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Griesius S, O'Donnell C, Waldron S, Thomas KL, Dwyer DM, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Robinson ESJ, Mellor JR. Correction: Reduced expression of the psychiatric risk gene DLG2 (PSD93) impairs hippocampal synaptic integration and plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:766. [PMID: 38225398 PMCID: PMC10876557 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Griesius
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Cian O'Donnell
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Sophie Waldron
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Dominic M Dwyer
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Griesius S, Waldron S, Kamenish KA, Cherbanich N, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J, Mellor JR, Dwyer DM, Robinson ESJ. A mild impairment in reversal learning in a bowl-digging substrate deterministic task but not other cognitive tests in the Dlg2+/- rat model of genetic risk for psychiatric disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2023; 22:e12865. [PMID: 37705179 PMCID: PMC10733576 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the Dlg2 gene have been linked to increased risk for psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and pubertal disorders. Recent studies have reported disrupted brain circuit function and behaviour in models of Dlg2 knockout and haploinsufficiency. Specifically, deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity were found in heterozygous Dlg2+/- rats suggesting impacts on hippocampal dependent learning and cognitive flexibility. Here, we tested these predicted effects with a behavioural characterisation of the heterozygous Dlg2+/- rat model. Dlg2+/- rats exhibited a specific, mild impairment in reversal learning in a substrate deterministic bowl-digging reversal learning task. The performance of Dlg2+/- rats in other bowl digging task, visual discrimination and reversal, novel object preference, novel location preference, spontaneous alternation, modified progressive ratio, and novelty-suppressed feeding test were not impaired. These findings suggest that despite altered brain circuit function, behaviour across different domains is relatively intact in Dlg2+/- rats, with the deficits being specific to only one test of cognitive flexibility. The specific behavioural phenotype seen in this Dlg2+/- model may capture features of the clinical presentation associated with variation in the Dlg2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Griesius
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Sophie Waldron
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, PsychologyCardiffUK
- Department of PsychologyCardiffUK
| | - Katie A. Kamenish
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Nick Cherbanich
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, PsychologyCardiffUK
- Department of PsychologyCardiffUK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Schools of Medicine and Genetics and Genomics, Schools of Medicine and PsychologyCardiffUK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, PsychologyCardiffUK
- Department of Medicine and PsychologyCardiffUK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, PsychologyCardiffUK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Schools of Medicine and Genetics and Genomics, Schools of Medicine and PsychologyCardiffUK
- Department of Medicine and PsychologyCardiffUK
| | - Jack R. Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Dominic M. Dwyer
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, PsychologyCardiffUK
- Department of PsychologyCardiffUK
| | - Emma S. J. Robinson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
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Clifton NE, Bosworth ML, Haan N, Rees E, Holmans PA, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR, Collins MO, Hall J. Developmental disruption to the cortical transcriptome and synaptosome in a model of SETD1A loss-of-function. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3095-3106. [PMID: 35531971 PMCID: PMC9476630 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies of schizophrenia implicate genes involved in the epigenetic regulation of transcription by histone methylation and genes encoding components of the synapse. However, the interactions between these pathways in conferring risk to psychiatric illness are unknown. Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in the gene encoding histone methyltransferase, SETD1A, confer substantial risk to schizophrenia. Among several roles, SETD1A is thought to be involved in the development and function of neuronal circuits. Here, we employed a multi-omics approach to study the effects of heterozygous Setd1a LoF on gene expression and synaptic composition in mouse cortex across five developmental timepoints from embryonic day 14 to postnatal day 70. Using RNA sequencing, we observed that Setd1a LoF resulted in the consistent downregulation of genes enriched for mitochondrial pathways. This effect extended to the synaptosome, in which we found age-specific disruption to both mitochondrial and synaptic proteins. Using large-scale patient genomics data, we observed no enrichment for genetic association with schizophrenia within differentially expressed transcripts or proteins, suggesting they derive from a distinct mechanism of risk from that implicated by genomic studies. This study highlights biological pathways through which SETD1A LOF may confer risk to schizophrenia. Further work is required to determine whether the effects observed in this model reflect human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Clifton
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Matthew L Bosworth
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Silva AI, Ehrhart F, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Linden DEJ. Neuroimaging Findings in Neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants: Identifying Molecular Pathways to Convergent Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:341-361. [PMID: 35659384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. A growing body of genetic studies suggests that these high-risk genetic variants converge in common molecular pathways and that common pathways also exist across clinically distinct disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. A key question is how common molecular mechanisms converge into similar clinical outcomes. We review emerging evidence for convergent cognitive and brain phenotypes across distinct CNVs. Multiple CNVs were shown to have similar effects on core sensory, cognitive, and motor traits. Emerging data from multisite neuroimaging studies have provided valuable information on how these CNVs affect brain structure and function. However, most of these studies examined one CNV at a time, making it difficult to fully understand the proportion of shared brain effects. Recent studies have started to combine neuroimaging data from multiple CNV carriers and identified similar brain effects across CNVs. Some early findings also support convergence in CNV animal models. Systems biology, through integration of multilevel data, provides new insights into convergent molecular mechanisms across genetic risk variants (e.g., altered synaptic activity). However, the link between such key molecular mechanisms and convergent psychiatric phenotypes is still unknown. To better understand this link, we need new approaches that integrate human molecular data with neuroimaging, cognitive, and animal model data, while taking into account critical developmental time points. Identifying risk mechanisms across genetic loci can elucidate the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders and identify new therapeutic targets for cross-disorder applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Silva
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics, Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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5
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Griesius S, O'Donnell C, Waldron S, Thomas KL, Dwyer DM, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Robinson ESJ, Mellor JR. Reduced expression of the psychiatric risk gene DLG2 (PSD93) impairs hippocampal synaptic integration and plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1367-1378. [PMID: 35115661 PMCID: PMC9117295 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants indicating loss of function in the DLG2 gene have been associated with markedly increased risk for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. DLG2 encodes the postsynaptic scaffolding protein DLG2 (PSD93) that interacts with NMDA receptors, potassium channels, and cytoskeletal regulators but the net impact of these interactions on synaptic plasticity, likely underpinning cognitive impairments associated with these conditions, remains unclear. Here, hippocampal CA1 neuronal excitability and synaptic function were investigated in a novel clinically relevant heterozygous Dlg2+/- rat model using ex vivo patch-clamp electrophysiology, pharmacology, and computational modelling. Dlg2+/- rats had reduced supra-linear dendritic integration of synaptic inputs resulting in impaired associative long-term potentiation. This impairment was not caused by a change in synaptic input since NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents were, conversely, increased and AMPA receptor-mediated currents were unaffected. Instead, the impairment in associative long-term potentiation resulted from an increase in potassium channel function leading to a decrease in input resistance, which reduced supra-linear dendritic integration. Enhancement of dendritic excitability by blockade of potassium channels or activation of muscarinic M1 receptors with selective allosteric agonist 77-LH-28-1 reduced the threshold for dendritic integration and 77-LH-28-1 rescued the associative long-term potentiation impairment in the Dlg2+/- rats. These findings demonstrate a biological phenotype that can be reversed by compound classes used clinically, such as muscarinic M1 receptor agonists, and is therefore a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Griesius
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Cian O'Donnell
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Sophie Waldron
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Dominic M Dwyer
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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6
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Westacott LJ, Wilkinson LS. Complement Dependent Synaptic Reorganisation During Critical Periods of Brain Development and Risk for Psychiatric Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:840266. [PMID: 35600620 PMCID: PMC9120629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.840266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We now know that the immune system plays a major role in the complex processes underlying brain development throughout the lifespan, carrying out a number of important homeostatic functions under physiological conditions in the absence of pathological inflammation or infection. In particular, complement-mediated synaptic pruning during critical periods of early life may play a key role in shaping brain development and subsequent risk for psychopathology, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. However, these disorders vary greatly in their onset, disease course, and prevalence amongst sexes suggesting complex interactions between the immune system, sex and the unique developmental trajectories of circuitries underlying different brain functions which are yet to be fully understood. Perturbations of homeostatic neuroimmune interactions during different critical periods in which regional circuits mature may have a plethora of long-term consequences for psychiatric phenotypes, but at present there is a gap in our understanding of how these mechanisms may impact on the structural and functional changes occurring in the brain at different developmental stages. In this article we will consider the latest developments in the field of complement mediated synaptic pruning where our understanding is beginning to move beyond the visual system where this process was first described, to brain areas and developmental periods of potential relevance to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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7
