1
|
Serafini I, Favero G, Curini R, Kavich GM, Cleland TP. Development of a Combined Protein and Dye Extraction Approach for the Analysis of Keratin-Based Textiles. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3890-3903. [PMID: 39115235 PMCID: PMC11385382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Archaeological textiles represent precious remains from ancient culture; this is because of the historical and cultural importance of the information that can be obtained by such relics. However, the extremely complicated state of preservation of these textiles, which can be charred, partially or totally mineralized, with heavy soil or biological contamination, requires highly specialized and sensitive analytical tools to perform a comprehensive study. Starting from these considerations, the paper presents a combined workflow that provides the extraction of dyes and keratins and keratin-associated proteins in a single step, minimizing sampling while maximizing the amount of information gained. In the first phase, different approaches were tested and two different protocols were found suitable for the purpose of the unique workflow for dyes/keratin-proteins: a slightly modified urea protocol and a recently proposed new TCEP/CAA procedure. In the second step, after the extraction, different methods of cleanup and workflow for proteins and dyes were investigated to develop protocols that did not result in a loss of aliquots of the analytes of interest and to maximize the recovery of both components from the extracting solution. These protocols investigated the application of two types of paramagnetic beads, unmodified and carboxylate-coated hydrophilic magnetic beads, and dialysis and stage-tip protocols. The newly designed protocols have been applied to cochineal, weld, orchil, kermes, and indigo keratin-based dyed samples to evaluate the effectiveness of the protocols on several dye sources. These protocols, based on a single extraction step, show the possibility of investigating dyes and keratins from a unique sample of 1 mg or lesser, with respect to the thresholds of sensitivity and accuracy required in the study of textile artifacts of historical and artistic values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serafini
- Dept of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland 20746, Maryland, United States
- Dept of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Dept of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Dept of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Gwénaëlle M Kavich
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland 20746, Maryland, United States
| | - Timothy P Cleland
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland 20746, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nádvorníková J, Pitthard V, Kurka O, Kučera L, Barták P. Egg vs. Oil in the Cookbook of Plasters: Differentiation of Lipid Binders in Wall Paintings Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Principal Component Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:1520. [PMID: 38611799 PMCID: PMC11013410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Wall paintings are integral to cultural heritage and offer rich insights into historical and religious beliefs. There exist various wall painting techniques that pose challenges in binder and pigment identification, especially in the case of egg/oil-based binders. GC-MS identification of lipidic binders relies routinely on parameters like the ratios of fatty acids within the plaster. However, the reliability of these ratios for binder identification is severely limited, as demonstrated in this manuscript. Therefore, a more reliable tool for effective differentiation between egg and oil binders based on a combination of diagnostic values, specific markers (cholesterol oxidation products), and PCA is presented in this study. Reference samples of wall paintings with egg and linseed oil binders with six different pigments were subjected to modern artificial ageing methods and subsequently analysed using two GC-MS instruments. A statistically significant difference (at a 95% confidence level) between the egg and oil binders and between the results from two GC-MS instruments was observed. These discrepancies between the results from the two GC-MS instruments are likely attributed to the heterogeneity of the samples with egg and oil binders. This study highlights the complexities in identifying wall painting binders and the need for innovative and revised analytical methods in conservation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Nádvorníková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (L.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Václav Pitthard
- Conservation Science Department, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Burgring 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ondřej Kurka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (L.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Lukáš Kučera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (L.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Petr Barták
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (L.K.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaniewska K, Pilecka-Pietrusińska E, Karbarz M. Nanocomposite Organogel for Art Conservation─A Novel Wax Resin Removal System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24798-24811. [PMID: 37137820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new, safe, and effective method for removing wax resin adhesive from the canvases of paintings conserved by the once widely used Dutch Method, which involved attaching a new canvas to the back of a painting using an adhesive made of beeswax and natural resin. First, a low-toxicity cleaning mixture for dissolving the adhesive and removing it from the canvases was developed, and then a nanocomposited organogel was obtained. The ability of the organogel to remove the adhesive from canvases was investigated on the lining of the 1878 painting "Battle of Grunwald" by Jan Matejko, with promising results. Additionally, we found that the organogel can be used several times with no visible loss of cleaning ability. Finally, the effectiveness and safety of the method were confirmed on two oil paintings (one from the National Museum in Warsaw): all the wax resin adhesive was removed and the painting regained its original brightness and vivid colors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kaniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irto A, Micalizzi G, Bretti C, Chiaia V, Mondello L, Cardiano P. Lipids in Archaeological Pottery: A Review on Their Sampling and Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113451. [PMID: 35684389 