1
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Garvey J, Margalit A, Kelly M, Geoghegan E, Burrell S. A method for the quantitative analysis of polar anionic pesticides in milk/infant formula, cereals and fruit and vegetables using ion chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3692-3700. [PMID: 38805075 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polar pesticides such as anionic or ionisable compounds have always provided a challenge for analytical chemists. Methods of analysis have been developed using a range of techniques including normal phase chromatography, ion-pairing, derivatisation and HILIC or multi-mode chromatography. These work well with some of these compounds but, except for HILIC, all of them have their limitations and none of them cover the range required by legislation. Some of these compounds, glyphosate, chlorate and phosphonic acid, are found regularly in a range of food matrices, and therefore reliable methods of analysis are essential. This study describes an ion chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry detection which not only covers the full range of compounds required by legislation but also can be expanded to include other anionic or ionisable pesticides and metabolites. These include glyphosate and its metabolites, glufosinate and its metabolites, ethephon and its metabolites as well as fosetyl aluminium, chlorate and perchlorate. The method is fully validated according to the performance criteria from the SANTE guidelines for the analysis of pesticides in food and feed over a wide range of matrices, including milk, infant formula, cereals and fruits and vegetables. Over 300 food samples have analysed as part of our routine monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Garvey
- The Food Chemistry Laboratories, The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Anatte Margalit
- The Food Chemistry Laboratories, The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Michael Kelly
- The Food Chemistry Laboratories, The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Eoin Geoghegan
- The Food Chemistry Laboratories, The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Stephen Burrell
- The Food Chemistry Laboratories, The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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2
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Cengiz MF, Sen F, Bilgin AK, Boyaci-Gunduz CP. Determination of exposure to major iodide ion uptake inhibitors through drinking waters. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112345. [PMID: 34774300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Goiter, abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, is a significant worldwide public health problem. Iodine deficiency is known as the most common cause. Iodine is actively transported as iodide ion (I-) using Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) and sufficient blocking of I- transportation prevents the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The transportation can be blocked by some polyatomic anions known as I- uptake inhibitors. Perchlorate (ClO4-), thiocyanate (SCN-) and nitrate (NO3-) are reported as the major I- uptake inhibitors and exposure could be through various routes. Drinking water is an important exposure route. Since water is essential to sustain life, drinking water safety is very important for the protection of public health. However, as a result of natural and human-based processes, water can be contaminated and contamination of drinking water is a global food safety problem due to causing significant health and environmental problemsIn that context, this study aims to determine exposure levels to I- uptake inhibitors that arise from drinking waters at five different districts in Antalya, Turkey. Collected water samples contained NO3- and ClO4- in the range of 0.86-47.42 mg/L and <LOQ-0.11 mg/L, respectively. SCN- levels were <LOQ in all samples. Daily exposure was calculated for different age groups of 2-65+ years using contaminant levels, water consumption and body weight data. Mean NO3- and ClO4- exposure levels were in the range of 115.89-375.06 and 0.07-0.22 μg/kg bw/d, respectively. Exposure levels were decreased with increasing age and the highest exposure levels were calculated for children due to their lower body weight. Although no risk was determined for the I- uptake inhibitors in tested locations based on the guideline values recommended by EPA and WHO, there has been a need for more exposure assessment studies in the areas where the high prevalence of goiter is observed all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Cengiz
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Sen
- Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University, Evliya Celebi Campus, 43100, Kutahya, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Kevser Bilgin
- Bursa Uludag University, Vocational School of Keles, Department of Food Technology, 16740, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cennet Pelin Boyaci-Gunduz
- Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, 01250, Adana, Turkey
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3
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Bigard A, Cardinael P, Agasse V. Anion Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry: An Efficient Tool for Food, Environment, and Biological Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1591-1603. [PMID: 35147465 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2036942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
For over 50 years, ion chromatography has been demonstrated to be a successful technique used to quantify a wide range of ions and ionizable compounds, either organic or inorganic, in various matrices using conductimetric or electrochemical detection. It was only since 1996 that ion chromatography was coupled to electrospray-mass spectrometry, opening the field to new applications in complex matrices and the detection of compounds at trace levels. This review covers the recent developments of ion exchange chromatography and mass spectrometry. It focuses on the choice of mobile phases, column geometry, suppressors, make-up solvents and type of ionization sources reported in the literature. A brief overview of a large range of applications in food analysis, environmental analysis and bioanalysis is presented, and performances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bigard
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Valérie Agasse
