1
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Latty KS, Hartig KC. Spatiotemporal Plasma-Particle Characterization of Dry Aerosols Using Nanosecond, Femtosecond, and Filament Laser-Produced Plasmas. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:848-859. [PMID: 36537032 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221149480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly characterize dry aerosols in air using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with femtosecond laser pulses promises advancement towards real-time atmospheric sampling and standoff capabilities. Of particular interest is the ability to apply LIBS in the context of low-particle loaded environments where discrete particle interactions must be observed within the sampling volume of the laser-produced plasma (LPP). In this study, dry nanoparticles in suspension are generated from a standard solution and sampled in air using Q-switched nanosecond (ns-) pulses, short-focus (SF) femtosecond (fs-) pulses, and filaments. Short time-gated plasma images are captured to observe spatially and temporally varying discrete plasma-particle interactions, which is shown to influence early air breakdown behavior and subsequent plasma evolution. Along with images, photo-multiplier tube (PMT) measurements are conducted where strong spatiotemporal dependencies are exhibited by the collected emission signal on particle proximity and plasma expansion behavior. Finally, conditional analysis is performed on LIBS measurements to determine associated sampling probabilities and filter out spectra with poor or absent emission peaks with an adaptive threshold algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Latty
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle C Hartig
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Blanchette EJ, Sleiman SC, Arain H, Tieu A, Clement CL, Howson GC, Tracey EA, Malik H, Marvin JC, Rehse SJ. Detection and Classification of Bacterial Cells After Centrifugation and Filtration of Liquid Specimens Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:894-904. [PMID: 35608993 PMCID: PMC9411782 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221092789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Five species of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterobacter cloacae were deposited from suspensions of various titers onto disposable nitrocellulose filter media for analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Bacteria were concentrated and isolated in the center of the filter media during centrifugation using a simple and convenient sample preparation step. Summing all the single-shot LIBS spectra acquired from a given bacterial deposition provided perfectly sensitive and specific discrimination from sterile water control specimens in a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Use of the single-shot spectra provided only a 0.87 and 0.72 sensitivity and specificity, respectively. To increase the statistical validity of chemometric analyses, a library of pseudodata was created by adding Gaussian noise to the measured intensity of every emission line in an averaged spectrum of each bacterium. The normally distributed pseudodata, consisting of 4995 spectra, were used to compare the performance of the PLS-DA with a discriminant function analysis (DFA) and an artificial neural network (ANN). For the highly similar bacterial data, no algorithm showed significantly superior performance, although the PLS-DA performed least accurately with a classification error of 0.21 compared to 0.16 and 0.17 for ANN and DFA, respectively. Single-shot LIBS spectra from all of the bacterial species were classified in a DFA model tested with a tenfold cross-validation. Classification errors ranging from 20% to 31% were measured due to repeatability limitations in the single-shot data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiqa Arain
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Alayna Tieu
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Chloe L. Clement
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emily A. Tracey
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Hadia Malik
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy C. Marvin
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rehse
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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3
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Ahmed I, Khan MS, Paidi S, Liu Z, Zhang C, Liu Y, Baloch GA, Law AWL, Zhang Y, Barman I, Lau C. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with machine learning reveals lithium-induced electrolyte imbalance in the kidneys. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113805. [PMID: 33341316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is a major psychiatric medication, especially as long-term maintenance medication for Bipolar Disorder. Despite its effectiveness, lithium has side-effects, such as on renal function. In this study, lithium was administered to adult rats. This animal model of renal function was validated by measuring blood lithium, urea nitrogen (BUN), and thyroxine (T4) using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The kidneys were analyzed by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with 1064 nm ablation and 300-900 nm detection. Principal components analysis (PCA), radial visualization, and random forest classification were performed on the LIBS spectra for multi-element prediction and classification. Lithium at 0.34 mmol/L was detected in the blood of lithium treated subjects only. BUN was increased (6.6 vs. 5.3 mmol/L) and T4 decreased (58.12 vs. 51.4 mmol/L) in