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Zhuravlev AY, Wood RA, Bowyer FT. Cambrian radiation speciation events driven by sea level and redoxcline changes on the Siberian Craton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2558. [PMID: 37327332 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary processes of speciation during the Cambrian radiation and their potential extrinsic drivers, such as episodic oceanic oxygenation events, remain unconfirmed. High-resolution temporal and spatial distribution of reef-associated archaeocyath sponge species on the Siberian Craton during the early Cambrian [ca. 528 to 510 million years ago] shows that speciation was driven by increased endemism particularly ca. 521 million years (59.7% endemic species) and 514.5 million years (65.25% endemic species) ago. These mark rapid speciation events after dispersal of ancestors from the Aldan-Lena center of origin to other regions. These speciation events coincided with major sea-level lowstands, which we hypothesize were intervals when relative deepening of the shallow redoxcline permitted extensive oxygenation of shallow waters over the entire craton. This provided oxic corridors for dispersal and allowed the formation of new founder communities. Thus, shallow marine oxygen expansion driven by sea-level oscillations provides an evolutionary driver for sucessive speciation events during the Cambrian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Zhuravlev
- Department of Biological Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1(12), Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Rachel A Wood
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Fred T Bowyer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
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Wu T, Yang R, Gao L, Li J, Gao J. Origin and Enrichment of Vanadium in the Lower Cambrian Black Shales, South China. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26870-26879. [PMID: 34693108 PMCID: PMC8529590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Lower Cambrian black shales of the Sansui vanadium deposits, located in South China, host a thin accumulation of Ni, Mo, V, and platinum group of elements (PGE). However, among them, the origin of V-bearing deposits remains controversial. To characterize the enrichment process of V-bearing deposits, samples of the mineralized layer and surrounding rocks from the Sansui area, South China, were investigated through bulk geochemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyses. There is a consistency in the change curves of Mo, Ni, and V from the Sansui V deposits, but the contents of elements show a great difference. This means the strong similarities in the metal sources but a difference in enrichment factors of Mo, Ni, and V. The presence of the tuff and the barite layer in the Sansui V deposits indicates that the formation of the associated V deposits was closely related to either a volcanic or hydrothermal activity. Analysis of geochemistry and sedimentation suggests a hydrothermal source of the metals, where the mineralization of V is related to clay and organic matter. Phosphorus nodules were observed at all sites of black shale V deposits in early Cambrian and were most likely related to the upwelling currents during the depositional period. The comparison with the Ni-Mo deposits highlights a stronger enrichment of clay in the V deposits. The V deposits are located in the lower part of the continental slope. Both organic matter and clay minerals are abundant in the Sansui deposits. However, the isomorphism of V-Al is promoted by the hydrothermal activity and suggests that the origin of V deposits is a multistage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Resource
and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025 Guizhou Province, China
- Resource
and Environmental College, Henan University
of Engineering, Zhengzhou 450000 Henan Province, China
| | - Ruidong Yang
- Resource
and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Resource
and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Resource
and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Junbo Gao
- Resource
and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025 Guizhou Province, China
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Li WP, Zhao YY, Zhao MY, Zha XP, Zheng YF. Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O 2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10630. [PMID: 31337817 PMCID: PMC6650434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift toward a higher oxygen level in both ocean and atmosphere systems during the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian has been suggested from multiple indirect proxies. However, the mechanism and magnitude of this oxidation remain unclear. To solve this issue, we measured carbon isotopes in both carbonate and organic matter as well as their trace element compositions for an Ediacaran-Cambrian sequence in the Lower Yangtze basin, South China. The δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb excursions of this sequence are coupled and can be compared with contemporaneous global carbon isotope curves. A 2‰ rise in Δ13Ccarb-org occurred from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian, suggesting a substantial increase in atmospheric oxygen level from 16% to 30% of the present atmospheric level (PAL). Furthermore, the distribution pattern of rare earth elements and the concentrations of water-insoluble elements in the carbonates indicate a sudden enhancement in chemical weathering of the continental crust during the early Cambrian, which may be a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level. Both the supply of a large amount of nutrients due to the enhanced continental weathering and the contemporary increase of atmospheric oxygen concentrations may have promoted the appearance of large metazoans in the early Cambrian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ming-Yu Zhao
