1
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Lyutvinskiy Y, Nagornov KO, Kozhinov AN, Gasilova N, Menin L, Meng Z, Zhang X, Saei AA, Fu T, Chamot-Rooke J, Tsybin YO, Makarov A, Zubarev RA. Adding Color to Mass Spectra of Biopolymers: Charge Determination Analysis (CHARDA) Assigns Charge State to Every Ion Peak. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:902-911. [PMID: 38609335 PMCID: PMC11066971 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, mass spectrometry (MS) output is the ion abundance plotted versus the ionic mass-to-charge ratio m/z. While employing only commercially available equipment, Charge Determination Analysis (CHARDA) adds a third dimension to MS, estimating for individual peaks their charge states z starting from z = 1 and color coding z in m/z spectra. CHARDA combines the analysis of ion signal decay rates in the time-domain data (transients) in Fourier transform (FT) MS with the interrogation of mass defects (fractional mass) of biopolymers. Being applied to individual isotopic peaks in a complex protein tandem (MS/MS) data set, CHARDA aids peptide mass spectra interpretation by facilitating charge-state deconvolution of large ionic species in crowded regions, estimating z even in the absence of an isotopic distribution (e.g., for monoisotopic mass spectra). CHARDA is fast, robust, and consistent with conventional FTMS and FTMS/MS data acquisition procedures. An effective charge-state resolution Rz ≥ 6 is obtained with the potential for further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Lyutvinskiy
- Division
of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Division
of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xuepei Zhang
- Division
of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Division
of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for
Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor
and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Division
of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M., Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research
Center for Endocrinology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Redding MJ, Grayson SM, Charles L. Mass spectrometry of dendrimers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38504498 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential technique to characterize dendrimers as it proved efficient at tackling analytical challenges raised by their peculiar onion-like structure. Owing to their chemical diversity, this review covers benefits of MS methods as a function of dendrimer classes, discussing advantages and limitations of ionization techniques, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) strategies to determine the structure of defective species, as well as most recently demonstrated capabilities of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in the field. Complementarily, the well-defined structure of these macromolecules offers major advantages in the development of MS-based method, as reported in a second section reviewing uses of dendrimers as MS and IMS calibration standards and as multifunctional charge inversion reagents in gas phase ion/ion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna J Redding
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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3
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Jarrold MF. Single-Ion Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous and High Molecular Weight Samples. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5749-5758. [PMID: 38394699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) the mass of each individual ion is determined from the measurement of its mass to charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Performing this measurement for thousands of ions allows mass distributions to be measured for heterogeneous and high mass samples that cannot be analyzed by conventional mass spectrometry (MS). CD-MS opens the door to accurate mass measurements for samples into the giga-Dalton regime, vastly expanding the reach of MS and allowing mass distributions to be determined for viruses, gene therapies, and vaccines. Following the success of CD-MS, single-ion mass measurements have recently been performed on an Orbitrap. CD-MS and Orbitrap individual ion mass spectrometry (I2MS) are described. Illustrative examples are provided, and the prospects for higher resolution measurements discussed. In the case of CD-MS, computer simulations indicate that much higher resolving powers are within reach. The ability to perform high-resolution CD-MS analysis of heterogeneous samples will be enabling and disruptive in top-down MS as high-resolution m/z and accurate charge measurements will allow very complex m/z spectra to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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4
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Lai YH, Wang YS. Advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of high mass-to-charge ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2426-2445. [PMID: 35686331 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in modern mass spectrometry (MS) is achieving high mass resolving power and accuracy for precision analyses in high mass-to-charge (m/z) regions. To advance the capability of MS for increasingly demanding applications, understanding limitations of state-of-the-art techniques and their status in applied sciences is essential. This review summarizes important instruments in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and related advances to extend their working range to high m/z regions. It starts with an overview of HRMS techniques that provide adequate performance for macromolecular analysis, including Fourier-transform, time-of-flight (TOF), quadrupole-TOF, and related data-processing techniques. Methodologies and applications of HRMS for characterizing macromolecules in biochemistry and material sciences are summarized, such as top-down proteomics, native MS, drug discovery, structural virology, and polymer analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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5
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Patil AA, Liu ZX, Chiu YP, Lại TKL, Chou SW, Cheng CY, Su WM, Liao HT, Agcaoili JBA, Peng WP. Development of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer capable of analyzing megadalton MALDI ions. Talanta 2023; 259:124555. [PMID: 37088041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Detecting megadalton matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer is a technical challenge. In this study, megadalton protein and polymer ions were successfully measured by MALDI linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LIT-MS) for the first time. The LIT-MS is comprised of a Thermo linear ion trap mass analyzer and a highly sensitive charge-sensing particle detector (CSPD). A newly designed radio frequency (rf) scan mode with dipolar resonance ejection techniques is proposed to extend the mass range of LIT-MS up to one million Thomson (Th). We analyze high mass ions with mass-to charge (m/z) ratios ranging from 100 kTh to 1 MTh, including thyroglobulin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, immunoglobulins (e.g., IgG and IgM), and polymer (∼ 940 kTh) ions. Besides, it is also very challenging for ion trap mass spectrometry to detect megadalton ions at low concentrations. By adopting high affinity carboxylated/oxidized detonation nanodiamonds (oxDNDs) to enrich IgM molecules and form antibody-nanodiamond conjugates, we have successfully reached ∼ 5 nM (5 μg/mL) concentration which is better than that by the other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash A Patil
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Xuan Liu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pang Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Thị Khánh Ly Lại
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, 30352, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Cheng
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, 30352, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Min Su
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ting Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan.
