1
|
Xie X, Zhou R, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu X. Seeing beyond words: Visualizing autism spectrum disorder biomarker insights. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30420. [PMID: 38694128 PMCID: PMC11061761 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study employs bibliometric and visual analysis to elucidate global research trends in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) biomarkers, identify critical research focal points, and discuss the potential integration of diverse biomarker modalities for precise ASD assessment. Methods A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Web of Science Core Collection database until December 31, 2022. Visualization tools, including R, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and gCLUTO, were utilized to examine collaborative networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword associations among countries, institutions, authors, journals, documents, and keywords. Results ASD biomarker research emerged in 2004, accumulating a corpus of 4348 documents by December 31, 2022. The United States, with 1574 publications and an H-index of 213, emerged as the most prolific and influential country. The University of California, Davis, contributed significantly with 346 publications and an H-index of 69, making it the leading institution. Concerning journals, the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Autism Research, and PLOS ONE were the top three publishers of ASD biomarker-related articles among a total of 1140 academic journals. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed research hotspots in genetics, imaging, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, gut microbiota, and eye tracking. Emerging topics included "DNA methylation," "eye tracking," "metabolomics," and "resting-state fMRI." Conclusion The field of ASD biomarker research is dynamically evolving. Future endeavors should prioritize individual stratification, methodological standardization, the harmonious integration of biomarker modalities, and longitudinal studies to advance the precision of ASD diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Rongyi Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Zihan Fang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yongting Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Qirong Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xiaomian Liu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chi Z, Devine RT, Wolstencroft J, Skuse D, Hughes C, Baker K. Rare neurodevelopmental conditions and parents' mental health - how and when does genetic diagnosis matter? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:70. [PMID: 38360654 PMCID: PMC10870533 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of individuals with rare neurodevelopmental conditions and intellectual disabilities (ID) are vulnerable to mental health difficulties, which vary between parents and within parents over time. The underlying cause of a child's condition can influence parents' mental health, via uncertain pathways and within unknown time-windows. RESULTS We analysed baseline data from the IMAGINE-ID cohort, comprising 2655 parents of children and young people with ID of known genetic origin. First, we conducted a factor analysis of the SDQ Impact scale to isolate specific pathways from genetic aetiology to parents' mental health. This suggested a two-factor structure for the SDQ Impact scale, with a "home & distress" dimension and a "participation" dimension. Second, we tested via structural equation modelling (SEM) whether genetic diagnosis affects Impact and mental health directly, or indirectly via children's characteristics. This analysis identified an indirect pathway linking genetic aetiology to parents' mental health, serially through child characteristics (physical disabilities, emotional and behavioural difficulties) and Impact: home & distress. Third, we conducted moderation analysis to explore the influence of time elapsed since genetic diagnosis. This showed that the serial mediation model was moderated by time since diagnosis, with strongest mediating effects among recently diagnosed cases. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple steps on the pathway from ID-associated genetic diagnoses to parents' mental health. Pathway links are strongest within 5 years of receiving a genetic diagnosis, highlighting opportunities for better post-diagnostic support. Recognition and enhanced support for children's physical and behavioural needs might reduce impact on family life, ameliorating parents' vulnerabilities to mental health difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotian Chi
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, CB2 7EF, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rory T Devine
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David Skuse
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Baker
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, CB2 7EF, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hall JH, Chawner SJRA, Wolstencroft J, Skuse D, Holmans P, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Irritability in young people with copy number variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (ND-CNVs). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.05.23299440. [PMID: 38106165 PMCID: PMC10723492 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.23299440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background A range of rare mutations involving micro-deletion or -duplication of genetic material (copy number variants (CNVs)) have been associated with high neurodevelopmental and psychiatric risk (ND-CNVs). Irritability is frequently observed in childhood neurodevelopmental conditions, yet its aetiology is largely unknown. Genetic variation may play a role, but there is a sparsity of studies investigating presentation of irritability in young people with ND-CNVs. Aims This study aimed to investigate whether there is a difference in irritability in young people with rare ND-CNVs compared to those without ND-CNVs, and to what extent irritability is associated with psychiatric diagnoses and cognitive ability (IQ). Methods Irritability and broader psychopathology was assessed in 485 young people with ND-CNVs and 164 sibling controls, using the child and adolescent psychiatric assessment (CAPA). Autism was assessed using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Results 54% of young people with ND-CNVs met the threshold for irritability; significantly more than controls (OR = 3.77, CI = 3.07-7.90, p= 5.31 × 10-11). When controlling for the presence of other psychiatric comorbidities, ND-CNV status was still associated with irritability. There was no evidence for a relationship between irritability and IQ. Conclusions Irritability is an important aspect of the clinical picture in young people with ND-CNVs. This work shows that genetic variation is associated with irritability in young people with ND-CNVs, independent of psychiatric comorbidities or IQ impairment. Clinicians should be aware of this increased risk to inform management and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Hall
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Wolstencroft
- BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London
| | - David Skuse
- BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London
| | - Peter Holmans
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O’Hora KP, Kushan-Wells L, Schleifer CH, Cruz S, Hoftman GD, Jalbrzikowski M, Gur RE, Gur RC, Bearden CE. Distinct neurocognitive profiles and clinical phenotypes associated with copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus. Autism Res 2023; 16:2247-2262. [PMID: 37997544 PMCID: PMC10872774 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Rare genetic variants that confer large effects on neurodevelopment and behavioral phenotypes can reveal novel gene-brain-behavior relationships relevant to autism. Copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus offer one compelling example, as both the 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) and duplication (22qDup) confer increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and cognitive deficits, but only 22qDel confers increased psychosis risk. Here, we used the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (Penn-CNB) to characterized neurocognitive profiles of 126 individuals: 55 22qDel carriers (MAge = 19.2 years, 49.1% male), 30 22qDup carriers (MAge = 17.3 years, 53.3% male), and 41 typically developing (TD) subjects (MAge = 17.3 years, 39.0% male). We performed linear mixed models to assess group differences in overall neurocognitive profiles, domain scores, and individual test scores. We found all three groups exhibited distinct overall neurocognitive profiles. 22qDel and 22qDup carriers showed significant accuracy deficits across all domains relative to controls (episodic memory, executive function, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed), with 22qDel carriers exhibiting more severe accuracy deficits, particularly in episodic memory. However, 22qDup carriers generally showed greater slowing than 22qDel carriers. Notably, slower social cognition speed was uniquely associated with increased global psychopathology and poorer psychosocial functioning in 22qDup. Compared to TD, 22q11.2 copy number variants (CNV) carriers failed to show age-associated improvements in multiple cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed 22q11.2 CNV carriers with ASD exhibited differential neurocognitive profiles, based on 22q11.2 copy number. These results suggest that there are distinct neurocognitive profiles associated with either a loss or gain of genomic material at the 22q11.2 locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P. O’Hora
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles H. Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shayne Cruz
- College of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gil D. Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao H, Zhou M, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wang Y. Recent advances in anxiety disorders: Focus on animal models and pathological mechanisms. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:559-572. [PMID: 38013621 PMCID: PMC10757213 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders have become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders, and the incidence is increasing every year. They impose an extraordinary personal and socioeconomic burden. Anxiety disorders are influenced by multiple complex and interacting genetic, psychological, social, and environmental factors, which contribute to disruption or imbalance in homeostasis and eventually cause pathologic anxiety. The selection of a suitable animal model is important for the exploration of disease etiology and pathophysiology, and the development of new drugs. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the advantages and limitations of existing animal models of anxiety disorders is helpful to further study the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease. This review summarizes animal models and the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, and discusses the current research status to provide insights for further study of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Mi Zhou
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Jiaqi Jiang
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar K, Modenato C, Moreau C, Ching CRK, Harvey A, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Douard E, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Kushan L, Isaev D, Alpert K, Ragothaman A, Turner JA, Wang L, Ho TC, Schmaal L, Silva AI, van den Bree MB, Linden DE, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Dumas G, Draganski B, Gutman BA, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Schultz L, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Thompson PM, Jacquemont S. Subcortical Brain Alterations in Carriers of Genomic Copy Number Variants. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:685-698. [PMID: 37434504 PMCID: PMC10885337 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copy number variants (CNVs) are well-known genetic pleiotropic risk factors for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPDs), including autism (ASD) and schizophrenia. Little is known about how different CNVs conferring risk for the same condition may affect subcortical brain structures and how these alterations relate to the level of disease risk conferred by CNVs. To fill this gap, the authors investigated gross volume, vertex-level thickness, and surface maps of subcortical structures in 11 CNVs and six NPDs. METHODS Subcortical structures were characterized using harmonized ENIGMA protocols in 675 CNV carriers (CNVs at 1q21.1, TAR, 13q12.12, 15q11.2, 16p11.2, 16p13.11, and 22q11.2; age range, 6-80 years; 340 males) and 782 control subjects (age range, 6-80 years; 387 males) as well as ENIGMA summary statistics for ASD, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depression. RESULTS All CNVs showed alterations in at least one subcortical measure. Each structure was affected by at least two CNVs, and the hippocampus and amygdala were affected by five. Shape analyses detected subregional alterations that were averaged out in volume analyses. A common latent dimension was identified, characterized by opposing effects on the hippocampus/amygdala and putamen/pallidum, across CNVs and across NPDs. Effect sizes of CNVs on subcortical volume, thickness, and local surface area were correlated with their previously reported effect sizes on cognition and risk for ASD and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that subcortical alterations associated with CNVs show varying levels of similarities with those associated with neuropsychiatric conditions, as well distinct effects, with some CNVs clustering with adult-onset conditions and others with ASD. These findings provide insight into the long-standing questions of why CNVs at different genomic loci increase the risk for the same NPD and why a single CNV increases the risk for a diverse set of NPDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne M. Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dmitry Isaev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjani Ragothaman