the blood of lithium subjects compared with controls, indicating renal abnormalities. LIBS detected lithium at 2.3 mmol/kg in the kidneys of lithium subjects only. Calcium was also observed to be reduced in lithium subjects, compared with controls. Subsequent PCA observed a change in the balance of sodium and potassium in the kidneys. These are key electrolytes in the body. Importantly, partial least squares regression showed that standard clinical measurements, such as the blood tests, can be used to predict kidney electrolyte measurements, which typically cannot be performed in humans. Overall, lithium accumulates in the kidneys and adversely affects renal function. The effects are likely related to electrolyte imbalance. LIBS with machine learning analysis has potential to improve clinical management of renal side-effects in patients on lithium medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | | | - Santosh Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gulsher Ali Baloch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Alan W L Law
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Chen D, Wang T, Ma Y, Wang G, Kong Q, Zhang P, Li R. Rapid characterization of heavy metals in single microplastics by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140850. [PMID: 32758855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environment usually carry hazardous matters, including toxic heavy metals. Quantification of heavy metals in MPs is crucial for the comprehensive understanding of their ecotoxicology in field environment. However, conventional methods for heavy metal determination either are applicable only to bulk/collective samples or require strict operation environment. Here we demonstrated that laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a robust tool for the characterization of heavy metals in single MPs. Single-particle LIBS selects individual MPs with specific sizes (down to tens of microns), shapes, and morphologies and analyzes simultaneously multiple elements in milliseconds without sample pretreatment. In addition to the elaborate optical design, we also used stretched thin polyethylene film as a substrate, which significantly suppress the matrix interference to the particles' spectra. The single particle LIBS was demonstrated to be a quantitative analytical method, and was applied to heavy metal analysis of the MPs collected in the seawaters of the Beibu Gulf of China. Positive correlation between the spectral intensities and the local marine pollutions as well as significant heterogeneity in the elemental compositions were observed. The results demonstrate that single-particle LIBS is a promising method for MPs characterization and is suitable for studying pollutant transportation by using MPs as vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center for Aircraft Fire and Emergency, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yiwen Ma
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Qunwei Kong
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Khan MSI, Oh SW, Kim YJ. Power of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis in Rapid Microbial Detection and Identification at the Single Cell Level. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2368. [PMID: 32047250 PMCID: PMC7012924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for rapid, consistent and easy-to-use techniques for detecting and identifying pathogens in various areas, such as clinical diagnosis, the pharmaceutical industry, environmental science and food inspection, is very important. In this study, the reference strains of six food-borne pathogens, namely, Escherichia coli 0157: H7 ATCC 43890, Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29004, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 43971, Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 40050, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 14579, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, were chosen for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In our study, the time-consuming sample preparation step for the microbial analysis under SEM was avoided, which makes this detection process notably rapid. Samples were loaded onto a 0.01-µm-thick silver (Ag) foil surface to avoid any charging effect. Two different excitation voltages, 10 kV and 5 kV, were used to determine the elemental information. Information obtained from SEM-EDX can distinguish individual single cells and detect viable and nonviable microorganisms. This work demonstrates that the combination of morphological and elemental information obtained from SEM-EDX analysis with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) enables the rapid identification of single microbial cells without following time-consuming microbiological cultivation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saiful Islam Khan
