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De Marco Verissimo C, Cwiklinski K, Nilsson J, Mirgorodskaya E, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Dalton JP. Glycan Complexity and Heterogeneity of Glycoproteins in Somatic Extracts and Secretome of the Infective Stage of the Helminth Fasciola hepatica. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100684. [PMID: 37993102 PMCID: PMC10755494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a global helminth parasite of humans and their livestock. The invasive stage of the parasite, the newly excysted juvenile (NEJs), relies on glycosylated excreted-secreted (ES) products and surface/somatic molecules to interact with host cells and tissues and to evade the host's immune responses, such as disarming complement and shedding bound antibody. While -omics technologies have generated extensive databases of NEJs' proteins and their expression, detailed knowledge of the glycosylation of proteins is still lacking. Here, we employed glycan, glycopeptide, and proteomic analyses to determine the glycan profile of proteins within the NEJs' somatic (Som) and ES extracts. These analyses characterized 123 NEJ glycoproteins, 71 of which are secreted proteins, and allowed us to map 356 glycopeptides and their associated 1690 N-glycan and 37 O-glycan forms to their respective proteins. We discovered abundant micro-heterogeneity in the glycosylation of individual glycosites and between different sites of multi-glycosylated proteins. The global heterogeneity across NEJs' glycoproteome was refined to 53 N-glycan and 16 O-glycan structures, ranging from highly truncated paucimannosidic structures to complex glycans carrying multiple phosphorylcholine (PC) residues, and included various unassigned structures due to unique linkages, particularly in pentosylated O-glycans. Such exclusive glycans decorate some well-known secreted molecules involved in host invasion, including cathepsin B and L peptidases, and a variety of membrane-bound glycoproteins, suggesting that they participate in host interactions. Our findings show that F. hepatica NEJs generate exceptional protein variability via glycosylation, suggesting that their molecular portfolio that communicates with the host is far more complex than previously anticipated by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. This study opens many avenues to understand the glycan biology of F. hepatica throughout its life-stages, as well as other helminth parasites, and allows us to probe the glycosylation of individual NEJs proteins in the search for innovative diagnostics and vaccines against fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Life Science and Health, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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Cichocka JM, Bielecki A, Świątek P, Jabłońska-Barna I, Kobak J, Hildebrand J, Dmitryjuk M, Strużyński W, Rost-Roszkowska M. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the digestive system of Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and Hirudinida (Annelida, Clitellata) – considerations on similarity and phylogeny. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Cichocka
- Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- XI High School, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A. Bielecki
- Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - P. Świątek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - I. Jabłońska-Barna
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - J. Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Dmitryjuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - W. Strużyński
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Rost-Roszkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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McVeigh P, Cwiklinski K, Garcia-Campos A, Mulcahy G, O'Neill SM, Maule AG, Dalton JP. In silico analyses of protein glycosylating genes in the helminth Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) predict protein-linked glycan simplicity and reveal temporally-dynamic expression profiles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11700. [PMID: 30076319 PMCID: PMC6076252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins secreted by helminth parasites are immunogenic and represent appealing components of vaccine preparations. Our poor knowledge of the pathways that mediate protein glycosylation in parasitic flatworms hinders our understanding of how proteins are synthesised and modified, and our ability to target these pathways for parasite control. Here we provide the first detailed description of genes associated with protein glycosylation in a parasitic flatworm, focusing on the genome of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), which is a globally important trematode parasite of humans and their livestock. Using 190 human sequences as search queries against currently available F. hepatica genomes, we identified 149 orthologues with putative roles in sugar uptake or nucleotide sugar synthesis, and an array of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase activities required for protein N- and O-glycosylation. We found appreciable duplication within these orthologues, describing just 87 non-redundant genes when paralogues were excluded. F. hepatica lacks many of the enzymes required to produce complex N- and O-linked glycans, which explains the genomic basis for the structurally simple glycans described by F. hepatica glycomic datasets, and predicts pervasive structural simplicity in the wider glycome. These data provide a foundation for functional genomic interrogation of these pathways with the view towards novel parasite intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McVeigh