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Waldron S, Pass R, Griesius S, Mellor JR, Robinson ESJ, Thomas KL, Wilkinson LS, Humby T, Hall J, Dwyer DM. Behavioural and molecular characterisation of the Dlg2 haploinsufficiency rat model of genetic risk for psychiatric disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2022; 21:e12797. [PMID: 35075790 PMCID: PMC9393932 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies implicate disruption to the DLG2 gene in copy number variants as increasing risk for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. To investigate psychiatric endophenotypes associated with DLG2 haploinsufficiency (and concomitant PSD-93 protein reduction) a novel clinically relevant Dlg2+/- rat was assessed for abnormalities in anxiety, sensorimotor gating, hedonic reactions, social behaviour, and locomotor response to the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist phencyclidine. Dlg gene and protein expression were also investigated to assess model validity. Reductions in PSD-93 messenger RNA and protein were observed in the absence of compensation by other related genes or proteins. Behaviourally Dlg2+/- rats show a potentiated locomotor response to phencyclidine, as is typical of psychotic disorder models, in the absence of deficits in the other behavioural phenotypes assessed here. This shows that the behavioural effects of Dlg2 haploinsufficiency may specifically relate to psychosis vulnerability but are subtle, and partially dissimilar to behavioural deficits previously reported in Dlg2+/- mouse models demonstrating issues surrounding the comparison of models with different aetiology and species. Intact performance on many of the behavioural domains assessed here, such as anxiety and reward processing, will remove these as confounds when continuing investigation into this model using more complex cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Pass
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Neurobiology Research UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOnna‐sonOkinawaJapan
| | - Simonas Griesius
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Jack R. Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Emma S. J. Robinson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolUK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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8
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Pass R, Haan N, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Thomas KL. Selective behavioural impairments in mice heterozygous for the cross disorder psychiatric risk gene DLG2. Genes Brain Behav 2022; 21:e12799. [PMID: 35118804 PMCID: PMC9393930 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations affecting DLG2 are emerging as a genetic risk factor associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. Discs large homolog 2 (DLG2) is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein superfamily of scaffold proteins, a component of the post-synaptic density in excitatory neurons and regulator of synaptic function and plasticity. It remains an important question whether and how haploinsuffiency of DLG2 contributes to impairments in basic behavioural and cognitive functions that may underlie symptomatic domains in patients that cross diagnostic boundaries. Using a heterozygous Dlg2 mouse model we examined the impact of reduced Dlg2 expression on functions commonly impaired in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders including motor co-ordination and learning, pre-pulse inhibition and habituation to novel stimuli. The heterozygous Dlg2 mice exhibited behavioural impairments in long-term motor learning and long-term habituation to a novel context, but not motor co-ordination, initial responses to a novel context, PPI of acoustic startle or anxiety. We additionally showed evidence for the reduced regulation of the synaptic plasticity-associated protein cFos in the motor cortex during motor learning. The sensitivity of selective behavioural and cognitive functions, particularly those dependent on synaptic plasticity, to reduced expression of DLG2 give further credence for DLG2 playing a critical role in specific brain functions but also a mechanistic understanding of symptom expression shared across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pass
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOkinawaJapan
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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9
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Westacott LJ, Humby T, Haan N, Brain SA, Bush EL, Toneva M, Baloc AI, Moon AL, Reddaway J, Owen MJ, Hall J, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Gray WP, Wilkinson LS. Complement C3 and C3aR mediate different aspects of emotional behaviours; relevance to risk for psychiatric disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:70-82. [PMID: 34543680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a key component of the immune system with roles in inflammation and host-defence. Here we reveal novel functions of complement pathways impacting on emotional reactivity of potential relevance to the emerging links between complement and risk for psychiatric disorder. We used mouse models to assess the effects of manipulating components of the complement system on emotionality. Mice lacking the complement C3a Receptor (C3aR-/-) demonstrated a selective increase in unconditioned (innate) anxiety whilst mice deficient in the central complement component C3 (C3-/-) showed a selective increase in conditioned (learned) fear. The dissociable behavioural phenotypes were linked to different signalling mechanisms. Effects on innate anxiety were independent of C3a, the canonical ligand for C3aR, consistent with the existence of an alternative ligand mediating innate anxiety, whereas effects on learned fear were due to loss of iC3b/CR3 signalling. Our findings show that specific elements of the complement system and associated signalling pathways contribute differentially to heightened states of anxiety and fear commonly seen in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sophie A Brain
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Emma-Louise Bush
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Margarita Toneva
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andreea-Ingrid Baloc
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Brain Repair and Intracranial Therapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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10
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Westacott LJ, Haan N, Evison C, Marei O, Hall J, Hughes TR, Zaben M, Morgan BP, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Gray WP. Dissociable effects of complement C3 and C3aR on survival and morphology of adult born hippocampal neurons, pattern separation, and cognitive flexibility in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:136-150. [PMID: 34403734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a form of ongoing plasticity in the brain that supports specific aspects of cognition. Disruptions in AHN have been observed in neuropsychiatric conditions presenting with inflammatory components and are associated with impairments in cognition and mood. Recent evidence highlights important roles of the complement system in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis during neurodevelopment and in acute learning and memory processes. In this work we investigated the impact of the complement C3/C3aR pathway on AHN and its functional implications for AHN-related behaviours. In C3-/- mice, we found increased numbers and accelerated migration of adult born granule cells, indicating that absence of C3 leads to abnormal survival and distribution of adult born neurons. Loss of either C3 or C3aR affected the morphology of immature neurons, reducing morphological complexity, though these effects were more pronounced in the absence of C3aR. We assessed functional impacts of the cellular phenotypes in an operant spatial discrimination task that assayed AHN sensitive behaviours. Again, we observed differences in the effects of manipulating C3 or C3aR, in that whilst C3aR-/- mice showed evidence of enhanced pattern separation abilities, C3-/- mice instead demonstrated impaired behavioural flexibility. Our findings show that C3 and C3aR manipulation have distinct effects on AHN that impact at different stages in the development and maturation of newly born neurons, and that the dissociable cellular phenotypes are associated with specific alterations in AHN-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Claudia Evison
- National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Omar Marei
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XW Cardiff, UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XW Cardiff, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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11
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Silva AI, Kirov G, Kendall KM, Bracher-Smith M, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Ulfarsson MO, Walters GB, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Linden DE, Caseras X. Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data From the UK Biobank Confirms Dosage Effect of 15q11.2 Copy Number Variation on White Matter and Shows Association With Cognition. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:307-316. [PMID: 33931204 PMCID: PMC8343146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations at the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 locus are present in 0.5%-1.0% of the population, and the deletion is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Previously, we showed a reciprocal effect of 15q11.2 copy number variation on fractional anisotropy, with widespread increases in deletion carriers. We aim to expand these findings using a larger sample of participants (N = 29,166) and higher resolution imaging and by examining the implications for cognitive performance. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging measures from participants with no neurological or psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from the UK Biobank database. We compared 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (n = 102) and duplication (n = 113) carriers to a large cohort of control individuals with no neuropsychiatric copy number variants (n = 28,951). Additionally, we assessed how changes in white matter mediated the association between carrier status and cognitive performance. RESULTS Deletion carriers showed increases in fractional anisotropy in the internal capsule and cingulum and decreases in the posterior thalamic radiation compared with both duplication carriers and control subjects (who had intermediate values). Compared with control subjects, deletion carriers had lower scores across cognitive tasks, which were partly influenced by white matter. Reduced fractional anisotropy in the posterior thalamic radiation partially contributed to worse cognitive performance in deletion carriers. CONCLUSIONS These results, together with our previous findings, provide convergent evidence for an effect of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 on white matter microstructure, this being more pronounced in deletion carriers. Additionally, changes in white matter were found to partially mediate cognitive ability in deletion carriers, providing a link between white matter changes in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 carriers and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Address correspondence to Ana I. Silva, Ph.D.