- Korea Food Research Institute, Consumer Safety Research Division, 55365, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Consumer Safety Research Division, 55365, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu G, Yue Y, Tang J, Zhao YB, Wang J. Total Bioaerosol Detection by a Succinimidyl-Ester-Functionalized Plasmonic Biosensor To Reveal Different Characteristics at Three Locations in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1353-1362. [PMID: 31909609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols consisting of biologically originated airborne particles such as microbes, metabolites, toxins, and fragments of microorganisms are present ubiquitously in our living environment. The international interests in bioaerosols have rapidly increased because of their many potential health effects. Thus, accurate and fast detection of total bioaerosols in different environments has become an important task for safeguarding against biological threats and broadening the pool of bioaerosol knowledge. To quickly evaluate the total bioaerosol concentration, we developed a localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on succinimidyl-ester-functionalized gold nanoislands (SEF-AuNIs) for quantitative bioaerosol detection. The detection limit of our proposed SEF-AuNI sensors for model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis can go to 0.5119 and 1.69 cells/mL, respectively. To demonstrate the capability of this bioaerosol sensing technique, we tested aerosol samples collected from Bern (urban station), Basel (suburban station), and Rigi mountain (rural and high altitude station) in Switzerland and further investigated the correlation with endotoxin and PM10. The results substantiated that our SEF-AuNI sensors could be a reliable candidate for total bioaerosol detection and air quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Yang Yue
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Jiukai Tang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Yi-Bo Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
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7
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High-throughput analysis of single particles by micro laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1095:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Murtaza G, Shaikh NM, Kandhro GA, Ashraf M. Laser induced breakdown optical emission spectroscopic study of silicon plasma. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 223:117374. [PMID: 31319271 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The laser induced breakdown optical emission spectroscopy technique has been employed for the analysis of silicon sample in the atmospheric air. Laser irradiance of 1 × 1011 Wcm-2 was created on specimen of silicon sample surface to generate the plasma plume by using the fundamental of Nd:YAG laser pulse. This laser produced silicon plasma was captured through the LIBS 2000 Spectrometer for the subsequent analysis of silicon sample. The electron temperature of silicon plasma is estimated to be 7500 K to 4000 K while electron number density of silicon plasma lies 3.2 × 1017 to 1.8 × 1017. In spatially resolved laser induced plasma and this temperature of silicon plasma has been estimated from the Boltzmann plot method to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium, and electron number density of silicon plasma has been estimated from the Stark width broadening at λ ~ 288.1 nm respectively. Observed result in spatially resolved laser plasma which shows the recombination rate of plasma plume along the direction of expansion. Which also affects on the temperature and density of silicon plasma besides the intensity decreasing factor with distance in silicon ionic and neutrals transition lines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza
- Institute of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ghulam Abbas Kandhro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mathematics and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan; Department of Basic Sciences, Mathematics and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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9
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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): a novel technology for identifying microbes causing infectious diseases. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1221-1239. [PMID: 30338479 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of improved experimental techniques and enhanced precision, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a robust tool for probing the chemical constituents of samples of interest in biological sciences. As the interest continues to grow rapidly, the domain of study encompasses a variety of applications vis-à-vis biological species and microbes. LIBS is basically an atomic emission spectroscopy of plasma produced by the high-power pulsed laser which is tightly focused on the surface of any kinds of target materials in any phase. Due to its experimental simplicity, and versatility, LIBS has achieved its high degree of interest particularly in the fields of agricultural science, environmental science, medical science, forensic sciences, and biology. It has become a strong and sensitive elemental analysis tool as compared to the traditional gold standard techniques. As such, it offers a handy, rapid, and flexible elemental measurement of the sample compositions, together with the added benefits of less cumbersome sample preparation requirements. This technique has extensively been used to detect various microorganisms, extending the horizon from bacteria, molds, to yeasts, and spores on surfaces, while also being successful in sensing disease-causing viruses. LIBS-based probe has also enabled successful detection of bacteria in agriculture as well. In order for good quality processing of food, LIBS is also being used to detect and identify bacteria such as Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium that causes food contamination. Differences in soil bacteria isolated from different mining sites are a very good indicator of relative environmental soil quality. In this connection, LIBS has effectively been employed to discriminate both the inter- and intra-site differences of the soil quality across varying mining sites. Therefore, this article summarizes the basic theory and use of LIBS for identifying microbes causing serious agricultural and environmental infectious diseases.
