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Silva RG, Kiupel M, Langohr IM, Wise A, Pereira SA, Gonçalves NP, da Conceição GMS, Ferreira LC, de Campos MP, Miranda LDFC, Figueiredo FB, de Oliveira RDVC, Keidel L, Menezes RC. Comparative Study of Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Skin. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38668552 PMCID: PMC11054412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and dogs are reservoirs for this parasite. For the diagnosis of Leishmania at the species level in dogs in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin (FFPES) samples, colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) are options, but their sensitivities are not well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of these two techniques in FFPES for the diagnosis of the L. infantum infection in dogs using culture as the reference standard. The FFPES of 48 dogs with cutaneous infection by L. infantum confirmed by culture and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis were examined by CISH and qPCR using specific probes for L. infantum. The sensitivities of qPCR, CISH and their combination were, respectively, 77.0%, 58.0% and 83.3%. The sensitivities of qPCR in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 74.2% and 82.4%. The sensitivities of CISH in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 61.3% and 52.9%. The CISH and qPCR showed satisfactory sensitivities for the diagnosis of L. infantum in the FFPES of dogs, even in dogs without clinical signs, and their combination increases the sensitivity for this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Ingeborg Maria Langohr
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational Models Research Platform, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA;
| | - Annabel Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Natália Pedra Gonçalves
- Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.P.G.); (G.M.S.d.C.)
| | | | - Luiz Cláudio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Monique Paiva de Campos
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | | | - Lucas Keidel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
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da Silva AS, de Medeiros Silva MM, de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar C, Nascimento PRP, da Costa EG, Jeronimo SMB, de Melo Ximenes MDFF. Challenges of animals shelters in caring for dogs infected with Leishmania and other pathogens. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100988. [PMID: 38462297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) has decreased in Brazil; however, the number of areas reporting human and canine cases has increased, with Leishmania infantum usually preceding human infection. This study aimed to analyze the profile of infectious diseases that are endemic for both human and canine VL, in dogs housed in a shelter located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Data was obtained between November/2021 to April/2022. All dogs residing at the shelter (98 dogs) were examined and blood was collected for testing for L. infantum, Ehrlichia canis, and Babesia sp. Statistical analyses considered the clinical and laboratory findings. Of the 98 animals, approximately 43% were positive for L. infantum antibodies, 19% were positive for L. infantum kDNA, and 18% were L. infantum positive by culture. Greater levels of anti-leishmania antibodies were observed in dogs with symptoms suggestive of VL. The dogs tested positive for E. canis (19/98) and B. canis (18/98). Lutzomyia longipalpis was captured inside the shelter, representing 74.25% (n = 225) of whole sandflies in the dog shelter. Concomitant infection by L. infantum and E. canis increased the odds of death. Treatment of VL included the use of allopurinol (n = 48) and miltefosine (n = 8). Treated animals showed more signs of Leishmania infection. Tickborn parasites and Leishmania were prevalent in sheltered dogs in a VL-endemic area, which increases the odds of death and poses an additional challenge for caring for abandoned dogs and at the same time setting protocols to manage reservoirs of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salles da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcel Miranda de Medeiros Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Petrucio Nascimento
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eliardo Guimarães da Costa
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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3
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de Araújo Paz LF, da Silva A, da Silva HRF, Cavalcanti MP, de Lima VMF, da Cunha Beltrão MRO, Silva MBA, de Melo Neto OP, Medeiros ZM, dos Santos WJT. Diagnostic Potential for the Detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis of an ELISA Assay Based on the Q5 Recombinant Protein: A Large-Scale and Comparative Evaluation Using Canine Sera with a Positive Diagnosis from the Dual-Path-Platform (DPP) Test. Vet Sci 2023; 10:608. [PMID: 37888560 PMCID: PMC10610690 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis, a serious disease caused by the Leishmania infantum parasite. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is critical for disease control, with several methods currently available. Among the serological tests, the DPP rapid test and the EIE-LVC, more commonly used in Brazil, are associated with variable sensitivity and specificity. Research with novel recombinant proteins such as the ELISA with the recombinant chimeric protein Q5 may therefore improve the CVL diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the true diagnostic potential of Q5 in an ELISA assay using a large number of CVL-suspected sera (406) with a previous positive diagnosis based on the rapid DPP test. Sera from the DPP-positive dogs, also assessed with the EIE-LVC test, were compared with sera from healthy dogs (n = 46) and used for ELISA tests using the recombinant Q5. The resulting data as well as the correlation with the clinical signs and the environmental characteristics of the animals were analyzed using Medal and GraphPad Prism 8.0. Overall, similar levels of lower sensitivity (67-68%) were seen for both the commercial EIE-LVC test and the Q5 ELISA when all assessed sera were considered, but a much greater sensitivity (92%) was seen for those samples from symptomatic dogs only. In contrast, many negative results were observed for the DPP-positive sera from asymptomatic dogs or those with no clinical information available. A selection of those sera were tested yet again in new ELISA assays using a second batch of the recombinant Q5, purified under milder denaturing conditions, as well as using another recombinant protein (Lci13). The results reveal a higher-than-expected incidence of likely false-positive results for DPP, reinforcing the need for other recombinant proteins, such as the chimeric Q5, to be investigated as possible alternatives to the currently used CVL diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Aracatuba 16050-680, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zulma Maria Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-010, Brazil
