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Epidemiological investigations identified an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 associated with pre-packed sandwiches. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e178. [PMID: 34635196 PMCID: PMC8365849 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2019, public health surveillance systems in Scotland identified an increase in the number of reported infections of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26:H11 involving bloody diarrhoea. Ultimately, across the United Kingdom (UK) 32 cases of STEC O26:H11 stx1a were identified, with the median age of 27 years and 64% were male; six cases were hospitalised. Among food exposures there was an association with consuming pre-packed sandwiches purchased at outlets belonging to a national food chain franchise (food outlet A) [odds ratio (OR) = 183.89, P < 0.001]. The common ingredient identified as a component of the majority of the sandwiches sold at food outlet A was a mixed salad of Apollo and Iceberg lettuce and spinach leaves. Microbiological testing of food and environmental samples were negative for STEC O26:H11, although STEC O36:H19 was isolated from a mixed salad sample taken from premises owned by food outlet A. Contamination of fresh produce is often due to a transient event and detection of the aetiological agent in food that has a short-shelf life is challenging. Robust, statistically significant epidemiological analysis should be sufficient evidence to direct timely and targeted on-farm investigations. A shift in focus from testing the microbiological quality of the produce to investigating the processes and practices through the supply chain and sampling the farm environment is recommended.
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Mainga AO, Cenci-Goga BT, Malahlela MN, Tshuma T, Kalake A, Karama M. Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:777-789. [PMID: 29984530 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are a major reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the occurrence of seven major STEC serogroups including O157, O145, O103, O121, O111, O45 and O26 among 578 STEC isolates previously recovered from 559 cattle. The isolates were characterized for serotype and major virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 41.7% (241/578) of isolates belonged to STEC O157, O145, O103, O121, O45 and O26, and 33 distinct serotypes. The 241 isolates corresponded to 16.5% (92/559) of cattle that were STEC positive. The prevalence of cattle that tested positive for at least one of the six serogroups across the five farms was variable ranging from 2.9% to 43.4%. Occurrence rates for individual serogroups were as follows: STEC O26 was found in 10.2% (57/559); O45 in 2.9% (16/559); O145 in 2.5% (14/559); O157 in 1.4% (8/559); O121 in 1.1% (6/559); and O103 in 0.4% (2/559). The following proportions of virulence genes were observed: stx1, 69.3% (167/241); stx2, 96.3% (232/241); eaeA, 7.1% (17/241); ehxA, 92.5% (223/241); and both stx1 and stx2, 62.2% (150/241) of isolates. These findings are evidence that cattle in South Africa carry STEC that belong to six major STEC serogroups commonly incriminated in human disease. However, only a subset of serotypes associated with these serogroups were clinically relevant in human disease. Most STEC isolates carried stx1, stx2 and ehxA but lacked eaeA, a major STEC virulence factor in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred O Mainga
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Beniamino T Cenci-Goga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mogaugedi N Malahlela
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Takula Tshuma
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alan Kalake
- Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Scavia G, Gianviti A, Labriola V, Chiani P, Maugliani A, Michelacci V, Minelli F, Tozzoli R, Caprioli A, Morabito S. A case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) revealed an outbreak of Shiga toxin-2-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 infection in a nursery, with long-lasting shedders and person-to-person transmission, Italy 2015. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:775-782. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Scavia
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianviti
- Dipartimento di Nefrologia-Urologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Labriola
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Servizio di Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, ASL Roma 3, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Chiani
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Maugliani
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Michelacci
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Minelli
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caprioli
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Morabito