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6
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Haugg S, Creydt M, Zierold R, Fischer M, Blick RH. Booster-microchannel plate (BMCP) detector for signal amplification in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for ions beyond m/ z 50 000. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7312-7322. [PMID: 36815547 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02361j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Top-down proteomics deals with the characterization of intact biomolecules, which reduces the sample complexity and facilitates the detection of modifications at the protein level. The combination of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) technique with time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis allows for the generation of gaseous ions in low charge states from high-mass biomolecules, followed by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) separation, as high-mass ions drift down the flight tube more slowly than lighter ones. However, the detection efficiency of conventional microchannel plate (MCP) detectors is strongly reduced with decreasing ion velocity-corresponding to an increase in ion mass-which impedes the reliable detection of high-mass biomolecules. Herein, we present a simple modification of the MCP detector that allows for the amplification of the signal from ionized proteins of up to m/z 150 000. Two circular electrodes were assembled in front of the conventional detector and set to negative electrical voltages to affect the positively charged ions directly before they impinge on the MCP, possibly through a combination of a velocity boost and ion optical effects. In the present study, three booster electrode configurations were experimentally tested to maximize the signal intensification. Compared to the conventional MCP assembly, the signal intensity was amplified in a proof-of-concept experiment by a factor of 24.3 and of 10.7 for the singly charged BSA ion (m/z 66 400) and for the singly charged IgG ion (m/z 150 000), respectively, by applying the booster-MCP (BMCP) detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haugg
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Creydt
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE - Institute of Food Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zierold
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Fischer
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE - Institute of Food Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert H Blick
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Mathew A, Keelor JD, Eijkel GB, Anthony IGM, Long J, Prangsma J, Heeren RMA, Ellis SR. Time-Resolved Imaging of High Mass Proteins and Metastable Fragments Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Axial Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, and TPX3CAM. Anal Chem 2022; 95:1470-1479. [PMID: 36574608 PMCID: PMC9850352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Timepix (TPX) is a position- and time-sensitive pixelated charge detector that can be coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) in combination with microchannel plates (MCPs) for the spatially and temporally resolved detection of biomolecules. Earlier generation TPX detectors used in previous studies were limited by a moderate time resolution (at best 10 ns) and single-stop detection for each pixel that hampered the detection of ions with high mass-to-charge (m/z) values at high pixel occupancies. In this study, we have coupled an MCP-phosphor screen-TPX3CAM detection assembly that contains a silicon-coated TPX3 chip to a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-axial TOF MS. A time resolution of 1.5625 ns, per-pixel multihit functionality, simultaneous measurement of TOF and time-over-threshold (TOT) values, and kHz readout rates of the TPX3 extended the m/z detection range of the TPX detector family. The detection of singly charged intact Immunoglobulin M ions of m/z value approaching 1 × 106 Da has been demonstrated. We also discuss the utilization of additional information on impact coordinates and TOT provided by the TPX3 compared to conventional MS detectors for the enhancement of the quality of the mass spectrum in terms of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. We show how the reduced dead time and event-based readout in TPX3 compared to the TPX improves the sensitivity of high m/z detection in both low and high mass measurements (m/z range: 757-970,000 Da). We further exploit the imaging capabilities of the TPX3 detector for the spatial and temporal separation of neutral fragments generated by metastable decay at different locations along the field-free flight region by simultaneous application of deflection and retarding fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjusha Mathew
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel D. Keelor
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B. Eijkel
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian G. M. Anthony
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jingming Long
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jord Prangsma
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Shane R. Ellis
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands,Molecular
Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Wollongong, Australia,
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8
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Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurement of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Masses are determined for thousands of individual ions, and then the results are binned to give a mass spectrum. Using this approach, accurate mass distributions can be measured for heterogeneous and high-molecular-weight samples that are usually not amenable to analysis by conventional mass spectrometry. Recent applications include heavily glycosylated proteins, protein complexes, protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers, infectious viruses, gene therapies, vaccines, and vesicles such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47404, United States
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9
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Mathew A, Eijkel GB, Anthony IGM, Ellis SR, Heeren RMA. Characterization of microchannel plate detector response for the detection of native multiply charged high mass single ions in orthogonal-time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a Timepix detector. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4820. [PMID: 35347816 PMCID: PMC9287041 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight (TOF) systems are one of the most widely used mass analyzers in native mass spectrometry (nMS) for the analysis of non-covalent multiply charged bio-macromolecular assemblies (MMAs). Typically, microchannel plates (MCPs) are employed for high mass native ion detection in TOF MS. MCPs are well known for their reduced detection efficiency when impinged by large slow moving ions. Here, a position- and time-sensitive Timepix (TPX) detector has been added to the back of a dual MCP stack to study the key factors that affect MCP performance for MMA ions generated by nMS. The footprint size of the secondary electron cloud generated by the MCP on the TPX for each individual ion event is analyzed as a measure of MCP performance at each mass-to-charge (m/z) value and resulted in a Poisson distribution. This allowed us to investigate the dependency of ion mass, ion charge, ion velocity, acceleration voltage, and MCP bias voltage on MCP response in the high mass low velocity regime. The study of measurement ranges; ion mass = 195 to 802,000 Da, ion velocity = 8.4 to 67.4 km/s, and ion charge = 1+ to 72+, extended the previously examined mass range and characterized MCP performance for multiply charged species. We derived a MCP performance equation based on two independent ion properties, ion mass and charge, from these results, which enables rapid MCP tuning for single MMA ion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjusha Mathew
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Gert B. Eijkel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ian G. M. Anthony
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Shane R. Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular BioscienceUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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10
