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Howe-Davies H, Manstead ASR, van Goozen SHM. Atypical Facial Expressivity in Young Children with Problematic Peer Relationships. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:695-704. [PMID: 36163417 PMCID: PMC11061040 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Peer problems are frequently associated with difficulties in recognizing and appraising the emotions of others. It has been argued that facial responsiveness to others' emotions-or motor empathy-is a precursor of emotion processing and affective empathy. Although mimicry impairments have been observed in studies of young people with conduct problems, to our knowledge no study has examined facial responsiveness to others' expressions in young children and examined how this relates to peer relationship problems. Four- to 7-year-old children (n = 91) with or without teacher-reported peer relationship problems (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire) viewed three dynamic film clips depicting a sad, happy, or scared child, while their spontaneous facial emotional responses were assessed using iMotions software that codes the movement of facial muscles. Children displayed facial expressivity that was congruent with the emotional expressions in the clips. Groups with and without peer problems did not differ in their responses to seeing a happy child. However, children with peer problems exhibited reduced or atypical facial emotional responses to the negative emotional clips. Decreased or atypical facial expressivity to negative emotions was also associated with severity of peer problems; atypical facial responsivity to sadness and reduced facial responsivity to fear predicted peer problems independently of one another. We conclude that reduced or atypical facial expressiveness in response to other children's dynamic facial expressions is associated with problematic peer relations in young children. The implications for early identification and interventions to support prosocial development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie H M van Goozen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Johnson MH, Fearon P, Pickles A, Jones EJH. Editorial Perspective: The paradox of precision health in early development - building large samples to yield individual-level measures. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38433119 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Precision health refers to the use of individualised biomarkers or predictive models to provide more tailored information about an individual's likely prognosis. For child psychiatry and psychology, we argue that this approach requires a focus on neurocognitive measures collected in early life and at large scale. However, the large sample sizes necessary to uncover individual-level predictors are currently rare in studies of neurodevelopmental conditions in early childhood. We recommend two strategies going forward: first, including neurocognitive measures in new national cohort studies, and second, synergising measures and data across currently funded longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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3
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Michalek J, Lisi M, Dajani R, Hadfield K, Mareschal I. Facial emotion recognition in refugee children with a history of war trauma. Emotion 2024; 24:479-494. [PMID: 37535569 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Over 36 million children are currently displaced due to war, yet we know little about how these experiences of war and displacement affect their socioemotional development-notably how they perceive facial expressions. Across three different experiments, we investigated the effects of war trauma exposure on facial emotion recognition in Syrian refugee (n = 130, Mage = 9.3 years, 63 female) and Jordanian nonrefugee children (n = 148, Mage = 9.4 years, 66 female) living in Jordan (data collected 2019-2020). Children in the two groups differed in trauma exposure, but not on any of our measures of mental health. In Experiment 1, we measured children's biases to perceive an emotion using morphed facial expressions and found no evidence that biases differed between refugees and nonrefugees. In Experiment 2, we adapted a novel perceptual scaling task that bypasses semantic knowledge, and again found no differences between the two group's discrimination of facial expressions. Finally, in Experiment 3, we recorded children's eye movements as they identified Middle Eastern actors' facial expressions, and again found no differences between the groups in either their identification accuracies or scanning strategies. Taken together, our results suggest that exposure to war-related trauma and displacement during early development, when reported by the caregiver but not always recollected by the child, does not appear to alter emotion recognition of facial expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Michalek
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London
| | - Matteo Lisi
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hashemite University
| | | | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London
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Keating J, Uljarević M, van Goozen SHM, Abbot-Smith K, Hay DF, Leekam SR. Assessing pragmatic language difficulties using the Revised Children's Communication Checklist-2. Exploratory structural equation modeling and associations with restricted and repetitive behaviors. Autism Res 2024; 17:584-595. [PMID: 38311962 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the psychometric properties of the Child Communication Checklist-Revised (CCC-R) for the first time with an English-speaking sample. We used a confirmatory application of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to re-evaluate the CCC-R's psychometric properties. We found strong support for its use as an assessment for pragmatic and structural language. Our second main aim was to explore associations between pragmatic and structural language and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), two hallmark characteristics of autism. We used the CCC-R and Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire (RBQ-2) to investigate these associations in a diverse non-clinical sample of children, taking a transdiagnostic approach. We intentionally excluded autism and other neurodevelopmental diagnoses to test, (1) the