PMCID: PMC9182108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been performed so far for the effective recovery, detection and quantification of specific compounds and their degradation products in archaeological materials. According to the literature, lipid molecules are the most durable and widespread biomarkers in ancient pottery. Artificial ageing studies to simulate lipid alterations over time have been reported. In this review, specific lipid archaeological biomarkers and well-established sampling and extraction methodologies are discussed. Although suitable analytical techniques have unraveled archaeological questions, some issues remain open such as the need to introduce innovative and miniaturized protocols to avoid extractions with organic solvents, which are often laborious and non-environmentally friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Irto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Clemente Bretti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Chiaia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cardiano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu GL, Kazarian SG. Recent advances and applications to cultural heritage using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2022; 147:1777-1797. [PMID: 35388386 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific investigation of cultural heritage objects plays a vital role in a responsible modern approach to conservation and archaeology. Recent advances in spectroscopy, such as the development of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, have opened up a window of opportunities for characterisation of materials in artefacts and collections from museums. This review summarises some of the recent advances and applications of these ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analytical techniques in the area of cultural heritage studies, including examples of cross-sections of oil paintings, paper, textiles, plastic objects, potteries, glasses and mineral artefacts. Two of the major advantages of ATR mode measurements are minimal or no requirements for sample preparation and its provision for high lateral spatial resolution. In addition to conventional single point detection, two-dimensional mapping and imaging is especially beneficial for chemical visualisation of multi-layered structure cultural objects. This review also explores the implications of these advantages as well as some limitations and provides a brief outlook for the possible future developments in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Multi-Analytical Investigation of Roman Frescoes from Rapoltu Mare (Romania). COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Due to the precarious situation of many monuments or archeological sites, analytical investigations are necessary to obtain information about the used materials, as well as to identify the most appropriate solutions for their conservation/restoration. This paper addresses the characterization of mural painting fragments collected during the excavation in 2018 in Rapoltu Mare (La vie), Deva. (2) Methods: Specific analytical techniques were used, as follows: X-ray diffractometry (XRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), optical microscopy (OM), zoom microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis, FTIR, Raman), porosity and thermal analysis, all of which provide information about the structure, chemical composition, morphology and topography of pigments and their deterioration as well. (3) Results: Up to seven different pigments were identified: Egyptian blue, carbon, calcite, gypsum, hematite, goethite and green earth. Egyptian Blue is identified in all the other color areas, except the white area: in the green zone (as degradation product with beeswax) and in the red zone (in mixture with ochre) too. In addition, carbon and beeswax were highlighted as toner and binder for pigments, respectively. In the presence of the organic beeswax binding environment, the Egyptian blue pigment particles darkened or turned yellow significantly, changing the blue to a greenish color. It is also possible to identify wollastonite (CaSiO3) in the blue pigment, which indicates that the temperature used in the manufacturing of Egyptian blue was higher than 950 °C from thermal analysis. The presence of apatite, hematite and gypsum deposits in the Hunedoara region certifies that these pigments could have been of local origin, as demonstrated by the presence of analytically identified elements (Fe, P, S, Ca). (4) Conclusions: The analytical techniques used for such investigations have highlighted the main pigments used in Roman times for various Roman murals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pintus V, Baragona AJ, Cappa F, Haiml C, Hierl C, Sterflinger K, Schreiner M. Multi-Analytical Investigations of Andy Warhol's " Orange Car Crash": Polymeric Materials in Modern Paints. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030633. [PMID: 35160622 PMCID: PMC8838703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents strategic multi-analytical investigations performed on “Orange Car Crash” by Andy Warhol in order to make a well-informed conservation decision. For determining the type of binding medium used in the artwork, Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) and Thermally Assisted Hydrolysis and Methylation of GC/MS (THM–GC/MS) were employed. The presence of a coating was investigated by Py–GC/MS. Moreover, the comprehension and elucidation of the paint stratigraphy were studied by examining cross-sections of samples taken from both canvases with Optical Microscopy (OM) under reflected visible (Vis) and ultraviolet light (UV) and by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The investigation of possible synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) and extenders was performed by µ-Raman spectroscopy, while micro-Attenuated Total Reflection of Fourier-Transform Attenuated Total Reflection (µ-ATR–FTIR) allowed us to assign each component detected by Py–GC/MS or THM–GC/MS to a specific layer. The data collected from “Orange Car Crash” show mostly the application of acrylic-based paint as well as alkyd with rosin acids-based ink, thus providing fundamental information about the paint stratigraphy and chemical composition of each layer. In addition to the goal of informing an appropriate conservation–restoration strategy, this work represents a rare scientific study of a work by Andy Warhol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pintus
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Institute for Conservation-Restoration, Modern-Contemporary Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony J. Baragona