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Jiang LX, Plath LD, Halim MA, Friedrich S, Bier ME. Anatomy of Protein Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra by Superconducting Tunnel Junction Mass and Energy Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5284-5292. [PMID: 35315644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryogenic superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detectors have the advantage of single-particle sensitivity, high quantum efficiency, low noise, and the ability to detect the time and relative impact energy of deposited ions. This makes them attractive for use in mass spectrometry (MS) and as a form of energy spectrometry. STJ cryodetectors have been coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers equipped with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source and to an electrospray ionization (ESI) TOF mass spectrometer. Here, a lab-made linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer system was coupled to an ESI source and a 16-channel Nb-STJ array with improved readout electronics. The goal was to investigate fundamentals of ESI-generated protein ions by further exploiting the advantage of resolving these ions in a third dimension of the relative energy deposited into the STJs. The proteins equine cytochrome c, bovine carbonic anhydrase, bovine serum albumin, and murine immunoglobulin G were studied using this ESI-LIT-STJ-MS instrument. Multiply charged monomers, multimers, and fragments from metastable ions were resolved from monomer peaks by differences in ion deposition energy even when these ions have the same mass-to-charge ratio as the corresponding monomer. The determination of a fragment mass from metastable decomposition is accomplished without knowing the charge state of the fragment. The average charge state of the multimers is reduced with each addition of a protein which is presumed to be a direct reflection of the surface area available for charging. Multiply charged in-source fragments have also been observed and distinguished in the mass spectrum of carbonic anhydrase by using the differences in the energy deposited in the STJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Stephan Friedrich
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
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11
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Plath LD, Abroshan H, Zeng C, Kim HJ, Jin R, Bier ME. Mass Spectrometry of Au 10(4- tert-butylbenzenethiolate) 10 Nanoclusters Using Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Reveals Distinct Metastable Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:521-529. [PMID: 35147432 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryodetection mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the Au10(TBBT)10 (TBBT = 4-tert-butylbenzenethiolate) catenane nanocluster. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) process generates distinct fragments that can be arranged into two distinct regimes: (i) in-source fragmentation, which occurs rapidly in a relatively short (<170 ns) time frame, and (ii) metastable fragmentation, which occurs postacceleration during a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis over a longer time frame (>170 ns-250 μs). Using MALDI-TOF MS with superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection, distinct metastable nanocluster fragments were resolved at lower energies deposited into the detector. The results also demonstrated that STJ cryodetection MS can be used to acquire multiple (>10), simultaneous tandem mass spectra in a single experiment. Simulated fragmentation of the Au10 nanocluster using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) revealed the different fragmentation processes and confirmed the MS results. Using both the empirical MS data and AIMD calculations, fragmentation pathways are proposed for Au10(TBBT)10, which terminate with two small, stable ringed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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12
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Brais CJ, Ibañez JO, Schwartz AJ, Ray SJ. RECENT ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTAL APPROACHES TO TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:647-669. [PMID: 32779281 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is one of the simplest and most powerful approaches for mass spectrometry. Realization of the advantages inherent in TOFMS requires innovation in the theory and practice of the technique. Instrumental developments, in turn, create new capabilities that enable applications in chemical measurement. This review focuses on the recent advances in TOFMS instrumentation. New strategies for ion acceleration, multiplexed detection, miniaturized TOFMS instruments, approaches to extend the length of ion flight, and novel ion detection technologies are reviewed. Techniques that change the basic paradigm of TOFMS by measuring m/z based on ion flight distance are considered, as are applications at the frontiers of instrumental performance. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brais
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
| | | | | | - Steven J Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
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13
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Huang X, Liu H, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Nie Z, Jiang G. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5243-5280. [PMID: 33656017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of materials at the nanoscale plays a crucial role in in-depth understanding the nature and processes of the substances. Mass spectrometry (MS) has characterization capabilities for nanomaterials (NMs) and nanostructures by offering reliable multi-dimensional information consisting of accurate mass, isotopic, and molecular structural information. In the last decade, MS has emerged as a powerful nano-characterization technique. This review comprehensively summarizes the capabilities of MS in various aspects of nano-characterization that greatly enrich the toolbox of nano research. Compared with other characterization techniques, MS has unique capabilities for real-time monitoring and tracking reaction intermediates and by-products. Moreover, MS has shown application potential in some novel aspects, such as MS imaging of the biodistribution and fate of NMs in animals and humans, stable isotopic tracing of NMs, and risk assessment of NMs, which deserve update and integration into the current knowledge framework of nano-characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Yoo HJ, Kim DH, Shin D, Oh Y, Lee S, Lee JY, Choi YJ, Lee SH, Lee KS, Kim Y, Cho K. Recent developments in pre-treatment and analytical techniques for synthetic polymers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5767-5800. [PMID: 33241791 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of effort has been expended to develop accurate means of determining the properties of synthetic polymers using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Many studies have focused on the importance of sample pre-treatment to obtain accurate analysis results. This review discusses the history of synthetic polymer characterization and highlights several applications of MALDI-TOF MS that recognize the importance of pre-treatment technologies. The subject area is of significance in the field of analytical chemistry, especially for users of the MALDI technique. Since the 2000s, many such technologies have been developed that feature improved methods and conditions, including solvent-free systems. In addition, the recent diversification of matrix types and the development of carbon-based matrix materials are described herein together with the current status and future directions of MALDI-TOF MS hardware and software development. We provide a summary of processes used for obtaining the best analytical results with synthetic polymeric materials using MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Yoo
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Korea.
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15
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Todd AR, Barnes LF, Young K, Zlotnick A, Jarrold MF. Higher Resolution Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11357-11364. [PMID: 32806905 PMCID: PMC8587657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry is a single particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurements of each ion's m/z ratio and charge. The ions pass through a conducting cylinder, and the charge induced on the cylinder is detected. The cylinder is usually placed inside an electrostatic linear ion trap so that the ions oscillate back and forth through the cylinder. The resulting time domain signal is analyzed by fast Fourier transformation; the oscillation frequency yields the m/z, and the charge is determined from the magnitudes. The mass resolving power depends on the uncertainties in both quantities. In previous work, the mass resolving power was modest, around 30-40. In this work we report around an order of magnitude improvement. The improvement was achieved by coupling high-accuracy charge measurements (obtained with dynamic calibration) with higher resolution m/z measurements. The performance was benchmarked by monitoring the assembly of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid. The HBV capsid assembly reaction can result in a heterogeneous mixture of intermediates extending from the capsid protein dimer to the icosahedral T = 4 capsid with 120 dimers. Intermediates of all possible sizes were resolved, as well as some overgrown species. Despite the improved mass resolving power, the measured peak widths are still dominated by instrumental resolution. Heterogeneity makes only a small contribution. Resonances were observed in some of the m/z spectra. They result from ions with different masses and charges having similar m/z values. Analogous resonances are expected whenever the sample is a heterogeneous mixture assembled from a common building block.