| | - George Kirov
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Bracher-Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David E.J. Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Caseras
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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12
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Haan N, Westacott LJ, Carter J, Owen MJ, Gray WP, Hall J, Wilkinson LS. Haploinsufficiency of the schizophrenia and autism risk gene Cyfip1 causes abnormal postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis through microglial and Arp2/3 mediated actin dependent mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:313. [PMID: 34031371 PMCID: PMC8144403 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors can significantly increase chances of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biological processes through which this risk is effected remain largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1, a candidate risk gene present in the pathogenic 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion may impact on psychopathology via abnormalities in cell survival and migration of newborn neurons during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 leads to increased numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons due to reduced apoptosis, without altering proliferation. We show this is due to a cell autonomous failure of microglia to induce apoptosis through the secretion of the appropriate factors, a previously undescribed mechanism. Furthermore, we show an abnormal migration of adult-born neurons due to altered Arp2/3 mediated actin dynamics. Together, our findings throw new light on how the genetic risk candidate Cyfip1 may influence the hippocampus, a brain region with strong evidence for involvement in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intercranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Tigaret CM, Lin TCE, Morrell ER, Sykes L, Moon AL, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wilkinson LS, Jones MW, Thomas KL, Hall J. Neurotrophin receptor activation rescues cognitive and synaptic abnormalities caused by hemizygosity of the psychiatric risk gene Cacna1c. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1748-1760. [PMID: 33597718 PMCID: PMC8440217 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, is strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To translate genetics to neurobiological mechanisms and rational therapeutic targets, we investigated the impact of mutations of one copy of Cacna1c on rat cognitive, synaptic and circuit phenotypes implicated by patient studies. We show that rats hemizygous for Cacna1c harbour marked impairments in learning to disregard non-salient stimuli, a behavioural change previously associated with psychosis. This behavioural deficit is accompanied by dys-coordinated network oscillations during learning, pathway-selective disruption of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, attenuated Ca2+ signalling in dendritic spines and decreased signalling through the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway. Activation of the ERK pathway by a small-molecule agonist of TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptors rescued both behavioural and synaptic plasticity deficits in Cacna1c+/- rats. These results map a route through which genetic variation in CACNA1C can disrupt experience-dependent synaptic signalling and circuit activity, culminating in cognitive alterations associated with psychiatric disorders. Our findings highlight targeted activation of neurotrophin signalling pathways with BDNF mimetic drugs as a genetically informed therapeutic approach for rescuing behavioural abnormalities in psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar M. Tigaret
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E. Lin
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Edward R. Morrell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Sykes
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,Present Address: Neem Biotech, Abertillery, Blaenau Gwent UK
| | - Anna L. Moon
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew W. Jones
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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14
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Clifton NE, Thomas KL, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Trent S. FMRP and CYFIP1 at the Synapse and Their Role in Psychiatric Vulnerability. Complex Psychiatry 2020; 6:5-19. [PMID: 34883502 PMCID: PMC7673588 DOI: 10.1159/000506858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the role genetic risk variants have in mediating vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Many of these risk variants encode synaptic proteins, influencing biological pathways of the postsynaptic density and, ultimately, synaptic plasticity. Fragile-X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) and cytoplasmic fragile-X mental retardation protein (FMRP)-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1) contain 2 such examples of highly penetrant risk variants and encode synaptic proteins with shared functional significance. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of FMRP and CYFIP1, including their regulation of (i) protein synthesis and specifically FMRP targets, (ii) dendritic and spine morphology, and (iii) forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term depression. We draw upon a range of preclinical studies that have used genetic dosage models of FMR1 and CYFIP1 to determine their biological function. In parallel, we discuss how clinical studies of fragile X syndrome or 15q11.2 deletion patients have informed our understanding of FMRP and CYFIP1, and highlight the latest psychiatric genomic findings that continue to implicate FMRP and CYFIP1. Lastly, we assess the current limitations in our understanding of FMRP and CYFIP1 biology and how they must be addressed before mechanism-led therapeutic strategies can be developed for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Clifton
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Trent
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
CACNA1C, a gene that encodes an alpha-1 subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, has been strongly associated with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. An important objective is to understand how variation in this gene can lead to an increased risk of psychopathology. Altered associative learning has also been implicated in the pathology of psychiatric disorders, particularly in the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. In this study, we utilize auditory-cued fear memory paradigms in order to investigate whether associative learning is altered in rats hemizygous for the Cacna1c gene. Cacna1c hemizygous (Cacna1c+/-) rats and their wild-type littermates were exposed to either delay, trace, or unpaired auditory fear conditioning. All rats received a Context Recall (24 h post-conditioning) and a Cue Recall (48 h post-conditioning) to test their fear responses. In the delay condition, which results in strong conditioning to the cue in wild-type animals, Cacna1c+/- rats showed increased fear responses to the context. In the trace condition, which results in strong conditioning to the context in wild-type animals, Cacna1c+/- rats showed increased fear responses to the cue. Finally, in the unpaired condition, Cacna1c+/- rats showed increased fear responses to both context and cue. These results indicate that Cacna1c heterozygous rats show aberrantly enhanced fear responses to inappropriate cues, consistent with key models of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Davies JR, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR, Humby T. Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting centre deletion mice have impaired baseline and 5-HT2CR-mediated response inhibition. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3013-3023. [PMID: 31087031 PMCID: PMC6737253 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deletion or inactivation of paternally expressed imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11–q13. In addition to endocrine and developmental issues, PWS presents with behavioural problems including stereotyped behaviour, impulsiveness and cognitive deficits. The PWS genetic interval contains several brain-expressed small nucleolar (sno) RNA species that are subject to genomic imprinting, including snord115 that negatively regulates post-transcriptional modification of the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) pre-mRNA potentially leading to a reduction in 5-HT2CR function. Using the imprinting centre deletion mouse model for PWS (PWSICdel) we have previously shown impairments in a number of behaviours, some of which are abnormally sensitive to 5-HT2CR-selective drugs. In the stop-signal reaction time task test of impulsivity, PWSICdel mice showed increased impulsivity relative to wild-type (WT) littermates. Challenge with the selective 5-HT2CR agonist WAY163909 reduced impulsivity in PWSICdel mice but had no effect on WT behaviour. This behavioural dissociation in was also reflected in differential patterns of immunoreactivity of the immediate early gene c-Fos, with a blunted response to the drug in the orbitofrontal cortex of PWSICdel mice, but no difference in c-Fos activation in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest specific facets of response inhibition are impaired in PWSICdel mice and that abnormal 5-HT2CR function may mediate this dissociation. These data have implications for our understanding of the aetiology of PWS-related behavioural traits and translational relevance for individuals with PWS who may seek to control appetite with the new obesity treatment 5-HT2CR agonist lorcaserin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine.,Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine
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17