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10
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Zou L, Kassim B, Smith JP, Ormes JD, Liu Y, Tu Q, Bu X. In situ analytical characterization and chemical imaging of tablet coatings using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Analyst 2018; 143:5000-5007. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first report that describes direct visualization and quantitative evaluation of the coating uniformity using the LIBS-based 3D chemical imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Zou
- Process Research & Development
- MRL
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
| | | | | | | | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Science
- MRL
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- West Point
| | - Qiang Tu
- Process Research & Development
- MRL
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Process Research & Development
- MRL
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
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11
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Sivakumar P, Fernández-Bravo A, Taleh L, Biddle J, Melikechi N. Detection and classification of live and dead Escherichia coli by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:144-53. [PMID: 25683088 PMCID: PMC4323123 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A common goal for astrobiology is to detect organic materials that may indicate the presence of life. However, organic materials alone may not be representative of currently living systems. Thus, it would be valuable to have a method with which to determine the health of living materials. Here, we present progress toward this goal by reporting on the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to study characteristics of live and dead cells using Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain K12 cells as a model organism since its growth and death in the laboratory are well understood. Our goal is to determine whether LIBS, in its femto- and/or nanosecond forms, could ascertain the state of a living organism. E. coli strain K12 cells were grown, collected, and exposed to one of two types of inactivation treatments: autoclaving and sonication. Cells were also kept alive as a control. We found that LIBS yields key information that allows for the discrimination of live and dead E. coli bacteria based on ionic shifts reflective of cell membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sivakumar
- Optical Science Center for Applied Research and Applications, Department of Physics and Engineering, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
| | - A. Fernández-Bravo
- Optical Science Center for Applied Research and Applications, Department of Physics and Engineering, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
| | - L. Taleh
- Optical Science Center for Applied Research and Applications, Department of Physics and Engineering, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
| | - J.F. Biddle
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware
| | - N. Melikechi
- Optical Science Center for Applied Research and Applications, Department of Physics and Engineering, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
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12
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Sancey L, Motto-Ros V, Busser B, Kotb S, Benoit JM, Piednoir A, Lux F, Tillement O, Panczer G, Yu J. Laser spectrometry for multi-elemental imaging of biological tissues. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6065. [PMID: 25338518 PMCID: PMC4206947 DOI: 10.1038/srep06065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing interest has arisen in research focused on metallic and organic ions that play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological metabolic processes. Current methods for the observation of trace elements in biological tissues at microscopic spatial resolution often require equipment with high complexity. We demonstrate a novel approach with an all-optical design and multi-elemental scanning imaging, which is unique among methods of elemental detection because of its full compatibility with standard optical microscopy. This approach is based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which allows the elements in a tissue sample to be directly detected and quantified under atmospheric pressure. We successfully applied this method to murine kidneys with 10 µm resolution and a ppm-level detection limit to analyze the renal clearance of nanoparticles. These results offer new insight into the use of laser spectrometry in biomedical applications in the field of label-free elemental mapping of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sancey
- 1] Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France [2]
| | - V Motto-Ros
- 1] Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France [2]
| | - B Busser
- Université Joseph Fourier, Inserm U823, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Kotb
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - J M Benoit
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - A Piednoir
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - F Lux
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - O Tillement
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - G Panczer
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - J Yu
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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13
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14
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Rehse SJ, Salimnia H, Miziolek AW. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): an overview of recent progress and future potential for biomedical applications. J Med Eng Technol 2012; 36:77-89. [PMID: 22268995 DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2011.645946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent progress made in developing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has transformed LIBS from an elemental analysis technique to one that can be applied for the reagentless analysis of molecularly complex biological materials or clinical specimens. Rapid advances in the LIBS technology have spawned a growing number of recently published articles in peer-reviewed journals which have consistently demonstrated the capability of LIBS to rapidly detect, biochemically characterize and analyse, and/or accurately identify various biological, biomedical or clinical samples. These analyses are inherently real-time, require no sample preparation, and offer high sensitivity and specificity. This overview of the biomedical applications of LIBS is meant to summarize the research that has been performed to date, as well as to suggest to health care providers several possible specific future applications which, if successfully implemented, would be significantly beneficial to humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rehse