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16
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Todd AR, Alexander AW, Jarrold MF. Implementation of a Charge-Sensitive Amplifier without a Feedback Resistor for Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reduces Noise and Enables Detection of Individual Ions Carrying a Single Charge. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:146-154. [PMID: 32881508 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) depends on the measurement of the charge induced on a cylinder by individual ions by means of a charge-sensitive amplifier. Electrical noise limits the accuracy of the charge measurement and the smallest charge that can be detected. Thermal noise in the feedback resistor is a major source of electrical noise. We describe the implementation of a charge-sensitive amplifier without a feedback resistor. The design has significantly reduced 1/f noise facilitating the detection of high m/z ions and substantially reducing the measurement time required to achieve almost perfect charge accuracy. With the new design we have been able to detect individual ions carrying a single charge. This is an important milestone in the development of CDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Todd
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew W Alexander
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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17
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Todd AR, Jarrold MF. Dramatic Improvement in Sensitivity with Pulsed Mode Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14002-14008. [PMID: 31589418 PMCID: PMC6834878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is emerging as a valuable tool to determine mass distributions for heterogeneous and high-mass samples. It is a single-particle technique where masses are determined for individual ions from simultaneous measurements of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Ions are trapped in an electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) and oscillate back and forth through a detection cylinder. The trap is open and able to trap ions for a small fraction of the total measurement time so most of the ions (>99.8%) in a continuous ion beam are lost. Here, we implement an ion storage scheme where ions are accumulated and stored in a hexapole and then injected into the ELIT at the right time for them to be trapped. This pulsed mode of operation increases the sensitivity of CDMS by more than 2 orders of magnitude, which allows much lower titer samples to be analyzed. A limit of detection of 3.3 × 108 particles/mL was obtained for hepatitis B virus T = 4 capsids with a 1.3 μL sample. The hexapole where the ions are accumulated and stored is a significant distance from the ion trap so ions are dispersed in time by their m/z values as they travel between the hexapole and the ELIT. By varying the delay time between ion release and trapping, different windows of m/z values can be trapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Todd
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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18
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Özdemir A, Lin JL, Gülfen M, Hsiao CJ, Chen CH. A quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for dry microparticle analysis. Analyst 2019; 144:5608-5616. [PMID: 31432814 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new design of a charge detection quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QIT-MS) for the analysis of micro-sized dry inorganic and bioparticles including red blood cells (RBCs) and different sizes of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The developed method is one of the fastest methods to measure the mass of micro-sized particles. This system allows the online analysis of various micro-sized particles up to 1 × 1017 Da. The calibration of the mass spectrometer has been done by using different sizes of polystyrene (PS) particles (2-15 μm). The measured masses of RBCs were around 1.8 × 1013 Da and MCF-7 cancer cells were between 1 × 1014 and 4 × 1014 Da. The calculated mass distribution profiles of the particles and cells were given as histogram profiles. The statistical data were summarized after Gaussian type fitting to the experimental histogram profiles. The new method gives very promising results for the analysis of particles and has very broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gülfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Chun-Jen Hsiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Da Xue Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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19
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Michno W, Wehrli PM, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hanrieder J. Molecular imaging mass spectrometry for probing protein dynamics in neurodegenerative disease pathology. J Neurochem 2018; 151:488-506. [PMID: 30040875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of basic pathological mechanisms in various neurological diseases depend directly on the development of novel bioanalytical technologies that allow sensitive and specific chemical imaging at high resolution in cells and tissues. Mass spectrometry-based molecular imaging (IMS) has gained increasing popularity in biomedical research for mapping the spatial distribution of molecular species in situ. The technology allows for comprehensive, untargeted delineation of in situ distribution profiles of metabolites, lipids, peptides and proteins. A major advantage of IMS over conventional histochemical techniques is its superior molecular specificity. Imaging mass spectrometry has therefore great potential for probing molecular regulations in CNS-derived tissues and cells for understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanism. The goal of this review is to familiarize the reader with the experimental workflow, instrumental developments and methodological challenges as well as to give a concise overview of the major advances and recent developments and applications of IMS-based protein and peptide profiling with particular focus on neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Patrick M Wehrli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Liang SY, Patil AA, Han CH, Chou SW, Chang W, Soo PC, Chang HC, Peng WP. Ionization of Submicrometer-Sized Particles by Laser-Induced Radiofrequency Plasma for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13236-13242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Liang
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Avinash A. Patil
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Chou-Hsun Han
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30352
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Po-Chi Soo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan 97004
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
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21
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Hogan JA, Jarrold MF. Optimized Electrostatic Linear Ion Trap for Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2086-2095. [PMID: 29987663 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS), ions are passed through a detection tube and the m/z ratio and charge are determined for each ion. The uncertainty in the charge and m/z determinations can be dramatically reduced by embedding the detection tube in an electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) so that ions oscillate back and forth through the detection tube. The resulting time domain signal can be analyzed by fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). The ion's m/z is proportional to the square of the oscillation frequency, and its charge is derived from the FFT magnitude. The ion oscillation frequency is dependent on the physical dimensions of the trap as well as the ion energy. A new ELIT has been designed for CDMS using the central particle method. In the new design, the kinetic energy dependence of the ion oscillation frequency is reduced by an order of magnitude. An order of magnitude reduction in energy dependence should have led to an order of magnitude reduction in the uncertainty of the m/z determination. In practice, a factor of four improvements was achieved. This discrepancy is probably mainly due to the trajectory dependence of the ion oscillation frequency. The new ELIT design uses a duty cycle of 50%. We show that a 50% duty cycle produces the lowest uncertainty in the charge determination. This is due to the absence of even-numbered harmonics in the FFT, which in turn leads to an increase in the magnitude of the peak at the fundamental frequency. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Hogan
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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22
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Biomolecular Clusters Distribution up to Mega Dalton Region Using MALDI-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092789. [PMID: 30227603 PMCID: PMC6164314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first report on complete cluster distributions of cytochrome c (molecular weight of 12.4 kDa) and bovine serum albumin ((BSA), molecular weight of 66.4 kDa) with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) reaching 350,000 and 1,400,000, respectively, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Large cluster distributions of the analytes were measured by our homemade frequency-scanned quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer with a charge detector. To our knowledge, we report the highest m/z clusters of these two biomolecules. The quantitative results indicate that large clusters ions of cytochrome c and BSA follow the power law (r2 > 0.99) with cluster size distribution, which provides experimental evidence for the laser ablation studies of MALDI.