- Department of biomedical engineering, Oregon Health and Science university, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany C. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana I. Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B.M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E.J. Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lippé
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ida E. Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Niarchou M, Cunningham AC, Chawner SJRA, Moulding H, Sopp M, Hall J, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Psychopathology in mothers of children with pathogenic Copy Number Variants. J Med Genet 2023; 60:706-711. [PMID: 36446581 PMCID: PMC10359584 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for children with pathogenic neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants (CNVs) (ie, deletions and duplications of genetic material) can place a considerable burden on parents and their quality of life. Our study is the first to examine the frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in mothers of children with CNVs compared with the frequency of psychiatric problems in age-matched mothers from a large community study. METHODS Case-control study. 268 mothers of children with a CNV diagnosed in a medical genetics clinic and 2680 age-matched mothers taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study. RESULTS Mothers of children with CNVs reported higher frequency of depression, anorexia, bulimia, alcohol abuse and drug addiction problems compared with the age-matched mothers from the community sample. Focusing on psychiatric problems arising immediately after the birth of the index child, we found that the levels of depression symptoms were similar between the two groups (48% in mothers of children with CNVs vs 44% in mothers of the community sample, p=0.43), but mothers of children with CNVs had higher frequency of anxiety symptoms (55%) compared with mothers from the community sample (30%, p=0.03). CONCLUSION Our study highlights the need for healthcare providers to devise treatment plans that not only focus on meeting the child's needs but also assess and, if needed, address the mental health needs of the parent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam C Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Human Development Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moulding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
| | - Matthew Sopp
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molloy CJ, Cooke J, Gatford NJF, Rivera-Olvera A, Avazzadeh S, Homberg JR, Grandjean J, Fernandes C, Shen S, Loth E, Srivastava DP, Gallagher L. Bridging the translational gap: what can synaptopathies tell us about autism? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1191323. [PMID: 37441676 PMCID: PMC10333541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1191323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in the neurobiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. There is a current focus on synaptic gene conditions, or synaptopathies, which refer to clinical conditions associated with rare genetic variants disrupting genes involved in synaptic biology. Synaptopathies are commonly associated with autism and developmental delay and may be associated with a range of other neuropsychiatric outcomes. Altered synaptic biology is suggested by both preclinical and clinical studies in autism based on evidence of differences in early brain structural development and altered glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission potentially perturbing excitatory and inhibitory balance. This review focusses on the NRXN-NLGN-SHANK pathway, which is implicated in the synaptic assembly, trans-synaptic signalling, and synaptic functioning. We provide an overview of the insights from preclinical molecular studies of the pathway. Concentrating on NRXN1 deletion and SHANK3 mutations, we discuss emerging understanding of cellular processes and electrophysiology from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models derived from individuals with synaptopathies, neuroimaging and behavioural findings in animal models of Nrxn1 and Shank3 synaptic gene conditions, and key findings regarding autism features, brain and behavioural phenotypes from human clinical studies of synaptopathies. The identification of molecular-based biomarkers from preclinical models aims to advance the development of targeted therapeutic treatments. However, it remains challenging to translate preclinical animal models and iPSC studies to interpret human brain development and autism features. We discuss the existing challenges in preclinical and clinical synaptopathy research, and potential solutions to align methodologies across preclinical and clinical research. Bridging the translational gap between preclinical and clinical studies will be necessary to understand biological mechanisms, to identify targeted therapies, and ultimately to progress towards personalised approaches for complex neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara J. Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Cooke
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar Avazzadeh
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Loth
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kopal J, Kumar K, Saltoun K, Modenato C, Moreau CA, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Martin CO, Saci Z, Younis N, Tamer P, Douard E, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Kushan L, Silva AI, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Draganski B, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Jacquemont S, Bzdok D. Rare CNVs and phenome-wide profiling highlight brain structural divergence and phenotypical convergence. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1001-1017. [PMID: 36864136 PMCID: PMC7615290 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) are rare genomic deletions and duplications that can affect brain and behaviour. Previous reports of CNV pleiotropy imply that they converge on shared mechanisms at some level of pathway cascades, from genes to large-scale neural circuits to the phenome. However, existing studies have primarily examined single CNV loci in small clinical cohorts. It remains unknown, for example, how distinct CNVs escalate vulnerability for the same developmental and psychiatric disorders. Here we quantitatively dissect the associations between brain organization and behavioural differentiation across 8 key CNVs. In 534 CNV carriers, we explored CNV-specific brain morphology patterns. CNVs were characteristic of disparate morphological changes involving multiple large-scale networks. We extensively annotated these CNV-associated patterns with ~1,000 lifestyle indicators through the UK Biobank resource. The resulting phenotypic profiles largely overlap and have body-wide implications, including the cardiovascular, endocrine, skeletal and nervous systems. Our population-level investigation established brain structural divergences and phenotypical convergences of CNVs, with direct relevance to major brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karin Saltoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara A Moreau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martineau Jean-Louis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles-Olivier Martin
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zohra Saci
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurèlie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana I Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
- TheNeuro - Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Donnelly N, Cunningham A, Salas SM, Bracher-Smith M, Chawner S, Stochl J, Ford T, Raymond FL, Escott-Price V, van den Bree MBM. Identifying the neurodevelopmental and psychiatric signatures of genomic disorders associated with intellectual disability: a machine learning approach. Mol Autism 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 37221545 PMCID: PMC10207854 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic conditions can be associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and physical and mental health symptoms. They are individually rare and highly variable in presentation, which limits the use of standard clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. A simple screening tool to identify young people with genomic conditions associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (ND-GCs) who could benefit from further support would be of considerable value. We used machine learning approaches to address this question. METHOD A total of 493 individuals were included: 389 with a ND-GC, mean age = 9.01, 66% male) and 104 siblings without known genomic conditions (controls, mean age = 10.23, 53% male). Primary carers completed assessments of behavioural, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric symptoms and physical health and development. Machine learning techniques (penalised logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and artificial neural networks) were used to develop classifiers of ND-GC status and identified limited sets of variables that gave the best classification performance. Exploratory graph analysis was used to understand associations within the final variable set. RESULTS All machine learning methods identified variable sets giving high classification accuracy (AUROC between 0.883 and 0.915). We identified a subset of 30 variables best discriminating between individuals with ND-GCs and controls which formed 5 dimensions: conduct, separation anxiety, situational anxiety, communication and motor development. LIMITATIONS This study used cross-sectional data from a cohort study which was imbalanced with respect to ND-GC status. Our model requires validation in independent datasets and with longitudinal follow-up data for validation before clinical application. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed models that identified a compact set of psychiatric and physical health measures that differentiate individuals with a ND-GC from controls and highlight higher-order structure within these measures. This work is a step towards developing a screening instrument to identify young people with ND-GCs who might benefit from further specialist assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Donnelly
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Adam Cunningham
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sergio Marco Salas
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Samuel Chawner
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O’Hora KP, Kushan-Wells L, Hoftman GD, Jalbrzikowski M, Gur RC, Gur R, Bearden CE. Distinct Neurocognitive Profiles and Clinical Phenotypes Associated with Copy Number Variation at the 22q11.2 Locus. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.12.23289905. [PMID: 37292882 PMCID: PMC10246073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.23289905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rare genetic variants that confer large effects on neurodevelopment and behavioral phenotypes can reveal novel gene-brain-behavior relationships relevant to autism. Copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus offer one compelling example, as both the 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) and duplication (22qDup) confer increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and cognitive deficits, but only 22qDel confers increased psychosis risk. Here, we used the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (Penn-CNB) to characterized neurocognitive profiles of 126 individuals: 55 22qDel carriers (MAge=19.2 years, 49.1% male), 30 22qDup carriers (MAge=17.3 years, 53.3 % male), and 41 typically developing (TD) subjects (MAge=17.3 years, 39.0 % male). We performed linear mixed models to assess group differences in overall neurocognitive profiles, domain scores, and individual test scores. We found all three groups exhibited distinct overall neurocognitive profiles. 22qDel and 22qDup carriers showed significant accuracy deficits across all domains relative to controls (Episodic Memory, Executive Function, Complex Cognition, Social Cognition, and Sensorimotor Speed), with 22qDel carriers exhibiting more severe accuracy deficits, particularly in Episodic Memory. However, 22qDup carriers generally showed greater slowing than 22qDel carriers. Notably, slower social cognition speed was uniquely associated with increased global psychopathology and poorer psychosocial functioning in 22qDup. Compared to TD, 22q11.2 CNV carriers failed to show age-associated improvements in multiple cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed 22q11.2 CNV carriers with ASD exhibited differential neurocognitive profiles, based on 22q11.2 copy number. These results suggest that there are distinct neurocognitive profiles associated with either a loss or gain of genomic material at the 22q11.2 locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P. O’Hora
