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Bisia M, Papadopoulos P, Filis S, Beleri S, Tegos N, Lamprou GK, Balatsos G, Papachristos D, Michaelakis A, Patsoula E. Field Evaluation of Commonly Used Adult Mosquito Traps in Greece. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:119-128. [PMID: 36888960 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Entomological monitoring activities are a major part of mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases surveillance. Several trapping methods are implemented worldwide, aiming to gather data on species composition and their abundance in various study areas. Methods: Several methodological modifications, such as trapping systems baited with attractants or carbon dioxide, have been proposed to increase trap efficiency. The aim of this study was to test different trap types, commonly used in Greece to collect mosquitoes, with the addition of the Biogents Sentinel lure. Moreover, traps were placed in two distinct land types and two different heights above the ground to compare their efficacy. West Nile Virus is endemic in Greece, so we also aimed to detect viral presence and circulation in selected mosquito pools. Results: Adult mosquitoes of Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens s.l., and Culiseta longiareolata were collected in both study areas. The trap type had a significant impact on the total collections, while the trap position and interaction between trap and position did not significantly affect mosquito catches. WNV was detected in Cx. pipiens s.l. pools examined from the two study areas. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of trapping methods as a key component for monitoring and surveillance of adult mosquito populations, reflecting that several trap types present with different mosquito species capture and catch rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bisia
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Papadopoulos
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attika, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Filis
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece.,Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Beleri
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attika, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tegos
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attika, Athens, Greece
| | - George K Lamprou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Balatsos
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papachristos
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Patsoula
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attika, Athens, Greece
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Semwal A, Melvin LMJ, Mohan RE, Ramalingam B, Pathmakumar T. AI-Enabled Mosquito Surveillance and Population Mapping Using Dragonfly Robot. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134921. [PMID: 35808427 PMCID: PMC9269550 DOI: 10.3390/s22134921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases can pose serious risks to human health. Therefore, mosquito surveillance and control programs are essential for the wellbeing of the community. Further, human-assisted mosquito surveillance and population mapping methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require skilled manpower. This work presents an AI-enabled mosquito surveillance and population mapping framework using our in-house-developed robot, named ‘Dragonfly’, which uses the You Only Look Once (YOLO) V4 Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithm and a two-dimensional (2D) environment map generated by the robot. The Dragonfly robot was designed with a differential drive mechanism and a mosquito trapping module to attract mosquitoes in the environment. The YOLO V4 was trained with three mosquito classes, namely Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex, to detect and classify the mosquito breeds from the mosquito glue trap. The efficiency of the mosquito surveillance framework was determined in terms of mosquito classification accuracy and detection confidence level on offline and real-time field tests in a garden, drain perimeter area, and covered car parking area. The experimental results show that the trained YOLO V4 DNN model detects and classifies the mosquito classes with an 88% confidence level on offline mosquito test image datasets and scores an average of an 82% confidence level on the real-time field trial. Further, to generate the mosquito population map, the detection results are fused in the robot’s 2D map, which will help to understand mosquito population dynamics and species distribution.
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Hernández-Triana LM, Brugman VA, Pramual P, Barrero E, Nikolova NI, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Kaiser A, Krüger A, Lumley S, Osório HC, Ignjatović-Ćupina A, Petrić D, Laure Setier-Rio M, Bødker R, Johnson N. Genetic diversity and population structure of Culex modestus across Europe: does recent appearance in the United Kingdom reveal a tendency for geographical spread? MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:86-96. [PMID: 31603254 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mainland Europe, the mosquito species Culex modestus Ficalbi (1890) is a bridge vector for West Nile virus (WNV) from its natural bird-mosquito cycle to mammals. The present study assessed the genetic diversity of Cx. modestus, as well as related Culex species, using the mitochondrial COI DNA barcoding region and compared this with the population structure across Europe. A haplotype network was mapped to determine genealogical relationships among specimens. The intraspecific genetic diversity within individual Culex species was below 2%, whereas the interspecific genetic divergence varied from 2.99% to 13.74%. In total, 76 haplotypes were identified among 198 sequences. A median-joining network determined from 198 COI sequences identified two major lineages that were separated by at least four mutation steps. A high level of intraspecific genetic diversity was not detected in Cx. modestus in samples submitted from different European populations, which indicates that morphologically identified specimens represent a single species and not a species complex. Therefore, it is deduced that different populations of Cx. modestus will show a similar potential to transmit WNV, lending support to concerns that the population present in southeast England represents a risk of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V A Brugman