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23
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Chen CH, Feng H, Guo R, Li P, Laserna AKC, Ji Y, Ng BH, Li SFY, Khan SH, Paulus A, Chen SM, Karger AE, Wenz M, Ferrer DL, Huhmer AF, Krupke A. Intact NIST monoclonal antibody characterization—Proteoforms, glycoforms—Using CE-MS and CE-LIF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2018.1480455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Huatao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Pingjing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Anna Karen C. Laserna
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Ya Ji
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Bao Hui Ng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore S117543, Singapore
| | - Shaheer H. Khan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Aran Paulus
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Shiaw-Min Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Achim E. Karger
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael Wenz
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Lopez Ferrer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Andreas F. Huhmer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Andreas Krupke
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Science Solutions, 180 Oyster Point Parkway, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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24
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Sipe DM, Plath LD, Aksenov AA, Feldman JS, Bier ME. Characterization of Mega-Dalton-Sized Nanoparticles by Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Mass Spectrometry. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2591-2602. [PMID: 29481053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of nanomaterials is critical to understand the size/structure-dependent properties of these particles. In this report, a form of heavy ion mass spectrometry, namely, superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals and gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles studied ranged in mass from 200 kDa to >1.5 MDa and included lead sulfide quantum dots, various cadmium selenide and/or telluride-based core-shell quantum dots coated with different ligands, and gold nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were ionized by both matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI), shot with an aimed ion gun into a flight tube, mass separated by time-of-flight (TOF), and detected by an energy-sensitive STJ cryodetector. STJ cryodetection MS can be used to analyze intact heterogeneous nanoparticles, allowing determination of average particle mass, dispersity, and ligand loading. Some nanoparticles, however, do undergo fragmentation during the MALDI or LDI-TOF mass analyses. The measurement of the energy deposited into the detector was found to be different for different types of particles. Metastable fragments from these nanoparticles were observed at lower energies. The lower energies deposited for metastable fragments can provide insight into the stability and surface compositions of these materials. Cadmium selenide core-shell quantum dots (655 nm emission) conjugated to biomacromolecules, such as cholera toxin B and human serum transferrin, were also analyzed. When compared to unconjugated particles by mass, it was determined that ∼96 cholera toxin B and ∼14 transferrin proteins were attached to the surface of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Sipe
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213-2683 United States
| | - Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213-2683 United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213-2683 United States
| | - Jonathan S Feldman
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213-2683 United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213-2683 United States
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25
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Shin HC, Deterra D, Park J, Kim H, Nishikiori M, Uetrecht C, Ahlquist PG, Arbulu M, Blick RH. Ultra-high mass multimer analysis of protein-1a capping domains by a silicon nanomembrane detector. J Proteomics 2018; 175:5-11. [PMID: 29199149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional time of flight ion detectors are based on secondary electron multipliers encountering a significant loss in detection efficiency, sensitivity and resolution with protein mass above 50kDa. In this work we employ a silicon nanomembrane detector in a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization coupled to time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The operating principle relies on phonon-assisted field emission with excellent performance in the high mass range from 0.001-2MDa. In addition to the analysis of standard proteins the nanomembrane detector (NMD) has the potential for the detection and structural investigation of complex macromolecular assemblies through non-covalent interactions. In order to investigate this hypothesis, the N-terminal capping/methyltransferase domain (CAP) of the Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) 1a replication protein by MALDI-TOF-NMD is analyzed. The signals detected at the high m/z-ratios of 912.6/982.7 (×103) and 1333.3 (×103) could be modified species of CAP-tricta/tetractamer and the octadecamer. For the first time, the NMD is applied to detect biologically complex macromolecular protein assemblies. Hence, this technology overcomes the limitations of conventional TOF-detectors and increases the analytical range of MALDI-TOF. This technology will be a future alternative for the structural analysis of intact virus capsids that will complement other MS-based techniques such as native mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Shin
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - D Deterra
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - M Nishikiori
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Ch Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg & European XFEL GmbH, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P G Ahlquist
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, United States; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - M Arbulu
- CIC-nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - R H Blick
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States; CIC-nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
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26
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Ozdemir A, Lin JL, Gulfen M, Lai SH, Hsiao CJ, Chen NG, Chen CH. ESI MS for Microsized Bioparticles. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13195-13202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Ozdemir
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gulfen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Szu-Hsueh Lai
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Hsiao
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nelson G. Chen
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Da Xue Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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27
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Keifer DZ, Jarrold MF. Single-molecule mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:715-733. [PMID: 26873676 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In single-molecule mass spectrometry, the mass of each ion is measured individually; making it suitable for the analysis of very large, heterogeneous objects that cannot be analyzed by conventional means. A range of single-molecule mass spectrometry techniques has been developed, including time-of-flight with cryogenic detectors, a quadrupole ion trap with optical detection, single-molecule Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, charge detection mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion traps coupled to charge detector plates, and nanomechanical oscillators. In addition to providing information on mass and heterogeneity, these techniques have been used to study impact craters from cosmic dust, monitor the assembly of viruses, elucidate the fluorescence dynamics of quantum dots, and much more. This review focuses on the merits of each of these technologies, their limitations, and their applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:715-733, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Keifer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47401
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47401
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28