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil D. Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adams RL, Baird A, Smith J, Williams N, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Linden SC. Psychopathology in adults with copy number variants. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3142-3149. [PMID: 35144709 PMCID: PMC10244007 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) have been associated with the risk of schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. However, little is known about their spectrum of psychopathology in adulthood. METHODS We investigated the psychiatric phenotypes of adult CNV carriers and compared probands, who were ascertained through clinical genetics services, with carriers who were not. One hundred twenty-four adult participants (age 18-76), each bearing one of 15 rare CNVs, were recruited through a variety of sources including clinical genetics services, charities for carriers of genetic variants, and online advertising. A battery of psychiatric assessments was used to determine psychopathology. RESULTS The frequencies of psychopathology were consistently higher for the CNV group compared to general population rates. We found particularly high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (48%), mood disorders (42%), anxiety disorders (47%) and personality disorders (73%) as well as high rates of psychiatric multimorbidity (median number of diagnoses: 2 in non-probands, 3 in probands). NDDs [odds ratio (OR) = 4.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-16.51; p = 0.017) and psychotic disorders (OR = 6.8, 95% CI 1.3-36.3; p = 0.025) occurred significantly more frequently in probands (N = 45; NDD: 39[87%]; psychosis: 8[18%]) than non-probands (N = 79; NDD: 20 [25%]; psychosis: 3[4%]). Participants also had somatic diagnoses pertaining to all organ systems, particularly conotruncal cardiac malformations (in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome specifically), musculoskeletal, immunological, and endocrine diseases. CONCLUSIONS Adult CNV carriers had a markedly increased rate of anxiety and personality disorders not previously reported and high rates of psychiatric multimorbidity. Our findings support in-depth psychiatric and medical assessments of carriers of CNVs and the establishment of multidisciplinary clinical services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L. Adams
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alister Baird
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Williams
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Live Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stefanie C. Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moreau CA, Kumar K, Harvey A, Huguet G, Urchs SGW, Schultz LM, Sharmarke H, Jizi K, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Martineau JL, Orban P, Silva AI, Hall J, van den Bree MBM, Owen MJ, Linden DEJ, Lippé S, Bearden CE, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Bourgeron T, Bellec P, Jacquemont S. Brain functional connectivity mirrors genetic pleiotropy in psychiatric conditions. Brain 2023; 146:1686-1696. [PMID: 36059063 PMCID: PMC10319760 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropy occurs when a genetic variant influences more than one trait. This is a key property of the genomic architecture of psychiatric disorders and has been observed for rare and common genomic variants. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the microscale genetic overlap (pleiotropy) across psychiatric conditions and cognitive traits may lead to similar overlaps at the macroscale brain level such as large-scale brain functional networks. We took advantage of brain connectivity, measured by resting-state functional MRI to measure the effects of pleiotropy on large-scale brain networks, a putative step from genes to behaviour. We processed nine resting-state functional MRI datasets including 32 726 individuals and computed connectome-wide profiles of seven neuropsychiatric copy-number-variants, five polygenic scores, neuroticism and fluid intelligence as well as four idiopathic psychiatric conditions. Nine out of 19 pairs of conditions and traits showed significant functional connectivity correlations (rFunctional connectivity), which could be explained by previously published levels of genomic (rGenetic) and transcriptomic (rTranscriptomic) correlations with moderate to high concordance: rGenetic-rFunctional connectivity = 0.71 [0.40-0.87] and rTranscriptomic-rFunctional connectivity = 0.83 [0.52; 0.94]. Extending this analysis to functional connectivity profiles associated with rare and common genetic risk showed that 30 out of 136 pairs of connectivity profiles were correlated above chance. These similarities between genetic risks and psychiatric disorders at the connectivity level were mainly driven by the overconnectivity of the thalamus and the somatomotor networks. Our findings suggest a substantial genetic component for shared connectivity profiles across conditions and traits, opening avenues to delineate general mechanisms-amenable to intervention-across psychiatric conditions and genetic risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Moreau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sebastian G W Urchs
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanad Sharmarke
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Khadije Jizi
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Martineau
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pierre Orban
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, UdeM, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ana Isabel Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Integrative Center for Neurogenetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kopal J, Kumar K, Shafighi K, Saltoun K, Modenato C, Moreau CA, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Martin CO, Saci Z, Younis N, Douard E, Jizi K, Beauchamp-Chatel A, Kushan L, Silva AI, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Draganski B, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Zatorre R, Jacquemont S, Bzdok D. Using rare genetic mutations to revisit structural brain asymmetry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537199. [PMID: 37131672 PMCID: PMC10153125 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetry between the left and right brain is a key feature of brain organization. Hemispheric functional specialization underlies some of the most advanced human-defining cognitive operations, such as articulated language, perspective taking, or rapid detection of facial cues. Yet, genetic investigations into brain asymmetry have mostly relied on common variant studies, which typically exert small effects on brain phenotypes. Here, we leverage rare genomic deletions and duplications to study how genetic alterations reverberate in human brain and behavior. We quantitatively dissected the impact of eight high-effect-size copy number variations (CNVs) on brain asymmetry in a multi-site cohort of 552 CNV carriers and 290 non-carriers. Isolated multivariate brain asymmetry patterns spotlighted regions typically thought to subserve lateralized functions, including language, hearing, as well as visual, face and word recognition. Planum temporale asymmetry emerged as especially susceptible to deletions and duplications of specific gene sets. Targeted analysis of common variants through genome-wide association study (GWAS) consolidated partly diverging genetic influences on the right versus left planum temporale structure. In conclusion, our gene-brain-behavior mapping highlights the consequences of genetically controlled brain lateralization on human-defining cognitive traits.
Collapse
|
15
|
Molloy CJ, Quigley C, McNicholas Á, Lisanti L, Gallagher L. A review of the cognitive impact of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric associated copy number variants. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:116. [PMID: 37031194 PMCID: PMC10082763 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The heritability of intelligence or general cognitive ability is estimated at 41% and 66% in children and adults respectively. Many rare copy number variants are associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions (ND-CNV), including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, and may contribute to the observed variability in cognitive ability. Here, we reviewed studies of intelligence quotient or cognitive function in ND-CNV carriers, from both general population and clinical cohorts, to understand the cognitive impact of ND-CNV in both contexts and identify potential genotype-specific cognitive phenotypes. We reviewed aggregate studies of sets ND-CNV broadly linked to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions, and genotype-first studies of a subset of 12 ND-CNV robustly associated with schizophrenia and autism. Cognitive impacts were observed across ND-CNV in both general population and clinical cohorts, with reports of phenotypic heterogeneity. Evidence for ND-CNV-specific impacts were limited by a small number of studies and samples sizes. A comprehensive understanding of the cognitive impact of ND-CNVs would be clinically informative and could identify potential educational needs for ND-CNV carriers. This could improve genetic counselling for families impacted by ND-CNV, and clinical outcomes for those with complex needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara J Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ciara Quigley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Áine McNicholas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Lisanti
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mollon J, Almasy L, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC. The contribution of copy number variants to psychiatric symptoms and cognitive ability. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1480-1493. [PMID: 36737482 PMCID: PMC10213133 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are deletions and duplications of DNA sequence. The most frequently studied CNVs, which are described in this review, are recurrent CNVs that occur in the same locations on the genome. These CNVs have been strongly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, namely autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and developmental delay (DD), but also in schizophrenia. More recent work has also shown that CNVs increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, namely, depression, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Many of the same CNVs are implicated across all of these disorders, and these neuropsychiatric CNVs are also associated with cognitive ability in the general population, as well as with structural and functional brain alterations. Neuropsychiatric CNVs also show incomplete penetrance, such that carriers do not always develop any psychiatric disorder, and may show only mild symptoms, if any. Variable expressivity, whereby the same CNVs are associated with many different phenotypes of varied severity, also points to highly complex mechanisms underlying disease risk in CNV carriers. Comprehensive and longitudinal phenotyping studies of individual CNVs have provided initial insights into these mechanisms. However, more work is needed to estimate and predict the effect of non-recurrent, ultra-rare CNVs, which also contribute to psychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Moreover, delineating the broader phenotypic landscape of neuropsychiatric CNVs in both clinical and general population cohorts may also offer important mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wolstencroft J, Srinivasan R, Hall J, van den Bree MBM, Owen MJ, Raymond FL, Skuse D. Mental health impact of autism on families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities of genetic origin. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12128. [PMID: 37431317 PMCID: PMC10241472 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many children with an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD) have associated autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as well as an increased risk of mental health difficulties. In a cohort with IDD of genetic aetiology, we tested the hypothesis that excess risk attached to those with ASD + IDD, in terms of both children's mental health and parental psychological distress. Methods Participants with a copy number variant or single nucleotide variant (5-19 years) were recruited via UK National Health Service. 1904 caregivers competed an online assessment of child mental health and reported on their own psychological wellbeing. We used regression to examine the association between IDD with and without co-occurring ASD, and co-occurring mental health difficulties, as well as with parental psychological distress. We adjusted for children's sex, developmental level, physical health, and socio-economic deprivation. Results Of the 1904 participants with IDD, 701 (36.8%) had co-occurring ASD. Children with both IDD and ASD were at higher risk of associated disorders than those with IDD alone (ADHD: OR = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-2.32, p < 0.0001; emotional disorders: OR = 1.85, 95%CI 1.36-2.5, p < 0.0001; disruptive behaviour disorders: OR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.36-2.37, p < 0.0001). The severity of associated symptoms was also greater in those with ASD (hyperactivity: B = 0.25, 95%CI 0.07-0.34, p = 0.006; emotional difficulties: B = 0.91, 95%CI 0.67 to 1.14, p < 0.0001; conduct problems: B = 0.25, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.46, p = 0.013). Parents of children with IDD and ASD also reported greater psychological distress than those with IDD alone (β = 0.1, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.21, p < 0.0001). Specifically, in those with ASD, symptoms of hyperactivity (β = 0.13, 95% CI 0.29-0.63, p < 0.0001), emotional difficulties (β = 0.15, 95% CI 0.26-0.51, p < 0.0001) and conduct difficulties (β = 0.07, 95% CI 0.07-0.37, p < 0.004) all significantly contributed to parental psychological distress. Conclusions Among children with IDD of genetic aetiology, one third have co-occurring ASD. Not only do those with co-occurring ASD present with a wider range of associated mental health disorders and more severe mental health difficulties than those with IDD alone, but their parents also experience more psychological distress. Our findings suggest that the additional mental health and behavioural symptoms in those with ASD contributed to the degree of parental psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Wolstencroft
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ramya Srinivasan
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- UCL Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - F. Lucy Raymond
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
- NIHR BioresourceCambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - David Skuse