- Institute of Art and Technology, Department of Conservation Science, University of Applied Arts, Salzgries 14, A-1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Federica Cappa
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Christa Haiml
- Conservation Department, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (Mumok), A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Christina Hierl
- Conservation Department, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (Mumok), A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
La Nasa J, Modugno F, Degano I. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of acylglycerols in art and archeology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:381-407. [PMID: 32643188 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid characterization in art and archeology, together with the study of lipid degradation processes, is an important research area in heritage science. Lipid-based materials have been used as food since ancient times, but also employed as illuminants and as ingredients in cosmetic, ritual, and pharmaceutical preparations. Both animal and plant lipids have also been processed to produce materials used in art and crafts, such as paint binders, varnishes, waterproofing agents, and coatings. Identifying the origin of the lipid materials is challenging when they are found in association with artistic historical objects. This is due to the inherent complex composition of lipids, their widespread occurrence, and the chemical alterations induced by ageing. The most common approach for lipid characterization in heritage objects entails profiling fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after saponification or transesterification. New developments in high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the characterization of acylglycerols, together with more efficient sample treatments, have fostered the introduction of liquid chromatography for characterizing the lipid profile in heritage objects. This review reports the latest developments and applications of HPLC-MS for the characterization of lipid materials in the field of heritage science. We describe the various approaches for sample pretreatment and highlight the advantages and limitations of HPLC-MS in the analysis of paint and archeological samples. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
La Nasa J, Doherty B, Rosi F, Braccini C, Broers FTH, Degano I, Matinero JM, Miliani C, Modugno F, Sabatini F, Sandu ICA, Cartechini L. An integrated analytical study of crayons from the original art materials collection of the MUNCH museum in Oslo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7152. [PMID: 33785789 PMCID: PMC8010065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the artists' materials of the nineteenth century, pastel crayons merit scientific interest since their early commercial formulations are mostly unknown and, until now, have been considerably less studied with respect to other contemporary painting materials. In this framework, research herein reports the results of a comprehensive multi-analytical study of 44 pastel crayons of two recognized brands (LeFranc and Dr. F. Schoenfeld) from the Munch museum collection of original materials belonging to Edvard Munch. The integrated use of complementary spectroscopic and hyphenated mass-spectrometry techniques allowed the compositional profiles of the crayons to be traced providing the identification of the inorganic and organic pigments, the fillers/extenders and the binders. All crayons resulted to be oil- based and the binder was identified to be a mixture of a drying oil (safflower or linseed oil), palm oil or Japan wax and beeswax. Among others, pigments such as ultramarine, chrome yellows, Prussian blue, manganese violet, viridian and madder lake have been identified. A significant alignment in formulations of the brands was observed with the only exception of the greens which showed distinctive pigment and filler compositions. The analytical information provided for these commercial artists' materials will be of great interest for academia, museum and other institutions hosting art collections dating from the same period and it will be used by the Munch museum to draw proper conservation strategies of its own artwork collections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenda Doherty
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rosi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Braccini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederique T H Broers
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jordi Moles Matinero
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- Istituto CNR per le Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (CNR-ISPC), Via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irina Crina Anca Sandu
- Department of Collection Care and Management, MUNCH, Edvard Munchs Plass 1, Sørenga, Postboks 3304, 0194, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Cartechini
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magdy M. Analytical Techniques for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1171-1196. [PMID: 33393374 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry is considered as the heart of preservation science. The archaeological objects are an organic-inorganic system and need comprehensive techniques to investigate the different materials with a high resolution and accuracy. The characterization process of archaeological materials is a useful guide to develop the right strategy for the conservation and intervention of the objects. In analytical chemistry practice, there are many techniques to employ the characterization process of the artworks: molecular, elemental, imaging, surface, thermal, separation, nuclear, dating, electrochemical, and miscellaneous techniques. It highlights the potential of chemical investigations to present reliable information to the conservators and art historians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Magdy
- National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Identification of green pigments and binders in late medieval painted wings from Norwegian churches. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
13
|