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra M O'Neill
- Department of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron G Maule
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - John P Dalton
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Migration ofFasciola hepaticanewly excysted juveniles is inhibited by high-mannose and oligomannose-typeN-glycan-binding lectins. Parasitology 2017; 144:1708-1717. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201700124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYFasciola hepaticahas both zoonotic importance and high economic impact in livestock worldwide. After ingestion by the definitive host, the Newly Excysted Juveniles (NEJ) penetrate the intestine before reaching the peritoneal cavity. The role of some NEJ-derived proteins in invasion has been documented, but the role of NEJ glycans or lectin-binding receptors during initial infection in the gut is still unknown. To address these questions, the migration of NEJ through rat intestine was recorded at 30 min intervals up to 150 min by twoex vivomethods. Firstly, jejunal sheets were challenged with NEJ incubated with biotinylated lectins. Secondly, untreated NEJ were incubated with distal jejunum pre-treated with lectins. BothConcanavalin A(ConA) andGalanthus nivalis(GNL), which recognize mannose-typeN-glycans, significantly inhibited NEJ migration across the jejunum. Most of the lectins bound to the tegument and oral sucker of the NEJ, but only ConA and GNL maintained this interaction over 150 min. None of the lectins examined significantly reduced NEJ migration when pre-incubated with jejunal sheets, suggesting that host glycans might not be essential for initial binding/recognition of the gut by NEJ. Agents capable of blocking mannose-typeN-glycans on the NEJ tegument may have potential for disrupting infection.
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Martínez-Castillo M, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Arroyo R, Debnath A, Rodríguez MA, Sabanero M, Flores-Sánchez F, Navarro-Garcia F, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Nf-GH, a glycosidase secreted by Naegleria fowleri, causes mucin degradation: an in vitro and in vivo study. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:781-799. [PMID: 28608712 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this work was to identify, characterize and evaluate the pathogenic role of mucinolytic activity released by Naegleria fowleri. MATERIALS & METHODS Zymograms, protease inhibitors, anion exchange chromatography, MALDI-TOF-MS, enzymatic assays, Western blot, and confocal microscopy were used to identify and characterize a secreted mucinase; inhibition assays using antibodies, dot-blots and mouse survival tests were used to evaluate the mucinase as a virulence factor. RESULTS A 94-kDa protein with mucinolytic activity was inducible and abolished by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. MALDI-TOF-MS identified a glycoside hydrolase. Specific antibodies against N. fowleri-glycoside hydrolase inhibit cellular damage and MUC5AC degradation, and delay mouse mortality. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that secretory products from N. fowleri play an important role in mucus degradation during the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery & Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mario Alberto Rodríguez
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Myrna Sabanero
- Department of Biology, University of Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Noria Alta, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Fernando Flores-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Fernández-Delgado M, Cortez J, Sulbarán G, Matos C, Incani RN, Ballén DE, Cesari IM. Differential distribution and biochemical characteristics of hydrolases among developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni may offer new anti-parasite targets. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:816-820. [PMID: 27693560 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni enzymes play important roles in host-parasite interactions and are potential targets for immunological and/or pharmacological attack. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess the presence of hydrolytic activities (phosphatases, glycosidases, aminopeptidases) in soluble (SF) and membrane (MF) fractions from different S. mansoni developmental stages (schistosomula 0 and 3h, juveniles, and adult worms of 28 and 45days-old, respectively), by using simple enzyme-substrate microassays. Our results show and confirm the prominent presence of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activity in the MF of all the above parasite stages, highlighting also the relevant presence of MF-associated α-mannosidase (α-MAN) activity in juveniles. A soluble AlP activity, together with β-N-D-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAG), and α-MAN activities, was detected in SF of schistosomulum 0h. Soluble β-NAG, α-MAN, acid phosphatase (AcP), leucin (LAP) and alanine (AAP) aminopeptidase activities were also seen in the SF of the other different developmental stages. This work shows different soluble and membrane-associated hydrolytic capacities in each S. mansoni developmental stage from schistosomula to adults that might be exploitable as potential new targets for immune and/or chemoprophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagro Fernández-Delgado
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jackeline Cortez
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Guiden Sulbarán
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - César Matos
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Renzo Nino Incani
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.