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Chapman RM, Tinsley CL, Hill MJ, Forrest MP, Tansey KE, Pardiñas AF, Rees E, Doyle AM, Wilkinson LS, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Blake DJ. Convergent Evidence That ZNF804A Is a Regulator of Pre-messenger RNA Processing and Gene Expression. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1267-1278. [PMID: 30597088 PMCID: PMC6811834 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have linked common variation in ZNF804A with an increased risk of schizophrenia. However, little is known about the biology of ZNF804A and its role in schizophrenia. Here, we investigate the function of ZNF804A using a variety of complementary molecular techniques. We show that ZNF804A is a nuclear protein that interacts with neuronal RNA splicing factors and RNA-binding proteins including RBFOX1, which is also associated with schizophrenia, CELF3/4, components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the ZNF804A paralog, GPATCH8. GPATCH8 also interacts with splicing factors and is localized to nuclear speckles indicative of a role in pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. Sequence analysis showed that GPATCH8 contains ultraconserved, alternatively spliced poison exons that are also regulated by RBFOX proteins. ZNF804A knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in robust changes in gene expression and pre-mRNA splicing converging on pathways associated with nervous system development, synaptic contact, and cell adhesion. We observed enrichment (P = 1.66 × 10-9) for differentially spliced genes in ZNF804A-depleted cells among genes that contain RBFOX-dependent alternatively spliced exons. Differentially spliced genes in ZNF804A-depleted cells were also enriched for genes harboring de novo loss of function mutations in autism spectrum disorder (P = 6.25 × 10-7, enrichment 2.16) and common variant alleles associated with schizophrenia (P = .014), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (P = .003), and autism spectrum disorder (P = .005). These data suggest that ZNF804A and its paralogs may interact with neuronal-splicing factors and RNA-binding proteins to regulate the expression of a subset of synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria M Chapman
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Caroline L Tinsley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew J Hill
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Present address: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Ward, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Michelle Doyle
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derek J Blake
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 44(0)2920 688468, fax: +44(0)29 2068 7068, e-mail:
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18
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Sykes L, Haddon J, Lancaster TM, Sykes A, Azzouni K, Ihssen N, Moon AL, Lin TCE, Linden DE, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J. Genetic Variation in the Psychiatric Risk Gene CACNA1C Modulates Reversal Learning Across Species. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1024-1032. [PMID: 30304534 PMCID: PMC6737471 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of Cav1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), has been strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. How genetic variation in CACNA1C contributes to risk for these disorders is however not fully known. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with impairments in reversal learning (RL), which may contribute to symptoms seen in these conditions. We used a translational RL paradigm to investigate whether genetic variation in CACNA1C affects RL in both humans and transgenic rats. Associated changes in gene expression were explored using in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR in rats and the BRAINEAC online human database. Risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C in healthy human participants was associated with impairments in RL. Consistent with this finding, rats bearing a heterozygous deletion of Cacna1c were impaired in an analogous touchscreen RL task. We investigated the possible molecular mechanism underlying this impairment and found that Cacna1c +/- rats show decreased expression of Bdnf in prefrontal cortex. Examination of BRAINEAC data showed that human risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C is also associated with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex in humans. These results indicate that genetic variation in CACNA1C may contribute to risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by impacting behavioral flexibility, potentially through altered regulation of BDNF expression in the prefrontal cortex. Tests of RL may be useful for translational studies and in the development of therapies targeting VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Thomas M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arabella Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Karima Azzouni
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niklas Ihssen
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E Lin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; tel: 02920-688-342, fax: +44 2920 687 068, e-mail:
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19
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Silva AI, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson H, Gustafsson O, Walters GB, Linden DE, Wilkinson LS, Drakesmith M, Owen MJ, Hall J, Stefansson K. Reciprocal White Matter Changes Associated With Copy Number Variation at 15q11.2 BP1-BP2: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:563-572. [PMID: 30583851 PMCID: PMC6424871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 cytogenetic region has been associated with learning and motor delays, autism, and schizophrenia. This region includes a gene that codes for the cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1). The CYFIP1 protein is involved in actin cytoskeletal dynamics and interacts with the fragile X mental retardation protein. Absence of fragile X mental retardation protein causes fragile X syndrome. Because abnormal white matter microstructure has been reported in both fragile X syndrome and psychiatric disorders, we looked at the impact of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 dosage on white matter microstructure. METHODS Combining a brain-wide voxel-based approach and a regional-based analysis, we analyzed diffusion tensor imaging data from healthy individuals with the deletion (n = 30), healthy individuals with the reciprocal duplication (n = 27), and IQ-matched control subjects with no large copy number variants (n = 19), recruited from a large genotyped population sample. RESULTS We found global mirror effects (deletion > control > duplication) on fractional anisotropy. The deletion group showed widespread increased fractional anisotropy when compared with duplication. Regional analyses revealed a greater effect size in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and a tendency for decreased fractional anisotropy in duplication. CONCLUSIONS These results show a reciprocal effect of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 on white matter microstructure, suggesting that reciprocal chromosomal imbalances may lead to opposite changes in brain structure. Findings in the deletion overlap with previous white matter differences reported in fragile X syndrome patients, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms derived from disruptions of cytoplasmic CYFIP1-fragile X mental retardation protein complexes. Our data begin to identify specific components of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 phenotype and neurobiological mechanisms of potential relevance to the increased risk for disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Silva
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - G. Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David E.J. Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Drakesmith
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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20
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Humby T, Patel Y, Carter J, Stokes LJG, Rogers RD, Wilkinson LS. Feeding behaviour, risk-sensitivity and response control: effects of 5-HT 2C receptor manipulations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180144. [PMID: 30966915 PMCID: PMC6335459 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People, like animals, tend to choose the variable option when given the choice between a fixed and variable delay to reward where, in the variable delay condition, some rewards are available immediately (Laura-Jean et al. 2019 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20180141. ( doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0141 )). This bias has been suggested to reflect evolutionary pressures resulting from food scarcity in the past placing a premium on obtaining food quickly that can win out against the risks of sometimes sustaining longer delays to food. The psychologies mediating this effect may become maladaptive in the developed world where food is readily available contributing, potentially, to overeating and obesity. Here, we report our development of a novel touchscreen task in mice allowing comparisons of the impact of food delay and food magnitude across species. We show that mice exhibit the typical preference, as shown by humans, for variable over fixed delays to rewards but no preference when it comes to fixed versus variable reward amounts and further show that this bias is sensitive to manipulations of the 5-HT2C receptor, a key mediator of feeding and impulse control. We discuss the data in terms of the utility of the task to model the psychologies and underlying brain mechanisms impacting on feeding behaviours. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Humby
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Yateen Patel
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | | | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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21