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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4
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Gómez-Ramos MDM, Nannou C, Martínez Bueno MJ, Goday A, Murcia-Morales M, Ferrer C, Fernández-Alba AR. Pesticide residues evaluation of organic crops. A critical appraisal. Food Chem X 2020; 5:100079. [PMID: 32083251 PMCID: PMC7019120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the consumption trend of organic food has increased dramatically worldwide. Since only a few pesticides are authorized in organic crops, concentrations are expected to range at zero or ultra-trace levels. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the need for an improvement in the residue controls at very low concentrations (<0.010 mg kg-1) and to assess the impact of the scope of the analytical methods for this type of crops. For that purpose, a monitoring study for fruit and vegetable samples covering a wide range of pesticides (3 2 8) at low LOQs (0.002-0.005 mg kg-1) was developed. The results showed that the impact of applying analytical methods with low LOQs was not very relevant in the majority of the cases. However, a wide scope presented a high influence on this evaluation, especially regarding the inclusion of very polar compounds and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Gómez-Ramos
- Centro de Innovación y Tecnología COEXPHAL, La Venta del Viso, 04746 La Mojonera, Almería, Spain
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - María Jesús Martínez Bueno
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Goday
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferrer
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
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5
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Song S, Ruan J, Bai X, Xie L, Zhang B, He Y, Zhang T. One-step sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:175-180. [PMID: 30826543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A one-step sample processing was developed to determine the levels of perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Athena C18-WP column was used to separate and analyze perchlorate. Perchlorate and isotope-labeled perchlorate (Cl18O4-) internal standards were spiked in the sample matrix through vortex mixing, centrifugation, and filtration. The filtrate was collected and subjected to LC analysis. The developed method was validated for its reproducibility, linearity, trueness, and recovery. Satisfactory recovery of perchlorate ranged from 81% to 117% with intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n = 3) and inter-day RSDs (n = 9) of 5-18% and of 5-16%, respectively. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) was observed. Limits of detection and quantification for perchlorate ranged from 0.06 µg/L to 0.3 µg/L and from 0.2 µg/L to 1 µg/L, respectively. Perchlorate concentrations were found in human urine (n = 38) and whole blood (n = 8) samples with the range of 6.5-288.6 µg/L and 0.3-2.8 µg/L, respectively. These results indicate the applicability of our developed method in determining perchlorate level in real samples. Moreover, this method is also highly reliable, sensitive and selective in detecting perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk samples and may be applicable to other matrixes i.e. saliva, serum, plasma, milk powder and dairy milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China.
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6
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Dong H, Xiao K, Xian Y, Wu Y, Zhu L. A novel approach for simultaneous analysis of perchlorate (ClO4−) and bromate (BrO3−) in fruits and vegetables using modified QuEChERS combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 270:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Chamkasem N. Rapid determination of polar pesticides and plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:622-631. [PMID: 29787687 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1473977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multiresidue analysis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of polar pesticides, plant growth regulators and other polar compounds. These included amitrole, chlormequat, mepiquat, cyromazine, ETU, PTU, perchlorate, and daminozide using a mixed-mode column. A 10 g test portion was shaken with acidified methanol for 10 min. After centrifugation, the sample extract was injected and analyzed within 11 min by LC-MS-MS. This column eliminated the need for derivatization or the use of ion paring reagent. Two MS-MS transitions were monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification. Eight isotopically-labeled internal standards corresponding to each analyte were used to correct for matrix suppression effect and/or instrument signal drift. The average recovery for all analytes at 20, 40, and 250 ng/g (n = 6) ranged from 73-136%, with a relative standard deviation of ≤ 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Chamkasem
- a Southeast Food and Feed Laboratory (SFFL), U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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8
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Zhao YG, Zhang Y, Wang FL, Zhou J, Zhao QM, Zeng XQ, Hu MQ, Jin MC, Zhu Y. Determination of perchlorate from tea leaves using quaternary ammonium modified magnetic carboxyl-carbon nanotubes followed by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 185:411-418. [PMID: 29759220 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel quaternary ammonium modified magnetic carboxyl-carbon nanotubes (QA-Mag-CCNTs) have been synthesised and characterized. QA-Mag-CCNTs were applied in magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (Mag-dSPE) for preconcentration of perchlorate from tea leaves prior to liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The Mag-dSPE procedure for preconcentration of perchlorate succeed in overcoming the flaw (containing target analyte randomly) of commercially available SPE cartridge. Under optimal conditions, the results showed higher extraction efficiency of QA-Mag-CCNTs, with recoveries between 85.2% and 107%. And the satisfactory precision with inter-day and intra-day RSD values were lower than 8.0%. Furthermore, QA-Mag-CCNTs were evaluated for reuse up to 20 times. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for perchlorate was 8.21 ng kg-1. The developed method was successfully applied in tea leaves for food-safety risk monitoring in Zhejiang province, China. The results showed the concentrations of perchlorate in 229 out of 240 collected samples were in the range of 0.082-988 μg kg-1. It was confirmed that QA-Mag-CCNTs were highly effective materials used for preconcentration of perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feng-Lian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Qi-Ming Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mei-Qin Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Mi-Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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9