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
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15
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Hahn DW, Omenetto N. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:347-419. [PMID: 22449322 DOI: 10.1366/11-06574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hahn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Mohaidat QI, Sheikh K, Palchaudhuri S, Rehse SJ. Pathogen identification with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: the effect of bacterial and biofluid specimen contamination. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:B99-B107. [PMID: 22410932 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.000b99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the potential use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the rapid discrimination and identification of bacterial pathogens in realistic clinical specimens is investigated. Specifically, the common problem of sample contamination was studied by creating mixed samples to investigate the effect that the presence of a second contaminant bacterium in the specimen had on the LIBS-based identification of the primary pathogen. Two closely related bacterial specimens, Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 and Enterobacter cloacae strain ATCC 13047, were mixed together in mixing fractions of 10:1, 100:1, and 1000:1. LIBS spectra from the three mixtures were reliably classified as the correct E. coli strain with 98.5% accuracy when all the mixtures were withheld from the training model and classified against spectra from pure specimens. To simulate a rapid test for the presence of urinary tract infection pathogens, LIBS spectra were obtained from specimens of Staphylococcus epidermidis obtained from distilled water and sterile urine. LIBS spectra from the urine-harvested bacteria were classified as S. epidermidis with 100% accuracy when classified using a model containing only spectra from other Staphylococci species and with 88.5% accuracy when a model containing five genera of bacteria was utilized. Bacterial specimens comprising five different genera and 13 classifiable taxonomic groups of species and strains were compiled in a library that was tested using external validation techniques. The importance of utilizing external validation techniques where the library is tested with data withheld from all previous testing and training of the model was revealed by comparing the results against "leave-one-out" cross-validation results. Last, the effect of using sequential models for the classification of a single unknown spectrum was investigated by comparing the misclassification of two closely related bacteria, E. coli and E. cloacae, when the classification was first performed using the five-genus bacterial library and then with a smaller model consisting only of E. coli and E. cloacae specimens. This result shows the utility of using successively more targeted analyses and models that use preliminary classifications from more general models as input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qassem I Mohaidat
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, 666 W. Hancock, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Diwakar P, Kulkarni P, Birch ME. New Approach for Near-Real-Time Measurement of Elemental Composition of Aerosol Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2011; 46:316-332. [PMID: 26692632 PMCID: PMC4676273 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2011.625059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for making near-real-time measurement of elemental composition of aerosols using plasma spectroscopy. The method allows preconcentration of miniscule particle mass (pg to ng) directly from the sampled aerosol stream through electrostatic deposition of charged particles (30-900 nm) onto a flat-tip microneedle electrode. The collected material is subsequently ablated from the electrode and monitored by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Atomic emission spectra were collected using a broadband spectrometer with a wavelength range of 200-980 nm. A single-sensor delay time of 1.3 μs was used in the spectrometer for all elements to allow simultaneous measurement of multiple elements. The system was calibrated for various elements including Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Na, and Ti. The absolute mass detection limits for these elements were experimentally determined and found to be in the range of 0.018-5 ng. The electrostatic collection technique has many advantages over other substrate-based methods involving aerosol collection on a filter or its focused deposition using an aerodynamic lens. Because the particle mass is collected over a very small area that is smaller than the spatial extent of the laser-induced plasma, the entire mass is available for analysis. This considerably improves reliability of the calibration and enhances measurement accuracy and precision. Further, the aerosol collection technique involves very low pressure drop, thereby allowing higher sample flow rates with much smaller pumps-a desirable feature for portable instrumentation. Higher flow rates also make it feasible to measure trace element concentrations at part per trillion levels. Detection limits in the range of 18-670 ng m-3 can be achieved for most of the elements studied at a flow rate of 1.5 L min-1 with sampling times of 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Diwakar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pramod Kulkarni
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - M Eileen Birch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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18
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Singh VK, Rai AK. Prospects for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for biomedical applications: a review. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 26:673-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Civiš M, Civiš S, Sovová K, Dryahina K, Španěl P, Kyncl M. Laser Ablation of FOX-7: Proposed Mechanism of Decomposition. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1069-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1028769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Civiš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Civiš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Sovová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kyncl
