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Mohanan N, Wong MCH, Budisa N, Levin DB. Polymer-Degrading Enzymes of Pseudomonas chloroaphis PA23 Display Broad Substrate Preferences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054501. [PMID: 36901931 PMCID: PMC10003648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many bacterial lipases and PHA depolymerases have been identified, cloned, and characterized, there is very little information on the potential application of lipases and PHA depolymerases, especially intracellular enzymes, for the degradation of polyester polymers/plastics. We identified genes encoding an intracellular lipase (LIP3), an extracellular lipase (LIP4), and an intracellular PHA depolymerase (PhaZ) in the genome of the bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23. We cloned these genes into Escherichia coli and then expressed, purified, and characterized the biochemistry and substrate preferences of the enzymes they encode. Our data suggest that the LIP3, LIP4, and PhaZ enzymes differ significantly in their biochemical and biophysical properties, structural-folding characteristics, and the absence or presence of a lid domain. Despite their different properties, the enzymes exhibited broad substrate specificity and were able to hydrolyze both short- and medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), para-nitrophenyl (pNP) alkanoates, and polylactic acid (PLA). Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses of the polymers treated with LIP3, LIP4, and PhaZ revealed significant degradation of both the biodegradable as well as the synthetic polymers poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyethylene succinate (PES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohanan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Michael C.-H. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Biocatalysis Group, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str. 10, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: or (N.B.); (D.B.L.); Tel.: +1-204-474-7429
| | - David B. Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
- Correspondence: or (N.B.); (D.B.L.); Tel.: +1-204-474-7429
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Ortega N, Sáez L, Palacios D, Busto MD. Kinetic Modeling, Thermodynamic Approach and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Inactivation of Lipases from Burkholderia cepacia and Rhizomucor miehei. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126828. [PMID: 35743268 PMCID: PMC9224459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior against temperature and thermal stability of enzymes is a topic of importance for industrial biocatalysis. This study focuses on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal inactivation of Lipase PS from B. cepacia and Palatase from R. miehei. Thermal inactivation was investigated using eight inactivation models at a temperature range of 40–70 °C. Kinetic modeling showed that the first-order model and Weibull distribution were the best equations to describe the residual activity of Lipase PS and Palatase, respectively. The results obtained from the kinetic parameters, decimal reduction time (D and tR), and temperature required (z and z’) indicated a higher thermal stability of Lipase PS compared to Palatase. The activation energy values (Ea) also indicated that higher energy was required to denature bacterial (34.8 kJ mol−1) than fungal (23.3 kJ mol−1) lipase. The thermodynamic inactivation parameters, Gibbs free energy (ΔG#), entropy (ΔS#), and enthalpy (ΔH#) were also determined. The results showed a ΔG# for Palatase (86.0–92.1 kJ mol−1) lower than for Lipase PS (98.6–104.9 kJ mol−1), and a negative entropic and positive enthalpic contribution for both lipases. A comparative molecular dynamics simulation and structural analysis at 40 °C and 70 °C were also performed.
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Mohanan N, Wong CH, Budisa N, Levin DB. Characterization of Polymer Degrading Lipases, LIP1 and LIP2 From Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:854298. [PMID: 35519608 PMCID: PMC9065602 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.854298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outstanding metabolic and bioprotective properties of the bacterial genus Pseudomonas make these species a potentially interesting source for the search of hydrolytic activities that could be useful for the degradation of plastics. We identified two genes encoding the intracellular lipases LIP1 and LIP2 of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 and subsequently performed cloning and expression in Escherichia coli. The lip1 gene has an open reading frame of 828 bp and encodes a protein of 29.7 kDa whereas the lip2 consists of 834 bp and has a protein of 30.2 kDa. Although secondary structure analyses of LIP1 and LIP2 indicate a dominant α/β-hydrolase-fold, the two proteins differ widely in their amino acid sequences (15.39% identity), substrate specificities, and hydrolysis rates. Homology modeling indicates the catalytic serine in both enzymes located in a GXSXG sequence motif (lipase box). However, LIP1 has a catalytic triad of Ser152-His253-Glu221 with a GGX-type oxyanion pocket, whereas LIP2 has Ser138-His249-Asp221 in its active site and a GX-type of oxyanion hole residues. However, LIP1 has a catalytic triad of Ser152-His253-Glu221 with an oxyanion pocket of GGX-type, whereas LIP2 has Ser138-His249-Asp221 in its active site and a GX-type of oxyanion hole residues. Our three-dimensional models of LIP1 and LIP2 complexed with a 3-hydroxyoctanoate dimer revealed the core α/β hydrolase-type domain with an exposed substrate binding pocket in LIP1 and an active-site capped with a closing lid domain in LIP2. The recombinant LIP1 was optimally active at 45°C and pH 9.0, and the activity improved in the presence of Ca2+. LIP2 exhibited maximum activity at 40°C and pH 8.0, and was unaffected by Ca2+. Despite different properties, the enzymes exhibited broadsubstrate specificity and were able to hydrolyze short chain length and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), and para-nitrophenyl (pNP) alkanoates. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis showed a decrease in the molecular weight of the polymers after incubation with LIP1 and LIP2. The enzymes also manifested some polymer-degrading activity on petroleum-based polymers such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyethylene succinate (PES), suggesting that these enzymes could be useful for biodegradation of synthetic polyester plastics. The study will be the first report of the complete characterization of intracellular lipases from bacterial and/or Pseudomonas species. The lipases, LIP1 and LIP2 are different from other bacterial lipases/esterases in having broad substrate specificity for polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohanan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chun Hin Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David B. Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: David B. Levin,
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Quintieri L, Caputo L, Brasca M, Fanelli F. Recent Advances in the Mechanisms and Regulation of QS in Dairy Spoilage by Pseudomonas spp. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123088. [PMID: 34945641 PMCID: PMC8701193 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is a serious issue dramatically impacting the worldwide need to counteract food insecurity. Despite the very expensive application of low temperatures, the proper conservation of fresh dairy products is continuously threatened at different stages of production and commercialization by psychrotrophic populations mainly belonging to the Pseudomonas genus. These bacteria cause discolouration, loss of structure, and off-flavours, with fatal implications on the quality and shelf-life of products. While the effects of pseudomonad decay have been widely reported, the mechanisms responsible for the activation and regulation of spoilage pathways are still poorly explored. Recently, molecule signals and regulators involved in quorum sensing (QS), such as homoserine lactones, the luxR/luxI system, hdtS, and psoR, have been detected in spoiled products and bacterial spoiler species; this evidence suggests the role of bacterial cross talk in dairy spoilage and paves the way towards the search for novel preservation strategies based on QS inhibition. The aim of this review was to investigate the advancements achieved by the application of omic approaches in deciphering the molecular mechanisms controlled by QS systems in pseudomonads, by focusing on the regulators and metabolic pathways responsible for spoilage of fresh dairy products. In addition, due the ability of pseudomonads to quickly spread in the environment as biofilm communities, which may also include pathogenic and multidrug-resistant (MDR) species, the risk derived from the gaps in clearly defined and regulated sanitization actions is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
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Isolates of Pseudomonas spp. from cold-stored raw milk show variation in proteolytic and lipolytic properties. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sonkar K, Singh D. Biochemical characterization and thermodynamic study of lipase from psychrotolerant Pseudomonas punonensis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Spoilage potential of a heat-stable lipase produced by Serratia liquefaciens isolated from cold raw milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Assessment of the non-lactic acid bacteria microbiota in fresh cucumbers and commercially fermented cucumber pickles brined with 6% NaCl. Food Microbiol 2019; 77:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Joseph D, Chakraborty K. Production and Biotechnological Application of Extracellular Alkalophilic Lipase from Marine Macroalga-Associated Shewanella algae to Produce Enriched C 20-22 n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:55-71. [PMID: 29082477 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular alkalophilic lipase was partially purified from heterotrophic Shewanella algae (KX 272637) associated with marine macroalgae Padina gymnospora. The enzyme possessed a molecular mass of 20 kD, and was purified 60-fold with a specific activity of 36.33 U/mg. The enzyme exhibited Vmax and Km of 1000 mM/mg/min and 157 mM, respectively, with an optimum activity at 55 °C and pH 10.0. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was improved by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, and the enzyme showed a good tolerance towards organic solvents, such as methanol, isopropanol, and ethanol. The purified lipase hydrolyzed the refined liver oil from leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus, yielding a total C20-22 n-3 PUFA concentration of 34.99% with EPA + DHA accounting the major share (34% TFA), after 3 h of hydrolysis. This study recognized the industrial applicability of the thermostable and alkalophilic lipase from marine macroalga-associated bacterium Shewanella algae to produce enriched C20-22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexy Joseph
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, 574199, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India.