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Zahran EM, Fatila EM, Chen CH, Flood AH, Bachas LG. Cyanostar: C–H Hydrogen Bonding Neutral Carrier Scaffold for Anion-Selective Sensors. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1925-1933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Zahran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33126, United States
- Applied
Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Elisabeth M. Fatila
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Leonidas G. Bachas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33126, United States
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10
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Xian Y, Guo X, Hou X, Wang L, Wu Y, Chen L, Dong H, Wang B. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe cleanup method followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of perchlorate, bromate and hypophosphite in flour. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Smith DJ, Herges GR. Stability of Sodium Chlorate Residues in Frozen Tomato and Cantaloupe Homogenates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6258-6263. [PMID: 28742343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the stability of sodium chlorate in frozen (-24 °C) tomato or cantaloupe homogenates for up to 17 weeks (119 days). Chlorate stability was assessed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) at two fortification levels (80 or 600 ng/g for tomato and 200 or 3000 ng/g for cantaloupe, n = 3 each) for each fruit after storage for 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, or 119 d. Within matrix type, chlorate recovery was determined by fortifying duplicate blank homogenate samples on the day of analysis with the same concentrations used for the stability samples. Chlorate limits of quantitation for cantaloupe and tomato matrices were 30 and 60 ng/g, respectively. Sodium chlorate residues were stable (P > 0.05) in frozen tomato and cantaloupe homogenates during storage for 119 days at -24 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - Grant R Herges
- USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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12
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Sagami T, Tahara YO, Miyata M, Miyake H, Shinoda S. Luminescence sensing of weakly-hydrated anions in aqueous solution by self-assembled europium(iii) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3967-3970. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate anions in water could be sensed by luminescence decrease of europium(iii) using a self-assembly system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sagami
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Yuhei O. Tahara
- Department of Biology
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Shinoda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
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13
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Assessing the potential impact on the thyroid axis of environmentally relevant food constituents/contaminants in humans. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1841-57. [PMID: 27169853 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence and mode of action of potentially relevant goitrogens in human nutrition and their mode of action (MOA) are reviewed, with special focus on the anionic iodine uptake inhibitors perchlorate (PER), thiocyanate (SCN) and nitrate (NO3). Epidemiological studies suggest persistent halogenated organic contaminants and phthalates as well as certain antimicrobials to deserve increased attention. This also applies to natural goitrogens, including polyphenols and glucosinolates, food constituents with limited data density concerning human exposure. Glucosinolates present in animal feed are presumed to contribute to SCN transfer into milk and milk products. PER, SCN and NO3 are well-investigated environmental goitrogens in terms of MOA and relative potency. There is compelling evidence from biomarker monitoring that the exposure to the goitrogens SCN and NO3 via human nutrition exceeds that of PER by orders of magnitude. The day-to-day variation in dietary intake of these substances (and of iodide) is concluded to entail corresponding variations in thyroidal iodide uptake, not considered as adverse to health or toxicologically relevant. Such normal variability of nutritional goitrogen uptake provides an obvious explanation for the variability in radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) measurements observed in healthy individuals. Based on available data, a 20 % change in the thyroidal uptake of iodide is derived as threshold value for a biologically meaningful change induced by perchlorate and other goitrogens with the same MOA. We propose this value to be used as the critical effect size or benchmark response in benchmark dose analysis of human RAIU data. The resulting BMDL20 is 0.0165 mg/kg bw/day or 16.5 μg/kg bw/day. Applying a factor of 4, to allow for inter-human differences in toxicokinetics, leads to a TDI for perchlorate of 4 μg/kg bw/day.
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang G, Chen W, He P, Wang Q. Synthesis and characterization of a multimode stationary phase: Congo red derivatized silica in nano-flow HPLC. Analyst 2016; 141:1083-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congo red derivatized silica has been developed as a mixed mode stationary phase and used for nano-flow HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Wujuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
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15