- Explosia a.s., Semtín 107, 530 50 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Sovová K, Dryahina K, Španěl P, Kyncl M, Civiš S. A study of the composition of the products of laser-induced breakdown of hexogen, octogen, pentrite and trinitrotoluene using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and UV-Vis spectrometry. Analyst 2010; 135:1106-14. [DOI: 10.1039/b926425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Anzano J, Bonilla B, Montull-Ibor B, Casas-González J. Rapid characterization of analgesic pills by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Rock S, Marcano A, Markushin Y, Sabanayagam C, Melikechi N. Elemental analysis of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy aided by an empirical spectral database. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:G99-G104. [PMID: 19122709 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.000g99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is commonly used to identify elemental compositions of various samples. To facilitate this task, we propose the use of an elemental spectral library for single-pulsed, nanosecond LIBS in the spectral range 198-968 nm. This spectroscopic library is generated by measuring optical emissions from plasmas of 40 pure elements. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed database, we measure and analyze the LIBS spectra of pure iron and of ethanol and show that we identify these samples with a high degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rock
- Center for Research and Education in Optical Sciences and Applications, Department of Physics and Pre-Engineering, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont Hwy Dover, Delaware 19901, USA
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23
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Mukherjee D, Cheng MD. Characterization of carbon-containing aerosolized drugs using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:554-62. [PMID: 18498697 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784344451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aerosolized drug delivery methods have increasingly become popular for pharmaceutical applications. This is mainly due to their ease of application and the more recent advancements incorporating nano-sized generation of particles that find deeper penetration routes and more efficient administration of the drug to specific target organs. Their effectiveness heavily relies on the uniformity of the chemical composition of these aerosolized drugs. Thus, it calls for a real-time on-line analytical tool that can accurately characterize the chemical constituents of the drug powder particles generated to ensure a stringent quality control. We present laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the first time as an efficient analytical tool to carry out on-line quantitative chemical characterization of aerosolized drugs. We used three different carbon based aerosolized drugs, namely L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (C(6)H(9)Mg(1.5)O(9)P.xH(2)O), Iron(II) L-ascorbate (C(12)H(14)FeO(12)), and DL-pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt (C(9)H(16)NO(5)0.5Ca) for our quantitative LIBS studies here. Our results show that LIBS can effectively estimate the quantitative ratios of carbon to various trace elements for each of these drugs, thereby enabling on-line unique characterization of individual aerosolized drugs. The quantitative LIBS technique predicted the [C]/[Mg], [C]/[Fe], and [C]/[Ca] ratios as 4.02+/-0.76, 12.42+/-2.36, and 18.47+/-4.39 for each of the above aerosolized drugs, respectively. Within error limits, we find these ratios in good agreement with the respective stoichiometric values of 4, 12, and 18 corresponding to the drugs above. Thus, the work demonstrated the utility and validity of LIBS in accurate on-line identification of drug powders during real-time manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mukherjee
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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24
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Gottfried JL, De Lucia FC, Munson CA, Miziolek AW. Standoff detection of chemical and biological threats using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:353-363. [PMID: 18416891 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784046759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique for real-time chemical and biological warfare agent detection in the field. We have demonstrated the detection and discrimination of the biological warfare agent surrogates Bacillus subtilis (BG) (2% false negatives, 0% false positives) and ovalbumin (0% false negatives, 1% false positives) at 20 meters using standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ST-LIBS) and linear correlation. Unknown interferent samples (not included in the model), samples on different substrates, and mixtures of BG and Arizona road dust have been classified with reasonable success using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A few of the samples tested such as the soot (not included in the model) and the 25% BG:75% dust mixture resulted in a significant number of false positives or false negatives, respectively. Our preliminary results indicate that while LIBS is able to discriminate biomaterials with similar elemental compositions at standoff distances based on differences in key intensity ratios, further work is needed to reduce the number of false positives/negatives by refining the PLS-DA model to include a sufficient range of material classes and carefully selecting a detection threshold. In addition, we have demonstrated that LIBS can distinguish five different organophosphate nerve agent simulants at 20 meters, despite their similar stoichiometric formulas. Finally, a combined PLS-DA model for chemical, biological, and explosives detection using a single ST-LIBS sensor has been developed in order to demonstrate the potential of standoff LIBS for universal hazardous materials detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gottfried
- US Army Research Laboratory, AMSRD-ARL-WM-BD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005-5069, USA.