CCC-R in a broad sample and (2) the association between pragmatic language and RRB in children not already selected for that association. The sample comprised two groups of children, one was community sampled (n = 123) and the other (n = 143) included children with non-specific behavioral, emotional and/or cognitive difficulties referred to an assessment unit by schools. We found clear associations between pragmatic language difficulties and RRBs in both groups. Regression analysis showed that pragmatic language was the only significant contributor to RRBs even after Grammatical-Semantic score, age, sex, and socioeconomic status were controlled. The pattern was the same for both recruitment groups. However, the effects were stronger for the school-referred group which also had more pragmatic difficulties, grammatical-semantic difficulties and RRBs. A robust link between pragmatic language and RRBs, established in autism, has continuity across the broader non-clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keating
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mirko Uljarević
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephanie H M van Goozen
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Dale F Hay
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Susan R Leekam
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Bonthrone AF, Green D, Morgan AT, Mankad K, Clark CA, Liégeois FJ. Attention and motor profiles in children with developmental coordination disorder: A neuropsychological and neuroimaging investigation. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:362-378. [PMID: 37667426 PMCID: PMC10952571 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to (1) quantify attention and executive functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), (2) assess whether some children with DCD are more likely to show attention difficulties, and (3) characterize brain correlates of motor and attention deficits. METHOD Fifty-three children (36 with DCD and 17 without) aged 8 to 10 years underwent T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and standardized attention and motor assessments. Parents completed questionnaires of executive functioning and symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity. We assessed regional cortical thickness and surface area, and cerebellar, callosal, and primary motor tract structure. RESULTS Analyses of covariance and one-sample t-tests identified impaired attention, non-motor processing speed, and executive functioning in children with DCD, yet partial Spearman's rank correlation coefficients revealed these were unrelated to one another or the type or severity of the motor deficit. Robust regression analyses revealed that cortical morphology in the posterior cingulate was associated with both gross motor skills and inattentive symptoms in children with DCD, while gross motor skills were also associated with left corticospinal tract (CST) morphology. INTERPRETATION Children with DCD may benefit from routine attention and hyperactivity assessments. Alterations in the posterior cingulate and CST may be linked to impaired forward modelling during movements in children with DCD. Overall, alterations in these regions may explain the high rate of non-motor impairments in children with DCD. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Children with developmental coordination disorder have difficulties in attention, processing speed, and executive functioning. Non-motor impairments were not interrelated or correlated with the type or severity of motor deficit. Posterior cingulate morphology was associated with gross motor skills and inattention. Gross motor skills were also associated with left corticospinal tract morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Bonthrone
- Clinical Systems Neuroscience Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Dido Green
- Department of RehabilitationJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Health SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Angela T. Morgan
- Speech and Language GroupMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneParkville, VICAustralia
- Department of Audiology and Speech PathologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneParkville, VICAustralia
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Radiology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Christopher A. Clark
- Clinical Systems Neuroscience Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Frédérique J. Liégeois
- Clinical Systems Neuroscience Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
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Leung FYN, Shah P, Mason D, Livingston LA. Re-examining the association between the age of learning one is autistic and adult outcomes. Autism 2024; 28:433-448. [PMID: 37317529 PMCID: PMC10851640 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231173056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT An interesting recent study found that people who learned they were autistic at a younger age felt more positive about their lives (i.e., had better quality of life) than those who learned at an older age. However, this study has some limitations: (a) the study only involved a fairly small group of university students, (b) whether 'learning one is autistic' referred to learning about one's diagnosis or receiving one's diagnosis was unclear, (c) the influence of other factors on the link between age of learning one is autistic and quality of life was not considered, and (d) the assessment of different areas of quality of life was limited. Addressing these limitations, we re-examined whether the age at which one learns they are autistic relates to quality of life in adulthood. Contrary to the previous study, we found the age at which one learns about their autism does not have a significantly independent impact on their quality of life as an adult. Rather, other factors (e.g., autistic traits, sex, and additional mental health conditions) may have a greater impact. Given our participant sample was larger and more diverse in age and education level compared to previous research, this finding is likely to be more applicable to autistic adults from different backgrounds. Importantly, however, we are not suggesting that individuals should be made aware of their diagnosis later than sooner. Getting a timely diagnosis remains crucial for autistic people and their families to access appropriate support.