Leonardo's Donna Nuda unveiled. J Proteomics 2019; 207:103450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213473. [PMID: 31220106 PMCID: PMC6586293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hafting of stone tools was an important advance in the technology of the Paleolithic. Evidence of hafting in the Middle Paleolithic is growing and is not limited to points hafted on spears for thrusting or throwing. This article describes the identification of adhesive used for hafting on a variety of stone tools from two Middle Paleolithic caves in Latium, Fossellone Cave and Sant’Agostino Cave. Analysis of the organic residue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry shows that a conifer resin adhesive was used, in one case mixed with beeswax. Contrary to previous suggestions that the small Middle Paleolithic tools of Latium could be used by hand and that hafting was not needed since it did not improve their functionality, our evidence shows that hafting was used by Neandertals in central Italy. Ethnographic evidence indicates that resin, which dries when exposed to air, is generally warmed by exposure to a small fire thus softened to be molded and pushed in position in the haft. The use of resin at both sites suggests regular fire use, as confirmed by moderate frequencies of burnt lithics in both assemblages. Lithic analysis shows that hafting was applied to a variety of artifacts, irrespective of type, size and technology. Prior to our study evidence of hafting in the Middle Paleolithic of Italy was limited to one case only.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sutherland K. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques for the characterisation of organic materials in works of art. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The power of GC/MS to resolve, characterise and quantify complex mixtures of organic compounds with high sensitivity has made it an indispensable analytical tool to address detailed questions about the chemical constituents of works of art. This paper provides an overview of the technique and its particular suitability to material studies of art and historical artefacts, and reviews its diverse research applications concerning the organic composition of artists’ and conservation materials. Options with regard to sample preparation by chemical derivatisation, pyrolysis techniques, and methods for the analysis of volatile organic compounds are discussed, as well as various approaches to the treatment and interpretation of data. The greatest value is gained from GC/MS when it is used as a complementary technique, informed by and in synergy with other methods of analysis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Levy IK, Neme Tauil R, Valacco MP, Moreno S, Siracusano G, Maier MS. Investigation of proteins in samples of a mid-18th century colonial mural painting by MALDI-TOF/MS and LC-ESI/MS (Orbitrap). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Watts KE, Lagalante AF. Method development for binding media analysis in painting cross-sections by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1324-1330. [PMID: 29873426 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Art conservation science is in need of a relatively nondestructive way of rapidly identifying the binding media within a painting cross-section and isolating binding media to specific layers within the cross-section. Knowledge of the stratigraphy of cross-sections can be helpful for removing possible unoriginal paint layers on the artistic work. METHODS Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used in ambient mode to study cross-sections from mock-up layered paint samples and samples from a 17th century baroque painting. The DESI spray was raster scanned perpendicular to the cross-sectional layers to maximize lateral resolution then analyzed with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer in linear ion trap mode. From these scans, isobaric mass maps were created to map the locations of masses indicative of particular binding media onto the cross-sections. RESULTS Line paint-outs of pigments in different binding media showed specific and unique ions to distinguish between the modern acrylic media and the lipid-containing binding media. This included: OP (EO)9 surfactant in positive ESI mode for acrylic (m/z 621), and oleic (m/z 281), stearic (m/z 283), and azelaic (m/z 187) acids in negative ESI mode for oil and egg tempera. DESI-MS maps of mock-up cross-sections of layered pigmented binding media showed correlation between these ions and the layers with a spatial resolution of 100 μm. CONCLUSIONS DESI-MS is effective in monitoring binding media within an intact painting cross-section via mass spectrometric methods. This includes distinguishing between lipid-containing and modern binding materials present in a known mock-up cross-section matrix as well as identifying lipid-binding media in a 17th century baroque era painting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 18085-1603, USA
| | - Anthony F Lagalante
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 18085-1603, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
19
|
Fico D, Margapoti E, Pennetta A, De Benedetto GE. An Enhanced GC/MS Procedure for the Identification of Proteins in Paint Microsamples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:6032084. [PMID: 29805835 PMCID: PMC5902064 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6032084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of materials used in works of art is extremely useful for gaining a better knowledge of the artistic heritage and to guarantee its preservation. A derivatization GC/MS procedure for the identification of proteins in a microsample from painted works of art has been optimized. The amino acid fraction is derivatized using anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent instead of pyridine (Py), commonly used to facilitate the reaction. Although pyridine is often considered a silylation catalyst, there are many instances in which silylation reactions actually are slower in pyridine than other solvents. In addition, pyridine also may have other undesirable effects such as the promotion of secondary products and other chromatographic anomalies. Using DMF, the formation of artifacts is limited and the derivatization yield of hydrophilic amino acids such as proline and hydroxyproline has improved, thus making the identification of organic paint media more straightforward. The method has been validated and successfully applied to identify the binder of the sample taken from the pictorial cycle of the 12th century monastery of Santa Maria delle Cerrate (Lecce, Italy), thus highlighting the use of eggs as a binding medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Fico
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E. Margapoti
- IBAM-CNR, Sede di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Pennetta