| | - Diana E Ballén
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Italo M Cesari
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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7
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Di Maggio LS, Tirloni L, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Yates Iii JR, Benavides U, Carmona C, da Silva Vaz I, Berasain P. Across intra-mammalian stages of the liver f luke Fasciola hepatica: a proteomic study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32796. [PMID: 27600774 PMCID: PMC5013449 DOI: 10.1038/srep32796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the agent of fasciolosis, a foodborne zoonosis that affects livestock production and human health. Although flukicidal drugs are available, re-infection and expanding resistance to triclabendazole demand new control strategies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex interaction with the mammalian host could provide relevant clues, aiding the search for novel targets in diagnosis and control of fasciolosis. Parasite survival in the mammalian host is mediated by parasite compounds released during infection, known as excretory/secretory (E/S) products. E/S products are thought to protect parasites from host responses, allowing them to survive for a long period in the vertebrate host. This work provides in-depth proteomic analysis of F. hepatica intra-mammalian stages, and represents the largest number of proteins identified to date for this species. Functional classification revealed the presence of proteins involved in different biological processes, many of which represent original findings for this organism and are important for parasite survival within the host. These results could lead to a better comprehension of host-parasite relationships, and contribute to the development of drugs or vaccines against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sánchez Di Maggio
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, Unites States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, Unites States of America
| | - John R Yates Iii
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, Unites States of America
| | - Uruguaysito Benavides
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Berasain
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Liu L, Tharmalingam T, Maischberger E, Albrecht S, Gallagher ME, Miranda-Casoluengo R, Meijer WG, Rudd PM, Irwin JA. A HPLC-based glycoanalytical protocol allows the use of natural O-glycans derived from glycoproteins as substrates for glycosidase discovery from microbial culture. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:791-800. [PMID: 23793847 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many disorders are characterised by changes in O-glycosylation, but analysis of O-glycosylation has been limited by the availability of specific endo- and exo-glycosidases. As a result chemical methods are employed. However, these may give rise to glycan degradation, so therefore novel O-glycosidases are needed. Artificial substrates do not always identify every glycosidase activity present in an extract. To overcome this, an HPLC-based protocol for glycosidase identification from microbial culture was developed using natural O-glycans and O-glycosylated glycoproteins (porcine stomach mucin and fetuin) as substrates. O-glycans were released by ammonia-based β-elimination for use as substrates, and the bacterial culture supernatants were subjected to ultrafiltration to separate the proteins from glycans and low molecular size molecules. Two bacterial cultures, the psychrotroph Arthrobacter C1-1 and a Corynebacterium isolate, were examined as potential sources of novel glycosidases. Arthrobacter C1-1 culture contained a β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase when assayed using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates, but when defucosylated O-glycans from porcine stomach mucin were used as substrate, the extract did not cleave β-linked galactose or N-acetylglucosamine. Sialidase activity was identified in Corynebacterium culture supernatant, which hydrolysed sialic acid from fetuin glycans. When both culture supernatants were assayed using the glycoproteins as substrate, neither contained endoglycosidase activity. This method may be applied to investigate a microbial or other extract for glycosidase activity, and has potential for scale-up on high-throughput platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Molecular characterization of an α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2149-56. [PMID: 22926676 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL) is an exoglycosidase that selectively cleaves terminal α-linked N-acetylgalactosamines from a variety of sugar chains. A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding a novel Clonorchis sinensis α-NAGAL (Cs-α-NAGAL) was identified in the expressed sequence tags database of the adult C. sinensis liver fluke. The complete coding sequence was 1,308 bp long and encoded a 436-residue protein. The selected glycosidase was manually curated as α-NAGAL (EC 3.2.1.49) based on a composite bioinformatics analysis including a search for orthologues, comparative structure modeling, and the generation of a phylogenetic tree. One orthologue of Cs-α-NAGAL was the Rattus norvegicus α-NAGAL (accession number: NP_001012120) that does not exist in C. sinensis. Cs-α-NAGAL belongs to the GH27 family and the GH-D clan. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GH27 family of Cs-α-NAGAL was distinct from GH31 and GH36 within the GH-D clan. The putative 3D structure of Cs-α-NAGAL was built using SWISS-MODEL with a Gallus gallus α-NAGAL template (PDB code 1ktb chain A); this model demonstrated the superimposition of a TIM barrel fold (α/β) structure and substrate binding pocket. Cs-α-NAGAL transcripts were detected in the adult worm and egg cDNA libraries of C. sinensis but not in the metacercaria. Recombinant Cs-α-NAGAL (rCs-α-NAGAL) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified rCs-α-NAGAL was recognized specifically by the C. sinensis-infected human sera. This is the first report of an α-NAGAL protein in the Trematode class, suggesting that it is a potential diagnostic or vaccine candidate with strong antigenicity.
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Hoang V, Williams M, Simpson H. Monosaccharide composition of fundic and duodenal mucins in sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:253-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Development of larvalContracaecum rudolphiiHartwich, 1964 (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) in experimentally infected goldfish (Carassius auratusL., 1758). J Helminthol 2009; 84:234-40. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLaboratory-bred goldfish were experimentally infected withContracaecum rudolphii, either directly (with nematode larvae) or indirectly via infected zooplankton. Intensity and prevalence of infection were markedly higher in fish exposed to the infected zooplankton than in goldfish exposed to nematode larvae. When transmitted to fish via the zooplankton, larvae developed much faster and, after 8 weeks, became firmly encysted in the intestine wall. The digestive tract of larvae isolated from the intestine wall showed a well-developed ventriculus, ventricular appendix and intestinal caecum. The mouth was surrounded by three lips. When free-living larvae induced infection, they rapidly penetrated the intestine wall and migrated to internal organs (e.g. liver). The primordial lips of those larvae were poorly visible, the ventricular appendix was short, and the intestinal caecum was absent. During the 10-week experiment, no encysted larvae were found in fish infected with free-living larvae.
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12
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Nitrogen excretion by the sheep abomasal parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta. Exp Parasitol 2009; 123:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maki M, Leung KT, Qin W. The prospects of cellulase-producing bacteria for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:500-16. [PMID: 19680472 PMCID: PMC2726447 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and abundant resource with great potential for bioconversion to value-added bioproducts. However, the biorefining process remains economically unfeasible due to a lack of biocatalysts that can overcome costly hurdles such as cooling from high temperature, pumping of oxygen/stirring, and, neutralization from acidic or basic pH. The extreme environmental resistance of bacteria permits screening and isolation of novel cellulases to help overcome these challenges. Rapid, efficient cellulase screening techniques, using cellulase assays and metagenomic libraries, are a must. Rare cellulases with activities on soluble and crystalline cellulose have been isolated from strains of Paenibacillus and Bacillus and shown to have high thermostability and/or activity over a wide pH spectrum. While novel cellulases from strains like Cellulomonas flavigena and Terendinibacter turnerae, produce multifunctional cellulases with broader substrate utilization. These enzymes offer a framework for enhancement of cellulases including: specific activity, thermalstability, or end-product inhibition. In addition, anaerobic bacteria like the clostridia offer potential due to species capable of producing compound multienzyme complexes called cellulosomes. Cellulosomes provide synergy and close proximity of enzymes to substrate, increasing activity towards crystalline cellulose. This has lead to the construction of designer cellulosomes enhanced for specific substrate activity. Furthermore, cellulosome-producing Clostridium thermocellum and its ability to ferment sugars to ethanol; its amenability to co-culture and, recent advances in genetic engineering, offer a promising future in biofuels. The exploitation of bacteria in the search for improved enzymes or strategies provides a means to upgrade feasibility for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, ultimately providing means to a 'greener' technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Maki
- Biorefining Research Initiative, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Activity of selected hydrolytic enzymes from leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) with different feeding strategies. Biologia (Bratisl) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ivanen DR, Rongjina NL, Shishlyannikov SM, Litviakova GI, Isaeva-Ivanova LS, Shabalin KA, Kulminskaya AA. Novel precipitated fluorescent substrates for the screening of cellulolytic microorganisms. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 76:295-300. [PMID: 19150471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