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute—Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
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Barbosa de Castro R, Badaró de Moraes JV, Costa Bressan G, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Silva-Júnior A, Lopes Rangel Fietto J. Antigens and their diagnostic performance for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A critical review. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109638. [PMID: 34920304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is the most aggressive and lethal form of leishmaniasis manifesting in dogs and represents a major public health concern. Although there are sufficiently sensitive molecular tools for CVL diagnosis, they are not accessible at the main points of disease dissemination, in which context serodiagnosis has been used as an alternative tool on the epidemiological control. As an attempt to develop more accurate immunodiagnostic assays, many antigens have been tested over the years, on different platforms. This review aimed to access studies reporting new antigens that can be applied for CVL serodiagnosis. Articles published from January of 2016 to March of 2021 were retrieved from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, using "Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis" and "Serodiagnosis" as keywords. In total, 1527 articles were identified, of which 42 were selected based on exclusion factors. Sensitivity, specificity, sample size, and sample quality data were extracted by manual curation and analyzed. Of the selected articles, 26 contemplated ELISA, which enabled a more thorough comparison and a critical review of these studies. Soluble Leishmania Antigens (SLA) and the A2 protein were used as controls in 53.8 and 46.15 % of these articles, respectively, and were evaluated separately; their frequent use was questioned. Subsequently, articles that evaluated other assay platforms, such as immunochromatography, immunosensors, and others, were also reported and evaluated. Finally, data relative to validation studies of commercial kits were briefly discussed. Our results show that there are several antigens with great potential for the development of accurate diagnostic tools, but further testing is required. The critical analysis also brings insights that can be useful for more assertive diagnostic development of more robust tools for CVL serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Souza Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Departamento de Veterinária, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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5
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Santos TTO, Ramos FF, Gonçalves IAP, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Bandeira RS, Silva AM, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Reis TAR, Machado AS, Lage DP, Freitas CS, Vale DL, Martins VT, Alves LA, Guimarães NS, Chaves AT, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Cota GF, Silveira JAG, Tupinambás U, Gonçalves DU, Christodoulides M, Coelho EAF. Potential of recombinant LiHyQ, a novel Leishmania infantum protein, for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for human leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: A preliminary study. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106126. [PMID: 34537185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis shows variable efficacy in detecting infected mammalian hosts and there is a need to identify suitable antigens to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests. In the present study, a L. infantum hypothetical protein called LiHyQ was evaluated for the diagnosis of tegumentary (TL) and visceral (VL) leishmaniasis using canine and human samples. A collection of dog sera (n=155) were tested and contained samples from asymptomatic (n=20) and symptomatic (n=25) VL animals, from healthy dogs living in endemic (n=25) or non-endemic (n=25) areas of disease, from Leish-Tec® vaccinated dogs (n=20) or from dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (n=15), Babesia canis (n=10) and Trypanosoma cruzi (n=15). Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 100% were observed for rLiHyQ with these samples, whereas the Se, Sp, PPV and NPV values with L. infantum Soluble Leishmania Antigen (SLA) preparation were 60.0%, 99.0%, 96.0% and 86.0%, respectively. A collection of human sera (n=305) were tested and contained samples from TL (n=50) and VL (n=40) patients, from VL/HIV co-infected patients (n=35), from patients infected with HIV alone (n=30), Chagas Disease (n=30), malaria (n=10), tuberculosis (n=10), paracoccidioidomycosis (n=15), leprosy (n=30) or aspergillosis (n=15); and from healthy subjects (n=40). Se, Sp, PPV and NPV values of 100% were observed for rLiHyQ with these samples, whereas the Se, Sp, PPV and NPV values with SLA were 58.0%, 76.0%, 50.0% and 82.0%, respectively. The antibody reactivity against the protein was compared with commercial kits, and the kappa index varied from 0.95 to 1.00 for rLiHyQ, and of 0.55 to 0.82 for the kits. In addition, the serological follow-up of treated patients showed a significant reduction in rLiHyQ-specific IgG antibody levels. All canine and human samples were tested at the same time using the same reagents, in order to reduce experimental variation and interference in data interpretation. In conclusion, our preliminary data suggest a diagnostic and prognostic role for rLiHyQ against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A P Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A R Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia A Alves