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Anning KL, Langley K, Hobson C, van Goozen SHM. Cool and hot executive function problems in young children: linking self-regulation processes to emerging clinical symptoms. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-023-02344-z. [PMID: 38183461 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Self-regulation (SR) difficulties are implicated in a wide range of disorders which develop in childhood, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), anxiety and depression. However, the integration of the existing research evidence is challenging because of varying terminology and the wide range of tasks used, as well as the heterogeneity and comorbidity within and across diagnostic categories. The current study used the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to guide the examination of different SR processes in young children showing a wide range of symptomatology. Children (aged 4-8) referred by teachers for moderate-to-high conduct, hyperactivity and/or emotional problems at school (assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) subscales; n = 212), and children in SDQ typical ranges (n = 30) completed computerised cognitive control and decision-making tasks. Parents completed questionnaires to assess ADHD, ODD, anxiety and depression symptoms (n = 191). Compared to children with no teacher-reported difficulties, those with moderate-to-high problems showed poorer visuomotor control and decision-making. A factor analysis revealed that task variables adhered to RDoC dimensions and predicted variance in specific disorders: difficulties in cognitive control predicted ADHD symptoms, low reward-seeking was associated with depression and high reward-seeking was associated with ODD. This study highlights how the assessment of cognitive processes positioned within the RDoC framework can inform our understanding of disorder-specific and transdiagnostic difficulties in SR which are associated with diverse clinical symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Anning
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kate Langley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Esselaar M, Parr JVV, Wood G, Hodson-Tole E. Children with developmental coordination disorder have less variable motor unit firing rate characteristics across contractions compared to typically developing children. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1294931. [PMID: 38144895 PMCID: PMC10740205 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1294931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the nuances of neuromuscular control is crucial in unravelling the complexities of developmental coordination disorder (DCD), which has been associated with differences in skeletal muscle activity, implying that children with DCD employ distinct strategies for muscle control. However, force generation and control are dependent on both recruitment of motor units and their firing rates and these fine details of motor function have yet to be studied in DCD. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare motor unit characteristics in a small muscle of the hand during low level, handgrip contractions in typically developing (TD) children and children with DCD. Methods Eighteen children (9 TD vs. 9 DCD) completed a series of manual handgrip contractions at 10 ± 5% of their maximum voluntary contraction. High density surface electromyography was used to record excitation of the first dorsal interosseus muscle. Recorded signals were subsequently decomposed into individual motor unit action potential trains. Motor unit characteristics (firing rate, inter-pulse interval, and action potential amplitude) were analysed for contractions that had a coefficient variation of <10%. Results and Discussion This study found few differences in average motor unit characteristics (number of motor units: TD 20.24 ± 9.73, DCD 27.32 ± 14.00; firing rate: TD 7.74 ± 2.16 p.p.s., DCD 7.86 ± 2.39 p.p.s.; inter-pulse interval: TD 199.72 ± 84.24 ms, DCD 207.12 ± 103 ms) when force steadiness was controlled for, despite the DCD group being significantly older (10.89 ± 0.78 years) than the TD group (9.44 ± 1.67 years). However, differences were found in the variability of motor unit firing statistics, with the children with DCD surprisingly showing less variability across contractions (standard deviation of coefficient of variation of inter-pulse interval: TD 0.38 ± 0.12, DCD 0.28 ± 0.11). This may suggest a more fixed strategy to stabilise force between contractions used by children with DCD. However, as variability of motor unit firing has not been considered in previous studies of children further work is required to better understand the role of variability in motor unit firing during manual grasping tasks, in all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Esselaar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Johnny V. V. Parr
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Wood
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hodson-Tole
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom,
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Howe-Davies H, Hobson C, Waters C, van Goozen SHM. Emotional and socio-cognitive processing in young children with symptoms of anxiety. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2077-2088. [PMID: 35861892 PMCID: PMC10533571 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many children with anxiety disorders exhibit significant and persistent impairments in their social and interpersonal functioning. Two components essential for successful social interaction are empathy and theory of mind (ToM). Both constructs develop rapidly in childhood, but no study has simultaneously examined these skills in young children with emerging mental health problems, including those with symptoms of anxiety. This study investigated empathy and ToM in children with anxiety symptomatology and examined their relationship with anxiety severity. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 174 children aged 4-8 years with emerging mental health difficulties who were referred by school teachers for an assessment because of emotional, cognitive, or behavioural problems at school. Participants completed empathy and ToM tasks. Parents were interviewed and rated children's emotional and behavioural problems. Correlational analyses indicated that elevated anxiety was associated with better cognitive ToM and worse affective empathy; there were no associations between anxiety and either cognitive empathy or affective ToM. Subsequent regression analyses demonstrated that whilst enhanced cognitive ToM was explained by age and verbal IQ, anxiety symptoms uniquely predicted impaired affective empathy. These results indicate that children with symptoms of anxiety have difficulty in sharing in other people's emotions. As a result, they may find it difficult to behave in socially adequate ways in interactions with others that involve affective sharing. These findings encourage the use of early and targeted interventions that improve affective empathy development in children with anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie H M van Goozen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