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G. E. De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- IBAM-CNR, Sede di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lucejko JJ, La Nasa J, Porta F, Vanzetti A, Tanda G, Mangiaracina CF, Corretti A, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Long-lasting ergot lipids as new biomarkers for assessing the presence of cereals and cereal products in archaeological vessels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3935. [PMID: 29500428 PMCID: PMC5834523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals were very important in ancient diets, however evidence from archaeological sites of the vessels used for processing or storing cereals is comparatively rare. Micro-organisms, as well as chemical-physical effects can easily degrade cereals during the burial period. This can lead to a complete cereal decay and to serious difficulties in estimating the intensity of use of the cereals by ancient populations. Here, we present a novel biomarker approach entailing the detection of secondary lipid metabolites produced by ergot fungi (genus Claviceps), which are common cereal pests. The aim was to identify the original presence of Gramineae and to indirectly establish if vessels were used for cereal storage/processing. The fatty acid and TAG-estolide profiles of the remains from more than 30 archaeological vessels were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-Q-ToF). The detection of lipids derived from ergot in archaeological and historic contexts rests on its complex chemistry, providing a unique and relatively recalcitrant chemical signature for cereals. This research demonstrated that the combination of our innovative biomarker approach along with environmental and archaeological evidence can provide unprecedented insights into the incidence of cereals and related processing activities in ancient societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette J Lucejko
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Porta
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Tanda
- Dipartimento di Storia, Beni Culturali e Territorio, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Piazza Arsenale 1, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Corretti
- Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia, Tradizione dell'antico, Scuola Normale Superione, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Azémard C, Ménager M, Vieillescazes C. On the tracks of sandarac, review and chemical analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27746-27754. [PMID: 29098586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sandarac resin (Tetraclinis articulata) has been long used for its properties, mostly as a varnish component. Called juniper resin until the nineteenth century, the real botanical origin of sandarac is still unclear. The first approach to this issue is the review of the evolution of the etymology, terminology, and botanical description of sandarac through time. It seems that sandarac was mainly coming from T. articulata but the use of some juniper resins before the twentieth century is not to be excluded. The second approach is a chemical one; we used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to characterise the resin. As sandarac was the main component of the famous Italian varnish Vernice liquida, its characterisation is important for old paintings studies. However, although we could hope to differentiate sandarac, Juniperus communis and Juniperus oxycedrus resins by looking at their chemical composition, it appears that these resins are very similar. Besides, we notice a lack of old varnishes containing sandarac which complicates our work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Azémard
- Equipe Ingénierie de la Restauration de Patrimoines Naturels et Culturels - IMBE UMR 7263 CNRS - IRD 237 Université d'Avignon - Aix Marseille Université, Avignon, France
| | - Matthieu Ménager
- Equipe Ingénierie de la Restauration de Patrimoines Naturels et Culturels - IMBE UMR 7263 CNRS - IRD 237 Université d'Avignon - Aix Marseille Université, Avignon, France
| | - Cathy Vieillescazes
- Equipe Ingénierie de la Restauration de Patrimoines Naturels et Culturels - IMBE UMR 7263 CNRS - IRD 237 Université d'Avignon - Aix Marseille Université, Avignon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Witkowski B, Duchnowicz A, Ganeczko M, Laudy A, Gierczak T, Biesaga M. Identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes and resins in the works of art micro-samples by chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:630-638. [PMID: 29150927 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simplified method for simultaneous identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes, and resins in the works-of-art samples was developed. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used to identify natural materials most frequently encountered in historical paintings. Protein binders were extracted with ammonia and purified using miniaturized solid-phase microextraction (Omix tips) to efficiently suppress matrix interferences. Zwitterionic stationary phase was used for separation of 16 underivatized amino acids analysis with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography that was subsequently quantified with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to analyze drying oils, waxes, and resins after one-step saponification/transmethylation with (m-trifluoromethylphenyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide (Meth-Prep II). While the drawback of this reagent is low reactivity towards hydroxyl groups, sample pretreatment was much simpler as compared to the other methods. Fatty acids derivatization with the Meth-Prep II reagent was compared with their silylation using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide/trimethylchlorosilane mixture. It was concluded that fatty acids analysis as their methyl esters instead of trimethylsilyl esters had a minor impact on the method sensitivity. The developed method was used to analyze samples from 16th and 17th century historical paintings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Duchnowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry,al. Żwirki i Wigury, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ganeczko
- Faculty of Chemistry,al. Żwirki i Wigury, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Laudy
- Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów, al., Stanisława Kostki Potockiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry,al. Żwirki i Wigury, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Biesaga
- Faculty of Chemistry,al. Żwirki i Wigury, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