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Igarapé. Igarapé, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gláucia F Cota
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia A G Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sevá ADP, Brandão APD, Godoy SN, Soares RM, Langoni H, Rodrigues BC, Gava MZE, Zanotto PFDC, Jimenez-Villegas T, Hiramoto R, Ferreira F. Investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area in Brazil and the comparison of serological and molecular diagnostic tests. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e01822021. [PMID: 34495256 PMCID: PMC8437447 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0182-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP® (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP®+ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned. METHODS: VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared. RESULTS: A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP®+ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP® positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP® was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP®+ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative. CONCLUSIONS: In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - Ana Pérola Drulla Brandão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvia Neri Godoy
- Instituto Chico Mendez de Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Sebastião, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana Zanchetta E Gava
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula Ferraz de Camargo Zanotto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Jimenez-Villegas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Fernando Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Vale DL, Lage DP, Machado AS, Freitas CS, de Oliveira D, Galvani NC, Fernandes BB, Luiz GP, Oliveira JS, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Ramos FF, Santos TTO, Siqueira WF, Alves LA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, de Magalhães-Soares DF, Silveira JAG, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Martins VT, Coelho EAF. Serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis using a novel recombinant chimeric protein constructed with distinct B-cell epitopes from antigenic Leishmania infantum proteins. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109513. [PMID: 34225189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health problem in the world, and control measures are insufficient to avoid the spread of this neglected disease. Dogs are important domestic reservoirs of Leishmania parasites in countries where VL is a zoonosis, representing a major source of infection between sand fly vectors and humans. In this context, a precise diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) could help to reduce the number of human cases. Distinct approaches for the diagnosis of CanL have used recombinant proteins in serological assays. However, variable results of the antigens have been found, mainly to diagnosis asymptomatic cases. The present study used bioinformatics to select specific B-cell epitopes of four Leishmania infantum proteins, which had previously been proven to be antigenic in VL, aiming to produce a novel chimeric protein and to evaluate it for the diagnosis of CanL. Seven B-cell epitopes were identified and used to construct the chimera, which was analyzed in a recombinant format through an ELISA assay against a canine serological panel. A soluble Leishmania antigenic extract (SLA) was used as an antigen control. Results showed 100 % sensitivity and specificity for chimera, while when using SLA the values were 26.0 % and 96.4 %, respectively. The performance of chimera was compared with a commercial kit using asymptomatic and symptomatic dog sera, and the data showed that no false-negative result was found when the recombinant protein was used. However, when using the commercial kit, 40.0 % and 16.0 % of the false-negative results were found, respectively. In conclusion, the recombinant chimera showed an antigenic potential to be evaluated in new studies against a larger serological panel for the diagnosis of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathália C Galvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Luiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Williane F Siqueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia A Alves
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Igarapé, Igarapé, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle F de Magalhães-Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia A G Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Silva BB, Santos ENFN, Araújo LS, Bezerra AS, Marques LÉC, Tramontina Florean EOP, van Tilburg MF, Guedes MIF. Plant Expression of Hydrophobin Fused K39 Antigen for Visceral Leishmaniasis Immunodiagnosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674015. [PMID: 34135929 PMCID: PMC8201991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease of high mortality caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. Its transmission cycle is complex, and it has in the domestic dog its main reservoir. The diagnostic tests currently used rely on prokaryotic systems' proteins, but their low sensitivity increases the disease's burden. The plant transient expression of recombinant proteins allows the production of complex antigens. However, this system has limited competitiveness against the bacterial production of purified antigens. Thus, we have shown that the L. infantum K39 antigen's fusion to a hydrophobin allows its production for diagnostic tests without the need for intensive purification. The sera of naturally infected dogs specifically detect the semi-purified rK39-HFBI protein. The test validation against a panel of 158 clinical samples demonstrates the platform's viability, resulting in sensitivity and specificity of 90.7 and 97.5%, respectively. Thus, the use of semi-purified antigens fused to hydrophobins can become the standard platform for large-scale antigens production to expand diagnostic tests for other human and veterinary diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B. Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Eduarda N. F. N. Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lucelina S. Araújo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo S. Bezerra