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McDougal E, Tai C, Stewart TM, Booth JN, Rhodes SM. Understanding and Supporting Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the Primary School Classroom: Perspectives of Children with ADHD and their Teachers. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:3406-3421. [PMID: 35776263 PMCID: PMC10465390 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are more at risk for academic underachievement compared to their typically developing peers. Understanding their greatest strengths and challenges at school, and how these can be supported, is vital in order to develop focused classroom interventions. Ten primary school pupils with ADHD (aged 6-11 years) and their teachers (N = 6) took part in semi-structured interviews that focused on (1) ADHD knowledge, (2) the child's strengths and challenges at school, and (3) strategies in place to support challenges. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview transcripts and three key themes were identified; classroom-general versus individual-specific strategies, heterogeneity of strategies, and the role of peers. Implications relating to educational practice and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McDougal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Tai
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy M Stewart
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine N Booth
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad M Rhodes
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Dexter M, Ossmy O. The effects of typical ageing on cognitive control: recent advances and future directions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1231410. [PMID: 37577352 PMCID: PMC10416634 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1231410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is one of the most fundamental aspects of human life. Its ageing is an important contemporary research area due to the needs of the growing ageing population, such as prolonged independence and quality of life. Traditional ageing research argued for a global decline in cognitive control with age, typically characterised by slowing processing speed and driven by changes in the frontal cortex. However, recent advances questioned this perspective by demonstrating high heterogeneity in the ageing data, domain-specific declines, activity changes in resting state networks, and increased functional connectivity. Moreover, improvements in neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to develop compensatory models of neural reorganisation that helps negate the effects of neural losses and promote cognitive control. In this article on typical ageing, we review recent behavioural and neural findings related to the decline in cognitive control among older adults. We begin by reviewing traditional perspectives and continue with how recent work challenged those perspectives. In the discussion section, we propose key areas of focus for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ori Ossmy
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Niarchou M, Cunningham AC, Chawner SJRA, Moulding H, Sopp M, Hall J, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Psychopathology in mothers of children with pathogenic Copy Number Variants. J Med Genet 2023; 60:706-711. [PMID: 36446581 PMCID: PMC10359584 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for children with pathogenic neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants (CNVs) (ie, deletions and duplications of genetic material) can place a considerable burden on parents and their quality of life. Our study is the first to examine the frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in mothers of children with CNVs compared with the frequency of psychiatric problems in age-matched mothers from a large community study. METHODS Case-control study. 268 mothers of children with a CNV diagnosed in a medical genetics clinic and 2680 age-matched mothers taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study. RESULTS Mothers of children with CNVs reported higher frequency of depression, anorexia, bulimia, alcohol abuse and drug addiction problems compared with the age-matched mothers from the community sample. Focusing on psychiatric problems arising immediately after the birth of the index child, we found that the levels of depression symptoms were similar between the two groups (48% in mothers of children with CNVs vs 44% in mothers of the community sample, p=0.43), but mothers of children with CNVs had higher frequency of anxiety symptoms (55%) compared with mothers from the community sample (30%, p=0.03). CONCLUSION Our study highlights the need for healthcare providers to devise treatment plans that not only focus on meeting the child's needs but also assess and, if needed, address the mental health needs of the parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam C Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Human Development Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moulding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
| | - Matthew Sopp
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Mason SL, Junges L, Woldman W, Facer-Childs ER, de Campos BM, Bagshaw AP, Terry JR. Classification of human chronotype based on fMRI network-based statistics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1147219. [PMID: 37342462 PMCID: PMC10277557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1147219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronotype-the relationship between the internal circadian physiology of an individual and the external 24-h light-dark cycle-is increasingly implicated in mental health and cognition. Individuals presenting with a late chronotype have an increased likelihood of developing depression, and can display reduced cognitive performance during the societal 9-5 day. However, the interplay between physiological rhythms and the brain networks that underpin cognition and mental health is not well-understood. To address this issue, we use rs-fMRI collected from 16 people with an early chronotype and 22 people with a late chronotype over three scanning sessions. We develop a classification framework utilizing the Network Based-Statistic methodology, to understand if differentiable information about chronotype is embedded in functional brain networks and how this changes throughout the day. We find evidence of subnetworks throughout the day that differ between extreme chronotypes such that high accuracy can occur, describe rigorous threshold criteria for achieving 97.3% accuracy in the Evening and investigate how the same conditions hinder accuracy for other scanning sessions. Revealing differences in functional brain networks based on extreme chronotype suggests future avenues of research that may ultimately better characterize the relationship between internal physiology, external perturbations, brain networks, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Mason
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro Junges
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wessel Woldman
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elise R. Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Human Brain Health, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew P. Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Terry