- European Union and National Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Dip. Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione, Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Lajhar SA, Brownlie J, Barlow R. Survival capabilities of Escherichia coli O26 isolated from cattle and clinical sources in Australia to disinfectants, acids and antimicrobials. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:47. [PMID: 28249570 PMCID: PMC5333398 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After E. coli O157, E. coli O26 is the second most prevalent enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serotype identified in cases of foodborne illness in Australia and throughout the world. E. coli O26 associated foodborne outbreaks have drawn attention to the survival capabilities of this organism in a range of environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of E. coli O26 to survive the effects of disinfectants, acids and antimicrobials and investigate the possible influence of virulence genes in survival and persistence of E. coli O26 from human and cattle sources from Australia. Results Initial characterization indicated that E. coli O26 are a genetically diverse group that were shown to belong to a number of pathotypes. Overall, 86.4% of isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested with no significant differences in resistance observed between pathotypes. A representative subset of isolates (n = 40) were selected to determine their ability to survive disinfectants at proposed industry working concentrations and acid stress. Profoam, Kwiksan 22, and Topactive DES. were able to inhibit the growth of 100% of isolates. The remaining three disinfectants (Dairy Chlor 12.5%, Envirosan and Maxifoam) were not effective against the subset of 40 E. coli O26. Finally, elevated MICs (1,024 to 4,096 μg/ml) of acetic, propionic, lactic, and citric acids were determined for the majority of the isolates (85%). Conclusions Australian E. coli O26 isolates belong to a range of pathotypes that harbor differing virulence markers. Despite this, their response to antimicrobials, disinfectants and acids is similar confirming that stress response appears unrelated to the presence of EHEC virulence markers. Notwithstanding, the tolerance to disinfectants and the elevated acid MICs for EHEC and the other E. coli O26 pathotypes examined in this study may contribute to bacterial colonization on food contact surfaces and subsequent foodborne illness caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Lajhar
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Present address: CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
| | - Jeremy Brownlie
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert Barlow
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Mishra RP, Jain U, Singh RK. Genotypic study of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli isolates from deer by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2016; 9:919-21. [PMID: 27651685 PMCID: PMC5021846 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.919-921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was planned to study the genotypes of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in fecal samples of deer due to its public health significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 160 fecal samples of deer were taken from Mathura district and Kanpur Zoo and screened for VTEC genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS All fecal samples were positive for E. coli. All the E. coli isolates were screened by PCR to detect virulence genes stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA. Of these, 15 isolates were found positive for VTEC having one or more genes in different combinations. CONCLUSION Genes such as stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA were prevalent in VTEC isolates from feces of deer. The presence of VTEC isolates having virulent genes may pose a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mishra RP, Jain U, Bist B, Verma AK, Kumar A. Prevalence of vero toxic Escherichia coli in fecal samples of domestic as well as wild ruminants in Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo. Vet World 2016; 9:71-4. [PMID: 27051188 PMCID: PMC4819354 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.71-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was planned to reveal the prevalence of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in fecal samples of domestic and wild ruminants in Mathura district and Kanpur zoo. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 240 fecal samples comprising 60 each of cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer from Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo were screened for the presence of E. coli and VTEC genes positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULT Out of 240 fecal samples, 212 E. coli strains were obtained. All the E. coli isolates were screened by PCR to detect virulence genes stx1 , stx2 , eaeA and hlyA. Of these, 25 isolates were identified as VTEC. The prevalence of VTEC in cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer was found 13.4% (8/60), 13.4% (8/60), 6.67% (4/60) and 8.33% (5/60), respectively. CONCLUSION stx1 , stx2 , eaeA and hlyA genes were prevalent in VTEC isolates from feces of cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer population of Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo. The presence of VTEC isolates in this region may pose a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basanti Bist
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kanayama A, Yahata Y, Arima Y, Takahashi T, Saitoh T, Kanou K, Kawabata K, Sunagawa T, Matsui T, Oishi K. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli outbreaks related to childcare facilities in Japan, 2010-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:539. [PMID: 26589805 PMCID: PMC4654900 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important cause of gastroenteritis in Japan. Although non-O157 EHEC infections have been increasingly reported worldwide, their impact on children has not been well described. Methods We collected national surveillance data of EHEC infections reported between 2010 and 2013 in Japan and characterized outbreaks that occurred in childcare facilities. Per Japanese outbreak investigation protocol, faecal samples from contacts of EHEC cases were collected regardless of symptomatic status. Cases and outbreaks were described by demographics, dates of diagnosis and onset, clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and relation to specific outbreaks in childcare facilities. Results During 2010–2013, a total of 68 EHEC outbreaks comprised of 1035 cases were related to childcare facilities. Among the 66 outbreaks caused by a single serogroup, 29 were serogroup O26 and 22 were O157; 35 outbreaks were caused by stx1-producing strains. Since 2010, the number of reported outbreaks steadily increased, with a rise in cases and outbreaks caused by stx1-producing O26. Of 7069 EHEC cases reported nationally in 2010–2011, the majority were caused by O157 (n = 4938), relative to O26 (n = 1353) and O111 (n = 195). However, relative to 69 cases of O157 (2 %) associated with childcare facility EHEC outbreaks, there were 131 (10 %) such cases of O26, and this trend intensified in 2012–2013 (O157, 3 %; O26, 24 %; O111, 48 %). Among family members of childcare facility cases, the proportion of cases that were symptomatic declined with age; 10/16 cases (63 %) aged 6 years or younger, 16/53 cases (30 %) 6–19 years old, 23/120 cases (19 %) 20–49 years old and 2/28 cases (7 %) 50 years or older were symptomatic. Thirty one of the 68 outbreaks (46 %) were classified as foodborne-related. Conclusions Childcare facility EHEC outbreaks due to non-O157 serogroups, particularly O26 and O111, increased during 2010–2013. These facilities should pay extra attention to health conditions in children. As older family members of childcare facility cases appear to be less symptomatic, they should be vigilant about hand-washing to prevent further transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanayama
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. .,Department of Global Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yahata
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takuri Takahashi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takehito Saitoh
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Kanou
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Kunio Kawabata
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tamano Matsui
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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Willford JD, Bisha B, Bolenbaugh KE, Goodridge LD. Luminescence based enzyme-labeled phage (Phazyme) assays for rapid detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli serogroups. BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 1:101-110. [PMID: 22334866 DOI: 10.4161/bact.1.2.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most diagnostic approaches for Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been designed to detect only serogroup O157 that causes a majority, but not all STEC related outbreaks in the United States. Therefore, there is a need to develop methodology that would enable the detection of other STEC serogroups that cause disease. Three bacteriophages (phages) that infect STEC serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157 were chemically labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The enzyme-labeled phages (Phazymes) were individually combined with a sampling device (a swab), STEC serogroup-specific immunomagnetic separation (IMS) beads, bacterial enrichment broth and luminescent HRP substrate, in a self-contained test device, while luminescence was measured in a hand-held luminometer.The O26 and O157 Phazyme assays correctly identified more than 93% of the bacteria tested during this study, the O123 Phazyme assay identified 89.6%, while the O111 and O145 Phazyme assays correctly detected 82.4% and 75.9%, respectively. The decreased specificity of the O111 and O145 assays was related to the broad host ranges of the phages used in both assays. The Phazyme assays were capable of directly detecting between 10(5) and 10(6) CFU/ml in pure culture, depending on the serogroup. In food trials, the O157 Phazyme assay was able to detect E. coli O157:H7 in spinach consistently at levels of 1 CFU/g and occasionally at levels of 0.1 CFU/g. The assay detected 10(0) CFU/100 cm(2) on swabbed meat samples and 10(2) CFU/100 ml in water samples. The Phazyme assay effectively detects most STEC in a simple and rapid manner, with minimal need for instrumentation to interpret the test result.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Willford
- Department of Animal Science; University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY USA
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Distribution of Escherichia coli strains harbouring Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)-associated virulence factors (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA) from very young calves in the North Island of New Zealand. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:2548-58. [PMID: 24512720 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) virulence markers (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA) in E. coli strains isolated from young calves aged fewer than 7 days (bobby calves). In total, 299 recto-anal mucosal swabs were collected from animals at two slaughter plants and inoculated onto tryptone bile X-glucuronide and sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Isolates were analysed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect stx1, stx2, eae and ehxA genes. The most common combination of virulence markers were eae, ehxA (n = 35) followed by eae (n = 9). In total, STEC and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) were isolated from 8/299 (2·6%) and 37/299 (12·3%) calves, respectively. All the isolates could be assigned to 15 genotype clusters with >70% similarity cut-off using XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. It may be concluded that healthy calves from the dairy industry are asymptomatic carriers of a diverse population of STEC and aEPEC in New Zealand.