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lívia É. C. Marques
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício F. van Tilburg
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel F. Guedes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Chagas ÚMR, de Avelar DM, Marcelino AP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109368. [PMID: 33556846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
qPCR is being used for the quantification of parasite load in different tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with or without clinical manifestations. It may be employed in the diagnosis, monitoring of the infection during treatment, and clinical studies for validation of vaccines. Aimed at enhancing the molecular diagnosis and the subsequent monitoring of the infection, this study evaluated the parasite load in several tissues from dogs infected by Leishmania infantum, showing different clinical status. Thus, the qPCR was performed on skin, conjunctival swab, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow puncture samples taken from 65 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Dogs were divided into three groups per clinical score: group 1 (n = 12), included animals with zero points and no clinical manifestations of the disease; group 2 (n = 35), included animals with a score ranging from 1 to 5 points and moderate clinical manifestations; and group 3 (n = 18), included dogs with a score ranging from 6 to 11 points and intensive clinical manifestations. Another analysis was performed classifying the animals into two groups, considering the presence of, or lack of clinical signs of the disease. Analyses of these results showed that the skin was the tissue with a higher parasite load, followed by popliteal lymph node and bone marrow punctures, and conjunctival swab samples having the lowest loads. Furthermore, the skin was also the tissue with the highest parasite load when evaluating the groups individually. Animals in group 3, with intensive clinical manifestations, showed a higher parasite load in different tissues when compared to animals from groups 1 and 2. Finally, animals with clinical manifestations of the disease showed a higher parasite load when compared to dogs with no manifestations. The importance of the dog as a reservoir of L. infantum in nature is reinforced by the demonstration of skin having the highest amount of parasites/μL in this study's analysis, as well as the fact that skin is the main point of access to the parasite vector. Also, a strong and positive correlation between the intensity of clinical manifestations and the increase of parasite load in the skin was observed. In conclusion, skin was the tissue that was demonstrated to be the best option for the molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs with varying clinical statuses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics Group in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Clinical Research and Surveillance Laboratory in Leishmaniosis, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RJ), 4365 Brasil Avenue, Pavilhão Maria Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), CEP 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
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Garcia VS, Guerrero SA, Gugliotta LM, Gonzalez VD. A lateral flow immunoassay based on colored latex particles for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105643. [PMID: 32692976 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is the major source of human visceral leishmaniasis. To control the spread of this disease, early and accurate detection of infected dogs is critical but challenging. The serological diagnosis of CVL remains problematic because there are no reliable commercially available tests. Most laboratories use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. These tests use Leishmania chagasi recombinant antigens K39 or K26 assembled with either gold-labelled Staphylococcus aureus protein A or protein G from Streptococcus pyogenes. In this work, we propose the development, optimization and standardization of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on functionalized colored particles and a specific recombinant antigen, as a visual in situ method for the diagnosis of CVL. The following analysis variables were considered: (i) the concentration of the latex-protein complex; (ii) the dilution of the serum; (iii) the composition of the employed buffers; (iv) the nominal capillary flow time through the nitrocellulose membrane; (v) the concentration of reagents fixed in the test and control lines; (vi) the particle size of the colored latex; and (vii) the conjugation method. Then, the obtained strips were evaluated as a visual diagnostic tool based on a panel of positive and negative sera. It was observed that because of its simplicity and performance the LFIA test is a quick and reliable alternative for the diagnosis of CVL either in conventional laboratories or for remote areas where laboratories are not readily accessible for conventional assays.
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Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) cases are important public health problems due to their zoonotic aspect, with high rates of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The aim of this this study was to identify spatial patterns in both rates of HVL cases in Brazilian states during the period from 2006 to 2015. This is an ecological study, using geoprocessing tools to create choropleth maps, based on secondary data from open access platforms, to identify priority areas for control actions of the disease. Data were collected in 2017 and analysed according to the global and local Moran's I, using TerraView 4.2.2 software. Similar clusters were observed in neighbouring municipalities in thematic maps of HVL, suggesting spatial similarity in the distribution of the disease in humans mainly in the North and Northeast Regions, which concentrate the states with the highest rates of HVL. Heterogeneous spatial patterns were observed in the distribution of HVL, which show municipalities that need higher priority in the intensification of disease surveillance and control strategies.