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Fairclough SJ, Clifford L, Brown D, Tyler R. Characteristics of 24-hour movement behaviours and their associations with mental health in children and adolescents. J Act Sedentary Sleep Behav 2023; 2:11. [PMID: 38013786 PMCID: PMC10234795 DOI: 10.1186/s44167-023-00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Time-use estimates are typically used to describe 24-hour movement behaviours. However, these behaviours can additionally be characterised by other easily measured metrics. These include sleep quality (e.g., sleep efficiency), 24-hour rest-activity rhythmicity (e.g., between-day rhythm variability), and directly measured acceleration metrics (e.g., intensity gradient). Associations between these characteristics and youth mental health are unclear. This study aimed to [1] compare 24-hour movement behaviour characteristics by sex and age groups, [2] determine which movement behaviour characteristics were most strongly associated with mental health outcomes, and [3] investigate the optimal time-use behaviour compositions for different mental health outcomes. Methods Three-hundred-and-one children and adolescents (age 9-13 y; 60% girls) wore accelerometers for 24-hours/day over 7-days. Overall mental health, externalising, and internalising problems were self-reported using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. 24-hour movement behaviour characteristics were categorised as time-use estimates, sleep quality, 24-hour activity rhythmicity, and directly measured acceleration. Linear mixed models and compositional data analysis were used to analyse the data in alignment with the study aims. Results Time-use estimates, directly measured accelerations, and 24-hour rest-activity rhythm metrics indicated that children were significantly more physically active (p = .01-<0.001) than adolescents. Children were also less sedentary (p < .01), slept longer (p = .02-0.01), and had lower sleep efficiency. Boys were significantly more active than girls (p < .001) who in turn accrued more time in sleep (p = .02). The timing of peak activity was significantly later among adolescents (p = .047). Overall mental health and externalising problems were significantly associated with sleep, sedentary time, sleep efficiency, amplitude, and inter-daily stability (p = .04-0.01). The optimal time-use compositions were specific to overall mental health and externalising problems and were characterised by more sleep, light and vigorous physical activity, and less sedentary time and moderate physical activity than the sample's mean time-use composition. Conclusions Extracting and examining multiple movement behaviour characteristics from 24-hour accelerometer data can provide a more rounded picture of the interplay between different elements of movement behaviours and their relationships with mental health than single characteristics alone, such as time-use estimates. Applying multiple movement behaviour characteristics to the translation of research findings may enhance the impact of the data for research users. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44167-023-00021-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health, Wellbeing, and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP UK
| | - Lauren Clifford
- Movement Behaviours, Health, Wellbeing, and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP UK
| | - Denver Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Richard Tyler
- Movement Behaviours, Health, Wellbeing, and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP UK
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15
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Fairclough SJ, Rowlands AV, Del Pozo Cruz B, Crotti M, Foweather L, Graves LEF, Hurter L, Jones O, MacDonald M, McCann DA, Miller C, Noonan RJ, Owen MB, Rudd JR, Taylor SL, Tyler R, Boddy LM. Reference values for wrist-worn accelerometer physical activity metrics in England children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:35. [PMID: 36964597 PMCID: PMC10039565 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade use of raw acceleration metrics to assess physical activity has increased. Metrics such as Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO), and Mean Amplitude Deviation (MAD) can be used to generate metrics which describe physical activity volume (average acceleration), intensity distribution (intensity gradient), and intensity of the most active periods (MX metrics) of the day. Presently, relatively little comparative data for these metrics exists in youth. To address this need, this study presents age- and sex-specific reference percentile values in England youth and compares physical activity volume and intensity profiles by age and sex. METHODS Wrist-worn accelerometer data from 10 studies involving youth aged 5 to 15 y were pooled. Weekday and weekend waking hours were first calculated for youth in school Years (Y) 1&2, Y4&5, Y6&7, and Y8&9 to determine waking hours durations by age-groups and day types. A valid waking hours day was defined as accelerometer wear for ≥ 600 min·d-1 and participants with ≥ 3 valid weekdays and ≥ 1 valid weekend day were included. Mean ENMO- and MAD-generated average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics were calculated and summarised as weighted week averages. Sex-specific smoothed percentile curves were generated for each metric using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape. Linear mixed models examined age and sex differences. RESULTS The analytical sample included 1250 participants. Physical activity peaked between ages 6.5-10.5 y, depending on metric. For all metrics the highest activity levels occurred in less active participants (3rd-50th percentile) and girls, 0.5 to 1.5 y earlier than more active peers, and boys, respectively. Irrespective of metric, boys were more active than girls (p < .001) and physical activity was lowest in the Y8&9 group, particularly when compared to the Y1&2 group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Percentile reference values for average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics have utility in describing age- and sex-specific values for physical activity volume and intensity in youth. There is a need to generate nationally-representative wrist-acceleration population-referenced norms for these metrics to further facilitate health-related physical activity research and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Nutrition, Health, & Wellbeing Research Group, and Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Faculty of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (IMiBICA) Resarch Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre for Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matteo Crotti
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee E F Graves
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liezel Hurter
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Owen Jones
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mhairi MacDonald
- Movement Behaviours, Nutrition, Health, & Wellbeing Research Group, and Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Deborah A McCann
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Caitlin Miller
- Movement Behaviours, Nutrition, Health, & Wellbeing Research Group, and Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Michael B Owen
- Department of Applied Health and Social Care and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - James R Rudd
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah L Taylor
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Tyler
- Movement Behaviours, Nutrition, Health, & Wellbeing Research Group, and Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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16