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Smith DJ, Ernst W, Herges GR. Chloroxyanion Residues in Cantaloupe and Tomatoes after Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sanitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9640-9649. [PMID: 26496046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide gas is effective at cleansing fruits and vegetables of bacterial pathogens and(or) rot organisms, but little data are available on chemical residues remaining subsequent to chlorine gas treatment. Therefore, studies were conducted to quantify chlorate and perchlorate residues after tomato and cantaloupe treatment with chlorine dioxide gas. Treatments delivered 50 mg of chlorine dioxide gas per kg of tomato (2-h treatment) and 100 mg of gas per kg of cantaloupe (6-h treatment) in sealed, darkened containers. Chlorate residues in tomato and cantaloupe edible flesh homogenates were less than the LC-MS/MS limit of quantitation (60 and 30 ng/g respectively), but were 1319 ± 247 ng/g in rind + edible flesh of cantaloupe. Perchlorate residues in all fractions of chlorine dioxide-treated tomatoes and cantaloupe were not different (P > 0.05) than perchlorate residues in similar fractions of untreated tomatoes and cantaloupe. Data from this study suggest that chlorine dioxide sanitation of edible vegetables and melons can be conducted without the formation of unwanted residues in edible fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - W Ernst
- ICA Tri-Nova Corporation, LLC. , 24 Woodland Trail, Newnan, Georgia 30263, United States
| | - G R Herges
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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16
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Memon AA, Solangi AR, Memon S, Bhatti AA, Bhatti AA. Highly Selective Determination of Perchlorate by a Calix[4]arene based Polymeric Membrane Electrode. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.948121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Zhu S, Zhang X, Cui J, Shi YE, Jiang X, Liu Z, Zhan J. Silver nanoplate-decorated copper wire for the on-site microextraction and detection of perchlorate using a portable Raman spectrometer. Analyst 2015; 140:2815-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoplates were decorated on a copper wire for the on-site microextraction and detection of perchlorate using a portable Raman spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-e Shi
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan Shandong
- P. R. China
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18
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Liu JM, Liu CC, Fang GZ, Wang S. Advanced analytical methods and sample preparation for ion chromatography techniques. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed advanced ion chromatography techniques and the various sample preparation methods have been summarized in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Guo-Zhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
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19
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Perchlorate in der Nahrungskette: Herkunft, Umweltverhalten und Toxikologie. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-014-0877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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21
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Kim DH, Yoon Y, Baek K, Han J, Her N. Occurrence of perchlorate in rice from different areas in the Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1251-1257. [PMID: 23892615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate concentrations in rice samples from many different provinces, and correlation with surface water contamination, were investigated in the Republic of Korea. Perchlorate levels in the 51 rice samples purchased from local markets ranged from below the detection limit to 1.79 ± 0.39 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.21 μg/kg and 7 samples collected from the Nakdong River watershed ranged from 0.38 ± 0.1 to 3.23 ± 0.47 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.9 μg/kg. The correlation coefficient between perchlorate levels in rice samples from the Nakdong river watershed and the levels in surface water was estimated to be approximately 0.904 in the 95% confidence interval. These results show that surface water contamination was highly related to the perchlorate pollution of rice in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Yeong-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, GoGyeongmeon, Yeong-cheon, Gyeong-buk, 770-849, Republic of Korea
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Kim JY, Kim MJ, Lee JM, Kim DH, Park KM, Kim WI. Bioconcentration Factor(BCF) of Perchlorate from Agricultural Products and Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5338/kjea.2013.32.3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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23
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Isobe T, Ogawa SP, Sugimoto R, Ramu K, Sudaryanto A, Malarvannan G, Devanathan G, Ramaswamy BR, Munuswamy N, Ganesh DS, Sivakumar J, Sethuraman A, Parthasarathy V, Subramanian A, Field J, Tanabe S. Perchlorate contamination of groundwater from fireworks manufacturing area in South India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:5627-5637. [PMID: 23108714 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate contamination was investigated in groundwater and surface water from Sivakasi and Madurai in the Tamil Nadu State of South India. Sensitive determination of perchlorate (LOQ = 0.005 μg/L) was achieved by large-volume (500 μL) injection ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of perchlorate were <0.005-7,690 μg/L in groundwater (n = 60), <0.005-30.2 μg/L in surface water (n = 11), and 0.063-0.393 μg/L in tap water (n = 3). Levels in groundwater were significantly higher in the fireworks factory area than in the other locations, indicating that the fireworks and safety match industries are principal sources of perchlorate pollution. This is the first study that reports the contamination status of perchlorate in this area and reveals firework manufacture to be the pollution source. Since perchlorate levels in 17 out of 57 groundwater samples from Sivakasi, and none from Madurai, exceeded the drinking water guideline level proposed by USEPA (15 μg/L), further investigation on human health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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Sungur Ş, Atan MM. Determination of nitrate, nitrite and perchlorate anions in meat, milk and their products consumed in Hatay region in Turkey. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:6-10. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.717108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Wada G, Ishihara R, Miyoshi K, Umeno D, Saito K, Asai S, Yamada S, Hirota H. Crosslinked-Chelating Porous Sheet with High Dynamic Binding Capacity of Metal Ions. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2012.735555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee JW, Oh SH, Oh JE. Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 243:52-58. [PMID: 23116718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The perchlorate concentrations in various Korean food samples were monitored, and 663 samples belonging to 39 kinds of food were analyzed. The analysis results revealed that dairy products contain the highest average concentration of 6.34 μg/kg and high detection frequency of over 85%. Fruit and vegetables showed the next highest perchlorate concentration with an average of 6.17 μg/kg. Especially, with its average concentration of 39.9 μg/kg, spinach showed the highest perchlorate level among all target food samples studied. Tomato was followed by spinach, which showed a high perchlorate average concentration of 19.8 μg/kg, and over 7 μg/kg was detected in ham and sausage (avg. 7.31 μg/kg) and in instant noodles (avg. 7.58 μg/kg). Less than 2 μg/kg was detected in fishes, meats and beverages. The exposure dose of perchlorate in Korean by food intake was calculated on the basis of the analyzed perchlorate levels in this study. The daily perchlorate dose to which Korean adults are exposed is 0.04 μg/kg bw/day, which is lower than the RfD (0.7 μg/kg bw/day) value suggested by US NAS. This result indicates that Korean people's current exposure to perchlorate from domestic food consumption is evaluated as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
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28
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Kubáň P, Kiplagat IK, Boček P. Electrokinetic injection across supported liquid membranes: New sample pretreatment technique for online coupling to capillary electrophoresis. Direct analysis of perchlorate in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2695-702. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Takeuchi M, Yoshioka K, Toyama Y, Kagami A, Tanaka H. On-line measurement of perchlorate in atmospheric aerosol based on ion chromatograph coupled with particle collector and post-column concentrator. Talanta 2012; 97:527-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Lin SL, Lo CY, Fuh MR. Quantitative determination of perchlorate in bottled water and tea with online solid phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kiplagat IK, Doan TKO, Kubáň P, Boček P. Trace determination of perchlorate using electromembrane extraction and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3008-15. [PMID: 22002888 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) and CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4) D) was applied to rapid and sensitive determination of perchlorate in drinking water and environmental samples. Porous polypropylene hollow fiber impregnated with 1-heptanol acted as a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and perchlorate was transported and preconcentrated in the fiber lumen on application of electric field. High selectivity of perchlorate determination and its baseline separation from major inorganic anions was achieved in CE-C(4) D using background electrolyte solution consisting of 7.5 mM L-histidine and 40 mM acetic acid at pH 4.1. The analytical method showed excellent parameters in terms of reproducibility; RSD values for migration times and peak areas at a spiked concentration of 15 μg/L of perchlorate (US EPA recommended limit for drinking water) were below 0.2 and 8.7%, respectively, in all examined water samples. Linear calibration curves were obtained for perchlorate in the concentration range 1-100 μg/L (r(2) ≥0.999) with limits of detection at 1 μg/L for tap water and at 0.25-0.35 μg/L for environmental and bottled potable water samples. Recoveries at 15 μg/L of perchlorate were between 95.9 and 106.7% with minimum and maximum recovery values for snow and bottled potable water samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Kiplagat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Wang Z, Lau BPY, Tague B, Sparling M, Forsyth D. Determination of perchlorate in infant formula by isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:799-806. [PMID: 21623505 PMCID: PMC3118528 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.521959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID IC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of perchlorate in infant formula. The perchlorate was extracted from infant formula by using 20 ml of methanol and 5 ml of 1% acetic acid. All samples were spiked with (18)O(4) isotope-labelled perchlorate internal standard prior to extraction. After purification on a graphitised carbon solid-phase extraction column, the extracts were injected into an ion chromatography system equipped with an Ionpac AS20 column for separation of perchlorate from other anions. The presence of perchlorate in samples was quantified by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analysis of both perchlorate and its isotope-labelled internal standard was carried out on a Waters Quattro Ultima triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) negative ionisation mode. The method was validated for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and matrix effects. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.4 µg l(-1) for liquid infant formula and 0.95 µg kg(-1) for powdered infant formula. The recovery ranged from 94% to 110% with an average of 98%. This method was used to analyse 39 infant formula, and perchlorate concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 13.5 µg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Food Research Division, Banting Research Center 2203D, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Oh SH, Lee JW, Mandy P, Oh JE. Analysis and Exposure Assessment of Perchlorate in Korean Dairy Products with LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:e2011011. [PMID: 22125772 PMCID: PMC3214986 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perchlorate is an emerging contaminant that is found everywhere, including various foods. Perchlorate is known to disturb the production of thyroid hormones and leads to mental disorders in fetuses and infants, as well as metabolic problems in adults. In this study, we attempted to establish an LC-MS/MS method for measuring perchlorate in dairy products and used this developed method to investigate perchlorate levels in Korean milk and yogurt samples. METHODS The developed method of perchlorate analysis requires a shaker and 1% acetic acid/acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. Briefly, the samples were extracted and then centrifuged (4000 rpm, 1hour), and the supernatant was then passed through a Envi™ Carb SPE cartridge that had been prewashed sequentially with 6 mL of acetonitrile and 6 mL of 1% acetic acid in water. The final volume of the sample extract was adjusted to 40 mL with reagent water and the final sample was filtered through a 0.20-µm pore size PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) syringe filter prior to LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The average levels of perchlorate in milk and yogurt samples were 5.63 ± 3.49 µg/L and 3.65 ± 2.42 µg/L, respectively. The perchlorate levels observed in milk samples in this study were similar to those reported from China, Japan, and the United States. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of Koreans to perchlorate through the consumption of dairy products was calculated based on the results of this study. For all age groups, the calculated exposure to perchlorate was below the reference of dose (0.7 µg/kg-day) proposed by the National Academy of Science, USA, but the perchlorate exposure of children was higher than that of adults. Therefore, further investigation of perchlorate in other food samples is needed to enable a more exact assessment of exposure of children to perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Pawlas Mandy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Ozpinar A, Golub MS, Poppenga RH, Blount BC, Gillespie JR. Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration. Lab Anim 2011; 45:209-14. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid status was assessed in adult female rhesus monkey breeders at the California National Primate Research Center at the beginning of the breeding season. The 95% confidence intervals for thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) ( n = 66–80) were similar to those previously reported in smaller samples of macaque monkeys. Based on human criteria, 10 of 80 monkeys (12%) were hypothyroid (TSH > 2.0 µIU/mL). Because hypothyroxinaemia can be a risk factor in pregnancy, T4 status was compared with past breeding history, breeding outcome for that season and general health records in a subset of 42 breeders. Age, weight and parity did not differ between monkeys in the lowest T4 quartile as compared with those in the upper three quartiles. However, T4 concentrations were significantly associated with the number of missed menstrual cycles during the previous breeding season. In additional work, three healthy lactating rhesus monkeys were given three different doses of environmental contaminant and thyroid iodine uptake inhibitor, ammonium perchlorate (0.006, 0.34, 12.8 mg/kg/day, respectively) in food for two weeks. Thyroid status variables (TSH, T4, T3, thyroid radioactive iodine uptake) were then measured. In the monkey receiving the highest perchlorate dose, iodine uptake was suppressed relative to baseline. The study shows the availability of tools to study thyroid status in rhesus monkeys, the variability of thyroid status in the breeder colony and the potential ability of environmental factors to influence thyroid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mari S Golub
- CNPRC, BMB, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Poppenga
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Mail Stop F47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jerry R Gillespie
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Sungur Ş, Sangün MK. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods consumed in Hatay region. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gu B, Böhlke J, Sturchio N, Hatzinger P, Jackson A, Beloso A, Heraty L, Bian Y, Jiang X, Brown G. Applications of Selective Ion Exchange for Perchlorate Removal, Recovery and Environmental Forensics. ION EXCHANGE AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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English P, Blount B, Wong M, Copan L, Olmedo L, Patton S, Haas R, Atencio R, Xu J, Valentin-Blasini L. Direct measurement of perchlorate exposure biomarkers in a highly exposed population: a pilot study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17015. [PMID: 21394205 PMCID: PMC3048868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to perchlorate is ubiquitous in the United States and has been found to be widespread in food and drinking water. People living in the lower Colorado River region may have perchlorate exposure because of perchlorate in ground water and locally-grown produce. Relatively high doses of perchlorate can inhibit iodine uptake and impair thyroid function, and thus could impair neurological development in utero. We examined human exposures to perchlorate in the Imperial Valley among individuals consuming locally grown produce and compared perchlorate exposure doses to state and federal reference doses. We collected 24-hour urine specimen from a convenience sample of 31 individuals and measured urinary excretion rates of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide. In addition, drinking water and local produce were also sampled for perchlorate. All but two of the water samples tested negative for perchlorate. Perchlorate levels in 79 produce samples ranged from non-detect to 1816 ppb. Estimated perchlorate doses ranged from 0.02 to 0.51 µg/kg of body weight/day. Perchlorate dose increased with the number of servings of dairy products consumed and with estimated perchlorate levels in produce consumed. The geometric mean perchlorate dose was 70% higher than for the NHANES reference population. Our sample of 31 Imperial Valley residents had higher perchlorate dose levels compared with national reference ranges. Although none of our exposure estimates exceeded the U. S. EPA reference dose, three participants exceeded the acceptable daily dose as defined by bench mark dose methods used by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul English
- California Environmental Health Tracking Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America.
