Bioaccumulation and measurement of copper at an alga-modified carbon paste electrode

Maize tassel-modified carbon paste electrode for voltammetric determination of Cu(II)

The preparation and application of a practical electrochemical sensor for environmental monitoring and assessment of heavy metal ions in samples is a subject of considerable interest. In this paper, a carbon paste electrode modified with maize tassel for the determination of Cu(II) has been proposed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study morphology and identify the functional groups on the modified electrode, respectively. First, Cu(II) was adsorbed on the carbon paste electrode surface at open circuit and voltammetric techniques were used to investigate the electrochemical performances of the sensor. The electrochemical sensor showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards Cu(II) at pH 5.0 and by increasing the amount of maize tassel biomass, a maximum response at 1:2.5 (maize tassel:carbon paste; w/w) was obtained. The electrocatalytic redox current of Cu(II) showed a linear response in the range (1.23 μM to 0.4 mM) with the correlation coefficient of 0.9980. The limit of detection and current-concentration sensitivity were calculated to be 0.13 (±0.01) μM and 0.012 (±0.001) μA/μM, respectively. The sensor gave good recovery of Cu(II) in the range from 96.0 to 98.0 % when applied to water samples.

Preparation and Evaluation ofAcetabularia-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Copper and Lead Ions

Seaweed is well known about for potential in chelating heavy metals. In this study, carbon paste electrodes were fabricated with siphonous seaweedAcetabularia acetabulumas the modifiers to sense lead (II) and copper (II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Various scan rates and deposition potentials were measured to obtain the optimal peak current for Pb(II) and Cu(II). Optimum conditions ofAcetabularia-CPE for sensing Pb(II) were at the scan rate of 75 mV/s and deposition potential of −800 mV, while for Cu(II) sensing were at 100 mV/s and −300 mV, respectively. The electrodes were characterized by the duration of accumulation time, preconcentration over a range of standards, supporting electrolyte, and standard solutions of various pH values. Interference studies were carried out. Both Zn(II) and Cu(II) were found to interfere with Pb(II) sensing, whereas only Zn(II) causes interference with Cu(II) sensing. The electrode was found to have good regeneration ability via electrochemical cleaning. Preliminary testing of complex samples such as NPK fertilisers, black soil, and sea salt samples was included.

Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

An amperometric bacterial sensor with current response to Fe(2+) and S(2)O(3)(2-) ions has been designed by immobilizing an acidophilic biomass of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on a multi disk flat-front oxygen probe. The bacterial layer was located between the oxygen probe and a membrane of cellulose. A filtration technique was used to yield the bacterial membranes having reproducible activity. The decrease of O(2) flow across the bacterial layer is proportional to the concentration of the dosed species. The dynamic range appeared to be linear for the Fe(2+) ions up to 2.5 mmol L(-1) with a detection limit of 9 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) and a sensitivity of 0.25 A L mol(-1). The response of the biosensor is 84 s for a determination of 2 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) Fe(2+). Optimizing the Fe(2+) determination by A. ferrooxidans sensor was carried out owing to Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology and empirical modelling. The optimal response was thus obtained for a pH of 3.4, at 35 degrees C under 290 rpm solution stirring. S(2)O(3)(2-) concentration was determined at pH 4.7, so avoiding its decomposition. The concentration range was linear up to 0.6 mmol L(-1). Sensitivity was 0.20 A L mol(-1) with a response time of 207 s for a 2 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) S(2)O(3)(2-) concentration.

Dansylated aminopropyl controlled pore glass: a model for silica-liquid solvation

We have prepared a series of aminopropyl controlled pore glass (CPG) particles that have been labeled with a solvatochromic fluorescent probe molecule (dansyl). We report on the behavior of the attached dansyl reporter as a function of dansyl-to-amine molar ratio (i.e., dansyl loading), solvent dipolarity, and surface-residue end capping. In these experiments, we systematically adjust the dansyl loading by 10(5); a range much larger than ever explored. The dansylated CPG particles were also end capped with trimethylchlorosilane to derivatize most of the residual silanol and/or aminopropyl groups. The attached dansyl molecules can be surrounded by other dansyl molecules; they can be distributed within an ensemble of sites with differing physicochemical properties, and/or they can be distributed in sites that are restrictive to dansyl motion and/or solvent inaccessible. At high dansyl loadings, the majority of the dansyl groups are solvated by other dansyl moieties and solvent does not significantly alter the local microenvironment surrounding the average dansyl molecule (i.e., the cybotactic region) to any significant level. At intermediate dansyl loadings, the average distance between the dansyl groups increases and solvent is able to access/solvate/wet the dansyl groups and alter their cybotactic region to a greater extent. At the lowest dansyl loadings studied, the results suggest that these dansyl moieties are localized within solvent inaccessible/restrictive SiO2 sites (e.g., small pores).

Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Traces of Copper with a Tobramycin-Nafion Modified Electrode

A Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode incorporated with tobramycin for the voltammetric stripping determination of Cu2+ has been explored. The electrode was fabricated by tobramycin containing Nafion on the glassy carbon electrode surface. The modified electrode exhibited a significantly increased sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+ compared with a bare glassy carbon electrode and the Nafion modified electrode. Cu2+ was accumulated in HAc-NaAc buffer (pH 4.6) at a potential of -0.6 V (vs. SCE) for 300 s and then determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The effects of various parameters, such as the mass of Nafion, the concentration of tobramycin, the pH of the medium, the accumulation potential, the accumulation time and the scan rate, were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained in the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-9) to 5.0 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971. The relative standard deviations for eight successive determinations were 4.3 and 2.9% for 1.0 x 10(-8) and 2.0 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) Cu2+, respectively. The detection limit (three times signal to noise) was 5.0 x 10(-10) mol l(-1). A study of interfering substances was also performed, and the method was applied to the direct determination of copper in water samples, and also in analytical reagent-grade salts with satisfactory results.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy of model neurons: imaging and real-time detection of morphological changes

Living PC12 cells, a model cell type for studying neuronal function, were imaged using the negative feedback mode of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). Six biocompatible redox mediators were successfully identified from a large pool of candidates and were then used for imaging PC12 cells before and after exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF). When exposed to NGF, cells differentiate into a neuron phenotype by growing narrow neurites (1-2 microm wide) that can extend > 100 microm from the cell proper. We demonstrate that carbon fiber electrodes with reduced tip diameters can be used for imaging both the cell proper and these neurites. Regions of decreased current, possibly resulting from raised features not identifiable by light microscopy, are clearly evident in the SECM images. Changes in the morphology of undifferentiated PC12 cells could be detected in real time with the SECM. After exposure to hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, reversible changes in cell height of <2 microm were measured.

Use of erythrocyte ghosts for preconcentration in element speciation

A totally new biosorption concept has been tested. It involves the use of a biological membrane with given transport characteristics that encloses a reaction compartment chosen to bind incorporated substances irreversibly. Such a system is an erythrocyte ghost: erythrocytes that are hypotonically lysed can be filled with the desired media and resealed by warming up for 1 h. The transport system exploited is the predominant one in erythrocytes, i.e., the anion transport system with 10(6) channels/cell. Erythrocyte ghosts (in the following simply called ghosts) filled with ascorbate or cysteine as intracellular reductants were compared to unmodified human erythrocytes with regard to their ability to accumulate chromate specifically. Furthermore, the lifetime and behavior of the ghosts with respect to the influence of extracellular Cr(III) were tested. The great similarity found between the ghosts tested and unmodified erythrocytes clearly shows the general applicability of this new biosorption concept which offers possibilities for the biosorption of analytes that cannot be accumulated by unmodified erythrocytes.