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Iliescu AF, Hall J, Wilkinson LS, Dwyer DM, Honey RC. The nature of phenotypic variation in Pavlovian conditioning. J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn 2018; 44:358-369. [PMID: 30407062 PMCID: PMC6223242 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pavlovian conditioning procedures result in dramatic individual differences in the topography of learnt behaviors in rats: When the temporary insertion of a lever into an operant chamber is paired with food pellets, some rats (known as sign-trackers) predominantly interact with the lever, while others (known as goal-trackers) predominantly approach the food well. Two experiments examined the sensitivity of these two behaviors to changing reinforcement contingencies in groups of male and female rats exhibiting the different phenotypes (i.e., sign-trackers and goal-trackers). In both phenotypes, behavior oriented to the food well was more sensitive to contingency changes (e.g., a reversal in which of two levers was reinforced) than was lever-oriented behavior. That is, the nature of the two behaviors differed independently of the rats in which they were manifest. These results indicate that the behavioral phenotypes reflect the parallel operation of a stimulus-stimulus associative process that gives rise to food-well activity and a stimulus-response process that gives rise to lever-oriented activity, rather than the operation of a single process (e.g., stimulus-stimulus) that generates both behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R C Honey
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University
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22
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Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies have consistently shown that genetic variation in CACNA1C, a gene that encodes calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1C, increases risk for psychiatric disorders. CACNA1C encodes the Cav1.2 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, which themselves have been functionally implicated in a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Research has concentrated on uncovering the underlying biological mechanisms that could be responsible for this increased risk. This review presents an overview of recent findings regarding Cacna1c variation in animal models, particularly focusing on behavioral phenotypes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as cognition, anxiety and depressive phenotypes, and fear conditioning. The impact of reduced gene dosage of Cacna1c on adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also assessed, including new data from a novel Cacna1c+/- rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Clifton NE, Pocklington AJ, Scholz B, Rees E, Walters JTR, Kirov G, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J. Schizophrenia copy number variants and associative learning. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:178-182. [PMID: 27956746 PMCID: PMC5285462 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies have made major progress in identifying genetic risk variants for schizophrenia. A key finding from these studies is that there is an increased burden of genomic copy number variants (CNVs) in schizophrenia cases compared with controls. The mechanism through which these CNVs confer risk for the symptoms of schizophrenia, however, remains unclear. One possibility is that schizophrenia risk CNVs impact basic associative learning processes, abnormalities of which have long been associated with the disorder. To investigate whether genes in schizophrenia CNVs impact on specific phases of associative learning we combined human genetics with experimental gene expression studies in animals. In a sample of 11 917 schizophrenia cases and 16 416 controls, we investigated whether CNVs from patients with schizophrenia are enriched for genes expressed during the consolidation, retrieval or extinction of associative memories. We show that CNVs from cases are enriched for genes expressed during fear extinction in the hippocampus, but not genes expressed following consolidation or retrieval. These results suggest that CNVs act to impair inhibitory learning in schizophrenia, potentially contributing to the development of core symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Clifton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A J Pocklington
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Scholz
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - L S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Liu YP, Wilkinson LS, Robbins TW. 'Waiting impulsivity' in isolation-reared and socially-reared rats: effects of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1587-1601. [PMID: 28314950 PMCID: PMC5420383 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rats reared in social isolation exhibit various cognitive and behavioural abnormalities in adulthood. However, impulsivity following this treatment still remains unclear, especially in response to medications used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, such as amphetamine. METHODS Using an isolation-rearing (IR) manipulation, the present study examined the effects of IR on impulsive action and impulsive choice when also treated with doses of D-amphetamine, by employing the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and a temporal discounting of reward task (TDRT), respectively. RESULTS IR rats showed similar acquisition of the 5-CSRTT. Amphetamine increased premature responding in both groups; however, IR rats showed less responding overall. For the TDRT, IR rats revealed a greater preference for the large but delayed reward during task acquisition (i.e. were less impulsive) with a higher rate of nose poking during the delay, and exhibited a compressed dose-response function (i.e. reduced dose sensitivity) for amphetamine. DISCUSSION Impulsive action and impulsive choice were reduced in IR rats under certain conditions, and a blunted response to D-amphetamine was found on these measures. These reductions in impulsivity contrast with locomotor hyperactivity normally shown in IR rats and the findings have implications for the utility of IR as a model of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yia-Ping Liu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan. .,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology & Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK
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25
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Garfield AS, Davies JR, Burke LK, Furby HV, Wilkinson LS, Heisler LK, Isles AR. Increased alternate splicing of Htr2c in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome leads disruption of 5HT 2C receptor mediated appetite. Mol Brain 2016; 9:95. [PMID: 27931246 PMCID: PMC5144496 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternate splicing of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) pre-RNA is negatively regulated by the small nucleolar RNA, Snord115, loss of which is observed in nearly all individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), a multigenic disorder characterised by hyperphagia and obesity. Given the role of the 5-HT2CR in the regulation of ingestive behaviour we investigated the pathophysiological implications of Snord115 deficiency on 5-HT2CR regulated appetite in a genotypically relevant PWS mouse model (PWS-IC). Specifically, we demonstrate that loss of Snord115 expression is associated with increased levels of hypothalamic truncated 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA. The 5-HT2CR promotes appetite suppression via engagement of the central melanocortin system. Pro-opiomelancortin (Pomc) mRNA levels within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) were reduced in PWS-IC mice. We then went on to assess the functional consequences of these molecular changes, demonstrating that PWS-IC mice are unresponsive to an anorectic doses of a 5-HT2CR agonist and that this is associated with attenuated activation of POMC neurons within the ARC. These data provide new insight into the significance of Htr2c pre-mRNA processing to the physiological regulation of appetite and potentially the pathological manifestation of hyperphagia in PWS. Furthermore, these findings have translational relevance for individuals with PWS who may seek to control appetite with another 5-HT2CR agonist, the new obesity treatment lorcaserin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair S Garfield
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Present address: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer R Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine and Pscyhology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke K Burke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah V Furby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine and Pscyhology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine and Pscyhology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine and Pscyhology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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26
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Dent CL, Humby T, Lewis K, Plagge A, Fischer-Colbrie R, Wilkins JF, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR. Impulsive choices in mice lacking imprinted Nesp55. Genes Brain Behav 2016; 15:693-701. [PMID: 27509352 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is the process whereby germline epigenetic events lead to parent-of-origin specific monallelic expression of a number of key mammalian genes. The imprinted gene Nesp is expressed from the maternal allele only and encodes for Nesp55 protein. In the brain, Nesp55 is found predominately in discrete areas of the hypothalamus and midbrain. Previously, we have shown that loss of Nesp55 gives rise to alterations in novelty-related behaviour. Here, we extend these findings and demonstrate, using the Nespm/+ mouse model, that loss of Nesp55 leads to impulsive choices as measured by a delayed-reinforcement task, whereby Nespm/+ mice were less willing to wait for a delayed, larger reward, preferring instead to choose an immediate, smaller reward. These effects were highly specific as performance in another component of impulsive behaviour, the ability to stop a response once started as assayed in the stop-signal reaction time task, was equivalent to controls. We also showed changes in the serotonin system, a key neurotransmitter pathway mediating impulsive behaviour. First, we demonstrated that Nesp55 is co-localized with serotonin and then went on to show that in midbrain regions there were reductions in mRNA expression of the serotonin-specific genes Tph2 and Slc6a4, but not the dopamine-specific gene Th in Nespm/+ mice; suggesting an altered serotonergic system could contribute, in part, to the changes in impulsive behaviour. These data provide a novel mode of action for genomic imprinting in the brain and may have implications for pathological conditions characterized by maladaptive response control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Dent
