs were detected due to PCR tests being performed within the following 5 days with a median cycle threshold value of 33 (IQR 29-35). DISCUSSION This study provides evidence that Ag-RDTs can have a high diagnostic yield for transmission relevant infections with limited false positives when utilized at the point of care on asymptomatic patients and thus can be a suitable public health test for universal screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wachinger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ioana Diana Olaru
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susanne Horner
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research, Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Dinnes J. COVID-19 rapid antigen testing strategies require careful evaluation. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103491. [PMID: 34284175 PMCID: PMC8285266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK.
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16
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Fernandez-Montero A, Argemi J, Rodríguez JA, Ariño AH, Moreno-Galarraga L. Validation of a rapid antigen test as a screening tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic populations. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 37:100954. [PMID: 34127960 PMCID: PMC8189541 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to reduce disease spread. Rapid antigen tests have not been sufficiently evaluated in asymptomatic patients to be used as massive population screening tools. METHODS Head-to-head evaluation of Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as SARS-CoV-2 screening tools performed in asymptomatic adults from a semi-closed community in University of Navarra (Spain) from November 2020 to January 2021. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated using RT-PCR as reference method. FINDINGS Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test was performed on 2542 asymptomatic adults in a community with a SARS-CoV-2 incidence of 1·93%. It showed a sensitivity of 71·43% (CI 95%: 56·74 - 83·42) and a specificity of 99·68% (CI 95%: 99·37 - 99·86). Positive Predictive Value was 81·4 (CI 95% 66·6 - 91·61) and Negative Predictive Value was 99·44 (CI 95% 99·06 - 99·69). Test sensitivity was related to viral load, with higher sensitivity in RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values under 25 (93·75%, CI 95%: 71·96 - 98·93), that dropped to 29·41% (CI 95%: 10·31- 55·96) in RT-PCR Ct values above 25. INTERPRETATION This study suggests that rapid antigen tests are less effective in asymptomatic population, when compared with RT-PCR. Further studies are needed to evaluate different options to improve screenings based on rapid antigen test, such as the use of clinical questionnaires to select higher risk-participants, the confirmation of negative results with RT-PCR or the use of repetitive sequential testing. FUNDING This research received no external funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Fernandez-Montero
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Navarra, Av. Pío XII, 36, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Hepatology Program, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo H. Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Galarraga
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medecine and Public Health, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Olliaro P, Torreele E. Managing the risks of making the wrong diagnosis: First, do no harm. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:382-385. [PMID: 33845195 PMCID: PMC8752462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The appropriate use of diagnostics is important as misdiagnosis may have serious consequences. Confidence in a diagnostic test result depends on the test's accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) in the context of the use-case (who is tested and why) and the prevalence of the condition investigated. Here, we offer an approach to diagnostics focused on the risks and effects of making the wrong diagnosis. We propose 'fitness brackets' for a given test to define the range within which the test is fit-for-purpose, based on the use-case and risk-management principles. We use as exemplars tests for dengue pre-vaccination screening and tests for diagnosing Covid-19 in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Olliaro
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Els Torreele
- Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Ejima K, Kim KS, Iwanami S, Fujita Y, Li M, Zoh RS, Aihara K, Miyazaki T, Wakita T, Iwami S. Time variation in the probability of failing to detect a case of polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 as estimated from a viral dynamics model. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200947. [PMID: 33878277 PMCID: PMC8086922 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral tests including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are recommended to diagnose COVID-19 infection during the acute phase of infection. A test should have high sensitivity; however, the sensitivity of the PCR test is highly influenced by viral load, which changes over time. Because it is difficult to collect data before the onset of symptoms, the current literature on the sensitivity of the PCR test before symptom onset is limited. In this study, we used a viral dynamics model to track the probability of failing to detect a case of PCR testing over time, including the presymptomatic period. The model was parametrized by using longitudinal viral load data collected from 30 hospitalized patients. The probability of failing to detect a case decreased toward symptom onset, and the lowest probability was observed 2 days after symptom onset and increased afterwards. The probability on the day of symptom onset was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.5 to 1.9) and that 2 days before symptom onset was 60.2% (95% CI: 57.1 to 63.2). Our study suggests that the diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR testing should be done carefully, especially when the test is performed before or way after symptom onset. Further study is needed of patient groups with potentially different viral dynamics, such as asymptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kwang Su Kim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shoya Iwanami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Roger S Zoh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan.,Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan
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