New substrates, 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-phenyl (BTP) cellooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (d.p.) 2-4 (BTPG(2-4)) were synthesized for the screening of microbial cellulolytic activity in plate assays. The substrates were very efficient that was shown for several cellulolytic bacteria, including yeast-like isolates from Kamchatka hot springs. Three tested bacterial strains and eighteen of 30 of the yeast isolates showed ability to degrade cellulose with cellobiohydrolase, beta-glucosidase and endo-cellulase activities measured with standard substrates. The structures of 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-phenyl oligosaccharides were solved by NMR- and mass-spectrometry. The usefulness of the 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-phenyl substrates were also shown during purification of the B. polymyxa cellulolytic complex, which consists of at least three types of the enzymes: cellobiohydrolase, endo-beta-d-glucanase and beta-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina R Ivanen
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, 188300, Orlova roscha 1, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia
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16
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Reid CJ, Thompson L, Donnelly S, Deaton CM, Marlin DJ, Carrington SD, Irwin JA. The activity and expression of chitinase in the equine lung and its activity in normal horses and animals with recurrent airway obstruction. Res Vet Sci 2008; 87:20-5. [PMID: 19103451 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a chronic inflammatory condition in equine lung, which may share a common immunological basis with human asthma, in which dysregulated Th2 responses occur. Mammals express chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, two of which are active enzymes, chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Both enzymes are upregulated in a range of inflammatory conditions, including asthma. We investigated the activity of chitinase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with and without RAO in response to organic dust challenges. No significant differences were found in activity, although in one study RAO animals had elevated chitinase activity that fell short of statistical significance. The pH optimum and pH lability of the activity was consistent with the presence of chitotriosidase. RT-PCR amplification of the mRNA encoding chitotriosidase and AMCase in normal equine lung showed that chitotriosidase, but not AMCase, is expressed in trachea, bronchi, and peripheral lung tissue. The gene for chitotriosidase was identified from the Equus caballus (horse) genome 1.1 database and its similarity to the same genes from other species was determined. The results of this study indicate that the involvement of chitotriosidase in RAO is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm J Reid
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Abstract
SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
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18
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Lidell ME, Moncada DM, Chadee K, Hansson GC. Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteases cleave the MUC2 mucin in its C-terminal domain and dissolve the protective colonic mucus gel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9298-303. [PMID: 16754877 PMCID: PMC1482604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600623103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (E.h.) to cause invasive intestinal and extraintestinal infection, which leads to significant morbidity and mortality, it must disrupt the protective mucus layer by a previously unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that cysteine proteases secreted from the amoeba disrupt the mucin polymeric network, thereby overcoming the protective mucus barrier. The MUC2 mucin is the major structural component of the colonic mucus gel. Heavily O-glycosylated and protease-resistant mucin domains characterize gel-forming mucins. Their N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich domains are involved in mucin polymerization, and these domains are likely to be targeted by proteases because they are less glycosylated, thereby exposing their peptide chains. By treating recombinant cysteine-rich domains of MUC2 with proteases from E.h. trophozoites, we showed that the C-terminal domain was specifically targeted at two sites by cysteine proteases, whereas the N-terminal domain was resistant to proteolysis. The major cleavage site is predicted to depolymerize the MUC2 polymers, thereby disrupting the protective mucus gel. The ability of the cysteine proteases to dissolve mucus gels was confirmed by treating mucins from a MUC2-producing cell line with amoeba proteases. These findings suggest a major role for E.h. cysteine proteases in overcoming the protective mucus barrier in the pathogenesis of invasive amoebiasis. In this report, we identify a specific cleavage mechanism used by an enteric pathogen to disrupt the polymeric nature of the mucin gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. Lidell