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute
| | - T Humby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Lewis
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute
| | - A Plagge
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Fischer-Colbrie
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - L S Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute.,Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A R Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute
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Scholz B, Doidge AN, Barnes P, Hall J, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL. The Regulation of Cytokine Networks in Hippocampal CA1 Differentiates Extinction from Those Required for the Maintenance of Contextual Fear Memory after Recall. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153102. [PMID: 27224427 PMCID: PMC4880201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the distinctiveness of gene regulatory networks in CA1 associated with the extinction of contextual fear memory (CFM) after recall using Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Genome 230 2.0 Arrays. These data were compared to previously published retrieval and reconsolidation-attributed, and consolidation datasets. A stringent dual normalization and pareto-scaled orthogonal partial least-square discriminant multivariate analysis together with a jack-knifing-based cross-validation approach was used on all datasets to reduce false positives. Consolidation, retrieval and extinction were correlated with distinct patterns of gene expression 2 hours later. Extinction-related gene expression was most distinct from the profile accompanying consolidation. A highly specific feature was the discrete regulation of neuroimmunological gene expression associated with retrieval and extinction. Immunity-associated genes of the tyrosine kinase receptor TGFβ and PDGF, and TNF families' characterized extinction. Cytokines and proinflammatory interleukins of the IL-1 and IL-6 families were enriched with the no-extinction retrieval condition. We used comparative genomics to predict transcription factor binding sites in proximal promoter regions of the retrieval-regulated genes. Retrieval that does not lead to extinction was associated with NF-κB-mediated gene expression. We confirmed differential NF-κBp65 expression, and activity in all of a representative sample of our candidate genes in the no-extinction condition. The differential regulation of cytokine networks after the acquisition and retrieval of CFM identifies the important contribution that neuroimmune signalling plays in normal hippocampal function. Further, targeting cytokine signalling upon retrieval offers a therapeutic strategy to promote extinction mechanisms in human disorders characterised by dysregulation of associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Scholz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amie N. Doidge
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Barnes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Behavioral Genetics Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Appropriately powered genome-wide association studies combined with deep-sequencing technologies offer the prospect of real progress in revealing the complex biological underpinnings of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Meanwhile, recent developments in genome engineering, including CRISPR, constitute better tools to move forward with investigating these genetic leads. This review aims to assess how these advances can inform the development of animal models for psychiatric disease, with a focus on schizophrenia and in vivo electrophysiological circuit-level measures with high potential as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Heckenast
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew W Jones
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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Davies JR, Humby T, Dwyer DM, Garfield AS, Furby H, Wilkinson LS, Wells T, Isles AR. Calorie seeking, but not hedonic response, contributes to hyperphagia in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2105-13. [PMID: 26040449 PMCID: PMC4949663 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deletion or inactivation of paternally expressed imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11‐q13, the most recognised feature of which is hyperphagia. This is thought to arise as a consequence of abnormalities in both the physiological drive for food and the rewarding properties of food. Although a number of mouse models for PWS exist, the underlying variables dictating maladaptive feeding remain unknown. Here, feeding behaviour in a mouse model in which the imprinting centre (IC) of the syntenic PWS interval has been deleted (PWSICdel mice) is characterised. It is demonstrated that PWSICdel mice show hyperghrelinaemia and increased consumption of food both following overnight fasting and when made more palatable with sucrose. However, hyperphagia in PWSICdel mice was not accompanied by any changes in reactivity to the hedonic properties of palatable food (sucrose or saccharin), as measured by lick‐cluster size. Nevertheless, overall consumption by PWSICdel mice for non‐caloric saccharin in the licking test was significantly reduced. Combined with converging findings from a continuous reinforcement schedule, these data indicate that PWSICdel mice show a marked heightened sensitivity to the calorific value of food. Overall, these data indicate that any impact of the rewarding properties of food on the hyperphagia seen in PWSICdel mice is driven primarily by calorie content and is unlikely to involve hedonic processes. This has important implications for understanding the neural systems underlying the feeding phenotype of PWS and the contribution of imprinted genes to abnormal feeding behaviour more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dominic M Dwyer
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hannah Furby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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30
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Davies W, Humby T, Trent S, Eddy JB, Ojarikre OA, Wilkinson LS. Genetic and pharmacological modulation of the steroid sulfatase axis improves response control; comparison with drugs used in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2622-32. [PMID: 24842408 PMCID: PMC4140762 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive response control is a feature of many neuropsychiatric conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males than females, a pathogenic role for sex-linked genes has been suggested. Deletion or point mutation of the X-linked STS gene, encoding the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS) influences risk for ADHD. We examined whether deletion of the Sts gene in the 39,X(Y*)O mouse model, or pharmacological manipulation of the STS axis, via administration of the enzyme substrate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or the enzyme inhibitor COUMATE, influenced behavior in a novel murine analog of the stop-signal reaction time task used to detect inhibitory deficits in individuals with ADHD. Unexpectedly, both the genetic and pharmacological treatments resulted in enhanced response control, manifest as highly specific effects in the ability to cancel a prepotent action. For all three manipulations, the effect size was comparable to that seen with the commonly used ADHD therapeutics methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Hence, converging genetic and pharmacological evidence indicates that the STS axis is involved in inhibitory processes and can be manipulated to give rise to improvements in response control. While the precise neurobiological mechanism(s) underlying the effects remain to be established, there is the potential for exploiting this pathway in the treatment of disorders where failures in behavioral inhibition are prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Trent
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jessica B Eddy
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Obah A Ojarikre
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Behavioral Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK, Tel: +44 (0)29 2087 0357, Fax: +44 (0)29 2087 4858, E-mail:
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31