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar K, Modenato C, Moreau C, Ching CRK, Harvey A, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Douard E, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Kushan L, Isaev D, Alpert K, Ragothaman A, Turner JA, Wang L, Ho TC, Schmaal L, Silva AI, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Dumas G, Draganski B, Gutman BA, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Schultz L, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Thompson PM, Jacquemont S. Subcortical brain alterations in carriers of genomic copy number variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.14.23285913. [PMID: 36865328 PMCID: PMC9980268 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.23285913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Copy number variants (CNVs) are well-known genetic pleiotropic risk factors for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPDs) including autism (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Overall, little is known about how different CNVs conferring risk for the same condition may affect subcortical brain structures and how these alterations relate to the level of disease risk conferred by CNVs. To fill this gap, we investigated gross volume, and vertex level thickness and surface maps of subcortical structures in 11 different CNVs and 6 different NPDs. Methods Subcortical structures were characterized using harmonized ENIGMA protocols in 675 CNV carriers (at the following loci: 1q21.1, TAR, 13q12.12, 15q11.2, 16p11.2, 16p13.11, and 22q11.2) and 782 controls (Male/Female: 727/730; age-range: 6-80 years) as well as ENIGMA summary-statistics for ASD, SZ, ADHD, Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder, Bipolar-Disorder, and Major-Depression. Results Nine of the 11 CNVs affected volume of at least one subcortical structure. The hippocampus and amygdala were affected by five CNVs. Effect sizes of CNVs on subcortical volume, thickness and local surface area were correlated with their previously reported effect sizes on cognition and risk for ASD and SZ. Shape analyses were able to identify subregional alterations that were averaged out in volume analyses. We identified a common latent dimension - characterized by opposing effects on basal ganglia and limbic structures - across CNVs and across NPDs. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that subcortical alterations associated with CNVs show varying levels of similarities with those associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. We also observed distinct effects with some CNVs clustering with adult conditions while others clustered with ASD. This large cross-CNV and NPDs analysis provide insight into the long-standing questions of why CNVs at different genomic loci increase the risk for the same NPD, as well as why a single CNV increases the risk for a diverse set of NPDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dmitry Isaev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjani Ragothaman
- Department of biomedical engineering, Oregon Health and Science university, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana I Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lynham AJ, Knott S, Underwood JFG, Hubbard L, Agha SS, Bisson JI, van den Bree MBM, Chawner SJRA, Craddock N, O'Donovan M, Jones IR, Kirov G, Langley K, Martin J, Rice F, Roberts NP, Thapar A, Anney R, Owen MJ, Hall J, Pardiñas AF, Walters JTR. DRAGON-Data: a platform and protocol for integrating genomic and phenotypic data across large psychiatric cohorts. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e32. [PMID: 36752340 PMCID: PMC9970169 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current psychiatric diagnoses, although heritable, have not been clearly mapped onto distinct underlying pathogenic processes. The same symptoms often occur in multiple disorders, and a substantial proportion of both genetic and environmental risk factors are shared across disorders. However, the relationship between shared symptoms and shared genetic liability is still poorly understood. AIMS Well-characterised, cross-disorder samples are needed to investigate this matter, but few currently exist. Our aim is to develop procedures to purposely curate and aggregate genotypic and phenotypic data in psychiatric research. METHOD As part of the Cardiff MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder initiative, we have curated and harmonised phenotypic and genetic information from 15 studies to create a new data repository, DRAGON-Data. To date, DRAGON-Data includes over 45 000 individuals: adults and children with neurodevelopmental or psychiatric diagnoses, affected probands within collected families and individuals who carry a known neurodevelopmental risk copy number variant. RESULTS We have processed the available phenotype information to derive core variables that can be reliably analysed across groups. In addition, all data-sets with genotype information have undergone rigorous quality control, imputation, copy number variant calling and polygenic score generation. CONCLUSIONS DRAGON-Data combines genetic and non-genetic information, and is available as a resource for research across traditional psychiatric diagnostic categories. Algorithms and pipelines used for data harmonisation are currently publicly available for the scientific community, and an appropriate data-sharing protocol will be developed as part of ongoing projects (DATAMIND) in partnership with Health Data Research UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sarah Knott
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jack F. G. Underwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sharifah S. Agha
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jonathan I. Bisson
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Samuel J. R. A. Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ian R. Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; and School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Neil P. Roberts
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; and Directorate of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sleep disturbance as a transdiagnostic marker of psychiatric risk in children with neurodevelopmental risk genetic conditions. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:7. [PMID: 36631438 PMCID: PMC9834234 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with rare neurodevelopmental genetic conditions (ND-GCs) are at high risk for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. Sleep symptomatology may represent a transdiagnostic risk indicator within this patient group. Here we present data from 629 children with ND-GCs, recruited via the United Kingdom's National Health Service medical genetic clinics. Sibling controls (183) were also invited to take part. Detailed assessments were conducted to characterise the sleep phenotype of children with ND-GCs in comparison to controls. Latent class analysis was conducted to derive subgroups of children with an ND-GC based on sleep symptomatology. Assessment of cognition and psychopathology allowed investigation of whether the sleep phenotypic subgroup was associated with neuropsychiatric outcomes. We found that children with an ND-GC, when compared to control siblings, were at elevated risk of insomnia (ND-GC = 41% vs Controls = 17%, p < 0.001) and of experiencing at least one sleep symptom (ND-GC = 66% vs Controls = 39%, p < 0.001). On average, insomnia was found to have an early onset (2.8 years) in children with an ND-GC and to impact across multiple contexts. Children in subgroups linked to high sleep symptomatology were also at high risk of psychiatric outcomes (OR ranging from 2.0 to 21.5 depending on psychiatric condition). Our findings demonstrate that children with high genetic vulnerability for neurodevelopmental outcomes exhibit high rates of insomnia and sleep symptomatology. Sleep disruption has wide-ranging impacts on psychosocial function, and indexes those children at greater neuropsychiatric risk. Insomnia was found to onset in early childhood, highlighting the potential for early intervention strategies for psychiatric risk informed by sleep profile.
Collapse
|
21
|
Verbesselt J, Van Den Heuvel E, Breckpot J, Zink I, Swillen A. Parent-Reported Social-Communicative Skills of Children with 22q11.2 Copy Number Variants and Siblings. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1801. [PMID: 36292686 PMCID: PMC9602386 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion (22q11.2DS) and 22q11.2 duplication (22q11.2Dup) confer risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties, but the characterization of speech-language and social skills in 22q11.2Dup is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to delineate social-communicative skills in school-aged children with 22q11.2Dup (n = 19) compared to their non-carrier siblings (n = 11) and age-matched children with 22q11.2DS (n = 19). Parents completed two standardized questionnaires: the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2), screening speech, language, and social skills, and the Social Responsiveness Scales (SRS-2), assessing deficits in social behavior. Parents report that both children with 22q11.2Dup and 22q11.2DS show more social-communicative deficits than the general population; children with 22q11.2Dup seem to take an intermediate position between their siblings and children with 22q11.2DS. Compared to 22q11.2DS, they demonstrate less frequent and less severe problems, and more heterogeneous social-communicative profiles, with fewer restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. In siblings of 22q11Dup, milder social-communicative difficulties and equally heterogeneous profiles are reported, which might indicate that-in addition to the duplication-other factors such as the broader genetic context play a role in social-communicative outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jente Verbesselt
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Den Heuvel
- Centre for Developmental Disorders, University Hospital Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Zink
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- MUCLA, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Drmic IE, MacKinnon Modi B, McConnell B, Jilderda S, Hoang N, Noor A, Bassett AS, Speevak M, Stavropoulos DJ, Carter MT. Neurodevelopmental functioning in probands and non-proband carriers of 22q11.2 microduplication. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2999-3008. [PMID: 35899837 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microduplication of the LCR22-A to LCR22-D region on chromosome 22q11.2 is a recurrent copy number variant found in clinical populations undergoing chromosomal microarray, and at lower frequency in controls. Often inherited, there is limited data on intellectual (IQ) and psychological functioning, particularly in those individuals ascertained through a family member rather than because of neurodevelopmental disorders. To investigate the range of cognitive-behavioral phenotypes associated with 22q11.2 duplication, we studied both probands and their non-proband carrier relatives. Twenty-two individuals with 22q11.2 duplication (10 probands, 12 non-proband carriers) were prospectively assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests, physical examination, and medical record review. Assessment measures with standardized norms included IQ, academic, adaptive, psychiatric, behavioral, and social functioning. IQ and academic skills were within the average range, with a trend toward lower scores in probands versus non-probands. Adaptive skills were within age expectations. Prevalence of attention deficits (probands only) and anxiety (both groups) was high compared with norms. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was relatively low (5% of total sample). Assessment of both probands and non-probands with 22q11.2 duplication suggests that the phenotypic spectrum with respect to neurodevelopment overlaps significantly with the general population. IQ and academic abilities are in the average range for most of the individuals with 22q11.2 duplication in our study, regardless of ascertainment as a proband or non-proband relative. Symptoms of attention deficit and anxiety were identified, which require further study. Results of this study further clarify the phenotype of individuals with 22q11.2 duplication, and provides important information for genetic counseling regarding this recurrent copy number variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Drmic
- McMaster Children's Hospital Autism Program, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Beth McConnell
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanne Jilderda
- Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ny Hoang
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdul Noor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marsha Speevak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa T Carter