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Mody RK, Griffin PM. Editorial Commentary: Fecal Shedding of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: What Should Be Done to Prevent Secondary Cases? Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1141-4. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Tourdjman M, Hostetler T, Reuer J, Ciaffoni C, Cieslak P, Lewis P, Leman R. Duration of Shedding and Secondary Household Transmission of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26 During an Outbreak in a Childcare Center, Oregon, October-December 2010. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2012; 1:329-32. [PMID: 26619425 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pis063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We assessed shedding duration and secondary household transmission of Shiga toxin 1-positive Escherichia coli O26 during a childcare-associated outbreak. No severe illness was noted. Shedding duration was 15-46 days (median, 29). No secondary transmission to household members was identified. Value of isolating asymptomatic infected children with this low-virulence infection remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tourdjman
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland
| | | | - Jennifer Reuer
- Washington County Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Cathy Ciaffoni
- Oregon State Public Health Laboratory, Hillsboro, Oregon
| | - Paul Cieslak
- Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland
| | - Paul Lewis
- Washington County Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Richard Leman
- Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland
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Delbès-Paus C, Miszczycha S, Ganet S, Helinck S, Veisseire P, Pochet S, Thévenot D, Montel MC. Behavior of Escherichia coli O26:H11 in the presence of Hafnia alvei in a model cheese ecosystem. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 160:212-8. [PMID: 23290227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the capacity of three Hafnia strains to inhibit the growth of an E. coli strain O26:H11 in an uncooked pressed model cheese, in the presence or absence of a microbial consortium added to mimic a cheese microbial community. Inoculated at 2 log CFU/ml into pasteurized milk without Hafnia, the E. coli O26:H11 strain reached 5 log CFU/g during cheese-making and survived at levels of 4 to 5 log CFU/g beyond 40 days. Inoculated into milk at 6 log CFU/ml, all three tested Hafnia strains (H. alvei B16 and HA, H. paralvei 920) reached values close to 8 log CFU/g and reduced E. coli O26:H11 counts in cheese on day 1 by 0.8 to 1.4 log CFU/g compared to cheeses inoculated with E. coli O26:H11 and the microbial consortium only. The Hafnia strains slightly reduced counts of Enterococcus faecalis (~-0.5 log from day 1) and promoted Lactobacillus plantarum growth (+0.2 to 0.5 log from day 8) in cheese. They produced small amounts of putrescine (~1.3 mmol/kg) and cadaverine (~0.9 mmol/kg) in cheese after 28 days, and did not affect levels of volatile aroma compounds. Further work on H. alvei strain B16 showed that E. coli O26:H11, inoculated at 2 log CFU/ml, was inhibited by H. alvei B16 inoculated at 6 log CFU/ml and not at 4.5 log CFU/ml. The inhibition was associated neither with lower pH values in cheese after 6 or 24h, nor with higher concentrations of lactic acid. Enhanced concentrations of acetic acid on day 1 in cheese inoculated with H. alvei B16 (4 to 11 mmol/kg) could not fully explain the reduction in E. coli O26:H11 growth. A synergistic interaction between H. alvei B16 and the microbial consortium, resulting in an additional 0.7-log reduction in E. coli O26:H11 counts, was observed from day 8 in model cheeses made from pasteurized milk. However, E. coli O26:H11 survived better during ripening in model cheeses made from raw milk than in those made from pasteurized milk, but this was not associated with an increase in pH values. In vitro approaches are required to investigate the mechanisms and causative agents of this interaction. H. alvei B16 appears to be a promising strain for reducing E. coli O26:H11 growth in cheese, as part of a multi-hurdle approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delbès-Paus
- INRA, UR545 Recherches Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, Aurillac, France.
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Outbreak of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26: H11 infection at a child care center in Colorado. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:379-83. [PMID: 22189536 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3182457122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26:H11 is an emerging cause of disease with serious potential consequences in children. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of O26:H11 are incompletely understood. We investigated an outbreak of O26:H11 infection among children younger than 48 months of age and employees at a child care center. METHODS Every employee at the center (n = 20) and every child <48 months (n = 55) were tested for STEC and administered a questionnaire. Thirty environmental health inspections and site visits were conducted. A cohorting strategy for disease control was implemented. RESULTS Eighteen confirmed and 27 suspect cases were detected. There were no hospitalizations. The illness rate was 60% for children and employees. The risk of being a case in children <36 months was twice the risk among children of 36 to 47 months (risk ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 4.42). The median duration of shedding among symptomatic confirmed cases was 30.5 days (range: 14-52 days). Four (22%) confirmed cases were asymptomatic and 3 (17%) shed intermittently. Nearly half (49%) of the household contacts of confirmed cases developed a diarrheal illness. The outbreak was propagated by person-to-person transmission; cohorting was an effective disease control strategy. CONCLUSIONS This was the largest reported outbreak of O26:H11 infection in the United States and the largest reported non-O157 STEC outbreak in a US child care center. Non-O157 STEC infection is a differential diagnosis for outbreaks of diarrhea in child care settings. Aggressive disease control measures were effective but should be evaluated for outbreaks in other settings.
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Enhanced surveillance of non-O157 verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in human stool samples from Manitoba. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 16:329-34. [PMID: 18159515 DOI: 10.1155/2005/859289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively few enhanced surveillance studies have been undertaken to investigate the extent to which verotoxin-producing non-O157 serotypes of Escherichia coli occur in stool samples received for the detection of verotoxin-producing organisms. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence, molecular and epidemiological characteristics, and geographical patterns associated with non-O157 verotoxin-producing E coli (VTEC) in Manitoba. RESULTS Thirty-two VTEC isolates consisting of 10 serogroups and 13 different serotypes were isolated over a 22-month period. Twenty-three isolates (71.8%) possessed verotoxin-encoding gene stx1 only, five isolates (15.6%) possessed stx2 only, two isolates (6.3%) possessed both stx1 and stx2, and two isolates (6.3%) possessed stx2c. Only three instances of indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were identified. The age of the individuals from whom non-O157 VTEC were isolated ranged from eight months to 87 years. Mean and median ages were 30 and 22 years of age, respectively. Some areas of the province appeared to experience a higher than expected number of non-O157 E coli in comparison with the number of stools that were received from these areas. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a large number of infections associated with non-O157 VTEC in Manitoba. Most non-O157 cases appear to result from sporadic infections, and these occur typically in rural areas. Continued enhanced surveillance is necessary to understand the temporal patterns of non-O157 VTEC and the underlying epidemiological factors driving these patterns.