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Plath LD, Wang Z, Yan J, Matyjaszewski K, Bier ME. Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles using Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1160-1165. [PMID: 28421404 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated with either n-octylamine (OA) or α-amino poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PSAN) ligands (L) have been analyzed using laser desorption/ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection mass spectrometry. STJ cryodetection has the advantage of high m/z detection and allows for the determination of average molecular weights and dispersities for 500-600 kDa ZnO-L nanoparticles. The ability to detect the relative energies deposited into the STJs has allowed for investigation of ZnO-L metastable fragmentation. ZnO-L precursor ions gain enough internal energy during the MALDI process to undergo metastable fragmentation in the flight tube. These fragments produced a lower energy peak, which was assigned as ligand-stripped ZnO cores whereas the individual ligands were at too low of an energy to be observed. From these STJ energy resolved peaks, the average weight percentage of inorganic material making up the nanoparticle was determined, where ZnO-OA and ZnO-PSAN nanoparticles are comprised of ~62% and ~68% wt ZnO, respectively. In one example, grafting densities were calculated based on the metastable fragmentation of ligands from the core to be 16 and 1.1 nm-2 for ZnO-OA and ZnO-PSAN, respectively, and compared with values determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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29
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Patil AA, Chou SW, Chang PY, Lee CW, Cheng CY, Chu ML, Peng WP. High Mass Ion Detection with Charge Detector Coupled to Rectilinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1066-1078. [PMID: 27966174 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional linear ion trap mass analyzers (LIT-MS) provide high ion capacity and show their MS n ability; however, the detection of high mass ions is still challenging because LIT-MS with secondary electron detectors (SED) cannot detect high mass ions. To detect high mass ions, we coupled a charge detector (CD) to a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer (RIT-MS). Immunoglobulin G ions (m/z ~150,000) are measured successfully with controlled ion kinetic energy. In addition, when mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of singly charged ions exceed 10 kTh, the detection efficiency of CD is found to be greater than that of SED. The CD can be coupled to LIT-MS to extend the detection mass range and provide the potential to perform MS n of high mass ions inside the ion trap. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash A Patil
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 97401, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 97401, Republic of China
- AcroMass technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30352, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yu Chang
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 97401, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Wei Lee
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 97401, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yen Cheng
- AcroMass technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30352, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Lee Chu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 97401, Republic of China.
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30
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Elliott AG, Merenbloom SI, Chakrabarty S, Williams ER. Single Particle Analyzer of Mass: A Charge Detection Mass Spectrometer with a Multi-Detector Electrostatic Ion Trap. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 414:45-55. [PMID: 29129967 PMCID: PMC5676562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A new charge detection mass spectrometer that combines array detection and electrostatic ion trapping to repeatedly measure the masses of single ions is described. This instrument has four detector tubes inside an electrostatic ion trap with conical electrodes (cone trap) to provide multiple measurements of an ion on each pass through the trap resulting in a signal gain over a conventional trap with a single detection tube. Simulations of a cone trap and a dual ion mirror trap design indicate that more passes through the trap per unit time are possible with the latter. However, the cone trap has the advantages that ions entering up to 2 mm off the central axis of the trap are still trapped, the trapping time is less sensitive to the background pressure, and only a narrow range of energies are trapped so it can be used for energy selection. The capability of this instrument to obtain information about the molecular weight distributions of heterogeneous high molecular weight samples is demonstrated with 8 MDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 50 and 100 nm amine modified polystyrene nanoparticle samples. The measured mass distribution of the PEG sample is centered at 8 MDa. The size distribution obtained from mass measurements of the 100 nm nanoparticle sample is similar to the size distribution obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, but most of the smaller nanoparticles observed in TEM images of the 50 nm nanoparticles do not reach a sufficiently high charge to trigger the trap on a single pass and be detected by the mass spectrometer. With the maximum trapping time set to 100 ms, the charge uncertainty is as low as ±2 charges and the mass uncertainty is approximately 2% for PEG and polystyrene ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460
| | - Samuel I. Merenbloom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460
| | - Satrajit Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460
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31
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Keifer DZ, Pierson EE, Jarrold MF. Charge detection mass spectrometry: weighing heavier things. Analyst 2017; 142:1654-1671. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single molecule method where the mass of each ion is directly determined from individual measurements of its mass-to-charge ratio and charge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth E. Pierson
- Department of Analytical Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supplies
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Merck & Co
- Inc
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32
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Keifer DZ, Motwani T, Teschke CM, Jarrold MF. Acquiring Structural Information on Virus Particles with Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1028-36. [PMID: 27020925 PMCID: PMC5095694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-molecule technique particularly well-suited to measuring the mass and charge distributions of heterogeneous, MDa-sized ions. In this work, CDMS has been used to analyze the assembly products of two coat protein variants of bacteriophage P22. The assembly products show broad mass distributions extending from 5 to 15 MDa for A285Y and 5 to 25 MDa for A285T coat protein variants. Because the charge of large ions generated by electrospray ionization depends on their size, the charge can be used to distinguish hollow shells from more compact structures. A285T was found to form T = 4 and T = 7 procapsids, and A285Y makes a small number of T = 3 and T = 4 procapsids. Owing to the decreased stability of the A285Y and A285T particles, chemical cross-linking was required to stabilize them for electrospray CDMS.Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Keifer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Tina Motwani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Carolyn M Teschke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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33
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Chen F, Gülbakan B, Weidmann S, Fagerer SR, Ibáñez AJ, Zenobi R. Applying mass spectrometry to study non-covalent biomolecule complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:48-70. [PMID: 25945814 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions are essential for the structural organization of biomacromolecules and play an important role in molecular recognition processes, such as the interactions between proteins, glycans, lipids, DNA, and RNA. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for studying of non-covalent interactions, due to the low sample consumption, high sensitivity, and label-free nature. Nowadays, native-ESI MS is heavily used in studies of non-covalent interactions and to understand the architecture of biomolecular complexes. However, MALDI-MS is also becoming increasingly useful. It is challenging to detect the intact complex without fragmentation when analyzing non-covalent interactions with MALDI-MS. There are two methodological approaches to do so. In the first approach, different experimental and instrumental parameters are fine-tuned in order to find conditions under which the complex is stable, such as applying non-acidic matrices and collecting first-shot spectra. In the second approach, the interacting species are "artificially" stabilized by chemical crosslinking. Both approaches are capable of studying non-covalently bound biomolecules even in quite challenging systems, such as membrane protein complexes. Herein, we review and compare native-ESI and MALDI MS for the study of non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Basri Gülbakan