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Sevá ADP, Ferreira F, Amaku M. How much does it cost to prevent and control visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil? Comparing different measures in dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236127. [PMID: 32692783 PMCID: PMC7373293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Dogs are considered the main domestic reservoirs of the disease in the country; hence, control measures are focused on these reservoirs. Despite efforts to prevent and control VL, important reductions in disease prevalence and incidence have not been identified, stimulating the development and application of new strategies. The choice and implementation of new control strategies can benefit from the application of mathematical models that allow the simulation of different strategies in different scenarios. Selecting the best strategy to be implemented is also supported by cost-effectiveness studies. Here we used the results of a mathematical model in which scenarios, including isolated use of the vaccine and insecticide-impregnated collar (IIC), both at different coverage rates, were simulated to conduct a cost-effectiveness study. The costs were calculated for each scenario considering a simulation period of four years. Collar application in both infected and non-infected animals was the most cost-effective strategy. For example, to reduce the prevalence in humans and dogs by approximately 70%, the costs ranged from $250,000 and $550,000 for the IICs and vaccination, respectively. Even in the scenario with 40% loss/replacement of IICs, this measure was more advantageous in terms of cost-effectiveness than vaccination. If the vaccine were applied with culling of seropositive tested dogs, then the measure became more effective with a reduced cost compared with the vaccine alone. The use of the three first consecutive vaccine doses had the greatest impact on the cost of the vaccination strategy. The advantage of using IICs is that there is no need for a prior diagnosis, unlike vaccination, reducing costs and facilitating implementation. The present study aims to contribute to strategies to reduce hosts infected with VL by reducing public expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Veterinary, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Veterinary, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Amaku
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Veterinary, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marcelino AP, Filho JADS, e Bastos CDV, Ribeiro SR, Medeiros FAC, Reis IA, Lima ACVMDR, Barbosa JR, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Comparative PCR-based diagnosis for the detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105495. [PMID: 32305295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of molecular biology/PCR for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis presents challenges, mainly due to the diversity of targets described. The objectives of this study were to compare the sensitivities and reliability of five targets (kDNA/120, kDNA/145, ITS1, hsp70/234 and hsp70/1300) in four different tissue samples (bone marrow, popliteal lymph node, skin and conjunctival swab). Sixty-five dogs (32 males and 33 females) naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and ten dogs without infection were examined. Dogs were characterized by serological and parasitological methods. The parasitological test was considered the gold standard for analysis. All tests presented high specificity 100% (95% CI 0.72-1), and variable sensitivity. The targets kDNA/145, ITS1, kDNA/120, hsp70/234 and hsp70/1300 detected 100% (65/65), 93.4% (61/65), 92.3% (60/65), 84.61% (55/65) and 72.3% (77/65) of positive animals respectively. The performance of PCR methods was analyzed in two different scenarios. The highest sensitivity value identified in all scenarios studied was kDNA/145. Our results suggest that popliteal lymph node and conjunctival swab samples, besides being less invasive collections, represent a good substratum for PCR-based diagnosis, and the target kDNA/145 is the best choice for detecting L. infantum DNA in naturally infected dogs.
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Ramírez L, de Moura LD, Mateus NLF, de Moraes MH, do Nascimento LFM, de Jesus Melo N, Taketa LB, Catecati T, Huete SG, Penichet K, Piranda EM, de Oliveira AG, Steindel M, Barral-Netto M, do Socorro Pires e Cruz M, Barral A, Soto M. Improving the serodiagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection in geographical areas of Brazil with different disease prevalence. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 8:e00126. [PMID: 31832561 PMCID: PMC6890974 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs relies on the detection of antibodies against leishmanial crude extracts or parasitic defined antigens. The expansion of canine leishmaniasis from geographical areas of Brazil in which the infection is endemic to regions in which the disease is emerging is occurring. This fact makes necessary the analysis of the serodiagnostic capabilities of different leishmanial preparations in distinct geographical locations. In this article sera from dogs infected with Leishmania and showing the clinical form of the disease, were collected in three distinct Brazilian States and were tested against soluble leishmanial antigens or seven parasite individual antigens produced as recombinant proteins. We show that the recognition of soluble leishmanial antigens by sera from these animals was influenced by the geographical location of the infected dogs. Efficacy of the diagnosis based on this crude parasite preparation was higher in newly endemic regions when compared with areas of high disease endemicity. We also show that the use of three of the recombinant proteins, namely parasite surface kinetoplastid membrane protein of 11 kDa (KMP-11), and two members of the P protein family (P2a and P0), can improve the degree of sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity of the diagnostic assays for canine leishmaniasis, independently of the geographical area of residence. In addition, sera from dogs clinically healthy but infected were also assayed with some of the antigen preparations. We demonstrate that the use of these proteins can help to the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infected animals with subclinical infections. Finally, we propose a diagnostic protocol using a combination of KMP-11, P2a y P0, together with total leishmanial extracts.