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Abdul Rahman H, Saari N, Abas F, Ismail A, Mumtaz MW, Abdul Hamid A. Anti-obesity and antioxidant activities of selected medicinal plants and phytochemical profiling of bioactive compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1247098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeedza Abdul Rahman
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Gujarat, Gujarat, Pakistan
| | - Azizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Machado SG, Baglinière F, Marchand S, Van Coillie E, Vanetti MCD, De Block J, Heyndrickx M. The Biodiversity of the Microbiota Producing Heat-Resistant Enzymes Responsible for Spoilage in Processed Bovine Milk and Dairy Products. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:302. [PMID: 28298906 PMCID: PMC5331058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw bovine milk is highly nutritious as well as pH-neutral, providing the ideal conditions for microbial growth. The microbiota of raw milk is diverse and originates from several sources of contamination including the external udder surface, milking equipment, air, water, feed, grass, feces, and soil. Many bacterial and fungal species can be found in raw milk. The autochthonous microbiota of raw milk immediately after milking generally comprises lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Leuconostoc species, which are technologically important for the dairy industry, although they do occasionally cause spoilage of dairy products. Differences in milking practices and storage conditions on each continent, country and region result in variable microbial population structures in raw milk. Raw milk is usually stored at cold temperatures, e.g., about 4°C before processing to reduce the growth of most bacteria. However, psychrotrophic bacteria can proliferate and contribute to spoilage of ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated and sterilized milk and other dairy products with a long shelf life due to their ability to produce extracellular heat resistant enzymes such as peptidases and lipases. Worldwide, species of Pseudomonas, with the ability to produce these spoilage enzymes, are the most common contaminants isolated from cold raw milk although other genera such as Serratia are also reported as important milk spoilers, while for others more research is needed on the heat resistance of the spoilage enzymes produced. The residual activity of extracellular enzymes after high heat treatment may lead to technological problems (off flavors, physico-chemical instability) during the shelf life of milk and dairy products. This review covers the contamination patterns of cold raw milk in several parts of the world, the growth potential of psychrotrophic bacteria, their ability to produce extracellular heat-resistant enzymes and the consequences for dairy products with a long shelf life. This problem is of increasing importance because of the large worldwide trade in fluid milk and milk powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solimar G Machado
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais - Campus Salinas Salinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sophie Marchand
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fischeries and Food (ILVO) Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fischeries and Food (ILVO) Melle, Belgium
| | - Maria C D Vanetti
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jan De Block
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fischeries and Food (ILVO) Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fischeries and Food (ILVO)Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent UniversityMerelbeke, Belgium
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Sams L, Paume J, Giallo J, Carrière F. Relevant pH and lipase for in vitro models of gastric digestion. Food Funct 2016; 7:30-45. [PMID: 26527368 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro digestion models relies on the availability of in vivo data such as digestive enzyme levels and pH values recorded in the course of meal digestion. The variations of these parameters along the GI tract are important for designing dynamic digestion models but also static models for which the choice of representative conditions of the gastric and intestinal conditions is critical. Simulating gastric digestion with a static model and a single set of parameters is particularly challenging because the variations in pH and enzyme concentration occurring in the stomach are much broader than those occurring in the small intestine. A review of the literature on this topic reveals that most models of gastric digestion use very low pH values that are not representative of the fed conditions. This is illustrated here by showing the variations in gastric pH as a function of meal gastric emptying instead of time. This representation highlights those pH values that are the most relevant for testing meal digestion in the stomach. Gastric lipolysis is still largely ignored or is performed with microbial lipases. In vivo data on gastric lipase and lipolysis have however been collected in humans and dogs during test meals. The biochemical characterization of gastric lipase has shown that this enzyme is rather unique among lipases: (i) stability and activity in the pH range 2 to 7 with an optimum at pH 4-5.4; (ii) high tensioactivity that allows resistance to bile salts and penetration into phospholipid layers covering TAG droplets; (iii) sn-3 stereospecificity for TAG hydrolysis; and (iv) resistance to pepsin. Most of these properties have been known for more than two decades and should provide a rational basis for the replacement of gastric lipase by other lipases when gastric lipase is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sams
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. and GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Paume
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jacqueline Giallo