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25
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Kühn O, Wöste L. Biological systems: Applications and perspectives. ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF ULTRAFAST PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7122019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68038-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kühn
- Institut f. Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Wöste
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Kalasinsky KS, Hadfield T, Shea AA, Kalasinsky VF, Nelson MP, Neiss J, Drauch AJ, Vanni GS, Treado PJ. Raman Chemical Imaging Spectroscopy Reagentless Detection and Identification of Pathogens: Signature Development and Evaluation. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2658-73. [PMID: 17338507 DOI: 10.1021/ac0700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An optical detection method, Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy (RCIS), is reported, which combines Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and digital imaging. Using this method, trace levels of biothreat organisms are detected in the presence of complex environmental backgrounds without the use of amplification or enhancement techniques. RCIS is reliant upon the use of Raman signatures and automated recognition algorithms to perform species-level identification. The rationale and steps for constructing a pathogen Raman signature library are described, as well as the first reported Raman spectra from live, priority pathogens, including Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia mallei, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, and ricin. Results from a government-managed blind trial evaluation of the signature library demonstrated excellent specificity under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Kalasinsky
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Environmental & Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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27
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Hybl JD, Tysk SM, Berry SR, Jordan MP. Laser-induced fluorescence-cued, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy biological-agent detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:8806-14. [PMID: 17119578 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.008806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methods for accurately characterizing aerosols are required for detecting biological warfare agents. Currently, fluorescence-based biological agent sensors provide adequate detection sensitivity but suffer from high false-alarm rates. Combining single-particle fluorescence analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) provides additional discrimination and potentially reduces false-alarm rates. A transportable UV laser-induced fluorescence-cued LIBS test bed has been developed and used to evaluate the utility of LIBS for biological-agent detection. Analysis of these data indicates that LIBS adds discrimination capability to fluorescence-based biological-agent detectors. However, the data also show that LIBS signatures of biological agent simulants are affected by washing. This may limit the specificity of LIBS and narrow the scope of its applicability in biological-agent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hybl
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, USA.