- Regional Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jalbrzikowski M, Lin A, Vajdi A, Grigoryan V, Kushan L, Ching CRK, Schleifer C, Hayes RA, Chu SA, Sugar CA, Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Longitudinal trajectories of cortical development in 22q11.2 copy number variants and typically developing controls. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4181-4190. [PMID: 35896619 PMCID: PMC9718681 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probing naturally-occurring, reciprocal genomic copy number variations (CNVs) may help us understand mechanisms that underlie deviations from typical brain development. Cross-sectional studies have identified prominent reductions in cortical surface area (SA) and increased cortical thickness (CT) in 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22qDel), with the opposite pattern in duplication carriers (22qDup), but the longitudinal trajectories of these anomalies-and their relationship to clinical symptomatology-are unknown. Here, we examined neuroanatomic changes within a longitudinal cohort of 261 22q11.2 CNV carriers and demographically-matched typically developing (TD) controls (84 22qDel, 34 22qDup, and 143 TD; mean age 18.35, ±10.67 years; 50.47% female). A total of 431 magnetic resonance imaging scans (164 22qDel, 59 22qDup, and 208 TD control scans; mean interscan interval = 20.27 months) were examined. Longitudinal FreeSurfer analysis pipelines were used to parcellate the cortex and calculate average CT and SA for each region. First, general additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to identify regions with between-group differences in developmental trajectories. Secondly, we investigated whether these trajectories were associated with clinical outcomes. Developmental trajectories of CT were more protracted in 22qDel relative to TD and 22qDup. 22qDup failed to show normative age-related SA decreases. 22qDel individuals with psychosis spectrum symptoms showed two distinct periods of altered CT trajectories relative to 22qDel without psychotic symptoms. In contrast, 22q11.2 CNV carriers with autism spectrum diagnoses showed early alterations in SA trajectories. Collectively, these results provide new insights into altered neurodevelopment in 22q11.2 CNV carriers, which may shed light on neural mechanisms underlying distinct clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vardui Grigoryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Charles Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Silva AI, Ehrhart F, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Linden DEJ. Neuroimaging Findings in Neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants: Identifying Molecular Pathways to Convergent Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:341-361. [PMID: 35659384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. A growing body of genetic studies suggests that these high-risk genetic variants converge in common molecular pathways and that common pathways also exist across clinically distinct disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. A key question is how common molecular mechanisms converge into similar clinical outcomes. We review emerging evidence for convergent cognitive and brain phenotypes across distinct CNVs. Multiple CNVs were shown to have similar effects on core sensory, cognitive, and motor traits. Emerging data from multisite neuroimaging studies have provided valuable information on how these CNVs affect brain structure and function. However, most of these studies examined one CNV at a time, making it difficult to fully understand the proportion of shared brain effects. Recent studies have started to combine neuroimaging data from multiple CNV carriers and identified similar brain effects across CNVs. Some early findings also support convergence in CNV animal models. Systems biology, through integration of multilevel data, provides new insights into convergent molecular mechanisms across genetic risk variants (e.g., altered synaptic activity). However, the link between such key molecular mechanisms and convergent psychiatric phenotypes is still unknown. To better understand this link, we need new approaches that integrate human molecular data with neuroimaging, cognitive, and animal model data, while taking into account critical developmental time points. Identifying risk mechanisms across genetic loci can elucidate the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders and identify new therapeutic targets for cross-disorder applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Silva
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics, Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raznahan A, Won H, Glahn DC, Jacquemont S. Convergence and Divergence of Rare Genetic Disorders on Brain Phenotypes: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:818-828. [PMID: 35767289 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rare genetic disorders modulating gene expression-as exemplified by gene dosage disorders (GDDs)-represent a collectively common set of high-risk factors for neuropsychiatric illness. Research on GDDs is rapidly expanding because these variants have high effect sizes and a known genetic basis. Moreover, the prevalence of recurrent GDDs (encompassing aneuploidies and certain copy number variations) enables genetic-first phenotypic characterization of the same GDD across multiple individuals, thereby offering a unique window into genetic influences on the human brain and behavior. However, the rapid growth of GDD research has unveiled perplexing phenotypic convergences and divergences across genomic loci; while phenotypic profiles may be specifically associated with a genomic variant, individual behavioral and neuroimaging traits appear to be nonspecifically influenced by most GDDs. OBSERVATIONS This complexity is addressed by (1) providing an accessible survey of genotype-phenotype mappings across different GDDs, focusing on psychopathology, cognition, and brain anatomy, and (2) detailing both methodological and mechanistic sources for observed phenotypic convergences and divergences. This effort yields methodological recommendations for future comparative phenotypic research on GDDs as well as a set of new testable hypotheses regarding aspects of early brain patterning that might govern the complex mapping of genetic risk onto phenotypic variation in neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A roadmap is provided to boost accurate measurement and mechanistic interrogation of phenotypic convergence and divergence across multiple GDDs. Pursuing the questions posed by GDDs could substantially improve our taxonomical, neurobiological, and translational understanding of neuropsychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics and the Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - David C Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Sainte Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jacquemont S, Huguet G, Klein M, Chawner SJRA, Donald KA, van den Bree MBM, Sebat J, Ledbetter DH, Constantino JN, Earl RK, McDonald-McGinn DM, van Amelsvoort T, Swillen A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Eichler EE, Scherer SW, Robinson E, Bassett AS, Martin CL, Finucane B, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Gur RE. Genes To Mental Health (G2MH): A Framework to Map the Combined Effects of Rare and Common Variants on Dimensions of Cognition and Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:189-203. [PMID: 35236119 PMCID: PMC9345000 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rare genomic disorders (RGDs) confer elevated risk for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. In this era of intense genomics discoveries, the landscape of RGDs is rapidly evolving. However, there has not been comparable progress to date in scalable, harmonized phenotyping methods. As a result, beyond associations with categorical diagnoses, the effects on dimensional traits remain unclear for many RGDs. The nature and specificity of RGD effects on cognitive and behavioral traits is an area of intense investigation: RGDs are frequently associated with more than one psychiatric condition, and those studied to date affect, to varying degrees, a broad range of developmental and cognitive functions. Although many RGDs have large effects, phenotypic expression is typically influenced by additional genomic and environmental factors. There is emerging evidence that using polygenic risk scores in individuals with RGDs offers opportunities to refine prediction, thus allowing for the identification of those at greatest risk of psychiatric illness. However, translation into the clinic is hindered by roadblocks, which include limited genetic testing in clinical psychiatry, and the lack of guidelines for following individuals with RGDs, who are at high risk of developing psychiatric symptoms. The Genes to Mental Health Network (G2MH) is a newly funded National Institute of Mental Health initiative that will collect, share, and analyze large-scale data sets combining genomics and dimensional measures of psychopathology spanning diverse populations and geography. The authors present here the most recent understanding of the effects of RGDs on dimensional behavioral traits and risk for psychiatric conditions and discuss strategies that will be pursued within the G2MH network, as well as how expected results can be translated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Rachel K Earl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Elise Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Christa Lese Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Brenda Finucane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | -
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Systematic Review: Molecular Studies of Common Genetic Variation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:227-242. [PMID: 33932494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review of studies using molecular genetics and statistical approaches to investigate the role of common genetic variation in the development, persistence, and comorbidity of childhood psychiatric traits was conducted. METHOD A literature review was performed using the PubMed database, following PRISMA guidelines. There were 131 studies meeting inclusion criteria, having investigated at least one type of childhood-onset or childhood-measured psychiatric disorder or trait with the aim of identifying trait-associated common genetic variants, estimating the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the amount of variance explained (SNP-based heritability), investigating genetic overlap between psychiatric traits, or investigating whether the stability in traits or the association with adult traits is explained by genetic factors. RESULTS The first robustly associated genetic variants have started to be identified for childhood psychiatric traits. There were substantial contributions of common genetic variants to many traits, with variation in single nucleotide polymorphism heritability estimates depending on age and raters. Moreover, genetic variants also appeared to explain comorbidity as well as stability across a range of psychiatric traits in childhood and across the life span. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation plays a substantial role in childhood psychiatric traits. Increased sample sizes will lead to increased power to identify genetic variants and to understand genetic architecture, which will ultimately be beneficial to targeted and prevention strategies. This can be achieved by harmonizing phenotype measurements, as is already proposed by large international consortia and by including the collection of genetic material in every study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonuola A Akingbuwa
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Prof. Middeldorp is also with the Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cunningham AC, Hall J, Einfeld S, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Assessment of emotions and behaviour by the Developmental Behaviour Checklist in young people with neurodevelopmental CNVs. Psychol Med 2022; 52:574-586. [PMID: 32643597 PMCID: PMC7794095 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of genomic conditions caused by copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (ND-CNVs). Although these patients also tend to have cognitive impairments, few studies have investigated the range of emotion and behaviour problems in young people with ND-CNVs using measures that are suitable for those with learning difficulties. METHODS A total of 322 young people with 13 ND-CNVs across eight loci (mean age: 9.79 years, range: 6.02-17.91, 66.5% male) took part in the study. Primary carers completed the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC). RESULTS Of the total, 69% of individuals with an ND-CNV screened positive for clinically significant difficulties. Young people from families with higher incomes (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.55-0.91, p = .008) were less likely to screen positive. The rate of difficulties differed depending on ND-CNV genotype (χ2 = 39.99, p < 0.001), with the lowest rate in young people with 22q11.2 deletion (45.7%) and the highest in those with 1q21.1 deletion (93.8%). Specific patterns of strengths and weaknesses were found for different ND-CNV genotypes. However, ND-CNV genotype explained no more than 9-16% of the variance, depending on DBC subdomain. CONCLUSIONS Emotion and behaviour problems are common in young people with ND-CNVs. The ND-CNV specific patterns we find can provide a basis for more tailored support. More research is needed to better understand the variation in emotion and behaviour problems not accounted for by genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Cunningham
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stewart Einfeld
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hiramoto T, Sumiyoshi A, Yamauchi T, Tanigaki K, Shi Q, Kang G, Ryoke R, Nonaka H, Enomoto S, Izumi T, Bhat MA, Kawashima R, Hiroi N. Tbx1, a gene encoded in 22q11.2 copy number variant, is a link between alterations in fimbria myelination and cognitive speed in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:929-938. [PMID: 34737458 PMCID: PMC9054676 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) have provided a reliable entry point to identify the structural correlates of atypical cognitive development. Hemizygous deletion of human chromosome 22q11.2 is associated with impaired cognitive function; however, the mechanisms by which the CNVs contribute to cognitive deficits via diverse structural alterations in the brain remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the cellular basis of the link between alterations in brain structure and cognitive functions in mice with a heterozygous deletion of Tbx1, one of the 22q11.2-encoded genes. Ex vivo whole-brain diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Tbx1 heterozygous mice indicated that the fimbria was the only region with significant myelin alteration. Electron microscopic and histological analyses showed that Tbx1 heterozygous mice exhibited an apparent absence of large myelinated axons and thicker myelin in medium axons in the fimbria, resulting in an overall decrease in myelin. The fimbria of Tbx1 heterozygous mice showed reduced mRNA levels of Ng2, a gene required to produce oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Moreover, postnatal progenitor cells derived from the subventricular zone, a source of oligodendrocytes in the fimbria, produced fewer oligodendrocytes in vitro. Behavioral analyses of these mice showed selectively slower acquisition of spatial memory and cognitive flexibility with no effects on their accuracy or sensory or motor capacities. Our findings provide a genetic and cellular basis for the compromised cognitive speed in patients with 22q11.2 hemizygous deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Akira Sumiyoshi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Kenji Tanigaki