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Kinetics of enzymatic transesterification and thermal deactivation using immobilized Burkholderia lipase as catalyst. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:481-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lipase and protease double-deletion mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens suitable for extracellular protein production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8454-62. [PMID: 23042178 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02476-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens, a widespread Gram-negative bacterium, is an ideal protein manufacturing factory (PMF) because of its safety, robust growth, and high protein production. P. fluorescens possesses a type I secretion system (T1SS), which mediates secretion of a thermostable lipase (TliA) and a protease (PrtA) through its ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Recombinant proteins in P. fluorescens are attached to the C-terminal signal region of TliA for transport as fusion proteins to the extracellular medium. However, intrinsic TliA from the P. fluorescens genome interferes with detection of the recombinant protein and the secreted recombinant protein is hydrolyzed, due to intrinsic PrtA, resulting in decreased efficiency of the PMF. In this research, the lipase and protease genes of P. fluorescens SIK W1 were deleted using the targeted gene knockout method. Deletion mutant P. fluorescens ΔtliA ΔprtA secreted fusion proteins without TliA or protein degradation. Using wild-type P. fluorescens as an expression host, degradation of the recombinant protein varied depending on the type of culture media and aeration; however, degradation did not occur with the P. fluorescens ΔtliA ΔprtA double mutant irrespective of growth conditions. By homologous expression of tliA and the ABC transporter in a plasmid, TliA secreted from P. fluorescens ΔprtA and P. fluorescens ΔtliA ΔprtA cells was found to be intact, whereas that secreted from the wild-type P. fluorescens and P. fluorescens ΔtliA cells was found to be hydrolyzed. Our results demonstrate that the P. fluorescens ΔtliA ΔprtA deletion mutant is a promising T1SS-mediated PMF that enhances production and detection of recombinant proteins in extracellular media.
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Gooda Sahib N, Abdul Hamid A, Saari N, Abas F, Pak Dek MS, Rahim M. Anti-Pancreatic Lipase and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Tropical Herbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.494754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Olusesan AT, Azura LK, Forghani B, Bakar FA, Mohamed AKS, Radu S, Manap MYA, Saari N. Purification, characterization and thermal inactivation kinetics of a non-regioselective thermostable lipase from a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:738-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Olusesan AT, Azura LK, Abubakar F, Mohamed AKS, Radu S, Manap MYA, Saari N. Enhancement of Thermostable Lipase Production by a Genotypically Identified Extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8 in a Continuous Bioreactor. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:105-15. [DOI: 10.1159/000324535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Dupuis C, Corre C, Boyaval P. Lipase and Esterase Activities of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:4004-9. [PMID: 16349102 PMCID: PMC195859 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.12.4004-4009.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipase and esterase activities of eight strains of dairy Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii were studied. A lipase activity was detected on whole cells and in the culture supernatant. The highest activity was expressed at 45 degrees C and pH 6.8. An esterase activity was also detected in the culture medium. The electrophoresis of the intracellular fractions of the cells revealed from three to six different esterase activities. Two esterases were common to all the strains. The substrate specificity was dependent on each esterase, but no activity was revealed, in our experimental conditions, on ester substrates with a chain length longer than that of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dupuis
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Methods for detection and characterization of lipases: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:782-798. [PMID: 19539743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specific behaviour of these enzymes has caused tremendous interest among scientists and industrialists. Lipases from a large number of bacterial, fungal and a few plant and animal sources have been purified to homogeneity. This article presents a critical review of different strategies which have been employed for the detection, purification and characterization of microbial lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Marchand S, Vandriesche G, Coorevits A, Coudijzer K, De Jonghe V, Dewettinck K, De Vos P, Devreese B, Heyndrickx M, De Block J. Heterogeneity of heat-resistant proteases from milk Pseudomonas species. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 133:68-77. [PMID: 19481283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundensis and members of the Pseudomonas fluorescens group may spoil Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treated milk and dairy products, due to the production of heat-stable proteases in the cold chain of raw milk. Since the aprX gene codes for a heat-resistant protease in P. fluorescens, the presence of this gene has also been investigated in other members of the genus. For this purpose an aprX-screening PCR test has been developed. Twenty-nine representatives of important milk Pseudomonas species and thirty-five reference strains were screened. In 42 out of 55 investigated Pseudomonas strains, the aprX gene was detected, which proves the potential of the aprX-PCR test as a screening tool for potentially proteolytic Pseudomonas strains in milk samples. An extensive study of the obtained aprX-sequences on the DNA and the amino acid level, however, revealed a large heterogeneity within the investigated milk isolates. Although this heterogeneity sets limitations to a general detection method for all proteolytic Pseudomonas strains in milk, it offers a great potential for the development of a multiplex PCR screening test targeting individual aprX-genes. Furthermore, our data illustrated the potential use of the aprX gene as a taxonomic marker, which may help in resolving the current taxonomic deadlock in the P. fluorescens group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marchand
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Melle, Belgium.