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28
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Gibb-Snyder E, Gullett B, Ryan S, Oudejans L, Touati A. Development of size-selective sampling of Bacillus anthracis surrogate spores from simulated building air intake mixtures for analysis via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:860-70. [PMID: 16925921 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778062192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Size-selective sampling of Bacillus anthracis surrogate spores from realistic, common aerosol mixtures was developed for analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A two-stage impactor was found to be the preferential sampling technique for LIBS analysis because it was able to concentrate the spores in the mixtures while decreasing the collection of potentially interfering aerosols. Three common spore/aerosol scenarios were evaluated, diesel truck exhaust (to simulate a truck running outside of a building air intake), urban outdoor aerosol (to simulate common building air), and finally a protein aerosol (to simulate either an agent mixture (ricin/anthrax) or a contaminated anthrax sample). Two statistical methods, linear correlation and principal component analysis, were assessed for differentiation of surrogate spore spectra from other common aerosols. Criteria for determining percentages of false positives and false negatives via correlation analysis were evaluated. A single laser shot analysis of approximately 4 percent of the spores in a mixture of 0.75 m(3) urban outdoor air doped with approximately 1.1 x 10(5) spores resulted in a 0.04 proportion of false negatives. For that same sample volume of urban air without spores, the proportion of false positives was 0.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gibb-Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E305-01), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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29
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Hettinger B, Hohreiter V, Swingle M, Hahn DW. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for ambient air particulate monitoring: correlation of total and speciated aerosol particle counts. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:237-45. [PMID: 16608565 DOI: 10.1366/000370206776342544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A statistical analysis of ambient air particle monitoring, namely PM2.5, is presented to elucidate the correlations between laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)-based speciated aerosol monitoring and non-speciated aerosol monitoring (i.e., total particle counts). LIBS was used in a real-time, conditional-processing mode to identify individual aerosol particles containing detectable quantities of either calcium or sodium, as based on the resulting atomic emission signals. Using this technique, real-time measurements of speciated aerosol particle concentrations and analyte mass concentrations were evaluated for a total of 60 1-hour sampling periods spread over a 5-week period. For each 1-hour sampling period, total aerosol counts were simultaneously monitored using a commercial light scattering-based instrument. Over the 30 sampling periods, aerosol counts (both total and LIBS-based) were found to vary by more than one order of magnitude. For aerosol particles in the 500 nm to 2.5 microm size range, significant correlations were found between the two sampling methods, resulting in correlation coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.22 to 0.93. In addition, transient fluctuations in aerosol counts on a timescale of 5 to 10 minutes were successfully observed simultaneously with the two monitoring techniques, thereby demonstrating the temporal resolution of LIBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hettinger
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6300, USA
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30
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Vors E, Salmon L. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for carbon single shot analysis of micrometer-sized particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:281-6. [PMID: 16479369 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study the ability of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique to perform in situ (without sample preparation) detection of graphite particles circulating in a gas loop used to simulate the cooling gas circuit of a helium-cooled nuclear reactor. Results obtained with a laboratory scale set up are presented. The experiments were performed in nitrogen with micrometer-sized particles containing carbon (glucose particles and sodium hydrogenocarbonate particles). Statistical shot to shot analysis was used to determine the concentration of the analyte. The variation of LIBS signal as a function of glucose particle diameter showed an underestimation of the signal of particles of diameters larger than 5 microm. This phenomenon is likely to be correlated to an incomplete vaporization in the laser-induced plasma of particles of sizes above 5 microm. Analytical measurements were performed with glucose particles and sodium hydrogenocarbonate particles, and the concentration-based limit of detection of carbon was evaluated to be about 60 microg m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vors
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, DEN /SCP/LRSI, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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31
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Hohreiter V, Hahn DW. Plasma−Particle Interactions in a Laser-Induced Plasma: Implications for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1509-14. [PMID: 16503601 DOI: 10.1021/ac051872s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between laser-induced plasmas and individual particles controls the rate of particle dissociation and subsequent atomic diffusion and emission processes, with implications for single-particle spectroscopy, as well as materials synthesis and other plasma sources. It is demonstrated through quantitative plasma imaging studies that discrete particles dissociate on a time scale of tens of microseconds within plasmas formed by 300-mJ Nd:YAG laser pulses. Significant spatial nonhomogeneity, as measured by localized atomic emission from particle-derived calcium atoms, persists on a comparable time scale, providing a measure of their average atomic diffusion rate of 0.04 m(2)/s. In addition, the resulting calcium atomic emission is explored using image analysis as well as traditional spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hohreiter
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6300, USA
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32
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Sullivan RC, Prather KA. Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Made Possible by On-Line Aerosol Analysis Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3861-85. [PMID: 15952760 DOI: 10.1021/ac050716i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, USA
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