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Key Words
- Antibodies
- BB, blocking buffer
- CanL, Canine visceral leishmaniasis
- Canine leishmaniasis
- EDCB, ELISA denaturant coating buffer
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSP, Heat shock protein
- KMP-11, Kinetoplastid-membrane protein of 11 kDa
- LR, Likelihood ratio
- Leishmania
- MS, Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil)
- PBS, phosphate saline buffer
- PI, Piaui State (Brazil)
- ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic
- RR, Relative reactivity
- RT, Room temperature
- Recombinant proteins
- SC, Santa Catarina State (Brazil)
- SLA, Soluble leishmanial antigen
- Serodiagnosis
- VL, Visceral leishmaniosis
- WB, Washing buffer
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luana Dias de Moura
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Milene Hoehr de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nailson de Jesus Melo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bezerra Taketa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Catecati
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel G. Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Penichet
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane Mattos Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Santos TTO, Cardoso MS, Machado AS, Siqueira WF, Ramos FF, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Tavares GSV, Lage DP, Costa LE, de Freitas CS, Martins VT, Bandeira RS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Lyon S, Moreira RLF, de Magalhães-Soares DF, Silveira JAG, Tupinambás U, Caligiorne RB, Chaves AT, Rocha MOC, Fujiwara RT, Coelho EAF. Recombinant Leishmania eukaryotic elongation factor-1 beta protein: A potential diagnostic antigen to detect tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in dogs and humans. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103783. [PMID: 31600536 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The laboratorial diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on parasitological methods, which are invasive, present high cost, require laboratorial infrastructure and/or trained professionals; as well as by immunological methods, which usually present variable sensitivity and/or specificity, such as when they are applied to identify asymptomatic cases and/or mammalian hosts presenting low levels of antileishmanial antibodies. As consequence, new studies aiming to identify more refined antigens to diagnose visceral (VL) and tegumentary (TL) leishmaniasis are urgently necessary. In the present work, the Leishmania eukaryotic elongation factor-1 beta (EF1b) protein, which was identified in L. infantum protein extracts by antibodies in VL patients' sera, was cloned and its recombinant version (rEF1b) was expressed, purified and tested as a diagnostic marker for VL and TL. The post-therapeutic serological follow-up was also evaluated in treated and untreated VL and TL patients, when anti-rEF1b antibody levels were measured before and after treatment. Results showed that rEF1b was highly sensitive and specific to diagnose symptomatic and asymptomatic canine VL, as well as human TL and VL. In addition, low cross-reactivity was observed when sera from healthy subjects or leishmaniasis-related diseases patients were tested. The serological follow-up showed also that rEF1b-specific antibodies declined significantly after treatment, suggesting that this protein could be also evaluated as a prognostic marker for human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Williane F Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lyon
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Belo Horizonte, 30622-020, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L F Moreira
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Belo Horizonte, 30622-020, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle F de Magalhães-Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia A G Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rachel B Caligiorne
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte. Rua Domingos Vieira, 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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17
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Portela RD, Soares RP, Passos GP, Larangeira DF, Barral TD, Sampaio JR, Bernardo MF, Alves-Sobrinho EV, Bahia MT, Pinho FA, Barrouin-Melo SM. Leishmania infantum-derived lipophosphoglycan as an antigen in the accurate serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007720. [PMID: 31513599 PMCID: PMC6759188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate of Leishmania protozoan and has an important biological role in host-parasite interactions both in the midgut epithelium of the sand fly vector and in the vertebrate macrophages. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic infectious disease predominantly caused by Leishmania infantum. An early and accurate immunodiagnosis of the disease is crucial for veterinary clinical practice and for disease control. In this work, we evaluated L. infantum LPG as an antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CanL immunodiagnosis (LPG-ELISA) by testing serum samples from 97 naturally infected dogs with diverse clinical presentations ranging from subclinical infection to severe disease, as evaluated by veterinarian infectologists. Serum samples from healthy dogs from non-endemic areas (n = 68) and from dogs with other infectious diseases (n = 64) were used as controls for assay validation. The performance of the LPG-ELISA was compared with that of an ELISA using the soluble fraction of L. infantum total lysate antigen (TLA). LPG-ELISA presented a superior performance in comparison to TLA-ELISA, with 91.5% sensitivity, 98.5% specificity and 99.7% accuracy. A distinguishing feature of the LPG-ELISA compared to the TLA-ELISA was its higher ability to identify subclinical infection in clinically healthy dogs, in addition to the absence of cross-reactivity with other canine infectious diseases. Finally, LPG-ELISA was compared to TR DPP visceral canine leishmaniasis test, the immunochromatographic test recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. LPG-ELISA exhibited higher values of specificity (98.5% versus 93.1%) and sensitivity (91.5% versus 90.6%) compared to TR DPP. In conclusion, L. infantum-derived LPG was recognized by antibodies elicited during CanL in different infection stages and was shown to be a suitable antigen for specific clinical settings of veterinary diagnosis and for public health usage. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease with high importance for the public health of several countries. L. infantum-infected dogs can be a domestic reservoir of the protozoan parasite for sand flies, which transmit it from dogs to humans during their blood meals. It is important to diagnose and treat infected dogs as early as possible, so the dissemination of CanL and the transmission to humans can be controlled. The currently commercially available assays present problems, such as cross-reaction with other canine diseases and lack of sensitivity in the detection of dogs that do not present clinical signs of disease. In this work, we tested lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a molecule abundantly found in the protozoan´s surface, as an antigen in an immunodiagnostic platform. We were able to see that the assay using LPG is highly sensitive and specific, showed no cross-reaction with other canine infectious diseases and successfully identified infected dogs with no signs of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dias Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Gabriela Porfírio Passos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA; Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