- Vecotech Ltd, London, U.K
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
| | - P Pramual
- Department of Biology and Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - E Barrero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, U.K
| | - N I Nikolova
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Ruiz-Arrondo
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, CIBIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - A Kaiser
- German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Institute for Dipterology, Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - A Krüger
- Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Section Tropical Microbiology & Entomology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Lumley
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, U.K
| | - H C Osório
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - A Ignjatović-Ćupina
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Vojvodina Province, Serbia
| | - D Petrić
- Direction Recherche et Dèvelopment, Montpellier, Cedex, France
| | | | - R Bødker
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - N Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, U.K
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
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Ewing DA, Purse BV, Cobbold CA, Schäfer SM, White SM. Uncovering mechanisms behind mosquito seasonality by integrating mathematical models and daily empirical population data: Culex pipiens in the UK. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:74. [PMID: 30732629 PMCID: PMC6367758 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many mosquito-borne diseases exhibit substantial seasonality, due to strong links between environmental variables and vector and pathogen life-cycles. Further, a range of density-dependent and density-independent biotic and abiotic processes affect the phenology of mosquito populations, with potentially large knock-on effects for vector dynamics and disease transmission. Whilst it is understood that density-independent and density-dependent processes affect seasonal population levels, it is not clear how these interact temporally to shape the population peaks and troughs. Due to this, the paucity of high-resolution data for validation, and the difficulty of parameterizing density-dependent processes, models of vector dynamics may poorly estimate abundances, which has knock-on effects for our ability predict vector-borne disease outbreaks. RESULTS We present a rich dataset describing seasonal abundance patterns of each life stage of Culex pipiens, a widespread vector of West Nile virus, at a field site in southern England in 2015. Abundance of immature stages was measured three times per week, whilst adult traps were run four nights each week. This dataset is integrated with an existing delay-differential equation model predicting Cx. pipiens seasonal abundance to improve understanding of observed seasonal abundance patterns. At our field site, the outcome of our model fitting suggests interspecific predation on mosquito larvae and temperature-dependent larval mortality combine to act as the main sources of population regulation throughout the active season, whilst competition for resources is a relatively small source of larval mortality. CONCLUSIONS The model suggests that density-independent mortality and interspecific predation interact to shape patterns of mosquito seasonal abundance in a permanent aquatic habitat and we propose that competition for resources is likely to be important where periods of high rainfall create transient habitats. Further, we highlight the importance of challenging population abundance models with data from across all life stages of the species of interest if reliable inferences are to be drawn from these models, particularly when considering mosquito control and vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Ewing
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
- Present address: Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tate Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
| | - Bethan V. Purse
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
| | - Christina A. Cobbold
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Stefanie M. Schäfer
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
| | - Steven M. White
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
- The Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Vaux AGC, Cull B, Gillingham E, Leach S. Assessment of the Public Health Threats Posed by Vector-Borne Disease in the United Kingdom (UK). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2145. [PMID: 30274268 PMCID: PMC6210260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the known distribution of vector-borne diseases in Europe has changed, with much new information also available now on the status of vectors in the United Kingdom (UK). For example, in 2016, the UK reported their first detection of the non-native mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is a known vector for dengue and chikungunya virus. In 2010, Culex modestus, a principal mosquito vector for West Nile virus was detected in large numbers in the Thames estuary. For tick-borne diseases, data on the changing distribution of the Lyme borreliosis tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, has recently been published, at a time when there has been an increase in the numbers of reported human cases of Lyme disease. This paper brings together the latest surveillance data and pertinent research on vector-borne disease in the UK, and its relevance to public health. It highlights the need for continued vector surveillance systems to monitor our native mosquito and tick fauna, as well as the need to expand surveillance for invasive species. It illustrates the importance of maintaining surveillance capacity that is sufficient to ensure accurate and timely disease risk assessment to help mitigate the UK's changing emerging infectious disease risks, especially in a time of climatic and environmental change and increasing global connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Alexander G C Vaux