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Richards AB, Sheldrick MP, Swindell N, Barker HG, Hudson J, Stratton G. Qualitative changes in children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: The HomeSPACE project. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280653. [PMID: 36662771 PMCID: PMC9858462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunities for children to be physically active during the COVID-19 pandemic were limited, resulting in a decrease in overall physical activity and an increase in sedentary behaviour during the lockdown restrictions of the pandemic. This study further explored these changes across various stages of the restrictions, starting during the first UK-wide lockdown in March 2020 through to the "new normal" in December 2021. Nine families, consisting of eleven children (36% girls, 64% boys; aged 13.38 years ± 1.14), eight mothers and one father were tracked throughout this time, using semi-structured interviews to explore the fluctuations in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the home environment in the context of self-determination theory. Findings indicate that as restrictions eased, physical activity within the home decreased, as children were exposed to more opportunities at school and in the community; these opportunities seemingly increased children's motivation to be physically active through increasing levels of their basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Some children's physical activity levels have returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, with a newfound enjoyment for being physically active. Whilst others now prefer to pursue more sedentary behaviours that became habitual during the lockdown restrictions. Accessible opportunities now need to be promoted to drive up children's motivations to be physically active following the years of uncertainty around the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie B. Richards
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Sheldrick
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Swindell
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet G. Barker
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Hudson
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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17
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Park J, Van Osdel J, Turner J, Farthing CM, Miller NA, Linder HL, Ortuño Crespo G, Carmine G, Kroodsma DA. Tracking elusive and shifting identities of the global fishing fleet. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabp8200. [PMID: 36652516 PMCID: PMC9848426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing costs billions of dollars per year and is enabled by vessels obfuscating their identity. Here, we combine identities of ~35,000 vessels with a decade of GPS data to provide a global assessment of fishing compliance, reflagging patterns, and fishing by foreign-owned vessels. About 17% of high seas fishing is by potentially unauthorized or internationally unregulated vessels, with hot spots of this activity in the west Indian and the southwest Atlantic Oceans. In addition, reflagging, a tactic often used to obscure oversight, occurs in just a few ports primarily by fleets with high foreign ownership. Fishing by foreign-owned vessels is concentrated in parts of high seas and certain national waters, often flying flags of convenience. These findings can address the global scope of potential IUU fishing and enable authorities to improve oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabrielle Carmine
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Keating J, Van Goozen S, Uljarevic M, Hay D, Leekam SR. Restricted and repetitive behaviors and their developmental and demographic correlates in 4-8-year-old children: A transdiagnostic approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1085404. [PMID: 36935892 PMCID: PMC10014551 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1085404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a broad class of behaviors characterized by frequent action repetition and intense preference for sameness. Research has predominantly focused on RRBs in diagnosed clinical groups, particularly in autism spectrum disorder and genetic disorders. Using a transdiagnostic approach, the current study examined RRBs in a diverse sample of children in relation to developmental and demographic correlates (age, language, non-verbal ability, child anxiety, sex, and socioeconomic status). Separate analyses examined two RRB subtypes; repetitive sensory and motor behaviors (RSMB) and insistence on sameness (IS). Method: Children (N = 260, age 4-8 years, 174 male, 86 female) in mainstream schools identified by teachers as having behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive difficulties, were assessed using the Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS), Lucid Ability Scale, the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Recruitment excluded diagnosed clinical conditions. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children's difficulties. Results: RRB scores were of high frequency and the scores for the IS were higher than for RSMB. The severity of anxiety symptoms and male sex were significantly associated with both RRB subtypes, and younger age and SES scores were associated with IS. Elevated RRB total and subtype scores were significantly related to SDQ scores for emotion, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer-relations. Discussion: The study provides the first evidence of RRBs in a diverse sample of young children with emerging difficulties in behavior, cognition, and/or emotion. The results contribute to proposals about psychological development in RRB and indicate that RRBs are best represented on a continuum of severity found across children in the early school years. The results support previous findings of a relation between RRB and anxiety reported in clinical samples and importantly, they indicate that it is time to move beyond the study of categorically defined groups and consider correlates of RRBs that include broad indices of mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keating
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Van Goozen
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mirko Uljarevic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dale Hay
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Susan R. Leekam
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Susan R. Leekam
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19
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Anastasopoulou I, van Lieshout P, Cheyne DO, Johnson BW. Speech Kinematics and Coordination Measured With an MEG-Compatible Speech Tracking System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:828237. [PMID: 35837226 PMCID: PMC9273948 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.828237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Articulography and functional neuroimaging are two major tools for studying the neurobiology of speech production. Until recently, however, it has generally not been possible to use both in the same experimental setup because of technical incompatibilities between the two methodologies. Here we describe results from a novel articulography system dubbed Magneto-articulography for the Assessment of Speech Kinematics (MASK), which we used to derive kinematic profiles of oro-facial movements during speech. MASK was used to characterize speech kinematics in two healthy adults, and the results were compared to measurements from a separate participant with a conventional Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) system. Analyses targeted the gestural landmarks of reiterated utterances /ipa/, /api/ and /pataka/. The results demonstrate that MASK reliably characterizes key kinematic and movement coordination parameters of speech motor control. Since these parameters are intrinsically registered in time with concurrent magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements of neuromotor brain activity, this methodology paves the way for innovative cross-disciplinary studies of the neuromotor control of human speech production, speech development, and speech motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Anastasopoulou