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Hutchinson JP, Cheney TEA, Smith RP, Lynch K, Pritchard GC. Verocytotoxin-producing and attaching and effacing activity of Escherichia coli isolated from diseased farm livestock. Vet Rec 2011; 168:536. [PMID: 21546408 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Between May 2005 and June 2008, strategically selected isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from clinical submissions to Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) regional laboratories in England and Wales were serogrouped and examined by PCR for verocytotoxin (VT) production and attaching and effacing (eae) genes, both of which are zoonotic determinants. VT-encoding genes were detected in 54 (5.3 per cent) of the 1022 isolates examined. Only one isolate (0.1 per cent) was identified as verocytotoxigenic E coli (VTEC) O157. Non-O157 VTECs were present in 4.7 per cent of isolates from cattle, compared with 7.9 per cent in pigs, 2.3 per cent in sheep and 6.7 per cent in goats. The predominant serogroup identified in cattle was O26 and the predominant serogroup in pigs was O2. Attaching and effacing activity was attributed to 69 (6.8 per cent) of all isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hutchinson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Newcastle, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9SE.
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16
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Savoye F, Rozand C, Bouvier M, Gleizal A, Thevenot D. Optimized enrichment for the detection of Escherichia coli O26 in French raw milk cheeses. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:603-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Contreras CA, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Lacher DW, Rivera FP, Saenz Y, Chea-Woo E, Zavaleta N, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Huicho L, Maves RC, Torres C, DebRoy C, Cleary TG. Phylogenetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian children. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:639-646. [PMID: 21292859 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.026666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factors (stx, eae, ehxA and astA) and phylogenetic relationships [PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST)] of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from four previous cohort studies in 2212 Peruvian children aged <36 months. STEC prevalence was 0.4 % (14/3219) in diarrhoeal and 0.6 % (15/2695) in control samples. None of the infected children developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) or other complications of STEC. stx1 was present in 83 % of strains, stx2 in 17 %, eae in 72 %, ehxA in 59 % and astA in 14 %. The most common serotype was O26 : H11 (14 %) and the most common seropathotype was B (45 %). The strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic group B1 (52 %). The distinct combinations of alleles across the seven MLST loci were used to define 13 sequence types among 19 STEC strains. PFGE typing of 20 STEC strains resulted in 19 pulsed-field patterns. Comparison of the patterns revealed 11 clusters (I-XI), each usually including strains belonging to different serotypes; one exception was cluster VI, which gathered exclusively seven strains of seropathotype B, clonal group enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 2 and phylogenetic group B1. In summary, STEC prevalence was low in Peruvian children with diarrhoea in the community setting. The strains were phylogenetically diverse and associated with mild infections. However, additional studies are needed in children with bloody diarrhoea and HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Contreras
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - T J Ochoa
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - J Ruiz
- CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D W Lacher
- US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - F P Rivera
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Y Saenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - E Chea-Woo
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - N Zavaleta
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - A I Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - C F Lanata
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - L Huicho
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - R C Maves
- US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Department of Bacteriology, Lima, Peru
| | - C Torres
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - C DebRoy
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T G Cleary
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA
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18
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Fratamico PM, Bagi LK, Cray WC, Narang N, Yan X, Medina M, Liu Y. Detection by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays and isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 in ground beef. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:601-7. [PMID: 21214490 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Six Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups, which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, are responsible for the majority of non-O157 STEC infections in the United States, representing a growing public health concern. Cattle and other ruminants are reservoirs for these pathogens; thus, food of bovine origin may be a vehicle for infection with non-O157 STEC. Methods for detection of these pathogens in animal reservoirs and in food are needed to determine their prevalence and to develop intervention strategies. This study describes a method for detection of non-O157 STEC in ground beef, consisting of enrichment in modified tryptic soy broth at 42°C, followed by real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting stx(1), stx(2), and genes in the O-antigen gene clusters of the six serogroups, [corrected] and then immunomagnetic separation (IMS) followed by plating onto Rainbow® Agar O157 and PCR assays for confirmation of isolates. All ground beef samples artificially inoculated with 1-2 and 10-20 CFU/25 g of ground beef consistently gave positive results for all of the target genes, including the internal amplification control using the multiplex real-time PCR assays after enrichment in modified tryptic soy broth for a total of 24 h (6 h at 37°C and 18 h at 42°C). The detection limit of the real-time multiplex PCR assays was ∼50 CFU per PCR. IMS for O26, O103, O111, and O145 was performed with commercially available magnetic beads, and the IMS beads for O45 and O121 were prepared using polyclonal antiserum against these serogroups. A large percentage of the presumptive colonies of each serogroup picked from Rainbow Agar O157 were confirmed as the respective serogroups; however, the percent recovery of STEC O111 was somewhat lower than that of the other serogroups. This work provides a method for detection and isolation in ground beef and potentially other foods of non-O157 STEC of major public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina M Fratamico