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Ben Cull
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Emma Gillingham
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Steve Leach
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
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Ponlawat A, Khongtak P, Jaichapor B, Pongsiri A, Evans BP. Field evaluation of two commercial mosquito traps baited with different attractants and colored lights for malaria vector surveillance in Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:378. [PMID: 28784149 PMCID: PMC5547504 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sampling for adult mosquito populations is a means of evaluating the efficacy of vector control operations. The goal of this study was to evaluate and identify the most efficacious mosquito traps and combinations of attractants for malaria vector surveillance along the Thai-Myanmar border. METHODS In the first part of the study, the BG-Sentinel™ Trap (BGS Trap) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap (CDC LT) baited with different attractants (BG-lure® and CO2) were evaluated using a Latin square experimental design. The six configurations were BGS Trap with BG-lure, BGS Trap with BG-lure plus CO2, BGS Trap with CO2, CDC LT with BG-lure, CDC LT with BG lure plus CO2, and CDC LT with CO2. The second half of the study evaluated the impact of light color on malaria vector collections. Colors included the incandescent bulb, ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED), green light stick, red light stick, green LED, and red LED. RESULTS A total of 8638 mosquitoes consisting of 42 species were captured over 708 trap-nights. The trap types, attractants, and colored lights affected numbers of female anopheline and Anopheles minimus collected (GLM, P < 0.01). Results revealed that BGS Trap captured many anophelines but was significantly less than the CDC LT. The CDC LT, when baited with BG-lure plus CO2 captured the greatest number of anopheline females with a catch rate significantly higher than the CDC LT baited with BG-lure or CO2 alone (P < 0.05). The number of anopheline females collected from the CDC LT baited with CO2 was greater than the CDC LT baited with BG-lure (646 vs 409 females). None of the alternative lights evaluated exceeded the performance of the incandescent light bulb in terms of the numbers of anopheline and An. minimus collected. CONCLUSION We conclude that the CDC LT augmented with an incandescent light shows high potential for malaria vector surveillance when baited with CO2 and the BG-lure in combination and can be effectively used as the new gold standard technique for collecting malaria vectors in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alongkot Ponlawat
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Patcharee Khongtak
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Jaichapor
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arissara Pongsiri
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brian P Evans
- Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Chapman GE, Archer D, Torr S, Solomon T, Baylis M. Potential vectors of equine arboviruses in the UK. Vet Rec 2017; 180:19. [PMID: 27694545 PMCID: PMC5284472 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the increasing risk of disease outbreaks caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in both human beings and animals. There are several mosquito-borne viral diseases that cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in horses and that can have substantial welfare and economic ramifications. While none has been recorded in the UK, vector species for some of these viruses are present, suggesting that UK equines may be at risk. The authors undertook, therefore, the first study of mosquito species on equine premises in the UK. Mosquito magnet traps and red-box traps were used to sample adults, and larvae were collected from water sources such as tyres, buckets, ditches and pools. Several species that are known to be capable of transmitting important equine infectious arboviruses were trapped. The most abundant, with a maximum catch of 173 in 72 hours, was Ochlerotatus detritus, a competent vector of some flaviviruses; the highest densities were found near saltmarsh habitats. The most widespread species, recorded at >75 per cent of sites, was Culiseta annulata. This study demonstrates that potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses, including those known to be capable of infecting horses, are present and may be abundant on equine premises in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Chapman
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Archer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Torr
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Solomon
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Baylis
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Cull B, Vaux AGC, Medlock JM, Abbott A, Gibson G. Expansion of the range of the West Nile virus vector in Essex. Vet Rec 2016; 179:363-364. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.i5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology; Emergency Response Department; Public Health England Porton Down Salisbury SP4 0JG
| | - Alexander G. C. Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology; Emergency Response Department; Public Health England Porton Down Salisbury SP4 0JG
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology; Emergency Response Department; Public Health England Porton Down Salisbury SP4 0JG
| | - Anthony Abbott
- Natural Resources Institute; University of Greenwich; Chatham Maritime Kent ME4 4TB
| | - Gabriella Gibson
- Natural Resources Institute; University of Greenwich; Chatham Maritime Kent ME4 4TB