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Schmechtig A, Lees J, Perkins A, Altavilla A, Craig KJ, Dawson GR, William Deakin JF, Dourish CT, Evans LH, Koychev I, Weaver K, Smallman R, Walters J, Wilkinson LS, Morris R, Williams SCR, Ettinger U. The effects of ketamine and risperidone on eye movement control in healthy volunteers. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e334. [PMID: 24326395 PMCID: PMC4030328 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine leads to transient psychosis-like symptoms and impairments in oculomotor performance in healthy volunteers. This study examined whether the adverse effects of ketamine on oculomotor performance can be reversed by the atypical antipsychotic risperidone. In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 72 healthy participants performed smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM), prosaccades (PS) and antisaccades (AS) while being randomly assigned to one of four drug groups (intravenous 100 ng ml(-1) ketamine, 2 mg oral risperidone, 100 ng ml(-1) ketamine plus 2 mg oral risperidone, placebo). Drug administration did not lead to harmful adverse events. Ketamine increased saccadic frequency and decreased velocity gain of SPEM (all P < 0.01) but had no significant effects on PS or AS (all P > or = 0.07). An effect of risperidone was observed for amplitude gain and peak velocity of PS and AS, indicating hypometric gain and slower velocities compared with placebo (both P < or = 0.04). No ketamine by risperidone interactions were found (all P > or = 0.26). The results confirm that the administration of ketamine produces oculomotor performance deficits similar in part to those seen in schizophrenia. The atypical antipsychotic risperidone did not reverse ketamine-induced deteriorations. These findings do not support the cognitive enhancing potential of risperidone on oculomotor biomarkers in this model system of schizophrenia and point towards the importance of developing alternative performance-enhancing compounds to optimise pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmechtig
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Neuroimaging, CNS Building PO89, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| | - J Lees
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Perkins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Altavilla
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K J Craig
- P1vital Ltd, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - G R Dawson
- P1vital Ltd, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J F William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C T Dourish
- P1vital Ltd, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - L H Evans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Koychev
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K Weaver
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Smallman
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Walters
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - L S Wilkinson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Morris
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - U Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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32
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Tzias D, Bhaludin B, Wilkinson LS, George S, Gay H. PB.33: Vacuum-assisted biopsy for lesions of uncertain malignant potential: further evidence of its suitability as a safe alternative to surgery. Breast Cancer Res 2013. [PMCID: PMC3980236 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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33
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Kopsida E, Lynn PM, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Davies W. Dissociable effects of Sry and sex chromosome complement on activity, feeding and anxiety-related behaviours in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73699. [PMID: 24009762 PMCID: PMC3751882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst gonadal hormones can substantially influence sexual differentiation of the brain, recent findings have suggested that sex-linked genes may also directly influence neurodevelopment. Here we used the well-established murine ‘four core genotype’ (FCG) model on a gonadally-intact, outbred genetic background to characterise the contribution of Sry-dependent effects (i.e. those arising from the expression of the Y-linked Sry gene in the brain, or from hormonal sequelae of gonadal Sry expression) and direct effects of sex-linked genes other than Sry (‘sex chromosome complement’ effects) to sexually dimorphic mouse behavioural phenotypes. Over a 24 hour period, XX and XY gonadally female mice (lacking Sry) exhibited greater horizontal locomotor activity and reduced food consumption per unit bodyweight than XX and XY gonadally male mice (possessing Sry); in two behavioural tests (the elevated plus and zero mazes) XX and XY gonadally female mice showed evidence for increased anxiety-related behaviours relative to XX and XY gonadally male mice. Exploratory correlational analyses indicated that these Sry-dependent effects could not be simply explained by brain expression of the gene, nor by circulating testosterone levels. We also noted a sex chromosome complement effect on food (but not water) consumption whereby XY mice consumed more over a 24hr period than XX mice, and a sex chromosome complement effect in a third test of anxiety-related behaviour, the light-dark box. The present data suggest that: i) the male-specific factor Sry may influence activity and feeding behaviours in mice, and ii) dissociable feeding and anxiety-related murine phenotypes may be differentially modulated by Sry and by other sex-linked genes. Our results may have relevance for understanding the molecular underpinnings of sexually dimorphic behavioural phenotypes in healthy men and women, and in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kopsida
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe M. Lynn
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Humby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Reichelt AC, Killcross S, Wilkinson LS, Humby T, Good MA. Transgenic expression of the FTDP-17 tauV337M mutation in brain dissociates components of executive function in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 104:73-81. [PMID: 23721814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous range of disorders, a subset of which arise from fully penetrant, autosomal dominant point mutations in the gene coding for the microtubule associated protein tau. These genetic tauopathies are associated with complex behavioural/cognitive disturbances, including compromised executive function. In the present study, we modelled the effects of the FTD with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) tauV337M mutation (known as the Seattle Family A mutation) expressed in mice on executive processes using a novel murine analogue of the Stroop task. Employing biconditional discrimination procedures, Experiment 1 showed that normal mice, but not mice with excitotoxic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex, were able to use context cues to resolve response conflict generated by incongruent stimulus compounds. In contrast to predictions, response conflict resolution was not disrupted by the tauV337M mutation (Experiment 2). However, while context appropriate actions were goal-directed in wild-type mice, performance of tauV337M mice was not goal-directed (Experiment 3). The results indicate that the tauV337M mutation in mice disrupts, selectively, a subset of processes related to executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Reichelt
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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35
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Relkovic D, Humby T, Hagan JJ, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR. Enhanced appetitive learning and reversal learning in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome. Behav Neurosci 2013; 126:488-92. [PMID: 22642890 DOI: 10.1037/a0028155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by lack of paternally derived gene expression from the imprinted gene cluster on human chromosome 15q11-q13. PWS is characterized by severe hypotonia, a failure to thrive in infancy and, on emerging from infancy, evidence of learning disabilities and overeating behavior due to an abnormal satiety response and increased motivation by food. We have previously shown that an imprinting center deletion mouse model (PWS-IC) is quicker to acquire a preference for, and consume more of a palatable food. Here we examined how the use of this palatable food as a reinforcer influences learning in PWS-IC mice performing a simple appetitive learning task. On a nonspatial maze-based task, PWS-IC mice acquired criteria much quicker, making fewer errors during initial acquisition and also reversal learning. A manipulation where the reinforcer was devalued impaired wild-type performance but had no effect on PWS-IC mice. This suggests that increased motivation for the reinforcer in PWS-IC mice may underlie their enhanced learning. This supports previous findings in PWS patients and is the first behavioral study of an animal model of PWS in which the motivation of behavior by food rewards has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Relkovic
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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36
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Pagliari CM, Hoang T, Reddy M, Wilkinson LS, Poloniecki JD, Given-Wilson RM. Diagnostic quality of 50 and 100 μm computed radiography compared with screen-film mammography in operative breast specimens. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:910-6. [PMID: 22096218 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/74825285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare reader ratings of the clinical diagnostic quality of 50 and 100 μm computed radiography (CR) systems with screen-film mammography (SFM) in operative specimens. METHODS Mammograms of 57 fresh operative breast specimens were analysed by 10 readers. Exposures were made with identical position and compression with three mammographic systems (Fuji 100CR, 50CR and SFM). Images were anonymised and readers blinded to the CR system used. A five-point comparative scoring system (-2 to +2) was used to assess seven quality criteria and overall diagnostic value. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed of reader ratings (n = 16,925). RESULTS For most quality criteria, both CR systems were rated as equivalent to or better than SFM. The CR systems were significantly better at demonstrating skin edge and background tissue (p < 1 × 10(-5)). Microcalcification was best demonstrated on the CR50 system (p < 1 × 10(-5)). The overall diagnostic value of both CR systems was rated as being as good as or better than SFM (p < 1 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSION In this clinical setting, the overall diagnostic performance of both CR systems was as good as or better than SFM, with the CR50 system performing better than the CR100.