- Institute of Child Health, Division of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simon Weidmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Fagerer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo J Ibáñez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Keifer DZ, Shinholt DL, Jarrold MF. Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry with Almost Perfect Charge Accuracy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Z. Keifer
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Deven L. Shinholt
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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35
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Plath LD, Ozdemir A, Aksenov AA, Bier ME. Determination of iron content and dispersity of intact ferritin by superconducting tunnel junction cryodetection mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8985-93. [PMID: 26266697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a common iron storage protein complex found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Although horse spleen holoferritin (HS-HoloFt) has been widely studied, this is the first report of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the intact form, likely because of its high molecular weight ∼850 kDa and broad iron-core mass distribution. The 24-subunit ferritin heteropolymer protein shell consists of light (L) and heavy (H) subunits and a ferrihydrite-like iron core. The H/L heterogeneity ratio of the horse spleen apoferritin (HS-ApoFt) shell was found to be ∼1:10 by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Superconducting tunneling junction (STJ) cryodetection matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS was utilized to determine the masses of intact HS-ApoFt, HS-HoloFt, and the HS-HoloFt dimer to be ∼505 kDa, ∼835 kDa, and ∼1.63 MDa, respectively. The structural integrity of HS-HoloFt and the proposed mineral adducts found for both purified L and H subunits suggest a robust biomacromolecular complex that is internally stabilized by the iron-based core. However, cross-linking experiments of HS-HoloFt with glutaraldehyde, unexpectedly, showed the complete release of the iron-based core in a one-step process revealing a cross-linked HS-ApoFt with a narrow fwhm peak width of 31.4 kTh compared to 295 kTh for HS-HoloFt. The MS analysis of HS-HoloFt revealed a semiquantitative description of the iron content and core dispersity of 3400 ± 1600 (2σ) iron atoms. Commercially prepared HS-ApoFt was estimated to still contain an average of 240 iron atoms. These iron abundance and dispersity results suggest the use of STJ cryodetection MS for the clinical analysis of iron deficient/overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdil Ozdemir
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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36
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Lepvrier E, Doigneaux C, Moullintraffort L, Nazabal A, Garnier C. Optimized Protocol for Protein Macrocomplexes Stabilization Using the EDC, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide, Zero-Length Cross-Linker. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10524-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Lepvrier
- Translation
and Folding, UMR-CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cyrielle Doigneaux
- Translation
and Folding, UMR-CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Laura Moullintraffort
- Translation
and Folding, UMR-CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Cyrille Garnier
- Translation
and Folding, UMR-CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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37
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Liu R, Li Q, Smith LM. Detection of large ions in time-of-flight mass spectrometry: effects of ion mass and acceleration voltage on microchannel plate detector response. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1374-83. [PMID: 24789774 PMCID: PMC4108536 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), ion detection is typically accomplished by the generation and amplification of secondary electrons produced by ions colliding with a microchannel plate (MCP) detector. Here, the response of an MCP detector as a function of ion mass and acceleration voltage is characterized, for singly charged peptide/protein ions ranging from 1 to 290 kDa in mass, and for acceleration voltages from 5 to 25 kV. A nondestructive inductive charge detector (ICD) employed in parallel with MCP detection provides a reliable reference signal to allow accurate calibration of the MCP response. MCP detection efficiencies were very close to unity for smaller ions at high acceleration voltages (e.g., angiotensin, 1046.5 Da, at 25 kV acceleration voltage), but decreased to ~11% for the largest ions examined (immunoglobulin G (IgG) dimer, 290 kDa) even at the highest acceleration voltage employed (25 kV). The secondary electron yield γ (average number of electrons produced per ion collision) is found to be proportional to mv(3.1) (m: ion mass, v: ion velocity) over the entire mass range examined, and inversely proportional to the square root of m in TOF-MS analysis. The results indicate that although MCP detectors indeed offer superlative performance in the detection of smaller peptide/protein species, their performance does fall off substantially for larger proteins, particularly under conditions of low acceleration voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Qiyao Li
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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38
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Weidmann S, Zenobi R. High-mass MALDI-MS using ion conversion dynode detectors: influence of the conversion voltage on sensitivity and spectral quality. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:950-954. [PMID: 24683015 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the development of special ion conversion dynode (ICD) detectors for high-mass matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), the mass-to-charge ratio is no longer a limiting factor. Although these detectors have been successfully used in the past, there is lack of understanding of the basic processes in the detector. We present a systematic study to investigate the performance of such an ICD detector and separate the contributions of the MALDI process from the ones of the ion-to-secondary ion and the secondary ion-to-electron conversions. The performance was evaluated as a function of the voltages applied to the conversion dynodes and the sample amount utilized, and we found that the detector reflects the MALDI process correctly: limitations such as sensitivity or deviations from the expected signal intensity ratios originate from the MALDI process itself and not from the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weidmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Lin HC, Lin JL, Chen CH. Novel mass spectrometry technology development for large organic particle analysis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Peng WP, Chou SW, Patil AA. Measuring masses of large biomolecules and bioparticles using mass spectrometric techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:3507-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02329j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques can measure the masses and fragments of large biomolecules and bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- Department of Physics
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Avinash A. Patil
- Department of Physics
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
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41