- Research Institute, Shiga Medical Center, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama-shi, Shiga, Japan
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Gina Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Rie Ryoke
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroi Nonaka
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shingo Enomoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Takeshi Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Farran EK, Scerif G. Genetic syndromes, neuroconstuctivism and replicable research; challenges and future directions. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Attention, Brain and Cognitive Development Group, Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Using induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate human neuronal phenotypes in 1q21.1 deletion and duplication syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:819-830. [PMID: 34112971 PMCID: PMC9054650 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Copy Number Variation (CNV) at the 1q21.1 locus is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in humans, including abnormalities in head size and motor deficits. Yet, the functional consequences of these CNVs (both deletion and duplication) on neuronal development remain unknown. To determine the impact of CNV at the 1q21.1 locus on neuronal development, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from individuals harbouring 1q21.1 deletion or duplication and differentiated them into functional cortical neurons. We show that neurons with 1q21.1 deletion or duplication display reciprocal phenotype with respect to proliferation, differentiation potential, neuronal maturation, synaptic density and functional activity. Deletion of the 1q21.1 locus was also associated with an increased expression of lower cortical layer markers. This difference was conserved in the mouse model of 1q21.1 deletion, which displayed altered corticogenesis. Importantly, we show that neurons with 1q21.1 deletion and duplication are associated with differential expression of calcium channels and demonstrate that physiological deficits in neurons with 1q21.1 deletion or duplication can be pharmacologically modulated by targeting Ca2+ channel activity. These findings provide biological insight into the neuropathological mechanism underlying 1q21.1 associated brain disorder and indicate a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mutations in trpγ, the homologue of TRPC6 autism candidate gene, causes autism-like behavioral deficits in Drosophila. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3328-3342. [PMID: 35501408 PMCID: PMC9708601 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The TRPC6 (transient receptor potential channel 6) represents an ASD candidate gene under an oligogenic/multifactorial model based on the initial description and cellular characterization of an individual with ASD bearing a de novo heterozygous mutation disrupting TRPC6, together with the enrichment of disruptive TRPC6 variants in ASD cases as compared to controls. Here, we perform a clinical re-evaluation of the initial non-verbal patient, and also present eight newly reported individuals ascertained for ASD and bearing predicted loss-of-function mutations in TRPC6. In order to understand the consequences of mutations in TRPC6 on nervous system function, we used the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to show that null mutations in transient receptor gamma (trpγ; the fly gene most similar to TRPC6), cause a number of behavioral defects that mirror features seen in ASD patients, including deficits in social interactions (based on courtship behavior), impaired sleep homeostasis (without affecting the circadian control of sleep), hyperactivity in both young and old flies, and defects in learning and memory. Some defects, most notably in sleep, differed in severity between males and females and became normal with age. Interestingly, hyperforin, a TRPC6 agonist and the primary active component of the St. John's wort antidepressant, attenuated many of the deficits expressed by trpγ mutant flies. In summary, our results provide further evidence that the TRPC6 gene is a risk factor for ASD. In addition, they show that the behavioral defects caused by mutations in TRPC6 can be modeled in Drosophila, thereby establishing a paradigm to examine the impact of mutations in other candidate genes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sønderby IE, Ching CRK, Thomopoulos SI, van der Meer D, Sun D, Villalon‐Reina JE, Agartz I, Amunts K, Arango C, Armstrong NJ, Ayesa‐Arriola R, Bakker G, Bassett AS, Boomsma DI, Bülow R, Butcher NJ, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Chow EWC, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Craig MC, Crespo‐Facorro B, Cunningham AC, Dale AM, Dazzan P, de Zubicaray GI, Djurovic S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Draganski B, Durdle CA, Ehrlich S, Emanuel BS, Espeseth T, Fisher SE, Ge T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gur RE, Gutman BA, Haavik J, Håberg AK, Hansen LA, Hashimoto R, Hibar DP, Holmes AJ, Hottenga J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jalbrzikowski M, Knowles EEM, Kushan L, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold AJ, Martin‐Brevet S, Martínez K, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McDonald‐McGinn DM, McRae AF, Medland SE, Moberget T, Modenato C, Monereo Sánchez J, Moreau CA, Mühleisen TW, Paus T, Pausova Z, Prieto C, Ragothaman A, Reinbold CS, Reis Marques T, Repetto GM, Reymond A, Roalf DR, Rodriguez‐Herreros B, Rucker JJ, Sachdev PS, Schmitt JE, Schofield PR, Silva AI, Stefansson H, Stein DJ, Tamnes CK, Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez D, Ulfarsson MO, Vajdi A, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vassos E, Vázquez‐Bourgon J, Vila‐Rodriguez F, Walters GB, Wen W, Westlye LT, Wittfeld K, Zackai EH, Stefánsson K, Jacquemont S, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Andreassen OA. Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:300-328. [PMID: 33615640 PMCID: PMC8675420 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis copy number variant (ENIGMA-CNV) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Groups (22q-ENIGMA WGs) were created to gain insight into the involvement of genetic factors in human brain development and related cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral manifestations. To that end, the ENIGMA-CNV WG has collated CNV and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from ~49,000 individuals across 38 global research sites, yielding one of the largest studies to date on the effects of CNVs on brain structures in the general population. The 22q-ENIGMA WG includes 12 international research centers that assessed over 533 individuals with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 40 with 22q11.2 duplications, and 333 typically developing controls, creating the largest-ever 22q11.2 CNV neuroimaging data set. In this review, we outline the ENIGMA infrastructure and procedures for multi-site analysis of CNVs and MRI data. So far, ENIGMA has identified effects of the 22q11.2, 16p11.2 distal, 15q11.2, and 1q21.1 distal CNVs on subcortical and cortical brain structures. Each CNV is associated with differences in cognitive, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric traits, with characteristic patterns of brain structural abnormalities. Evidence of gene-dosage effects on distinct brain regions also emerged, providing further insight into genotype-phenotype relationships. Taken together, these results offer a more comprehensive picture of molecular mechanisms involved in typical and atypical brain development. This "genotype-first" approach also contributes to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of brain disorders. Finally, we outline future directions to better understand effects of CNVs on brain structure and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida E. Sønderby
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Mental HealthVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julio E. Villalon‐Reina
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | | | - Rosa Ayesa‐Arriola
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Child Health Evaluative SciencesThe Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Anatomy IMedical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesThe Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Adam C. Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Joanne L. Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Genetics and GenomicsSchool of Psychology, NUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Neurology DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for Human Brain and Cognitive SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental NeurosciencesFaculty of Medicine, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyBjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitCenter for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease ResearchBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Youth Suicide Prevention, Intervention and Research CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineSt. Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental DiseasesNational Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Personalized Healthcare AnalyticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Emma E. M. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David E. J. Linden
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Sandra Martin‐Brevet
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Donna M. McDonald‐McGinn
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric GeneticsQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Clara A. Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Departments of Psychology and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, NucleusUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriela M. Repetto
- Center for Genetics and GenomicsFacultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloSantiagoChile
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - James J. Rucker
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric InstituteThe Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James E. Schmitt
- Department of Radiology and PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ana I. Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological FacilitiesValdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), SantanderSpain
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Iceland, ReykjavikIceland
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Javier Vázquez‐Bourgon
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- School of MedicineUniversity of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Fidel Vila‐Rodriguez
- Department of PsychiatryThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Neurobehavioral GeneticsUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Feasibility of low-intensity psychological interventions for emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and young people with genetic conditions: a case series. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x22000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Children with genetic conditions may experience significant mental health difficulties such as anxiety and challenging behaviour. However, understanding of the feasibility and effectiveness of psychological interventions for emotional and behavioural problems in the context of genetic conditions is limited. Low-intensity psychological interventions have demonstrated promise in paediatric populations and may be able to address their mental health difficulties. A case series design was used to assess the feasibility of low-intensity interventions for emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and young people with genetic conditions recruited from a mental health drop-in centre at a tertiary hospital. Participants received seven weekly sessions with a trained practitioner. The intervention was based on existing modular treatments and evidence-based self-help materials. Feasibility and treatment satisfaction were assessed, as well as measures of symptoms of anxiety and challenging behaviour, treatment goals and quality of life, at baseline, during treatment and 6-month follow-up. Five participants received treatment for challenging behaviour, one for anxiety, and one for obsessive compulsive disorder. All participants completed treatment. Clinically significant change in the SDQ Total score was found in three participants. All participants demonstrated progress in goals and symptoms of emotional and behavioural difficulties over the course of treatment. Low-intensity psychological interventions for emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and young people with genetic conditions is feasible, acceptable and potentially beneficial. Further research is warranted to examine the effectiveness of the intervention and its use in clinical paediatric settings.
Key learning aims
(1)
To gain a basic understanding of low-intensity psychological intervention in children and young people with genetic conditions.
(2)
To enhance understanding of the practicalities and acceptability of delivering low-intensity psychological intervention to children and young people with genetic conditions and co-morbid emotional and behavioural difficulties.