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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19
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Jenkins C, Evans J, Chart H, Willshaw GA, Frankel G. Escherichia coli serogroup O26--a new look at an old adversary. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:14-25. [PMID: 18171379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli serogroup O26 played an important part in the early work on Verocytotoxin and is an established diarrhoeal pathogen. Recently, Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O26 has been increasingly associated with diarrhoeal disease and frequently linked to outbreaks and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). This review investigates the pathogenicity, geographical distribution, changing epidemiology, routes of transmission and improved detection of VTEC O26. Laboratory data on VTEC O26 isolates and clinical data on HUS suggest a true difference in the incidence of VTEC O26 in different geographic locations. However, few diagnostic laboratories use molecular methods to detect VTEC and so it is difficult to assess the role of VTEC O26 in causing diarrhoeal disease. VTEC O26 is frequently found in the cattle population but rarely in food. However, the small number of outbreaks analysed to date are thought to be food-borne rather than associated with direct or indirect contact with livestock or their faeces. The increase in awareness of VTEC O26 in the clinical and veterinary setting has coincided with the development of novel techniques that have improved our ability to detect and characterize this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jenkins
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, NW3 2QG, London, UK.
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20
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Bettelheim KA. The non-O157 shiga-toxigenic (verocytotoxigenic) Escherichia coli; under-rated pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007; 33:67-87. [PMID: 17453930 DOI: 10.1080/10408410601172172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following a brief review of the ecology of Escherichia coli in general, the role of Shiga-Toxigenic (Verocytotoxigenic) E. coli (STEC) as pathogens is addressed. While STEC belonging to the serogroup O157 have been extensively studied and shown to be involved in many cases and outbreaks of human disease, the importance of STEC belonging to other serogroups has not been recognized as much. This review addresses the problems associated with these pathogens, demonstrating that increasing the awareness of them is a major part of the problem. This review then demonstrates how widespread isolations especially from food animals and human disease have been, discussing in particular STEC belonging to serogroups O8, O26, O103, O111, O113 and O128. The animal host-specificity of these STEC is also reviewed. In conclusion some methods of improving isolation of these pathogens is addressed.
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21
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SETO K, TAGUCHI M, KOBAYASHI K, KOZAKI S. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Minor Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans in Osaka Prefecture. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko SETO
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Masumi TAGUCHI
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Kazuhiro KOBAYASHI
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Shunji KOZAKI
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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22
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Aktan I, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ. Colonization, persistence, and tissue tropism of Escherichia coli O26 in conventionally reared weaned lambs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:691-8. [PMID: 17158624 PMCID: PMC1800784 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01879-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O26 is recognized as an emerging pathogen associated with disease in both ruminants and humans. Compared to those of E. coli O157:H7, the shedding pattern and location of E. coli O26 in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants are poorly understood. In the studies reported here, an stx-negative E. coli O26 strain of ovine origin was inoculated orally into 6-week-old lambs and the shedding pattern of the O26 strain was monitored by serial bacteriological examination of feces. The location of colonization in the GIT was examined at necropsy at two time points. The numbers of O26 organisms excreted in feces declined from approximately 10(7) to 10(4) CFU per gram of feces by day 7 and continued at this level for a further 3 weeks. Beyond day 30, excretion was from few animals, intermittent, and just above the detection limit. By day 38, all fecal samples were negative, but at necropsy, O26 organisms were recovered from the upper GIT, specifically the ileum. However, no attaching-effacing (AE) lesions were observed. To identify the location of E. coli O26 within the GIT early after inoculation, two lambs were examined postmortem, 4 days postinoculation. High numbers of O26 organisms were recovered from all GIT sites examined, and approximately 10(9) CFU were recovered from 1 gram of ileal tissue from one animal. Despite high numbers of O26 organisms, AE lesions were identified on the mucosa of the ascending colon of only one animal. These data indicate that E. coli O26 readily colonizes 6-week-old lambs, but the sparseness of AE lesions suggests that O26 is well adapted to this host, and mechanisms other than those dependent upon intimin may play a role in persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Aktan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.