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Guo XX, Zhang YM, Li CX, Zhang GL, Zheng Z, Dong YD, Xue RD, Xing D, Zhao TY. Host-Seeking Behavior and Arbovirus Detection in Mosquitoes of Habahe County, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, China. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:329-335. [PMID: 26675454 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-04-329-335.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes in Habahe County of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region in China are considered a serious nuisance problem to local residents, but little is known of their role in enzootic disease. Therefore, host-seeking behavior and virus detection in mosquitoes were investigated in this study. Adult host-seeking mosquitoes were sampled using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps operated at three locations in June through August 2008. Nine traps were used at each location at 3 different heights (1 m, 3 m, and 5 m). Seven mosquito species from 4 genera were collected by CDC light traps in different habitats. In total, 90,055 mosquitoes were captured, of which Aedes vexans was the most abundant species, comprising 88.02% of all mosquitoes collected. The second most abundant species was Anopheles messese, which comprised about 5.86%. Other species caught were Culex modestus (2.89%), Aedes caspius (1.11%), Coquillettidia richiardii (0.61%), Ae. dorsalis (1.36%), and An. hyrcanus (0.14%). About 93.5% of Ae. vexans individuals were caught in CO2-baited CDC light traps at 1 m above the ground. The highest numbers of Cx. modestus were caught at the highest trap level, 5 m above ground. Overall, significantly more mosquitoes of all species were collected at dusk than at dawn. Based on blood-meal analyses, Ae. vexans and An. messese fed on various vertebrate hosts, whereas Cx. modestus fed on ducks only. From a total of 335 mosquito pools tested, 10 pools of Ae. vexans were found positive for alphavirus. Comparison with the gene database revealed that the alphavirus deoxyribonucleic acid fragment obtained (GenBank accession no. HM160530) was 100% homologous at the nucleotide level to chikungunya virus isolate LK (PB) chik3408, chikungunya virus isolate SGEHICHD122508, and chikungunya virus strain FD080231. The results of this study suggest that ongoing, integrated mosquito and arbovirus surveillance is necessary in this river wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Guo
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ying-Mei Zhang
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Gui-Lin Zhang
- 2 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 8300, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- 2 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 8300, China
| | - Yan-De Dong
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui-De Xue
- 3 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Dan Xing
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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Lühken R, Steinke S, Leggewie M, Tannich E, Krüger A, Becker S, Kiel E. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Culex pipiens sensu lato and Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) Breeding Sites in Germany. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:932-936. [PMID: 26336210 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens sensu lato (L.) and Culex torrentium Martini, 1925 are two widely distributed mosquito species in Europe. Due to difficulties in morphological discrimination, the current knowledge on differences in the breeding ecology is fragmentary. Therefore, this study evaluated the relation between the presence-absence of both species at various types of breeding habitats in response to physico-chemical parameters, using a recently developed molecular assay that allows reliable species-specific typing of larvae and pupae. The results revealed that the two species often occur in sympatry at the studied breeding sites, and there were no substantial differences concerning presence-absence of the two species with regard to the various environmental parameters investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Lühken
- Research group Aquatic Ecology and Nature Conservation, Carl von Ossietzky University, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Sonja Steinke
- Research group Aquatic Ecology and Nature Conservation, Carl von Ossietzky University, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Corresponding author, e-mail: . German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, HamburgBernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Krüger
- Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Lesserstraße 180, 22049 Hamburg, Germany. Okavango Research Institute, Maun, 4775 Notwane Rd. Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany. Institute for Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Am Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ellen Kiel
- Research group Aquatic Ecology and Nature Conservation, Carl von Ossietzky University, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Enhanced West Nile virus surveillance in the North Kent marshes, UK. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:91. [PMID: 25884920 PMCID: PMC4342892 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of efforts to more fully understand the potential risks posed by West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in the UK, and following on from previous reports of a potential bridge vector Culex modestus for these viruses, at wetland sites in North Kent, mosquito surveillance was undertaken more widely across the Isle of Sheppey, the Hoo Peninsula and the Kent mainland. Methods Larval surveys were conducted and Mosquito Magnet® adult traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes. Pools of female mosquitoes were tested for the presence of WNV using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A subset of samples was tested for USUV. Results Culex modestus was found in both the pre-imaginal and imago stage at all five locations surveyed, accounting for 90% of adult mosquitoes collected. WNV or USUV were not detected in any sample. Conclusions Although no mosquitoes have been shown to be virus positive, the field survey data from this study demonstrated the dominance of an important bridge vector species for WNV in this region. Its wide geographical distribution highlights the need to update risk assessments on WNV introduction, and to maintain vigilance for WNV in the South East of England.