La Nasa J, Modugno F, Aloisi M, Lluveras-Tenorio A, Bonaduce I. Development of a GC/MS method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of free fatty acids and metal soaps in paint samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1001:51-58. [PMID: 29291806 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a new analytical GC/MS method for the analysis of mixtures of free fatty acids and metal soaps in paint samples. This approach is based on the use of two different silylating agents: N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Our experimentation demonstrated that HMDS does not silylate fatty acid carboxylates, so it can be used for the selective derivatization and GC/MS quantitative analysis of free fatty acids. On the other hand BSTFA is able to silylate both free fatty acids and fatty acids carboxylates. The reaction conditions for the derivatization of carboxylates with BSTFA were thus optimized with a full factorial 32 experimental design using lead stearate and lead palmitate as model systems. The analytical method was validated following the ICH guidelines. The method allows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acid carboxylates of sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead and of lead azelate. In order to exploit the performances of the new analytical method, samples collected from two reference paint layers, from a gilded 16th century marble sculpture, and from a paint tube belonging to the atelier of Edvard Munch, used in the last period of his life (1916-1944), were characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Aloisi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Lluveras-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Devièse T, Ribechini E, Castex D, Stuart B, Regert M, Colombini MP. A multi-analytical approach using FTIR, GC/MS and Py-GC/MS revealed early evidence of embalming practices in Roman catacombs. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Witkowski B, Ganeczko M, Hryszko H, Stachurska M, Gierczak T, Biesaga M. Identification of orcein and selected natural dyes in 14th and 15th century liturgical paraments with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS/MS). Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Lluveras-Tenorio A, Parlanti F, Degano I, Lorenzetti G, Demosthenous D, Colombini M, Rasmussen K. Spectroscopic and mass spectrometric approach to define the Cyprus Orthodox icon tradition - The first known occurrence of Indian lac in Greece/Europe. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Degano I, La Nasa J, Ghelardi E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Model study of modern oil-based paint media by triacylglycerol profiling in positive and negative ionization modes. Talanta 2016; 161:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Examination of Artistic Pigments, Paints, and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Methods. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:81. [PMID: 27873287 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples, and/or entire paintings from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century painters. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging, as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic XRF is a variant of the method that is well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi-layers, on the length scale from 1 to 100 μm inside micro-samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists' pigments subjected to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and/or Raman microscopy since these methods deliver complementary information of high molecular specificity at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples, taken from a given work of art, may not yield representative information about the entire artefact, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Those based on XRF scanning and full-field hyperspectral imaging appear very promising; some recent published results are discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tomasini E, Rodríguez DC, Gómez BA, de Faria DL, Landa CR, Siracusano G, Maier MS. A multi-analytical investigation of the materials and painting technique of a wall painting from the church of Copacabana de Andamarca (Bolivia). Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Analysis of diterpenic compounds by GC-MS/MS: contribution to the identification of main conifer resins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6599-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
Špec T, Peljhan S, Vidič J, Krajnc NL, Fonović M, Tavzes Č, Ropret P. CIM® monolith chromatography-enhanced ELISA detection of proteins in artists' paints: Ovalbumin as a case study. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
32
|
Tortora L, Biocca P, Sotgiu G, de Notaristefani F, Urbini M, Ioele M. Oleanolic and ursolic acid in dammar and mastic resin: isomer discrimination by using ToF-SIMS and multivariate statistics. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Tortora
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Physics and INFN; Roma Tre University; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
| | - P. Biocca
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Physics and INFN; Roma Tre University; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- Department of Engineering and INFN; Roma Tre University; via Vito Volterra 62 00146 Rome Italy
| | - G. Sotgiu
- Department of Engineering and INFN; Roma Tre University; via Vito Volterra 62 00146 Rome Italy
| | - F. de Notaristefani
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Physics and INFN; Roma Tre University; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
| | - M. Urbini
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Physics and INFN; Roma Tre University; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome Tor Vergata; via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - M. Ioele
- Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro; Via di San Michele 23 00153 Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moldovan Z, Bratu I, Marutoiu C, Kacso I, Trosan L, Pop-Toader D, Nemes OF, Tanaselia C. Characterization of an Eighteenth-Century Wooden Icon from the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1121394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dallongeville S, Garnier N, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Proteins in Art, Archaeology, and Paleontology: From Detection to Identification. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2-79. [PMID: 26709533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dallongeville
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- SARL Laboratoire Nicolas Garnier , 63270 Vic le Comte, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