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TAKATSUKI S, WATANABE T, MATSUDA R. Surveillance of Perchlorate Level in Wine, Seafood, Polished Rice, Milk, Powdered Milk and Yogurt. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2011; 52:78-85. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.52.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Balaji Rao BR, Hatzinger PB, Böhlke JK, Sturchio NC, Andraski BJ, Eckardt FD, Jackson WA. Natural chlorate in the environment: application of a new IC-ESI/MS/MS method with a Cl¹⁸O₃-internal standard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8429-8434. [PMID: 20968289 DOI: 10.1021/es1024228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new ion chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI/MS/MS) method has been developed for quantification and confirmation of chlorate (ClO₃⁻) in environmental samples. The method involves the electrochemical generation of isotopically labeled chlorate internal standard (Cl¹⁸O₃⁻) using ¹⁸O water (H₂¹⁸O) he standard was added to all samples prior to analysis thereby minimizing the matrix effects that are associated with common ions without the need for expensive sample pretreatments. The method detection limit (MDL) for ClO₃⁻ was 2 ng L⁻¹ for a 1 mL volume sample injection. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze ClO₃⁻ in difficult environmental samples including soil and plant leachates. The IC-ESI/MS/MS method described here was also compared to established EPA method 317.0 for ClO₃⁻ analysis. Samples collected from a variety of environments previously shown to contain natural perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) occurrence were analyzed using the proposed method and ClO₃⁻ was found to co-occur with ClO₄⁻ at concentrations ranging from < 2 ng L⁻¹ in precipitation from Texas and Puerto Rico to >500 mg kg⁻¹ in caliche salt deposits from the Atacama Desert in Chile. Relatively low concentrations of ClO₃⁻ in some natural groundwater samples (0.1 µg L⁻¹) analyzed in this work may indicate lower stability when compared to ClO₄⁻ in the subsurface. The high concentrations ClO₃⁻ in caliches and soils (3-6 orders of magnitude greater) as compared to precipitation samples indicate that ClO₃⁻, like ClO₄⁻, may be atmospherically produced and deposited, then concentrated in dry soils, and is possibly a minor component in the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Rao Balaji Rao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1023, USA
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Mahajan RK, Nandni D, Puri RK. Novel Perchlorate Selective Electrode Based on Neutral Surfactant Ion-Pair Complex of Dodecyltrimethylammonium-Perchlorate. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003704271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Schier JG, Wolkin AF, Valentin-Blasini L, Belson MG, Kieszak SM, Rubin CS, Blount BC. Perchlorate exposure from infant formula and comparisons with the perchlorate reference dose. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:281-287. [PMID: 19293845 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate exposure may be higher in infants compared with older persons, due to diet (infant formula) and body weight versus intake considerations. Our primary objective was to quantitatively assess perchlorate concentrations in commercially available powdered infant formulas (PIFs). Secondary objectives were: (1) to estimate exposure in infants under different dosing scenarios and compare them with the perchlorate reference dose (RfD); (2) estimate the perchlorate concentration in water used for preparing PIFs that would result in a dose exceeding the RfD; and (3) estimate iodine intakes from PIFs. We quantified perchlorate levels in three samples (different lot numbers) of reconstituted PIF (using perchlorate-free water) from commercial brands of PIF in each of the following categories: bovine milk-based with lactose, soy-based, bovine milk-based but lactose-free, and elemental (typically consisting of synthetic amino acids). Exposure modeling was conducted to determine whether the RfD might be exceeded in 48 dosing scenarios that were dependent on age, centile energy intake per unit of body weight, body weight percentile, and PIF perchlorate concentration. We obtained three different samples in each of the five brands of bovine- and soy-based PIF, three different samples in each of the three brands of lactose-free PIF, and three different samples in two brands of elemental PIF. The results were as follows: bovine milk-based with lactose (1.72 microg/l, range: 0.68-5.05); soy-based (0.21 microg/l, range: 0.10-0.44); lactose-free (0.27 microg/l, range: 0.03-0.93); and elemental (0.18 microg/l, range: 0.08-0.4). Bovine milk-based PIFs with lactose had a significantly higher concentration of perchlorate (P<0.05) compared with all. Perchlorate was a contaminant of all commercially available PIFs tested. Bovine milk-based PIFs with lactose had a significantly higher perchlorate concentration perchlorate than soy, lactose-free, and elemental PIFs. The perchlorate RfD may be exceeded when certain bovine milk-based PIFs are ingested and/or when PIFs are reconstituted with perchlorate-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Schier
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Chen L, Chen H, Shen M, Zhou Z, Ma A. Analysis of perchlorate in milk powder and milk by hydrophilic interaction chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3736-3740. [PMID: 20170169 DOI: 10.1021/jf903801m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple, selective, and sensitive method using hydrophilic interaction chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) for quantifying perchlorate in milk powder and milk was developed. The analysis was conducted on an Inertsil HILIC column (150 mm x 3.0 mm, 3.5 mum) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v). The detection was performed by MS/MS via electrospray ionization. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 2.00 x 10(-2) to 8.00 microg/g and 4.00 x 10(-1) to 20.0 microg/L for perchlorate in milk powder and milk, respectively. The method detection limit was 4.00 x 10(-3) microg/g for milk powder and 8.00 x 10(-2) microg/L for milk. The recoveries of perchlorate in milk powder and milk were all >90%. This method was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of perchlorate in milk powder and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Chen
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, RP China
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43
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Abstract