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Sá ILRD, Sallum MAM. Comparison of automatic traps to capture mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in rural areas in the tropical Atlantic rainforest. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:1014-20. [PMID: 24402154 PMCID: PMC4005543 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In several countries, surveillance of insect vectors is accomplished with automatic
traps. This study addressed the performance of Mosquito Magnet® Independence (MMI) in
comparison with those of CDC with CO2 and lactic acid (CDC-A) and CDC light trap
(CDC-LT). The collection sites were in a rural region located in a fragment of
secondary tropical Atlantic rainforest, southeastern Brazil. Limatus
durhami and Limatus flavisetosus were the dominant
species in the MMI, whereas Ochlerotatus scapularis was most
abundant in CDC-A. Culex ribeirensis and Culex
sacchettae were dominant species in the CDC-LT. Comparisons among traps
were based on diversity indices. Results from the diversity analyses showed that the
MMI captured a higher abundance of mosquitoes and that the species richness estimated
with it was higher than with CDC-LT. Contrasting, difference between MMI and CDC-A
was not statistically significant. Consequently, the latter trap seems to be both an
alternative for the MMI and complementary to it for ecological studies and
entomological surveillance.
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Medlock JM, Vaux AGC, Gibson G, Hawkes FM, Cheke RA. Potential vector for West Nile virus prevalent in Kent. Vet Rec 2014; 175:284-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.g5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group; Public Health England; Porton Down Salisbury SP4 0JG
| | | | - Gabriella Gibson
- Natural Resources Institute; University of Greenwich; Chatham Kent ME4 4TB
| | - Frances M. Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute; University of Greenwich; Chatham Kent ME4 4TB
| | - Robert A. Cheke
- Natural Resources Institute; University of Greenwich; Chatham Kent ME4 4TB
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Lühken R, Pfitzner WP, Börstler J, Garms R, Huber K, Schork N, Steinke S, Kiel E, Becker N, Tannich E, Krüger A. Field evaluation of four widely used mosquito traps in Central Europe. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:268. [PMID: 24924481 PMCID: PMC4064298 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To monitor adult mosquitoes several trapping devices are available. These are differently constructed and use various mechanisms for mosquito attraction, thus resulting in different trapping sensitivities and efficacies for the various species. Mosquito monitoring and surveillance programs in Europe use various types of mosquito traps, but only a few comparisons have been conducted so far. This study compared the performance of four commercial trapping devices, which are commonly used in Europe. Methods Four different traps, Biogents Sentinel trap (BG trap), Heavy Duty Encephalitis Vector Survey trap (EVS trap), Centres for Disease Control miniature light trap (CDC trap) and Mosquito Magnet Patriot Mosquito trap (MM trap) were compared in a 4 × 4 latin square study. In the years 2012 and 2013, more than seventy 24-hour trap comparisons were conducted at ten different locations in northern and southern Germany, representing urban, forest and floodplain biotopes. Results Per 24-hour trapping period, the BG trap caught the widest range of mosquito species, the highest number of individuals of the genus Culex as well as the highest number of individuals of the species Ochlerotatus cantans, Aedes cinereus/geminus, Oc. communis and Culex pipiens/torrentium. The CDC trap revealed best performance for Aedes vexans, whereas the MM trap was most efficient for mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles and the species Oc. geniculatus. The EVS trap did not catch more individuals of any genus or species compared to the other three trapping devices. The BG trap caught the highest number of individuals per trapping period in urban environments as well as in wet forest, while the CDC trap caught the highest number of individuals in the floodplain biotopes. Additionally, the BG trap was most efficient for the number of mosquito species in urban locations. Conclusion The BG trap showed a significantly better or similar performance compared to the CDC, EVS or MM trap with regard to trapping efficacy for most common mosquito species in Germany, including diversity of mosquito species and number of mosquitoes per trapping period. Thus, the BG trap is probably the best solution for general monitoring or surveillance programs of adult mosquitoes in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Lühken
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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Hesson JC, Östman Ö, Schäfer M, Lundström JO. Geographic Distribution and Relative Abundance of the Sibling Vector Species Culex torrentium and Culex pipiens in Sweden. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1383-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Hesson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Population and Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Örjan Östman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Population and Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martina Schäfer
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Population and Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Biological Mosquito Control Project, Nedre Dalälvens Utvecklings AB, Gysinge, Sweden
| | - Jan O. Lundström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Population and Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Biological Mosquito Control Project, Nedre Dalälvens Utvecklings AB, Gysinge, Sweden