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Zha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Redox condition during Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in the Lower Yangtze deep water basin, South China: constraints from iron speciation and δ 13Corg in the Diben section, Zhejiang. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
A longstanding question in paleontology has been the influence of calcite and aragonite seas on the evolution of carbonate skeletons. An earlier study based on 21 taxa that evolved skeletons during the Ediacaran through Ordovician suggested that carbonate skeletal mineralogy is determined by seawater chemistry at the time skeletons first evolve in a clade. Here I test this hypothesis using an expanded dataset comprising 40 well-defined animal taxa that evolved skeletons de novo in the last 600 Myr. Of the 37 taxa whose mineralogy is known with some confidence, 25 acquired mineralogies that matched seawater chemistry of the time, whereas only two taxa acquired non-matching mineralogies. (Ten appeared during times when seawater chemistry is not well constrained.) The results suggest that calcite and aragonite seas do have a strong influence on carbonate skeletal mineralogy, however, this appears to be true only at the time mineralized skeletons first evolve. Few taxa switch mineralogies (from calcite to aragonite or vice versa) despite subsequent changes in seawater chemistry, and those that do switch do not appear to do so in response to changing aragonite-calcite seas. This suggests that there may be evolutionary constraints on skeletal mineralogy, and that although there may be increased costs associated with producing a mineralogy not favored by seawater, the costs of switching mineralogies are even greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
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Payne JL, Lehrmann DJ, Wei J, Orchard MJ, Schrag DP, Knoll AH. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-permian extinction. Science 2004; 305:506-9. [PMID: 15273391 DOI: 10.1126/science.1097023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution carbon isotope measurements of multiple stratigraphic sections in south China demonstrate that the pronounced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the first in a series of large fluctuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic. The unusual behavior of the carbon cycle coincides with the delayed recovery from end-Permian extinction recorded by fossils, suggesting a direct relationship between Earth system function and biological rediversification in the aftermath of Earth's most devastating mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Lieberman BS. A test of whether rates of speciation were unusually high during the Cambrian radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:1707-14. [PMID: 11506684 PMCID: PMC1088798 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cambrian radiation represents an interval when nearly 20 animal phyla appear in the fossil record in a short geological time span; however, whether this radiation also represents a period of extremely rapid speciation remains unclear. Here, a stochastic framework is used to test the null hypothesis that diversity changes in one of the dominant Early Cambrian groups, the olenelloid trilobites, could be produced by tempos of speciation known to have operated during later time periods. Two continuous-time models, the Yule model and the birth and death process model, and one discrete-time model, the Bienaymé-Galton-Watson branching process model, were used. No statistical evidence for uniquely high rates of speciation during the radiation in these trilobites was found when the continuous-time models were used with low or moderate extinction rates, the rates typically associated with the Cambrian radiation, although the p values are fairly low or, in one case, significant when high extinction rates were used. However, rates of speciation were higher than the average Phanerozoic rates of speciation. The discrete-time model produced equivocal results: either rates were unusually high or the model is inapplicable during the Cambrian radiation. This suggests that there was nothing unique about evolutionary processes relating to the tempo of speciation during the Cambrian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Lieberman
- Department of Geology, University of Kansas, 120 Lindley Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Abstract
The Cambrian appearance of fossils representing diverse phyla has long inspired hypotheses about possible genetic or environmental catalysts of early animal evolution. Only recently, however, have data begun to emerge that can resolve the sequence of genetic and morphological innovations, environmental events, and ecological interactions that collectively shaped Cambrian evolution. Assembly of the modern genetic tool kit for development and the initial divergence of major animal clades occurred during the Proterozoic Eon. Crown group morphologies diversified in the Cambrian through changes in the genetic regulatory networks that organize animal ontogeny. Cambrian radiation may have been triggered by environmental perturbation near the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary and subsequently amplified by ecological interactions within reorganized ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Shields G. Discussion on chemostratigraphy of predominantly siliciclastic Neoproterozoic successions: a case study of the Pocatello Formation and Lower Brigham Group, Idaho, USA. GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE 1996; 133:347-349. [PMID: 11543292 DOI: 10.1017/s0016756800009080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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