In pharmacologic doses, perchlorate inhibits thyroidal iodine uptake and subsequently decreases thyroid hormone production. Although pharmacologic doses may be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, recent literature has focussed on the detection of low levels of perchlorate in the environment, groundwater and foodstuffs and their potential adverse effects on human thyroid function. This is of particular concern to the developing foetus and infant, whose normal neurodevelopment depends on adequate iodine intake for the production of thyroid hormones. Further research is needed to clarify the potential health effects of low-level chronic environmental perchlorate exposure. The health impact of environmental perchlorate may be dependent upon adequate iodine intake and should be interpreted in combination with other environmental exposures that are also potential thyroidal endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth N. Pearce
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 617 414 1348; Fax: +1 617 638 7221. (E.N. Pearce)
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Sturchio NC, Caffee M, Beloso AD, Heraty LJ, Böhlke JK, Hatzinger PB, Jackson WA, Gu B, Heikoop JM, Dale M. Chlorine-36 as a tracer of perchlorate origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6934-6938. [PMID: 19806723 DOI: 10.1021/es9012195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4(-)) is ubiquitous in the environment. It is produced naturally by atmospheric photochemical reactions, and also is synthesized in large quantities for military, aerospace, and industrial applications. Nitrate-enriched salt deposits of the Atacama Desert (Chile) contain high concentrations of natural ClO4(-), and have been exported worldwide since the mid-1800s for use in agriculture. The widespread introduction of synthetic and agricultural ClO4(-) into the environment has contaminated numerous municipal water supplies. Stable isotope ratio measurements of Cl and O have been applied for discrimination of different ClO4(-) sources in the environment. This study explores the potential of 36Cl measurements for further improving the discrimination of ClO4(-) sources. Groundwater and desert soil samples from the southwestern United States (U.S.) contain ClO4(-) having high 36Cl abundances (36Cl/Cl = 3100 x 10(-15) to 28,800 x 10(-15)), compared with those from the Atacama Desert (36Cl/Cl = 0.9 x 10(-15) to 590 x 10(-15)) and synthetic ClO4(-) reagents and products (36Cl/Cl = 0.0 x 10(-15) to 40 x 10(-15)). In conjunction with stable Cl and O isotope ratios, 36Cl data provide a clear distinction among three principal ClO4(-) source types in the environment of the southwestern U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Sturchio
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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Rezaei B, Meghdadi S, Bagherpour S. Perchlorate-selective polymeric membrane electrode based on bis(dibenzoylmethanato)cobalt(II) complex as a neutral carrier. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:641-648. [PMID: 18486336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A synthesized bis(dibenzoylmethanato)Co(II) complex (Co(DBM)(2)), has been used as a ionophore for the preparation of a new perchlorate ion-selective electrode. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response over the perchlorate concentration range of 8.0x10(-7)-1.0x10(-1)M with a slope of 60.3+/-0.5 mV per decade of concentration. The limit of detection as determined from the intersection of the extrapolated linear segments of the calibration plot is 5.6x10(-7)M. The electrode shows good selectivity towards perchlorate with respect to many common anions. The response time of the sensor is very fast (< or = 5s), and can be used for at least 2 months in the pH range of 2.0-9.0. The electrode was used to determine perchlorate in water and human urine. The interaction of the ionophore with perchlorate ions was demonstrated by UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Otero-Santos SM, Delinsky AD, Valentin-Blasini L, Schiffer J, Blount BC. Analysis of Perchlorate in Dried Blood Spots Using Ion Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1931-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802419n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaret M. Otero-Santos
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Amy D. Delinsky
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Jarad Schiffer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
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MacAllister IE, Jakoby IV MG, Geryk B, Schneider RL, Cropek DM. Use of the thyrocyte sodium iodide symporter as the basis for a perchlorate cell-based assay. Analyst 2009; 134:320-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b802710b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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KAMOSHITA M, KOSAKA K, ASAMI M, MATSUOKA Y. Analytical Method for Perchlorate in Water by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using an Ion Exchange Column. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:453-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro KAMOSHITA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Koji KOSAKA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Mari ASAMI
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Yukiko MATSUOKA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
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TAKATSUKI S, WATANABE T, SAKAI T, MATSUDA R, MAITANI T. Surveillance of Perchlorate Level in Leafy Vegetables and Bottled Water. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2009; 50:184-9. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.50.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Niemann RA, Anderson DL. Determination of iodide and thiocyanate in powdered milk and infant formula by on-line enrichment ion chromatography with photodiode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:193-7. [PMID: 18554603 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiocyanate ranks after perchlorate as a potent inhibitor of iodide uptake by the thyroid but may be more concentrated in some food items such as milk products as to supersede perchlorate as the goitrogen of concern. A column-switching anion-exchange chromatographic method with UV spectral detection was developed to measure and confirm iodide and thiocyanate in powders of dry milk and infant formula. An aqueous solution was subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration, the ultrafiltrate was cleaned up on a carbon solid-phase extraction column, and an aliquot was transferred to a precolumn for enrichment and subsequent injection onto an analytical column. In infant formula samples, thiocyanate was found at 2.0-5.1 mg/kg in five of seven milk-based products and was not found in the other two nor in three soy-based products tested (0.2 mg/kg LOQ); iodide was found at 0.3-1.3mg/kg (0.04 mg/kg LOQ). In 13 dry milk samples, thiocyanate was found at 27-38 mg/kg (1 mg/kg LOQ), and iodide was found at 1.8-3.2 mg/kg (0.2 mg/kg LOQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Niemann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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