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Okumu FO, Govella NJ, Moore SJ, Chitnis N, Killeen GF. Potential benefits, limitations and target product-profiles of odor-baited mosquito traps for malaria control in Africa. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11573. [PMID: 20644731 PMCID: PMC2904375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traps baited with synthetic human odors have been proposed as suitable technologies for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We investigated the potential benefits of such traps for preventing malaria transmission in Africa and the essential characteristics that they should possess so as to be effective. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An existing mathematical model was reformulated to distinguish availability of hosts for attack by mosquitoes from availability of blood per se. This adaptation allowed the effects of pseudo-hosts such as odor-baited mosquito traps, which do not yield blood but which can nonetheless be attacked by the mosquitoes, to be simulated considering communities consisting of users and non-users of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), currently the primary malaria prevention method. We determined that malaria transmission declines as trap coverage (proportion of total availability of all hosts and pseudo hosts that traps constitute) increases. If the traps are more attractive than humans and are located in areas where mosquitoes are most abundant, 20-130 traps per 1000 people would be sufficient to match the impact of 50% community-wide ITN coverage. If such traps are used to complement ITNs, malaria transmission can be reduced by 99% or more in most scenarios representative of Africa. However, to match cost-effectiveness of ITNs, the traps delivery, operation and maintenance would have to cost a maximum of US$4.25 to 27.61 per unit per year. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Odor-baited mosquito traps might potentially be effective and affordable tools for malaria control in Africa, particularly if they are used to complement, rather than replace, existing methods. We recommend that developers should focus on super-attractive baits and cheaper traps to enhance cost-effectiveness, and that the most appropriate way to deploy such technologies is through vertical delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredros O Okumu
- Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.
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Hesson JC, Lundström JO, Halvarsson P, Erixon P, Collado A. A sensitive and reliable restriction enzyme assay to distinguish between the mosquitoes Culex torrentium and Culex pipiens. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 24:142-149. [PMID: 20444079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens pipiens Linnaeus and Culex torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae) are closely related vector species that exist sympatrically in Europe. The two species are morphologically almost identical and can only be distinguished with certainty by characters of the male genitalia. Hence, correct species identification and conclusions on distribution and vector status are very difficult and often neglected. Therefore, we developed a reliable and simple mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene restriction enzyme assay to discriminate between Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium, based on the analysis of morphologically identified male specimens. We sequenced approximately 830 bp in the 3' region of the mitochondrial COI gene of 18 morphologically identified males of Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium. Two restriction enzymes (FspBI and SspI) that could distinguish between the two species according to species-specific differences in these sequences were chosen. The restriction enzymes were tested on 227 samples from Sweden and verified by sequencing 44 of them. The enzyme FspBI correctly identified all investigated samples; the enzyme SspI identified all samples except one Cx. torrentium. We hope the method and the findings presented here will help to shed light on the true distribution and relative proportions of the two species in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hesson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution/Population Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Obenauer PJ, Kaufman PE, Allan SA, Kline DL. Host-seeking height preferences of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in north central Florida suburban and sylvatic locales. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:900-908. [PMID: 19645296 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The response of Aedes albopictus to the BG-Sentinel, Omni-directional-Fay-Prince, and Mosquito MagnetX traps was evaluated in four suburban and four sylvatic habitats in north-central Florida to ascertain potential height preference of this species. These traps, which are primarily designed to attract diurnal mosquitoes, were set at 1 and 6 m and were evaluated during 40 trapping periods over 4 mo. We collected 45,640 mosquitoes, representing 26 species from 10 genera, the most common being Aedes albopictus, Ae. vexans, Coquilletidia perturbans, Culex nigripalpus, Aedes infirmatus, Ae. triseriatus, and Psorophora ferox. Although significantly more Ae. albopictus were captured at 1 m above ground than at 6 m, fewer were captured in sylvatic habitats than suburban habitats. Although not statistically different, the BG-Sentinel caught more Ae. albopictus compared with the other two traps regardless of locale. These results suggest that, although Ae. albopictus was captured as high as 6 m, the majority seek hosts at or below 1-m heights. This further supports prior research that, although Ae. albopictus has been shown to disseminate West Nile virus, it has not been implicated as a major vector for the virus, which is likely because of its propensity to feed on ground-dwelling hosts. The study also shows how trap type, trap heights, and environments influence sampling estimates when determining species abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Obenauer
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, PO Box 110620, Bldg. 970, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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