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22
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Optimization of extracellular psychrophilic alkaline lipase produced by marine Pseudomonas sp. (MSI057). Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 31:483-92. [PMID: 18175153 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An endosymbiotic Pseudomonas sp. (MSI057), which could produce high yields of lipase, was isolated from marine sponge Dendrilla nigra, collected from the peninsular coast of India. Maximum production of enzyme was obtained in minimal medium supplemented with 1% tributyrin. Catabolite repression was observed when the medium was supplemented with readily available carbon sources. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme production was 30 degrees C and 9.0, respectively. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity in pH range of 8-9 with an optimum pH 9.0. The activity of purified enzyme was optimum at 37 degrees C and showed 80% activity at 20 degrees C and the enzyme activity decreased dramatically above 50 degrees C. Based on the present findings, the enzyme was characterized as psychrophilic alkaline lipase, which can be developed for industrial applications.
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23
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BUCKY AR, ROBINSON DS, HAYES PR. Enhanced deactivation of bacterial lipases by a modified UHT treatment. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Braun PG. Microbial exoenzyme production in food. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:59-87. [PMID: 17448788 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy G Braun
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Veterinary Faculty of Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Saeed HM, . TIZ, . AIK, . MTA. Molecular Cloning and Expression in Escherichia coli of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2006.62.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Chen L, Coolbear T, Daniel R. Characteristics of proteinases and lipases produced by seven Bacillus sp. isolated from milk powder production lines. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Serratia marcescens isolated from raw milk was found to produce extracellular lipase. The growth of this organism could contribute to flavor defects in milk and dairy products. Serratia marcescens was streaked onto spirit blue agar medium, and lipolytic activity was detected after 6 h at 30 degrees C and after 12 h at 6 degrees C. The extracellular crude lipase was collected after inoculation of the organism into nutrient broth and then into skim milk. The crude lipase was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified lipase had a final recovered activity of 45.42%. Its molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE assay to be 52 kDa. The purified lipase was characterized; the optimum pH was likely between 8 and 9 and showed about 70% of its activity at pH 6.6. The enzyme was very stable at pH 8 and lost about 30% of its activity after holding for 24 h at 4 degrees C in buffer of pH 6.6. The optimum temperature was observed at 37 degrees C and exhibited high activity at 5 degrees C. The thermal inactivation of S. marcescens lipase was more obvious at 80 degrees C; it retained about 15% of its original activity at 80 degrees C and was completely inactivated after heating at 90 degrees C for 5 min. Under optimum conditions, activity of the enzyme was maximum after 6 min. The Michaelis-Menten constant was 1.35 mM on tributyrin. The enzyme was inhibited by a concentration more than 6.25mM. Purified lipase was not as heat-stable as other lipases from psychrotrophs, but it retained high activity at 5 degrees C. At pH 6.6, the pH of milk, purified lipase showed some activity and stability. Also, the organism demonstrated lipolytic activity at 6 degrees C after 12 h. Therefore, S. marcescens and its lipase were considered to cause flavor impairment during cold storage of milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham M Abdou
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736 Kaliobyia, Egypt.