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9A, S-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Darcy M. Moncada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9; and
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9A, S-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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19
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Talabnin K, Yagi H, Takahashi N, Suzuki T, Kato K, Uemura H, Saichua P, Kaewkes S, Wongkham S, Suzuki Y, Sripa B. Glycobiological study of adult Opisthorchis viverrini: characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:230-3. [PMID: 16567007 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krajang Talabnin
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand
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20
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Bruce AF, Gounaris K. Characterisation of a secreted N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase from Trichinella spiralis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 145:84-93. [PMID: 16242793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thorough investigation was conducted for glycoside hydrolase activities in the secreted proteins of Trichinella spiralis. The data demonstrated that the only secreted glycosidase with significant activity was an exo-beta-hexosaminidase with catalysis of the substrates N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine-6-sulphate proceeding with an efficiency similar to the human isozyme beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A). The hydrolysis of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) of 0.187+/-0.025 mM, and catalysis was inhibited competitively by both N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine, with K(i) values of 15.75+/-0.99 and 1.17+/-0.24 mM, respectively. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 4.4, had a temperature optimum at 54 degrees C and was thermolabile. We observed no cleavage of N-acetylglucosamine beta1-4 linkages in N-acetylchitooligosaccharides, but significant hydrolysis of N-acetylglucosamine beta1-2 linked to mannose in glycans was detected indicating that the secreted enzyme is linkage specific. The enzyme was partially purified and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting as a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa. We established that the protein was glycosylated and showed that the glycan was decorated with tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis demonstrated that the carbohydrate moeity was a tyvelose capped tetra-antennary N-glycan corresponding to the structure Tyv(4)Fuc(5)HexNAc(10)Hex(3). All our studies suggest that this is a novel variant of a secreted N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Bruce
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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21
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Moncada D, Keller K, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica-secreted products degrade colonic mucin oligosaccharides. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3790-3. [PMID: 15908414 PMCID: PMC1111884 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3790-3793.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the mucus layer by Entamoeba histolytica is a prerequisite for invasion of the colonic mucosa. In this study, we demonstrate that amoeba-secreted products degrade (3)H-labeled and native colonic mucin oligosaccharides independently of proteolytic activity. We conclude that E. histolytica degrades mucin oligosaccharides, which may facilitate parasite invasion of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Moncada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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Alcalá-Canto Y, Ibarra-Velarde F, Gracia-Mora J, Sumano-López H. Fasciola hepatica proteolytic activity in liver revealed by in situ zymography. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:308-11. [PMID: 15918068 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases that play a role in facilitating parasite migration. The aim of this study was to detect the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of F. hepatica cysteine proteases in the liver of C57BL/6 cathepsin B knockout mice (cat B-/-) and wild-type controls (cat B+/+) by intraperitoneal administration of N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]-agmatine, (E-64) using the film in situ zymography (FIZ) technique and image analysis. The FIZ technique revealed that intraperitoneal administration of E-64 dramatically reduced (85%) F. hepatica proteolytic activity in the liver of experimentally infected mice with no discernable side effects. These results suggest the usefulness of the FIZ for determining in vivo activity of F. hepatica proteases, as well as their inhibition by intraperitoneal administration of E-64 in hepatic tissue of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Alcalá-Canto
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF 04510.
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