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ioanna Anastasopoulou
| | - Pascal van Lieshout
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas O. Cheyne
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Blake W. Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blake W. Johnson
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20
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Atkin AJ, Dainty JR, Dumuid D, Kontostoli E, Shepstone L, Tyler R, Noonan R, Richardson C, Fairclough SJ. Adolescent time use and mental health: a cross-sectional, compositional analysis in the Millennium Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047189. [PMID: 34610930 PMCID: PMC8493927 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of 24-hour time-use compositions with mental health in a large, geographically diverse sample of UK adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional, secondary data analysis. SETTING Millennium Cohort Study (sixth survey), a UK-based prospective birth cohort. PARTICIPANTS Data were available from 4642 adolescents aged 14 years. Analytical samples for weekday and weekend analyses were n=3485 and n=3468, respectively (45% boys, 85% white ethnicity). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ, socioemotional behaviour), Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ, depressive symptoms) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE, self-esteem). Behavioural exposure data were derived from 24-hour time-use diaries. RESULTS On weekdays, participants spent approximately 54% of their time in sleep, 3% in physical activity, 9% in school-related activities, 6% in hobbies, 11% using electronic media and 16% in domestic activities. Predicted differences in SDQ, MFQ and RSE were statistically significant for all models (weekday and weekend) that simulated the addition or removal of 15 min physical activity, with an increase in activity being associated with improved mental health and vice versa. Predicted differences in RSE were also significant for simulated changes in electronic media use; an increase in electronic media use was associated with reduced self-esteem. CONCLUSION Small but consistent associations were observed between physical activity, electronic media use and selected markers of mental health. Findings support the delivery of physical activity interventions to promote mental health during adolescence, without the need to specifically target or protect time spent in other activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Atkin
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jack R Dainty
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elli Kontostoli
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Tyler
- Health Research Institute and Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Robert Noonan
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Health Research Institute and Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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21
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Opitz B, Brady D, Leonard HC. Motor and non-motor sequence prediction is equally affected in children with developmental coordination disorder. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232562. [PMID: 33166291 PMCID: PMC7652350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are diagnosed based on motor difficulties. However, they also exhibit difficulties in several other cognitive domains, including visuospatial processing, executive functioning and attention. One account of the difficulties seen in DCD proposes an impairment in internal forward modelling, i.e., the ability to (i) detect regularities of a repetitive perceptual or motor pattern, (ii) predict future outcomes of motor actions, and (iii) adapt behaviour accordingly. Using electroencephalographic recordings, the present study aimed to delineate these different aspects of internal forward modelling across several domains. To this end, 24 children with DCD and 23 typically-developing children (aged 7–10 years) completed a serial prediction task in the visual, temporal, spatial and motor domains. This task required them to learn short sequences and to indicate whether a sequence was disrupted towards its end. Analyses revealed that, across all domains, children with DCD showed poorer discrimination between intact and disrupted sequences, accompanied by a delayed late parietal positivity elicited by disrupted sequences. These results indicate an impairment in explicit sequence discrimination in DCD across motor and cognitive domains. However, there is no evidence for an impairment in implicit performance on the visuomotor task in DCD. These results suggest an impairment of the updating of an internal forward model in DCD resulting in a blurred representation of that model and, consequently, in a reduced ability to detect regularities in the environment (e.g., sequences). Such a detailed understanding of internal forward modelling in DCD could help to explain the wide range of co-occurring difficulties experienced by those with a diagnosis of DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Opitz
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Centre for Multimedia Teaching and Learning, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Brady
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley C. Leonard
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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22
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Park J, Lee J, Seto K, Hochberg T, Wong BA, Miller NA, Takasaki K, Kubota H, Oozeki Y, Doshi S, Midzik M, Hanich Q, Sullivan B, Woods P, Kroodsma DA. Illuminating dark fishing fleets in North Korea. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb1197. [PMID: 32923605 PMCID: PMC7455503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing threatens resource sustainability and equity. A major challenge with such activity is that most fishing vessels do not broadcast their positions and are "dark" in public monitoring systems. Combining four satellite technologies, we identify widespread illegal fishing by dark fleets in the waters between the Koreas, Japan, and Russia. We find >900 vessels of Chinese origin in 2017 and >700 in 2018 fished illegally in North Korean waters, catching an estimated amount of Todarodes pacificus approximating that of Japan and South Korea combined (>164,000 metric tons worth >$440 million). We further find ~3000 small-scale North Korean vessels fished, mostly illegally, in Russian waters. These results can inform independent oversight of transboundary fisheries and foreshadow a new era in satellite monitoring of fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Park
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jungsam Lee
- Korea Maritime Institute, Busan, South Korea
| | - Katherine Seto