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23
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Sayers G, McCarthy T, O'Connell M, O'Leary M, O'Brien D, Cafferkey M, McNamara E. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with interfamilial spread of E. coli O26:H11. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:724-8. [PMID: 16371176 PMCID: PMC2870445 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2000, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was diagnosed in a 10-month-old child with a prodromal history of vomiting and diarrhoea (non-bloody). Investigation revealed that a self-limiting gastrointestinal illness (mean duration 48 h) had occurred among immediate and extended family in the 2 weeks prior to the child's admission. The epidemiology of the illness suggested person-to-person spread. Five children (close family contacts) had E. coli O26 verocytotoxin (VT1 and VT2) isolated from stools. Stool culture and serology from the index case were negative for shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) organisms. Control measures in accordance with the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS), verocytotoxogenic organisms (VTEC) guidelines were applied to prevent further spread among the extended family and contacts. Despite detailed food and environmental exposure histories, the source of the illness was not identified. This incident highlights the importance of investigation of cases of post-diarrhoeal HUS, for potential shiga toxin E. coli aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sayers
- Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive Eastern Region, Dublin.
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24
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Murinda SE, Oliver SP. Physiologic and molecular markers for detection of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26 strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:163-77. [PMID: 16761942 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of physiologic/phenotypic and genetic variation of Escherichia coli O157 and its tight clonality was the basis for development of successful detection protocols for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7/H. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of diarrheagenic E. coli O26 isolates from different geographical regions may differ as indicated by representative reports from all continents. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on STEC O26, a pathogen whose emergence predates that of other STEC, including O157:H7/H-. The overall objectives are to integrate information available from peer-reviewed literature on the clinical and public health significance of STEC O26 worldwide, and to highlight phenotypic and genetic markers that could be used for routine detection of this pathogen. Our ultimate goal is to render information that will allow quick, accurate, and specific detection of STEC O26 genotypic variants worldwide, so as to aid with control of this pathogen. The information herein will be invaluable to a variety of scientists that include epidemiologists and microbiologists (medical, veterinary, food, and environmental) with interest in STEC O26--a zoonotic and emerging foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton E Murinda
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, 3801West Temple Ave., Pomona, California 91768, USA.
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25
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O’Hanlon KA, Catarame TM, Blair IS, McDowell DA, Duffy G. Comparison of a real-time PCR and an IMS/culture method to detect Escherichia coli O26 and O111 in minced beef in the Republic of Ireland. Food Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Serotyping is the foundation of pathogenic Escherichia coli diagnostics; however, few laboratories have this capacity. We developed a molecular serotyping protocol that targets, genetically, the same somatic and flagellar antigens of E. coli O26:H11 used in traditional serotyping. It correctly serotypes strains untypeable by traditional methods, affording primary laboratories serotyping capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Durso
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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27
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Kijima-Tanaka M, Ishihara K, Kojima A, Morioka A, Nagata R, Kawanishi M, Nakazawa M, Tamura Y, Takahashi T. A national surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food-producing animals in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:230-7. [PMID: 16115097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the public health risk, the prevalence and anti-microbial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) among food-producing animals were studied throughout Japan. Faecal samples were collected from healthy animals of 272 cattle, 179 pigs, and 158 broilers on 596 farms in all 47 Japanese prefectures. STEC were isolated from 62 (23%) cattle and 32 (14%) pig samples but from no chicken samples. Of the bovine isolates, 19 belonged to serotypes frequently implicated in human disease (O157:H7/non-motile (NM)/H not typeable, O26:NM/H11/H21/H not typeable, O113:H21, and O145:NM). The eae genes were observed in 37% of bovine isolates; among them one O145:NM and all four O157 isolates possessed eae-gamma1, and one O145:NM, one O103:H11, and all five O26 isolates possessed eae-beta1 gene. Among the swine isolates, stx2e were dominant, and serotypes frequently implicated in human diseases or eae-positive isolates were not observed. Bovine isolates showed less anti-microbial resistance, but six isolates of 26:NM/H11 and O145:NM were multi-resistant and may need careful monitoring. Swine isolates showed various resistance patterns; chloramphenicol resistance patterns were more common than in bovine isolates. This first national study of STEC in the Japanese veterinary field should aid our understanding of Japan's STEC status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kijima-Tanaka