La Nasa J, Zanaboni M, Uldanck D, Degano I, Modugno F, Kutzke H, Tveit ES, Topalova-Casadiego B, Colombini MP. Novel application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the characterization of drying oils in art: Elucidation on the composition of original paint materials used by Edvard Munch (1863–1944). Anal Chim Acta 2015; 896:177-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
37
|
Soriano S, Villa P, Delagnes A, Degano I, Pollarolo L, Lucejko JJ, Henshilwood C, Wadley L. The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort at Sibudu and Blombos: Understanding Middle Stone Age Technologies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131127. [PMID: 26161665 PMCID: PMC4498762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of archaeological assemblages in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa in terms of diversity and temporal continuity has significant implications with respect to recent cultural evolutionary models which propose either gradual accumulation or discontinuous, episodic processes for the emergence and diffusion of cultural traits. We present the results of a systematic technological and typological analysis of the Still Bay assemblages from Sibudu and Blombos. A similar approach is used in the analysis of the Howiesons Poort (HP) assemblages from Sibudu seen in comparison with broadly contemporaneous assemblages from Rose Cottage and Klasies River Cave 1A. Using our own and published data from other sites we report on the diversity between stone artifact assemblages and discuss to what extent they can be grouped into homogeneous lithic sets. The gradual evolution of debitage techniques within the Howiesons Poort sequence with a progressive abandonment of the HP technological style argues against the saltational model for its disappearance while the technological differences between the Sibudu and Blombos Still Bay artifacts considerably weaken an interpretation of similarities between the assemblages and their grouping into the same cultural unit. Limited sampling of a fragmented record may explain why simple models of cultural evolution do not seem to apply to a complex reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Soriano
- ArScAn, AnTET, Université Paris Ouest, CNRS, 92023 Nanterre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Villa
- University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado 80309–0265, United States of America
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- CNRS-PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Anne Delagnes
- CNRS-PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pollarolo
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Laboratoire Archéologie et Peuplement de l’Afrique, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jeannette J. Lucejko
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christopher Henshilwood
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Institute for Archaeology, History, Culture and Religious Studies, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lyn Wadley
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
La Nasa J, Degano I, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Industrial alkyd resins: characterization of pentaerythritol and phthalic acid esters using integrated mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:225-237. [PMID: 26411620 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alkyd resins are synthetic polyesters used as paints and coatings. Current approaches for their analysis do not allow the characterization of pentaerythritol and phthalic acid esters, whose detection is interesting to fully characterize the materials, e.g. for forensic or cultural heritage applications. METHODS A combined analytical approach based on Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/MS and flow injection analysis (FIA)/MS was adopted. GC/MS was used to characterize the fatty acid profile and the polybasic acids in extracts from industrial alkyd resins. HPLC/MS and FIA/MS were used for the characterization of the triglyceride profile of the oil used to manufacture the resin and for the identification of reaction products deriving from the synthesis process. RESULTS The multi-analytical approach was applied on two different industrial alkyd resins produced from two different oils. The GC/MS analysis was successful in characterizing the fatty acid profile and the aromatic fraction of the resin. The HPLC/MS analysis allowed us to characterize the pentaerythritol and phthalic acid ester and the triglycerides residues from the synthesis process, by studying their high-resolution tandem mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS The application of liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to the study of industrial alkyd resins allowed us to characterize for the first time the esters formed by the transesterification reactions involving pentaerythritol, phthalic acid and triglycerides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Moruzzi 3, I-56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Moruzzi 3, I-56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Moruzzi 3, I-56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Moruzzi 3, I-56123, Pisa, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy (ICVBC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50099, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tripković T, Charvy C, Alves S, Lolić AĐ, Baošić RM, Nikolić-Mandić SD, Tabet JC. Electrospray ionization linear trap quadrupole Orbitrap in analysis of old tempera paintings: application to nineteenth-century Orthodox icons. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:679-692. [PMID: 26353990 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic approach in combination with mass spectrometry demonstrates a great potential for identification of proteinaceous materials in works of art. In this study we used a linear trap quadrupole Orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap), a state-of-the-art mass spectrometer for parts per million accuracy analyses of peptides behind tryptic hydrolysis. After the efficiency of the proteomic method was confirmed for reference and model samples, micro-samples from historical paintings were for the first time analysed using this technique. Superior performances of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach using a LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed identification of egg yolk peptides in two samples from nineteenth-century Orthodox icons, indicating egg tempera as the painting technique. Accurate precursor ion masses, in the range of ±2 ppm, and retention times of tryptic peptides strengthen protein identification. Additionally, in all historical samples the presence of animal glues suggested that the ground layer was likely bound using bovine collagen. Comparing to results acquired using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry in our previous study, here we achieved higher ion scores and protein scores, better sequence coverage and more identified proteins. In fact, a combination of the two mass spectrometric techniques provided overlapping and complementary data, related to the detection of peptides with different physicochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tripković
- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia, Radoslava Grujića 11, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - C Charvy
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire, UMR 7201, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - S Alves
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire, UMR 7201, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - A Đ Lolić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - R M Baošić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - S D Nikolić-Mandić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - J C Tabet
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire, UMR 7201, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Effects of acetic acid vapour on the ageing of alkyd paint layers: Multi-analytical approach for the evaluation of the degradation processes. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
42
|
Ménager M, Azémard C, Vieillescazes C. Study of Egyptian mummification balms by FT-IR spectroscopy and GC–MS. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Sciutto G, Prati S, Bonacini I, Oliveri P, Mazzeo R. FT-NIR microscopy: An advanced spectroscopic approach for the characterisation of paint cross-sections. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
44
|
Alkyd paints in art: Characterization using integrated mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 797:64-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
45
|
Reeves T, Popelka-Filcoff RS, Lenehan CE. Towards identification of traditional European and indigenous Australian paint binders using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:194-203. [PMID: 24216215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a pyrolysis GC-MS method capable of analysing Indigenous Australian and European binders typically used in the manufacture of culturally important painted works. Eleven different traditional European binders and ten different Indigenous Australian binders were examined. The method allows discrimination between highly complex and impure lipid, resin, polysaccharide, wax, and protein-based binders. Each was found to have characteristic pyrolysis products that were unique to the binder material, demonstrating the potential for differentiation of these binders on Australian Aboriginal artworks towards identification and conservation of cultural heritage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Reeves
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gambirasi A, Peruzzo L, Bianchin S, Favaro M. Electron backscatter diffraction in conservation science: phase identification of pigments in paint layers. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:921-928. [PMID: 23663448 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used in Conservation Science for characterization of ancient materials collected from works of art. The results demonstrate the feasibility of EBSD analysis on heterogeneous matrices as very small samples of paint layers collected from paintings. Two reference pigments were selected from those used by artists to investigate the relationship existing between EBSD pattern quality and properties of the investigated material (i.e., average atomic number, density, and Mohs hardness). The technique was also tested to investigate the pigment phases on two real samples collected from Romanino's Santa Giustina altarpiece, an oil on wood painting dated 1514 (Civic Museum, Padova, Italy). Results show for the first time the acquisition of EBSD patterns from painting samples mounted in resin, i.e., painting cross sections, opening a new powerful tool to elucidate the pigment phases avoiding large sampling on works of arts and to further study the complex mechanisms of pigment deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gambirasi
- Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yield and Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Schizochytrium limacinum under Different Temperature Regimes. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6073339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Bonaduce I, Odlyha M, Di Girolamo F, Lopez-Aparicio S, Grøntoft T, Colombini MP. The role of organic and inorganic indoor pollutants in museum environments in the degradation of dammar varnish. Analyst 2013; 138:487-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
49
|
Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13208-13. [PMID: 22847432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202629109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) to the Later Stone Age (LSA) in South Africa was not associated with the appearance of anatomically modern humans and the extinction of Neandertals, as in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Europe. It has therefore attracted less attention, yet it provides insights into patterns of technological evolution not associated with a new hominin. Data from Border Cave (KwaZulu-Natal) show a strong pattern of technological change at approximately 44-42 ka cal BP, marked by adoption of techniques and materials that were present but scarcely used in the previous MSA, and some novelties. The agent of change was neither a revolution nor the advent of a new species of human. Although most evident in personal ornaments and symbolic markings, the change from one way of living to another was not restricted to aesthetics. Our analysis shows that: (i) at Border Cave two assemblages, dated to 45-49 and >49 ka, show a gradual abandonment of the technology and tool types of the post-Howiesons Poort period and can be considered transitional industries; (ii) the 44-42 ka cal BP assemblages are based on an expedient technology dominated by bipolar knapping, with microliths hafted with pitch from Podocarpus bark, worked suid tusks, ostrich eggshell beads, bone arrowheads, engraved bones, bored stones, and digging sticks; (iii) these assemblages mark the beginning of the LSA in South Africa; (iv) the LSA emerged by internal evolution; and (v) the process of change began sometime after 56 ka.
Collapse
|
50
|
Potenza M, Sabatino G, Giambi F, Rosi L, Papini AM, Dei L. Analysis of egg-based model wall paintings by use of an innovative combined dot-ELISA and UPLC-based approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:691-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|