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Jackson SN, Woods AS. Imaging of noncovalent complexes by MALDI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1950-6. [PMID: 24092630 PMCID: PMC8725603 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions govern how molecules communicate. Mass spectrometry is an important and versatile tool for the analysis of noncovalent complexes (NCX). Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is the most widely used MS technique for the study of NCXs because of its softer ionization and easy compatibility with the solution phase of NCX mixtures. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has also been used to study NCXs. However, successful analysis depends upon several experimental factors, such as matrix selection, solution pH, and instrumental parameters. In this study, we employ MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to investigate the location and formation of NCXs, involving both peptides and proteins, in a MALDI sample spot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amina S. Woods
- corresponding author: Amina S. Woods, NIDA IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Room 1119, Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel: 443-740-2749, Fax: 443-740-2144,
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42
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Ellis SR, Jungmann JH, Smith DF, Soltwisch J, Heeren RMA. Enhanced detection of high-mass proteins by using an active pixel detector. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11261-4. [PMID: 24039122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flying high: Application of an active pixel detector with high charge sensitivity to a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer results in enhanced detection of high-mass proteins (such as Immunoglobulin G; IgG) using a conventional microchannel plate detection system. This technique thus provides a means to extend the mass range of such detectors as well as allowing direct visualization of mass-dependent ion-focusing phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Ellis
- Biomolecular Imaging Mass Spectrometry, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
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43
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Ellis SR, Jungmann JH, Smith DF, Soltwisch J, Heeren RMA. Enhanced Detection of High-Mass Proteins by Using an Active Pixel Detector. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Park J, Aksamija Z, Shin HC, Kim H, Blick RH. Phonon-assisted field emission in silicon nanomembranes for time-of-flight mass spectrometry of proteins. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2698-2703. [PMID: 23621694 DOI: 10.1021/nl400873m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry has been considered as the method of choice for mass analysis of large intact biomolecules, which are ionized in low charge states by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI). However, it remains predominantly restricted to the mass analysis of biomolecules with a mass below about 50,000 Da. This limitation mainly stems from the fact that the sensitivity of the standard detectors decreases with increasing ion mass. We describe here a new principle for ion detection in TOF mass spectrometry, which is based upon suspended silicon nanomembranes. Impinging ion packets on one side of the suspended silicon nanomembrane generate nonequilibrium phonons, which propagate quasi-diffusively and deliver thermal energy to electrons within the silicon nanomembrane. This enhances electron emission from the nanomembrane surface with an electric field applied to it. The nonequilibrium phonon-assisted field emission in the suspended nanomembrane connected to an effective cooling of the nanomembrane via field emission allows mass analysis of megadalton ions with high mass resolution at room temperature. The high resolution of the detector will give better insight into high mass proteins and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoo Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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45
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Jungmann JH, Heeren RMA. Detection systems for mass spectrometry imaging: a perspective on novel developments with a focus on active pixel detectors. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1-23. [PMID: 23239313 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Instrumental developments for imaging and individual particle detection for biomolecular mass spectrometry (imaging) and fundamental atomic and molecular physics studies are reviewed. Ion-counting detectors, array detection systems and high mass detectors for mass spectrometry (imaging) are treated. State-of-the-art detection systems for multi-dimensional ion, electron and photon detection are highlighted. Their application and performance in three different imaging modes--integrated, selected and spectral image detection--are described. Electro-optical and microchannel-plate-based systems are contrasted. The analytical capabilities of solid-state pixel detectors--both charge coupled device (CCD) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chips--are introduced. The Medipix/Timepix detector family is described as an example of a CMOS hybrid active pixel sensor. Alternative imaging methods for particle detection and their potential for future applications are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Jungmann
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Recent developments in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lin HC, Lin JL, Lin HH, Tsai SW, Yu AL, Chen RLC, Chen CH. High-Speed Mass Measurement of Nanoparticle and Virus. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4965-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300615v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Enke CG, Ray SJ, Graham AW, Dennis EA, Hieftje GM, Carado AJ, Barinaga CJ, Koppenaal DW. Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry: a new paradigm for mass separation and detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:487-504. [PMID: 22524227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091411-121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry (DOFMS) offers the advantages of physical separation of ions, array detection of ions, focusing of initial ion energy, great simplicity, and a truly unlimited mass range. DOFMS instrumentation is similar to that of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and shares its ion-source versatility, batch analysis, and rapid spectral-generation rate. With constant-momentum ion acceleration and an ion mirror, there is a time at which ions of all mass-to-charge values are energy focused at their particular distances along the flight path. A pulsed field orthogonal to the flight path drives the ions to reach the detector array at this specific time. Results from a 0.29-m proof-of-principle instrument verify the theoretically predicted energy focus and demonstrate how the range of mass-to-charge values that impinge on the detector array can be readily changed. DOFMS could be combined sequentially with TOFMS to enable simultaneous scanless tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie G Enke
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1096, USA.
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Cardoza JD, Parikh JR, Ficarro SB, Marto JA. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: qualitative identification to activity-based protein profiling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:141-62. [PMID: 22231900 PMCID: PMC3288153 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for proteome characterization, including multicomponent protein complexes (typically tens to hundreds of proteins) and total protein expression (up to tens of thousands of proteins), in biological samples. Qualitative sequence assignment based on MS/MS spectra is relatively well-defined, while statistical metrics for relative quantification have not completely stabilized. Nonetheless, proteomics studies have progressed to the point whereby various gene-, pathway-, or network-oriented computational frameworks may be used to place mass spectrometry data into biological context. Despite this progress, the dynamic range of protein expression remains a significant hurdle, and impedes comprehensive proteome analysis. Methods designed to enrich specific protein classes have emerged as an effective means to characterize enzymes or other catalytically active proteins that are otherwise difficult to detect in typical discovery mode proteomics experiments. Collectively, these approaches will facilitate identification of biomarkers and pathways relevant to diagnosis and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job D. Cardoza
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jignesh R. Parikh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott B. Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
| | - Christopher L. Hendrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
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