| | - Daniela Farias Larangeira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA; Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology, and Veterinary Clinics of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil, CEP
| | - Thiago Doria Barral
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
| | - Julia Ramos Sampaio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
| | - Marcos F. Bernardo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
| | - Edneia Venâncio Alves-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro; Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Flaviane Alves Pinho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA; Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology, and Veterinary Clinics of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil, CEP
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA; Salvador, Bahia; Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology, and Veterinary Clinics of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil, CEP
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ker HG, Coura-Vital W, Valadares DG, Aguiar-Soares RDO, de Brito RCF, Veras PST, Fraga DBM, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Reis AB. Multiplex flow cytometry serology to diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8179-8190. [PMID: 31388731 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An accurate diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is an essential tool for control of the disease. While serologic methods are very useful, these conventional methodologies still present limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The use of flow cytometry is a worldwide trend in the development of high-performance diagnostic methods. Herein, we describe a new flow cytometry serology test, characterized by the employment of the Cytometric Bead Array microspheres A4 and E4 coated with the recombinant antigens rLci1A and rLci2B respectively, to improve the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. The tests were conducted in a wide variety of sera groups (n = 140), where the diagnostics development would be optimized accounting not just the ability to identify infected dogs with different clinical status, but also to exclude cross-reaction and differentiate vaccinated dogs from dogs infected. Serological testing of the antigenic system A4-rLci1A showed a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 75%, while the E4-rLci2B testing demonstrated a sensitivity of 95.0% and specificity of 82.5%. The use of a multiplex assay of A4-rLci1A and E4-rLci2B, resulted in a diagnostic improvement, with a sensitivity of 95.0% and specificity of 91.2%. Our results show that this novel flow cytometry serology test is a viable tool for sensitive and specific serodiagnosis. Notably, the combination of distinct antigenic systems allows us to test for antibodies to multiple recombinant antigens from a single serum sample. This benefit emphasizes the importance of this methodology as an alternative in the serological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Garcia Valadares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (NUPEB/UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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19
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Staniek ME, Sedda L, Gibson TD, de Souza CF, Costa EM, Dillon RJ, Hamilton JGC. eNose analysis of volatile chemicals from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007599. [PMID: 31386662 PMCID: PMC6697360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is a neglected, vector-borne, tropical parasitic disease that is responsible for several thousand human deaths every year. The transmission route involves sand flies becoming infected after feeding on infected reservoir host, mainly dogs, and then transmitting the Leishmania infantum parasites while feeding on humans. A major component of the VL control effort is the identification and euthanasia of infected dogs to remove them as a source of infection. A rapid, non-invasive, point-of-care device able to differentiate between the odours of infected and uninfected dogs may contribute towards the accurate diagnosis of canine VL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analysed the headspace volatile chemicals from the hair of two groups of dogs collected in 2017 and 2018 using a bench-top eNose volatile organic chemical analyser. The dogs were categorised as infected or uninfected by PCR analysis of blood samples taken by venepuncture and the number of parasites per ml of blood was calculated for each dog by qPCR analysis. We demonstrated using a robust clustering analysis that the eNose data could be discriminated into infected and uninfected categories with specificity >94% and sensitivity >97%. The eNose device and data analysis were sufficiently sensitive to be able to identify infected dogs even when the Leishmania population in the circulating blood was very low. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study illustrates the potential of the eNose to rapidly and accurately identify dogs infected with Le. infantum. Future improvements to eNose analyser sensor sensitivity, sampling methodology and portability suggest that this approach could significantly improve the diagnosis of VL infected dogs in Brazil with additional potential for effective diagnosis of VL in humans as well as for the diagnosis of other parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E. Staniek
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Centre for Health Informatics Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Gibson
- RoboScientific Ltd., Espace North, Littleport, Cambridgeshire
| | | | - Erika M. Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rod J. Dillon
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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20
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Santos ARRD, Serufo ÂV, Figueiredo MM, Godoi LC, Vitório JG, Marcelino AP, Avelar DMD, Rodrigues FTG, Machado-Coelho GLL, Medeiros FAC, Jerônimo SMB, Oliveira EJD, Nascimento FC, Teixeira SMR, Gazzinelli RT, Nagem RAP, Fernandes AP. Evaluation of three recombinant proteins for the development of ELISA and immunochromatographic tests for visceral leishmaniasis serodiagnosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180405. [PMID: 30726344 PMCID: PMC6364332 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease that is a significant
cause of death among infants aged under 1 year and the elderly in Brazil.