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Tokyo, 185-8511, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the pathogenic subgroup of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli. EHEC can cause non-bloody and bloody diarrhoea, and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). HUS is a major cause of acute renal failure in children. E. coli O57:H7 is the predominant, but far from being the only, serotype that can cause HUS. The cascade leading from gastrointestinal infection to renal impairment is complex, with the microvascular endothelium being the major histopathological target. EHEC also produce non-Stx molecules, such as cytolethal distending toxin, which can contribute to the endothelial or vascular injury. Because there are no specific therapies for EHEC infections, efficient reservoir and human preventive strategies are important areas of ongoing investigations. This review will focus on the microbiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of EHEC-associated diseases, and illustrate future challenges and opportunities for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, and National Consulting Laboratory on Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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29
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Mora A, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Alonso MP, Dhabi G, Echeita A, González EA, Bernárdez MI, Blanco J. Antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in Spain. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:793-806. [PMID: 15921895 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 722 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates recovered from humans, cattle, ovines and food during the period from 1992 to 1999 in Spain were examined to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and their association with serotypes, phage types and virulence genes. Fifty-eight (41%) out of 141 STEC O157:H7 strains and 240 (41%) out of 581 non-O157 STEC strains showed resistance to at least one of the 26 antimicrobial agents tested. STEC O157:H7 showed a higher percentage of resistant strains recovered from bovine (53%) and beef meat (57%) than from human (23%) and ovine (20%) sources, whereas the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-O157 STEC was found among isolates recovered from beef meat (55%) and human patients (47%). Sulfisoxazole (36%) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32%), streptomycin (29%), ampicillin (10%), trimethoprim (8%), cotrimoxazole (8%), chloramphenicol (7%), kanamycin (7%), piperacillin (6%), and neomycin (5%). The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Ten (7%) STEC O157:H7 and 71 (12%) non-O157 strains were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents. Most strains showing resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents belonged to serotypes O4:H4 (4 strains), O8:H21 (3 strains), O20:H19 (6 strains), O26:H11 (8 strains eae-beta1), O111:H- (3 strains eae-gamma2), O118:H- (2 strains eae-beta1), O118:H16 (5 strains eae-beta1), O128:H- (2 strains), O145:H8 or O145:H- (2 strains eae-gamma1), O157:H7 (10 strains eae-gamma1), O171:H25 (3 strains), O177:H11 (5 strains eae-beta1), ONT:H- (3 strains/1 eae-beta1) and ONT:H21 (2 strains). Interestingly, most of these serotypes, i.e., those indicated in bold) were found among human STEC strains isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic-syndrome (HUS) reported in previous studies. We also detected, among non-O157 strains, an association between a higher level of multiple resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the virulence genes eae and stx(1). Moreover, STEC O157:H7, showed an association between certain phage types, PT21/28 (90%), PT23 (75%), PT34 (75%), and PT2 (54%), with a higher number of resistant strains. We conclude that the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance detected in our study is a source of concern, and cautious use of antibiotics in animals is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Mora
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
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Misselwitz J, Karch H, Bielazewska M, John U, Ringelmann F, Rönnefarth G, Patzer L. Cluster of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:349-54. [PMID: 12690276 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000059338.38673.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 are well-known, but HUS attributable to non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) are less thoroughly described. Here we report a cluster of HUS cases caused by STEC O26:H11 the most common non-O157:H7 STEC isolated from sporadic cases of HUS in Europe. METHODS Three children between 13 and 17 months of age, living in the same small town, developed HUS within an interval of 5 days. We present clinical and microbiologic data on the patients and their infecting isolates. RESULTS The clinical course ranged from mild uncomplicated HUS to severe HUS complicated by multiorgan involvement. Microbiologic investigation demonstrated STEC of serotype O26:H11 in stools of all the patients. The phenotypic and molecular characterization of the STEC O26:H11 isolates demonstrated that these strains were identical and, unusual for STEC O26, they harbored the stx2 but not the stx1 gene. None of the patients had evidence of STEC O157:H7 infection either by culture or by E. coli O157 serology. The source of the STEC O26:H11 infection was undetermined. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that diagnostic procedures based on the detection of stx genes and/or Stx production and subsequent subtyping of the isolates using molecular methods are necessary to identify such outbreaks caused by non-O157:H7 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Misselwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kochstrasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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