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37
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Wilkinson LS, Ridley NTF. The practical application of the UK 5-point scoring system for breast imaging: how standardisation of reporting supports the multidisciplinary team. Br J Radiol 2011; 84:965-6. [PMID: 22011828 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/51580547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L S Wilkinson
- South West London Breast Screening Service, St Georges Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Humby T, Wilkinson LS. Assaying dissociable elements of behavioural inhibition and impulsivity: translational utility of animal models. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:534-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garfield AS, Cowley M, Smith FM, Moorwood K, Stewart-Cox JE, Gilroy K, Baker S, Xia J, Dalley JW, Hurst LD, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR, Ward A. Distinct physiological and behavioural functions for parental alleles of imprinted Grb10. Nature 2011; 469:534-8. [PMID: 21270893 PMCID: PMC3031026 DOI: 10.1038/nature09651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Imprinted genes, defined by their preferential expression of a single parental allele, represent a subset of the mammalian genome and often have key roles in embryonic development, but also postnatal functions including energy homeostasis and behaviour. When the two parental alleles are unequally represented within a social group (when there is sex bias in dispersal and/or variance in reproductive success), imprinted genes may evolve to modulate social behaviour, although so far no such instance is known. Predominantly expressed from the maternal allele during embryogenesis, Grb10 encodes an intracellular adaptor protein that can interact with several receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signalling molecules. Here we demonstrate that within the brain Grb10 is expressed from the paternal allele from fetal life into adulthood and that ablation of this expression engenders increased social dominance specifically among other aspects of social behaviour, a finding supported by the observed increase in allogrooming by paternal Grb10-deficient animals. Grb10 is, therefore, the first example of an imprinted gene that regulates social behaviour. It is also currently alone in exhibiting imprinted expression from each of the parental alleles in a tissue-specific manner, as loss of the peripherally expressed maternal allele leads to significant fetal and placental overgrowth. Thus Grb10 is, so far, a unique imprinted gene, able to influence distinct physiological processes, fetal growth and adult behaviour, owing to actions of the two parental alleles in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair S. Garfield
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK,Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine, and Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael Cowley
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Florentia M. Smith
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kim Moorwood
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Joanne E. Stewart-Cox
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kerry Gilroy
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine, and Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sian Baker
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine, and Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jing Xia
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hill's Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Laurence D. Hurst
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine, and Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anthony R. Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine, and Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew Ward
- University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK,Author for correspondence: Dr Andrew Ward, Tel: 00(44)1225 386914, Fax: 00(44)1225 386779,
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Stergiakouli E, Langley K, Williams H, Walters J, Williams NM, Suren S, Giegling I, Wilkinson LS, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Rujescu D, Thapar A, Davies W. Steroid sulfatase is a potential modifier of cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 10:334-44. [PMID: 21255266 PMCID: PMC3664024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deletions encompassing the X-linked STS gene (encoding steroid sulfatase) have been observed in subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within STS (rs12861247 and rs17268988) have been reported to be associated with ADHD risk and inattentive symptoms in ADHD, respectively. Using a UK sample of ADHD subjects (aged 5-18 years), we tested the hypothesis that rs12861247 is associated with ADHD risk using a case-control approach (comparing 327 ADHD cases with 358 male controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium). Using a subset of males from the ADHD sample, we also examined whether variation within STS is associated with symptomatology/cognitive function in ADHD. We then tested whether SNPs associated with cognitive function in ADHD were also associated with cognitive function in healthy male subjects using a German sample (n = 143, aged 18-30 years), and whether STS was expressed in brain regions pertinent to ADHD pathology during development. We did not replicate the previously identified association with rs12861247. However, in ADHD males, variation at rs17268988 was associated with inattentive symptoms, while variation within STS was significantly associated with performance on three cognitive measures. Three SNPs associated with cognitive function in ADHD males were not associated with cognitive function in healthy males. STS was highly expressed in the developing cerebellar neuroepithelium, basal ganglia, thalamus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus and choroid plexus. These data suggest that genetic variants affecting STS expression and/or activity could influence the function of brain regions perturbed in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stergiakouli
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Wilkinson LS, Coleman C, Pagliari CM, Skippage P, Thomas V, Given-Wilson R. Breast histoscanning: the development of a novel technique to improve tissue characterization during breast ultrasound. Breast Cancer Res 2010. [PMCID: PMC2978863 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Perera IT, Wilkinson LS. An audit to assess the impact of introducing a protocol of bilateral whole breast and axillary ultrasound for assessment of screen-detected cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2010. [PMCID: PMC2978846 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Maternal and paternal influences on gene expression play a surprisingly large role in the epigenetic regulation of mammalian brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Cardiff MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Relkovic D, Doe CM, Humby T, Johnstone KA, Resnick JL, Holland AJ, Hagan JJ, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR. Behavioural and cognitive abnormalities in an imprinting centre deletion mouse model for PraderâWilli syndrome. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:156-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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45
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Skippage PL, Wilkinson LS, Allen SD, Roche N, Dowsett M, A'Hern R. Correlation of age and hormone replacement therapy with breast density as assessed by Quantra™. Breast Cancer Res 2009. [PMCID: PMC4284859 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
In mammals, sex differences are evident in many aspects of brain development, brain function and behaviour. Ultimately, such differences must arise from the differential sex chromosome complements in males and females: males inherit a single X chromosome and a Y chromosome, whilst females inherit two X chromosomes. One possible mechanism for sexual differentiation of the brain is via male-limited expression of genes on the small Y chromosome. Many Y-linked genes have been implicated in the development of the testes, and therefore could theoretically contribute to sexual differentiation of the brain indirectly, through influencing gonadal hormone production. Alternatively, Y-linked genes that are expressed in the brain could directly influence neural masculinisation. The present paper reviews evidence from human genetic studies and animal models for Y-linked effects (both direct and indirect) on neurodevelopment, brain function and behaviour. Besides enhancing our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying mammalian neural sexual differentiation, studies geared towards understanding the role of the Y chromosome in brain function will help to elucidate the molecular basis of sex-biased neuropsychiatric disorders, allowing for more selective sex-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kopsida
- Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Heath Park Site, Cardiff University, UK
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Davies W, Humby T, Kong W, Otter T, Burgoyne PS, Wilkinson LS. Converging pharmacological and genetic evidence indicates a role for steroid sulfatase in attention. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:360-7. [PMID: 19251250 PMCID: PMC2720459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in attention, increased motor impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Preliminary work in mice and humans has suggested the X-linked gene STS (which encodes the enzyme steroid sulfatase) as a mediator of attentional functioning and as a candidate gene for ADHD. METHODS The effects of modulating the murine steroid sulfatase axis pharmacologically (through administration of the substrate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS], 0-40 mg/kg, or acute inhibition of the enzyme by COUMATE, 10mg/kg) or genetically (through loss of the gene in 39,X(Y)*O mice) were assayed using the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) a test of visuospatial attention and response control, and a locomotor activity paradigm. RESULTS DHEAS administration improved 5-CSRTT performance under attentionally demanding conditions, whereas steroid sulfatase inhibition impaired accuracy under the same conditions. Loss of Sts expression constitutively throughout development in 39,X(Y)*O mice resulted in deficits in 5-CSRTT performance at short stimulus durations and reduced anticipatory responding. Neither the pharmacologic nor the genetic manipulations affected basic locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These data provide converging evidence indicating a role for steroid sulfatase in discrete aspects of attentional functioning and are suggestive of a role in motor impulsivity. The findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of attention and strengthen the notion of STS as a candidate gene for the attentional component of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology and Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Trevor Humby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology and Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Kong
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Otter
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology and Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Burgoyne
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Behavioural Genetics Group, School of Psychology and Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, London, United Kingdom
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Doe CM, Relkovic D, Garfield AS, Dalley JW, Theobald DEH, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Isles AR. Loss of the imprinted snoRNA mbii-52 leads to increased 5htr2c pre-RNA editing and altered 5HT2CR-mediated behaviour. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2140-8. [PMID: 19304781 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) genetic interval contains several brain-expressed small nucleolar (sno)RNA species that are subject to genomic imprinting. In vitro studies have shown that one of these snoRNA molecules, h/mbii-52, negatively regulates editing and alternative splicing of the serotonin 2C receptor (5htr2c) pre-RNA. However, the functional consequences of loss of h/mbii-52 and subsequent increased post-transcriptional modification of 5htr2c are unknown. 5HT2CRs are important in controlling aspects of cognition and the cessation of feeding, and disruption of their function may underlie some of the psychiatric and feeding abnormalities seen in PWS. In a mouse model for PWS lacking expression of mbii-52 (PWS-IC+/-), we show an increase in editing, but not alternative splicing, of the 5htr2c pre-RNA. This change in post-transcriptional modification is associated with alterations in a number of 5HT2CR-related behaviours, including impulsive responding, locomotor activity and reactivity to palatable foodstuffs. In a non-5HT2CR-related behaviour, marble burying, loss of mbii-52 was without effect. The specificity of the behavioural effects to changes in 5HT2CR function was further confirmed using drug challenges. These data illustrate, for the first time, the physiological consequences of altered RNA editing of 5htr2c linked to mbii-52 loss that may underlie specific aspects of the complex PWS phenotype and point to an important functional role for this imprinted snoRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Doe
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology (School of Medicine) and School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Wilkinson LS, Taylor P, Potts H. Assessing mammography film-reader performance. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3332644 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wilkinson LS, Hudson S, Peterson J. How does the location of a satellite screening site affect uptake? Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3332592 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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