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28
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Chen L, Daniel R, Coolbear T. Detection and impact of protease and lipase activities in milk and milk powders. Int Dairy J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(02)00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Vercet A, Oria R, Crelier S, Lopez-Buesa P. Selective inactivation of phospholipase A2 in complex protein mixtures. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(02)00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Wahab AA, Kermasha S, Bisakowski B, Morin A. Characterization of partially purified extracellular lipase fractions fromPseudomonas fragiCRDA 037. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-999-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Abdul Wahab
- ; Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry; McGill University; 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue H9X 3V9 Québec Canada
| | - Selim Kermasha
- ; Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry; McGill University; 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue H9X 3V9 Québec Canada
| | - Barbara Bisakowski
- ; Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry; McGill University; 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue H9X 3V9 Québec Canada
| | - André Morin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Food Research and Development Center; J2S 8E3 St. Hyacinthe Québec Canada
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31
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Thomson CA, Delaquis PJ, Mazza G. Detection and measurement of microbial lipase activity: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1999; 39:165-87. [PMID: 10198753 DOI: 10.1080/10408399908500492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Thomson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Proteinase and lipase production by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Proteolysis and lipolysis in thermized ewe's milk. Food Control 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(98)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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34
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Gobbetti M, Smacchi E, Corsetti A. Purification and characterization of a cell surface-associated esterase from Lactobacillus fermentum DT41. Int Dairy J 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(96)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Blake M, Koka R, Weimer B. A Semiautomated Reflectance Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Lipase Activity in Milk. J Dairy Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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37
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GOBBETTI MARCO, FOX PATRICKF, SMACCHI EMANUELE, STEPANIAK LESZEK, DAMIANI PIETRO. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LIPASE FROM LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM 2739. J Food Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1996.tb00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Amarita F, Alkorta F, Lescan du Plessix M, Cantabrana T, Rodriguez-Fernandez C. Isolation and properties of free and immobilized beta-galactosidase from the psychorotrophic enterobacterium Buttiauxella agrestis (strain NC4). THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1995; 78:630-5. [PMID: 7615419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study of the beta-galactosidase produced by the psychrotrophic bacterium Buttiauxella agrestis has been carried out. This micro-organism was isolated from raw milk and the enzyme isolated using standard methods. Molecular mass was estimated to be 515 kDa. The isoelectric point was close to 4.45. Optimum pH was 7.25. Maximal activity was observed at 50 degrees C and activation energy was estimated to be 39.1 kJ mol-1. Lactose enhanced thermal stability. Using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate, the Km was 11 mumol l-1 and Vmax was 85 U mg-1 protein. beta-Mercaptoethanol and ethanol were inhibitors; glycerol acted as a complex effector. The enzyme required divalent cations for activity while it was inhibited by EDTA. When the enzyme was immobilized in diethyl aminoethylcellulose the optimum pH of activity was 8. Km was 47 mumol l-1 and Vmax was 96 U mg-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Amarita
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
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39
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Choi I, Jeon I, Smith J. Isolation of Lipase-Active Fractions from Ultra-High Temperature-Processed Milk and Their Patterns of Releasing Fatty Acids from Milk Fat Emulsion. J Dairy Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Kumura H, Mikawa K, Saito Z. Influence of milk proteins on the thermostability of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 33. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76:2164-7. [PMID: 8408865 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of some milk proteins on the thermostability of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 33 were investigated. All purified milk protein fractions except kappa-casein that dissolved in phosphate buffer were effective for thermostabilization of the lipase. Thermal behavior of the lipase containing beta-lactoglobulin was so specific that, after heating at 80 to 90 degrees C, activity remained high and was comparable with that of unheated treatment. The thermostability of the lipase containing whey proteins in synthetic salts solution was extensively lowered, but that containing casein micelles retained 50% of original activity after heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 10 min. Low temperature inactivation of the lipase was influenced by concomitant milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kumura
- Laboratory of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Lipases (glycerol ester hydrolases; EC 3.1.1.3) are important enzymes which, due to their ability to catalyze a number of reactions, are receiving considerable interest from both academia and industry. The bacterial genus Pseudomonas is a prolific producer of a number of extracellular enzymes including lipase. This review summarizes the biochemical properties and recent advances in the molecular genetic analysis of a wide variety of Pseudomonas lipases. In particular, a comparison is made between the amino acid sequences of the various lipases as well as their secondary gene products, which are thought to be essential for secretion of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Gilbert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, UK
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42