Serodiagnosis is a mainstay of VL elimination programs; however, it has
significant limitations due to low accuracy. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate three recombinant Leishmania
infantum proteins (rFc, rC9, and rA2) selected from previous
proteomics and genomics analyses to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic tests (ICT) for the serodiagnosis of
human VL (HVL) and canine VL (CVL). METHODS A total of 186 human (70 L. infantum-infected symptomatic,
20 other disease-infected, and 96 healthy) and 185 canine (82 L.
infantum-infected symptomatic, 27 L.
infantum-infected asymptomatic, and 76 healthy) sera samples were
used for antibody detection. FINDINGS Of the three proteins, rA2 (91.5% sensitivity and 87% specificity) and rC9
(95.7% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity) displayed the best performance in
ELISA-HVL and ELISA-CVL, respectively. ICT-rA2 also displayed the best
performance for HVL diagnosis (92.3% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity) and
had high concordance with immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT),
ELISA-rK39, IT-LEISH®, and ELISAEXT. ICT-rFc, ICT-rC9,
and ICT-rA2 had sensitivities of 88.6%, 86.5%, and 87.0%, respectively, with
specificity values of 84.0%, 92.0%, and 100%, respectively for CVL
diagnosis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The three antigens selected by us are promising candidates for VL diagnosis
regardless of the test format, although the antigen combinations and test
parameters may warrant further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ângela Vieira Serufo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Maria Marta Figueiredo
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lara Carvalho Godoi
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Santuza Maria Ribeiro Teixeira
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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21
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Teixeira AIP, Silva DM, Vital T, Nitz N, de Carvalho BC, Hecht M, Oliveira D, Oliveira E, Rabello A, Romero GAS. Improving the reference standard for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a challenge for current and future tests. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180452. [PMID: 30726343 PMCID: PMC6358009 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies aimed at validating canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic tests present heterogeneous results regarding test accuracy, partly due to divergences in reference standards used and different infection evolution periods in animals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the rapid test-dual path platform (TR-DPP) (Biomanguinhos®), EIE-Leishmaniose-Visceral-Canina-Biomanguinhos (EIE-LVC) (Biomanguinhos®), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rK39 (in-house), and the direct agglutination test (DAT-Canis) against a reference standard comprising parasitological and molecular techniques. METHODS A phase II/III validation study was carried out in sample sera from 123 predominantly asymptomatic dogs living in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. FINDINGS Sixty-nine (56.1%) animals were considered infected according to the reference standard. For each test, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were as follows: TR-DPP, 21.74% [confidence interval (CI)95% 13.64% to 32.82%] and 92.59% (CI95% 82.45% to 97.08%); EIE-LVC, 11.59% (CI95% 5.9% to 21.25%) and 90.74% (CI95% 80.09% to 95.98%); ELISA rK39, 37.68% (CI95% 27.18% to 49.48%) and 83.33% (CI95% 71.26% to 90.98%); and DAT-Canis, 18.84% (CI95% 11.35% to 29.61%) and 96.30% (CI95% 87.46% to 98.98%). CONCLUSION We concluded that improving the sensitivity of serum testing for diagnosing asymptomatic dogs must constitute a priority in the process of developing new diagnostic tests to be used in the visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamires Vital
- Universidade de Brasília, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana Hecht
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Diana Oliveira
- Grupo de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Grupo de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Grupo de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Comparative analysis of real-time PCR assays in the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3341-3346. [PMID: 30088073 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are important hosts and reservoirs of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania, affecting ~12 million people worldwide. The detection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in dogs by real-time PCR (qPCR) may improve on diagnosis, but the different qPCR methods available for Leishmania DNA detection have not been established as routine in diagnostic tools and/or epidemiologic studies for canine VL. Here, we compared three qPCR assays (DNApol, Linj31, and LDON) in the detection of VL by Leishmania infantum in spleen (n = 48; 7), skin (n = 48; 7), and whole blood (n = 44; 7) samples from serologically positive and negative dogs, respectively. Overall, the DNApol performed better than the Linj31 and LDON assays in the detection of positive samples in all tissues tested, yielding from 66.7 to 100.0% of positivity for both skin and spleen samples. For spleen samples, we observed no statistically significant differences between positive detection by the LDON and DNApol assays. Whole blood samples yielded the lowest rates of positive detection, regardless of the qPCR assay used. In contrast, positive detection of Leishmania DNA was as efficient from skin samples using the DNApol assay as from spleen samples using either the DNApol or the LDON assay. Although qPCR assays from skin samples may not be practical for use in the field, our study suggests that the DNApol and LDON assays from skin samples could be used in future to evaluate canine VL treatment in veterinary clinics.
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