(3)
To learn about the potential clinical benefits of delivering low-intensity psychological intervention to children and young people with genetic conditions in the context of stepped care.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cheng MC, Chien WH, Huang YS, Fang TH, Chen CH. Translational Study of Copy Number Variations in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010457. [PMID: 35008879 PMCID: PMC8745588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare copy number variations (CNVs) are part of the genetics of schizophrenia; they are highly heterogeneous and personalized. The CNV Analysis Group of the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) conducted a large-scale analysis and discovered that recurrent CNVs at eight genetic loci were pathogenic to schizophrenia, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.23, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2, and 22q11.2. We adopted a two-stage strategy to translate this knowledge into clinical psychiatric practice. As a screening test, we first developed a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) panel that simultaneously detected these pathogenic CNVs. Then, we tested the utility of this screening panel by investigating a sample of 557 patients with schizophrenia. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was used to confirm positive cases from the screening test. We detected and confirmed thirteen patients who carried CNVs at these hot loci, including two patients at 1q21.1, one patient at 7q11.2, three patients at 15q13.3, two patients at 16p11.2, and five patients at 22q11.2. The detection rate in this sample was 2.3%, and the concordance rate between the RT-qPCR test panel and CMA was 100%. Our results suggest that a two-stage approach is cost-effective and reliable in achieving etiological diagnosis for some patients with schizophrenia and improving the understanding of schizophrenia genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 981, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsien Chien
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Hsuan Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In the last 40 years, there has been a huge increase in autism genetics research and a rapidly growing number of discoveries. We now know autism is one of the most highly heritable disorders with negligible shared environmental contributions. Recent discoveries also show that rare variants of large effect size as well as small effect common gene variants all contribute to autism risk. These discoveries challenge traditional diagnostic boundaries and highlight huge heterogeneity in autism. In this review, we consider some of the key findings that are shaping current understanding of autism and what these discoveries mean for clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, Maindy Road, Wales, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Michael Rutter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Modenato C, Martin-Brevet S, Moreau CA, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Kumar K, Draganski B, Sønderby IE, Jacquemont S. Lessons Learned From Neuroimaging Studies of Copy Number Variants: A Systematic Review. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:596-610. [PMID: 34509290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) and aneuploidies alter gene dosage and are associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Brain mechanisms mediating genetic risk for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders remain largely unknown, but there is a rapid increase in morphometry studies of CNVs using T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. Studies have been conducted one mutation at a time, leaving the field with a complex catalog of brain alterations linked to different genomic loci. Our aim was to provide a systematic review of neuroimaging phenotypes across CNVs associated with developmental psychiatric disorders including autism and schizophrenia. We included 76 structural magnetic resonance imaging studies on 20 CNVs at the 15q11.2, 22q11.2, 1q21.1 distal, 16p11.2 distal and proximal, 7q11.23, 15q11-q13, and 22q13.33 (SHANK3) genomic loci as well as aneuploidies of chromosomes X, Y, and 21. Moderate to large effect sizes on global and regional brain morphometry are observed across all genomic loci, which is in line with levels of symptom severity reported for these variants. This is in stark contrast with the much milder neuroimaging effects observed in idiopathic psychiatric disorders. Data also suggest that CNVs have independent effects on global versus regional measures as well as on cortical surface versus thickness. Findings highlight a broad diversity of regional morphometry patterns across genomic loci. This heterogeneity of brain patterns provides insight into the weak effects reported in magnetic resonance imaging studies of cognitive dimension and psychiatric conditions. Neuroimaging studies across many more variants will be required to understand links between gene function and brain morphometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Modenato
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara A Moreau
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3571, Department of Neuroscience, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et Apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Neurology Department, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chamberland M, Genc S, Tax CMW, Shastin D, Koller K, Raven EP, Cunningham A, Doherty J, van den Bree MBM, Parker GD, Hamandi K, Gray WP, Jones DK. Detecting microstructural deviations in individuals with deep diffusion MRI tractometry. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 1:598-606. [PMID: 35865756 PMCID: PMC7613101 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most diffusion magnetic resonance imaging studies of disease rely on statistical comparisons between large groups of patients and healthy participants to infer altered tissue states in the brain; however, clinical heterogeneity can greatly challenge their discriminative power. There is currently an unmet need to move away from the current approach of group-wise comparisons to methods with the sensitivity to detect altered tissue states at the individual level. This would ultimately enable the early detection and interpretation of microstructural abnormalities in individual patients, an important step towards personalized medicine in translational imaging. To this end, Detect was developed to advance diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractometry towards single-patient analysis. By operating on the manifold of white-matter pathways and learning normative microstructural features, our framework captures idiosyncrasies in patterns along white-matter pathways. Our approach paves the way from traditional group-based comparisons to true personalized radiology, taking microstructural imaging from the bench to the bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chamberland
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sila Genc
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chantal M. W. Tax
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitri Shastin
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Wales (UHW), Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin Koller
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Erika P. Raven
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Cunningham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joanne Doherty
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Greg D. Parker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Wales (UHW), Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P. Gray
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Wales (UHW), Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derek K. Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dinneen TJ, Ghrálaigh FN, Walsh R, Lopez LM, Gallagher L. How does genetic variation modify ND-CNV phenotypes? Trends Genet 2021; 38:140-151. [PMID: 34364706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare copy-number variants (CNVs) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), i.e., ND-CNVs, provide an insight into the neurobiology of NDDs and, potentially, a link between biology and clinical outcomes. However, ND-CNVs are characterised by incomplete penetrance resulting in heterogeneous carrier phenotypes, ranging from non-affected to multimorbid psychiatric, neurological, and physical phenotypes. Recent evidence indicates that other variants in the genome, or 'other hits', may partially explain the variable expressivity of ND-CNVs. These may be other rare variants or the aggregated effects of common variants that modify NDD risk. Here we discuss the recent findings, current questions, and future challenges relating to other hits research in the context of ND-CNVs and their potential for improved clinical diagnostics and therapeutics for ND-CNV carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Dinneen
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Fiana Ní Ghrálaigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ruth Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Modenato C, Kumar K, Moreau C, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Schramm C, Jean-Louis M, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Douard E, Thébault-Dagher F, Côté V, Charlebois AR, Deguire F, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Melie-Garcia L, Kushan L, Silva AI, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Chakravarty M, Bzdok D, Bearden CE, Draganski B, Jacquemont S. Effects of eight neuropsychiatric copy number variants on human brain structure. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:399. [PMID: 34285187 PMCID: PMC8292542 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many copy number variants (CNVs) confer risk for the same range of neurodevelopmental symptoms and psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. Yet, to date neuroimaging studies have typically been carried out one mutation at a time, showing that CNVs have large effects on brain anatomy. Here, we aimed to characterize and quantify the distinct brain morphometry effects and latent dimensions across 8 neuropsychiatric CNVs. We analyzed T1-weighted MRI data from clinically and non-clinically ascertained CNV carriers (deletion/duplication) at the 1q21.1 (n = 39/28), 16p11.2 (n = 87/78), 22q11.2 (n = 75/30), and 15q11.2 (n = 72/76) loci as well as 1296 non-carriers (controls). Case-control contrasts of all examined genomic loci demonstrated effects on brain anatomy, with deletions and duplications showing mirror effects at the global and regional levels. Although CNVs mainly showed distinct brain patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) loaded subsets of CNVs on two latent brain dimensions, which explained 32 and 29% of the variance of the 8 Cohen's d maps. The cingulate gyrus, insula, supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum were identified by PCA and multi-view pattern learning as top regions contributing to latent dimension shared across subsets of CNVs. The large proportion of distinct CNV effects on brain morphology may explain the small neuroimaging effect sizes reported in polygenic psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, latent gene brain morphology dimensions will help subgroup the rapidly expanding landscape of neuropsychiatric variants and dissect the heterogeneity of idiopathic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Clara Moreau
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Catherine Schramm
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martineau Jean-Louis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Valérie Côté
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Florence Deguire
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurèlie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lester Melie-Garcia
- Applied Signal Processing Group (ASPG), Swiss Federal Institute Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ana I Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Danilo Bzdok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Novel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107939. [PMID: 34174273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex underlying genetic architecture. There are currently no known pharmacologic treatments for the core ASD symptoms of social deficits and restricted/ repetitive behavior. However, there are dozens of clinical trials currently underway that are testing the impact of novel and existing agents on core and associated symptoms in ASD. METHODS We present a narrative synthesis of the historical and contemporary challenges to drug discovery in ASD. We then provide an overview of novel treatments currently under investigation from a genomics and systems biology perspective. RESULTS Data driven network and cluster analyses suggest alterations in transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodelling, synaptic transmission, neuropeptide signalling, and/or immunological mechanisms may contribute to or underlie the development of ASD. Agents and upcoming trials targeting each of the above listed systems are reviewed. CONCLUSION Identifying effective pharmacologic treatments for the core and associated symptom domains in ASD will require further collaboration and innovation in the areas of outcome measurement, biomarker research, and genomics, as well as systematic efforts to identify and treat subgroups of individuals with ASD who may be differentially responsive to specific treatments.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mortillo M, Mulle JG. A cross-comparison of cognitive ability across 8 genomic disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:106-116. [PMID: 34082144 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic disorders result from rearrangement of the human genome. Most genomic disorders are caused by copy number variants (CNV), deletions or duplications of several hundred kilobases. Many CNV loci are associated with autism, schizophrenia, and most commonly, intellectual disability (ID). However, there is little comparison of cognitive ability measures across these CNV disorders. This study aims to understand whether existing data can be leveraged for a cross-comparison of cognitive ability among multiple CNV. We found there is a lack of harmonization among assessment instruments and little standardization for reporting summary data across studies. Despite these limitations, we identified a differential impact of CNV loci on cognitive ability. Our data suggest that future cross-comparisons of CNV disorders will reveal meaningful differences across the phenotypic spectrum, especially if standardized phenotypic assessment is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mortillo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chawner SJ, Watson CJ, Owen MJ. Clinical evaluation of patients with a neuropsychiatric risk copy number variant. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:26-34. [PMID: 33461126 PMCID: PMC8219523 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several copy number variants (CNVs) have been identified to confer high risk for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. Because of advances in genetic testing within clinical settings, patients are increasingly receiving diagnoses of copy number variant genomic disorders. However, clinical guidelines surrounding assessment and management are limited. This review synthesises recent research and makes preliminary recommendations regarding the clinical evaluation of patients with neuropsychiatric risk CNVs. We recommend multi-system assessment beyond the initial referral reason, recognition of the potential need for co-ordinated multidisciplinary care, and that interventions take account of relevant multimorbidity. The frequently complex needs of patients with CNVs across the life-course pose challenges for many health care systems and may be best provided for by the establishment of specialist clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jra Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cameron J Watson