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Purification and characterization of a novel bioconverting lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MB 5001. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Konstantinou P, Roussis I. Changes in the apparent hydrophobicity of Pseudomonas lipases after heat treatments. Int Dairy J 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(93)90087-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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45
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Azcona JI, Martín R, Hernández PE, Sanz B. Partial immunological characterization of heat-stable proteinases from Pseudomonas spp. of dairy origin. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:227-33. [PMID: 2501263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A homogeneous extracellular heat-stable proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens AH-70 was used to prepare antiserum in rabbits. The rabbit antiserum was used to study the antigenic relationship of the proteinases from 26 psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. isolated from raw milk. The inhibition of the proteinases by the antiserum, the gel precipitin reactions and the use of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA, revealed that proteinase AH-70 is immunologically related to proteinases from 8/26 other Pseudomonas strains. These results also indicate that the immunological techniques for the detection of proteolytic enzymes in raw milk require antibody preparations of broader specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Azcona
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Bucky AR, Hayes PR, Robinson DS. Enhanced inactivation of bacterial lipases and proteinases in whole milk by a modified ultra high temperature treatment. J DAIRY RES 1988; 55:373-80. [PMID: 3063731 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900028636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of Pseudomonas spp. strains P10, P12 and P15 grown in whole milk which contained approximately 1 x 10(8) viable bacteria ml-1 demonstrated near linear increases in the concentration of short-chain free fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid soluble free amino groups at 20 degrees C, following either ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment (140 degrees C for 5 s) or dual heat treatments (140 degrees C followed by either 57, 60 or 65 degrees C). The dual heat treatments reduced the rates of lipolysis and proteolysis compared to the UHT treatment by up to 25-fold. The dual heat treatment utilizing 60 degrees C for 5 min also effectively limited both lipase and proteinase activities in raw milk culture samples which had contained either 6 x 10(6), 5 x 10(7) or 1 x 10(8) viable bacteria ml-1. In this system enzyme activities were reduced by up to 10-fold following dual heat treatment compared to UHT treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bucky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK
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47
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Ren TJ, Frank JF, Christen GL. Characterization of lipase of Pseudomonas fluorescens 27 based on fatty acid profiles. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:1432-8. [PMID: 3136195 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to isolate lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 27, to compare the purity of the partially purified lipase preparation with crude extract, and to determine if bands of lipase activity revealed by disc gel electrophoresis liberated different free fatty acids from milk fat. Lipases were isolated from a shaken skim milk culture of P. fluorescens 27 by using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose (Whatman DE 32) and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The principal lipase-rich fractions from gel filtration represented 6.2% of total lipolytic activity. Disc gel electrophoresis of partially purified enzyme revealed two protein bands. These protein bands were cut from disc electrophoresis gels and used as an enzyme source for reaction with butter oil. Free fatty acids were isolated from the assay mixture, separated, and quantified by gas chromatography. Data from gas chromatographic analysis indicated that P. fluorescens 27 produces at least two different lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Ren
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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48
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49
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Stead D. Production of extracellular lipases and proteinases during prolonged growth of strains of psychrotrophic bacteria in whole milk. J DAIRY RES 1987; 54:535-43. [PMID: 3121703 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900025735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three strains of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp., each with different lipolytic and proteolytic phenotypes (including a proteinase-deficient mutant), were cultured separately in whole milk at 7 degrees C. Growth rates were the same during logarithmic growth phase, but during early stationary phase the cell densities were related to the activities of lipase and proteinase in the cultures. Only one strain underwent pronounced death phase. Proteinase activity was not detected in the culture of the proteinase-deficient mutant, but in those of the other strains it increased to a plateau, or continued to increase linearly. Lipase activity of the culture of each strain reached a peak in early stationary phase; in late stationary phase activity was highest for the proteinase-deficient mutant strain where degradation of lipase by bacterial proteinase would have been least. The ability of psychrotrophic bacteria both to survive for long periods and to produce high levels of proteinases and lipases on prolonged incubation in milk emphasizes the spoilage potential arising from psychrotrophic bacteria in inadequately cleaned dairy equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stead
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Shinfield, UK
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50
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Bucky AR, Hayes PR, Robinson DS. A modified ultra high temperature treatment for reducing microbial lipolysis in stored milk. J DAIRY RES 1987; 54:275-82. [PMID: 3597924 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900025413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of Pseudomonas P46 grown in whole milk to contain approximately 2 X 10(7) or 1 X 10(8) viable cells ml-1 before ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment (140 degrees C for 5 s) demonstrated near linear increases in the concentration of short-chain free fatty acids (FFA) during storage at 20 degrees C. However with 5 X 10(6) cells ml-1 before UHT heat treatment there was no detectable increase in these FFA levels over a 6-month storage period. A novel heat treatment (140 degrees C for 5 s followed by 60 degrees C for 5 min) reduced the rate of production of volatile FFA to less than 10% of the rates achieved after the normal UHT treatment.
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