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Brian A. Wong
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nathan A. Miller
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- SkyTruth, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
| | - Kenji Takasaki
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshioki Oozeki
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Quentin Hanich
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Paul Woods
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Bellato A, Arora I, Kochhar P, Hollis C, Groom MJ. Atypical Electrophysiological Indices of Eyes-Open and Eyes-Closed Resting-State in Children and Adolescents with ADHD and Autism. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E272. [PMID: 32370023 PMCID: PMC7288160 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating electrophysiological measures during resting-state might be useful to investigate brain functioning and responsivity in individuals under diagnostic assessment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. EEG was recorded in 43 children with or without ADHD and autism, during a 4-min-long resting-state session which included an eyes-closed and an eyes-open condition. We calculated and analyzed occipital absolute and relative spectral power in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz), and alpha reactivity, conceptualized as the difference in alpha power between eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Alpha power was increased during eyes-closed compared to eyes-open resting-state. While absolute alpha power was reduced in children with autism, relative alpha power was reduced in children with ADHD, especially during the eyes-closed condition. Reduced relative alpha reactivity was mainly associated with lower IQ and not with ADHD or autism. Atypical brain functioning during resting-state seems differently associated with ADHD and autism, however further studies replicating these results are needed; we therefore suggest involving research groups worldwide by creating a shared and publicly available repository of resting-state EEG data collected in people with different psychological, psychiatric, or neurodevelopmental conditions, including ADHD and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bellato
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (I.A.); (P.K.); (C.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Iti Arora
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (I.A.); (P.K.); (C.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Puja Kochhar
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (I.A.); (P.K.); (C.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (I.A.); (P.K.); (C.H.); (M.J.G.)
- NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-Operative, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Madeleine J. Groom
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (I.A.); (P.K.); (C.H.); (M.J.G.)
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24
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Abstract
Childhood conduct problems have been associated with reduced autonomic arousal to negative cues indicative of an insensitivity to aversive stimuli, with mixed evidence in response to positive cues. Autonomic arousal to affective stimuli has traditionally been measured through galvanic skin responses and heart-rate, despite evidence that pupillometry is more reliable and practically beneficial (i.e., no wires are attached to the participant). The current study is the first to examine abnormal pupillary responsivity to affective stimuli as a biomarker for childhood conduct problems. We measured pupil reactivity to negative, positive and neutral images in 131 children aged 4-7 years, who were referred by their teachers for being at risk of future psychopathology. We assessed relationships between pupil response to the images and teacher-rated scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which indexed child conduct problems and their overlapping emotional, behavioural and social difficulties. Reduced pupil dilation to negative images was associated with significantly increased conduct, hyperactivity, emotional and peer problems, as well as reduced prosocial behaviour. Composite scores for disruptive behaviour and emotional difficulties both uniquely predicted blunted pupil response to negative threat stimuli; there were no relations with pupil responses to positive images. These findings highlight that blunted pupil responsivity to negative stimuli serves as a biomarker for early disruptive behavioural problems and affective difficulties. Pupillometry offers an inexpensive, fast and non-intrusive measure to help identify children who are showing early disruptive behaviour or experiencing affective difficulties, which can provide opportunities for preventative intervention to avoid further psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Burley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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25
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Crudgington H, Rogers M, Morris H, Gringras P, Pal DK, Morris C. Epilepsy-specific patient-reported outcome measures of children's health-related quality of life: A systematic review of measurement properties. Epilepsia 2020; 61:230-248. [PMID: 31953859 PMCID: PMC7065094 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and appraise published evidence of the measurement properties for epilepsy-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS We searched multiple databases for studies evaluating the measurement properties of English-language epilepsy-specific PROMs of children's HRQoL. We assessed the methodological quality using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidance. We extracted data about the content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, proxy reliability, responsiveness, and precision, and assessed the measurement properties with reference to standardized criteria. RESULTS We identified 27 papers that evaluated 11 PROMs. Methodological quality was variable. Construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were more commonly assessed. Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy (QoLCE) questionnaires are parent-reported and evaluated more than other PROMs; QoLCE-55 has good and replicated evidence for structural and construct validity and internal consistency. Health-Related Quality of Life Measure for Children with Epilepsy (CHEQoL) has both child and parent-reported versions and good evidence of content, structural, and construct validity. SIGNIFICANCE This review identified two leading candidate epilepsy-specific PROMs for measuring health-related quality of life in children. Establishing evidence of the responsiveness of PROMs is a priority to help the interpretation of meaningful change scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Crudgington
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Morwenna Rogers
- University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Hannah Morris
- University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Paul Gringras
- Evelina London Children's HospitalLondonUK
- KCL Institute for Women and Children's HealthLondonUK
| | - Deb K. Pal
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Evelina London Children's HospitalLondonUK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersKing's College LondonLondonUK
- King's College HospitalLondonUK
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