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chung WK, Roberts TP, Sherr EH, Snyder LG, Spiro JE. 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:49-56. [PMID: 33667823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 16p11.2 BP4 and BP5 region, is a recurrent ∼600kb copy number variant (CNV), and deletions are one of the most frequent etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders and autism spectrum disorder with an incidence of approximately 1/2000. Deletion carriers have delays in early neurodevelopment that most specifically impair speech, phonology and language in 70%. Intelligence quotient is shifted 1.8 standard deviations lower than family controls without the deletion. Other common neurobehavioral conditions include motor coordination difficulties (60%) and autism (20-25%). Unprovoked seizures are common (24%) and readily treated and resolve with age in many. Obesity evolves throughout childhood and by adulthood 75% are obese. Congenital anomalies are more common than the general population. The deletion is associated with an increase in brain volumes across all areas of the brain, changes in the white matter microstructural properties, and early electrophysiological cortical responses from auditory cortex. Studies of genetically defined conditions, particularly CNVs that are not associated with profound disabilities, provide homogeneity to study genetic impact on brain development, structure, and function to better understand complex neurobehavioral phenotypes such as autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Timothy Pl Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Dept. of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - John E Spiro
- Simons Foundation, 160 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Baker K, Devine RT, Ng-Cordell E, Raymond FL, Hughes C. Childhood intellectual disability and parents' mental health: integrating social, psychological and genetic influences. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:315-322. [PMID: 32157975 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability has a complex effect on the well-being of affected individuals and their families. Previous research has identified multiple risk and protective factors for parental mental health, including socioeconomic circumstances and child behaviour. AIMS This study explored whether genetic cause of childhood intellectual disability contributes to parental well-being. METHOD Children from across the UK with intellectual disability due to diverse genetic causes were recruited to the IMAGINE-ID study. Primary carers completed the Development and Well-being Assessment, including a measure of parental distress (Everyday Feeling Questionnaire). Genetic diagnoses were broadly categorised into aneuploidy, chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants (CNVs) and single nucleotide variants. RESULTS Compared with the UK general population, IMAGINE-ID parents (n = 888) reported significantly elevated emotional distress (Cohen's d = 0.546). Within-sample variation was related to recent life events and the perceived impact of children's difficulties. Impact was predicted by child age, physical disability, autistic characteristics and other behavioural difficulties. Genetic diagnosis also predicted impact, indirectly influencing parental well-being. Specifically, CNVs were associated with higher impact, not explained by CNV inheritance, neighbourhood deprivation or family structure. CONCLUSIONS The mental health of parents caring for a child with intellectual disability is influenced by child and family factors, converging on parental appraisal of impact. We found that genetic aetiologies, broadly categorised, also influence impact and thereby family risks. Recognition of these risk factors could improve access to support for parents, reduce their long-term mental health needs and improve well-being of individuals with intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Baker
- Programme Leader Track and Honorary Consultant in Clinical Genetics, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rory T Devine
- Lecturer in Developmental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Elise Ng-Cordell
- Research Assistant, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Professor of Medical Genetics and Neurodevelopment, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Claire Hughes
- Professor and Deputy Director, Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zodanu GKE, Oszlánczi M, Havasi K, Kalapos A, Rácz G, Katona M, Ujfalusi A, Nagy O, Széll M, Nagy D. Systemic Screening for 22q11.2 Copy Number Variations in Hungarian Pediatric and Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Diseases Identified Rare Pathogenic Patterns in the Region. Front Genet 2021; 12:635480. [PMID: 33995479 PMCID: PMC8117090 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.635480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common developmental abnormalities, affecting approximately 0.9% of livebirths. Genetic factors, including copy number variations (CNVs), play an important role in their development. The most common CNVs are found on chromosome 22q11.2. The genomic instability of this region, caused by the eight low copy repeats (LCR A-H), may result in several recurrent and/or rare microdeletions and duplications, including the most common, ∼3 Mb large LCR A-D deletion (classical 22q.11.2 deletion syndrome). We aimed to screen 22q11.2 CNVs in a large Hungarian pediatric and adult CHD cohort, regardless of the type of their CHDs. All the enrolled participants were cardiologically diagnosed with non-syndromic CHDs. A combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), chromosomal microarray analysis and droplet digital PCR methods were used to comprehensively assess the detected 22q11.2 CNVs in 212 CHD-patients. Additionally, capillary sequencing was performed to detect variants in the TBX1 gene, a cardinal gene located in 22q11.2. Pathogenic CNVs were detected in 5.2% (11/212), VUS in 0.9% and benign CNVs in 1.8% of the overall CHD cohort. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot the rate of pathogenic CNVs was 17% (5/30). Fifty-four percent of all CNVs were typical proximal deletions (LCR A-D). However, nested (LCR A-B) and central deletions (LCR C-D), proximal (LCR A-D) and distal duplications (LCR D-E, LCR D-H, LCR E-H, LCR F-H) and rare combinations of deletions and duplications were also identified. Segregation analysis detected familial occurrence in 18% (2/11) of the pathogenic variants. Based on in-depth clinical information, a detailed phenotype–genotype comparison was performed. No pathogenic variant was identified in the TBX1 gene. Our findings confirmed the previously described large phenotypic diversity in the 22q11.2 CNVs. MLPA proved to be a highly efficient genetic screening method for our CHD-cohort. Our results highlight the necessity for large-scale genetic screening of CHD-patients and the importance of early genetic diagnosis in their clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónika Oszlánczi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Havasi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kalapos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Katona
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Ujfalusi
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Nagy
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sønderby IE, van der Meer D, Moreau C, Kaufmann T, Walters GB, Ellegaard M, Abdellaoui A, Ames D, Amunts K, Andersson M, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Blackburn NB, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Bülow R, Bøen R, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Ching CRK, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Dazzan P, de Geus EJC, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Desrivieres S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Draganski B, Ehrlich S, Eising E, Espeseth T, Fejgin K, Fisher SE, Fladby T, Frei O, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gareau T, Ge T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Gústafsson Ó, Haavik J, Haberg AK, Hall J, Hashimoto R, Hehir-Kwa JY, Hibar DP, Hillegers MHJ, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Johansson S, Jönsson EG, Jørgensen NR, Kikuchi M, Knowles EEM, Kumar K, Le Hellard S, Leu C, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold A, Lundervold AJ, Maillard AM, Martin NG, Martin-Brevet S, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McMahon KL, McRae AF, Medland SE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moberget T, Modenato C, Sánchez JM, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Murray RM, Nielsen J, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Loohuis LMO, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Paus T, Pausova Z, Peralta JM, Pike GB, Prieto C, Quinlan EB, Reinbold CS, Marques TR, Rucker JJH, Sachdev PS, Sando SB, Schofield PR, Schork AJ, Schumann G, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Silva AI, Sisodiya SM, Steen VM, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Suzuki IK, Tamnes CK, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Uhlmann A, Ulfarsson MO, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vanderhaeghen P, Vassos E, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Agartz I, Djurovic S, Westlye LT, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Jacquemont S, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. 1q21.1 distal copy number variants are associated with cerebral and cognitive alterations in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:182. [PMID: 33753722 PMCID: PMC7985307 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers-the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Ames
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Kew, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Manon Bernard
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rune Bøen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Altrecht Science, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, IBiS, Centre de Investigació Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Fejgin
- Signal Transduction, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1474, Nordbyhagen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Sokendai, Hayama, Japan
| | - Thomas Gareau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asta K Haberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- St Olav's Hospital, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa
- Princess Màxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Costin Leu
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Herston Imaging Research Facility and School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Modenato
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- Signal Transduction, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan M Peralta
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Erin B Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J H Rucker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- University Hospital of Trondheim,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Translational Genetics Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Shin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I Silva
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Stem Cell and Developmental Neurobiology Lab, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Brussels (ULB), Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM) ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Anxiety disorders form the most common group of mental disorders and generally start before or in early adulthood. Core features include excessive fear and anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats that are persistent and impairing. Anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in brain circuits that respond to danger. Risk for anxiety disorders is influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors, and their epigenetic relations. Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with one another and with other mental disorders, especially depression, as well as with somatic disorders. Such comorbidity generally signifies more severe symptoms, greater clinical burden, and greater treatment difficulty. Reducing the large burden of disease from anxiety disorders in individuals and worldwide can be best achieved by timely, accurate disease detection and adequate treatment administration, scaling up of treatments when needed. Evidence-based psychotherapy (particularly cognitive behavioural therapy) and psychoactive medications (particularly serotonergic compounds) are both effective, facilitating patients' choices in therapeutic decisions. Although promising, no enduring preventive measures are available, and, along with frequent therapy resistance, clinical needs remain unaddressed. Ongoing research efforts tackle these problems, and future efforts should seek individualised, more effective approaches for treatment with precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Wjh Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fiksinski AM, Schneider M, Zinkstok J, Baribeau D, Chawner SJRA, Vorstman JAS. Neurodevelopmental Trajectories and Psychiatric Morbidity: Lessons Learned From the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:13. [PMID: 33625600 PMCID: PMC7904715 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes and is the strongest known single genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Compared to other rare structural pathogenic genetic variants, 22q11DS is relatively common and one of the most extensively studied. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of current insights regarding associated neurodevelopmental phenotypes and potential implications for 22q11DS and beyond. RECENT FINDINGS We will first discuss recent findings with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypic expression associated with 22q11DS, including psychotic disorders, intellectual functioning, autism spectrum disorders, as well as their interactions. Second, we will address considerations that are important in interpreting these data and propose potential implications for both the clinical care for and the empirical study of individuals with 22q11DS. Third, we will highlight variable penetrance and pleiotropy with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypes in 22q11DS. We will discuss how these phenomena are consistently observed in the context of virtually all rare pathogenic variants and that they pose substantial challenges from both a clinical and a research perspective. We outline how 22q11DS could be viewed as a genetic model for studying neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In addition, we propose that 22q11DS research can help elucidate mechanisms underlying variable expression and pleiotropy of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, insights that are likely relevant for 22q11DS and beyond, including for individuals with other rare pathogenic genetic variants and for individuals with idiopathic neurodevelopmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania M. Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Maude Schneider
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janneke Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Baribeau
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Samuel J. R. A. Chawner
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jacob A. S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Systematic assessment of outcomes following a genetic diagnosis identified through a large-scale research study into developmental disorders. Genet Med 2021; 23:1058-1064. [PMID: 33603196 PMCID: PMC8187151 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical and psychosocial outcomes associated with receiving a genetic diagnosis for developmental disorders are wide-ranging but under-studied. We sought to investigate outcomes from a subset of families who received a diagnosis through the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study. Methods Individuals recruited through the Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service who received a confirmed genetic diagnosis through the DDD study before August 2019 (n = 112) were included in a clinical audit. Families with no identified clinical outcomes (n = 16) were invited to participate in semistructured telephone interviews. Results Disease-specific treatment was identified for 7 probands (6%), while 48 probands (43%) were referred for further investigations or screening and 60 probands (54%) were recruited to further research. Just 5 families (4%) opted for prenatal testing in a subsequent pregnancy, reflecting the relatively advanced maternal age in our cohort, and 42 families (38%) were given disease-specific information or signposting to patient-specific resources such as support groups. Six interviews were performed (response rate = 47%) and thematic analysis identified four major themes: reaching a diagnosis, emotional impact, family implications, and practical issues. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that receiving a genetic diagnosis has substantial positive medical and psychosocial outcomes for the majority of patients and their families.
Collapse
|