1
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Snow NH, Rana H. Does High Polarity Mean High Retention on Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography? LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2023. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.mi8888a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stationary phase chemistry, polarity, and selectivity have been of ongoing interest since the inception of gas chromatography (GC) in the 1950s. In the early days when most analyses were performed on packed columns, there were hundreds of stationary phase materials available. Today, with modern capillary columns, most GC analyses are performed with a few stationary phases, with a wide array of choices for specialty applications. Stationary phases are often classified using the broad term polarity, with polar stationary phases recommended for separating polar analytes and nonpolar stationary phases recommended for nonpolar analytes. In this installment, we examine the idea of stationary phase polarity. We examine the assumptions inherent in the most popular stationary phase polarity evaluating systems—McReynolds constants and the polarity scale. We see that high polarity does not always mean greater retention or higher selectivity.
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2
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Duan R, Qi M. Separation performance of pentiptycene-functionalized triblock copolymers towards the isomers of xylenes, phenols and anilines and the complex components in essential oil. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Cucinotta L, De Grazia G, Salerno TMG, Donnarumma D, Donato P, Sciarrone D, Mondello L. Overcoming the lack of reliability associated to monodimensional gas chromatography coupled to isotopic ratio mass spectrometry data by heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462473. [PMID: 34464784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of IRMS as a GC detector has a history going back decades, however the critical issue of wrong δ13C measurements resulting from impure peaks has been often underestimated. To this regard, multidimensional separation techniques are effective tools to improve the reliability of the data, with respect to those obtained after monodimensional analysis. The present research aims to draw attention to one critical issue, related to the reliability of the δ13C data obtained by means of monodimensional GC-C-IRMS. Although already known from the literature, such aspect has been greatly overlooked, as is reflected in the few papers reporting the use of MDGC, among the plethora of published research dealing with GC-C-IRMS applications. Hereby, a set of natural samples of complex composition were analysed to investigate the presence of minor or even undetected coelutions, and to which extent it affected the isotope ratio determination. Apart from chromatographic effects, and issues related to analytes conversion to CO2 prior to IRMS measurement, unpredictable co-elutions with compounds, either resulting from oxidation or intentionally added in fraudulent practices, could also contribute to a shift of the δ13C data, up to 10‰ and higher. Last, the influence of column bleed was investigated, as affecting the determination of the δ13C data for compounds that were eluted at high temperatures. It was finally demonstrated by the selected key studies that implementation of MDGC separation is mandatory to prevent the aforementioned issues, aiming to guarantee accurate results. In the light of the above conclusions, and considering the level of automation of heart-cut devices nowadays available, routine practice of MDGC results highly recommendable in any IRMS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Gemma De Grazia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Tania Maria Grazia Salerno
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental, Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Donnarumma
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental, Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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5
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Practical Considerations in Method Development for Gas Chromatography-Based Metabolomic Profiling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:139-157. [PMID: 34628631 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of gas chromatography (GC) to improve method development for metabolic profiling of complex biological samples. The selection of column geometry and phase ratio impacts analyte mass transfer, which must be carefully optimized for fast analysis. Stationary phase selection is critical to obtain baseline resolution of critical pairs, but such selection must consider important aspects of metabolomic protocols, such as derivatization and dependence of analyte identification on existing databases. Sample preparation methods are also addressed depending on the sample matrix, including liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction.
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6
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Suchatanugal N, Chedthanorrakul P, Thaveesangsakulthai I, Nhujak T, Kulsing C. Thin layer chromatography based extraction approaches for improved analysis of volatile compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and direct analysis with gas analyzer. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:666-675. [PMID: 33197986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, thin-layer chromatography was applied for selective extraction of volatile compounds in perfume prior to analysis with solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The standard compounds were desorbed from the thin-layer chromatography plate and extracted at 80°C for 15 min showing good linearity of the calibration curves (R2 > 0.98) and acceptable recovery range (65-81%). The plate after the separation was cut into four smaller parts followed by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, which revealed different compound profile in each part with the correlation between log P of the standard compounds and their positions along the thin-layer chromatography plate (R2 = 0.65). This approach was applied to analyze perfume compounds in the sample with strong matrix interference from the synthetic agarwood. Terpene hydrocarbons (woody-based odors), ketones/esters, aldehydes, ethers, and alcohols were mostly observed at 8 ± 1, 6 ± 1, 5 ± 2, 4 ± 2, and 3 ± 2 cm, respectively, from the bottom of the thin-layer chromatography plate. While, the conventional solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of this sample solution revealed only 62 compounds (including 35 perfume compounds), the four-piece approach resulted in 109 compounds (62 perfume compounds). Furthermore, the capability of thin-layer chromatography-Gas Analyzer approach to analyze the isomers in this complex sample was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapat Suchatanugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thumnoon Nhujak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Chromatographic Separation and Flavor Chemistry Research Unit and Center of Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Chromatographic Separation and Flavor Chemistry Research Unit and Center of Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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7
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Efficiency of capillary GC columns based on phosphonium ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461127. [PMID: 32331778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatographic columns based on ionic liquids (ILs) are very promising since the selectivity of these columns can be tuned by both the cation and the anion chemical nature. In this paper, efficiencies of capillary columns based on four phosphonium ionic liquids were studied. The performance of seven columns containing the cation trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium and the anions bromide, chloride, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was evaluated by measuring the solute band broadening as a function of gas velocities at three temperatures. Hence, classical height equivalent to a theoretical plate (H) against gas velocity (u) plots corresponding to those columns were generated and the data were fitted to the Golay-Guiochon equation with the aim of seeking the optimum conditions to be operated each of them. Band broadening at practical gas velocities is mainly due to poor mass transfer properties of solutes in the (viscous) liquid phases, which limits the achieved efficiencies. These H/u plots proved to be necessary to characterize the column quality at a given temperature, to interpret the band broadening phenomena and thus, to establish the lower temperature limits and the expected plate counts at that temperature.
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Sucupira Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC): Lipid Screening, Factorial Design, Release Profile, and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030685. [PMID: 32041134 PMCID: PMC7038118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are odorant liquid oily products consisting of a complex mixture of volatile compounds obtained from a plant raw material. They have been increasingly proven to act as potential natural agents in the treatment of several human conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia closely related to carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism disturbances. In order to explore novel approaches for the management of DM our group proposes the encapsulation of sucupira essential oil, obtained from the fruits of the Brazilian plants of the genus Pterodon, in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), a second generation of lipid nanoparticles which act as new controlled drug delivery system (DDS). Encapsulation was performed by hot high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique and the samples were then analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) for mean average size and polydispersity index (PI) and by electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) for zeta potential (ZP), immediately after production and after 24 h of storage at 4 °C. An optimal sucupira-loaded NLC was found to consist of 0.5% (m/V) sucupira oil, 4.5% (m/V) of Kollivax® GMS II and 1.425% (m/V) of TPGS (formulation no. 6) characterized by a mean particle size ranging from 148.1 ± 0.9815 nm (0 h) to 159.3 ± 9.539 nm (at 24 h), a PI from 0.274 ± 0.029 (0 h) to 0.305 ± 0.028 (24 h) and a ZP from −0.00236 ± 0.147 mV (at 0 h) to 0.125 ± 0.162 (at 24 h). The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 99.98% and 9.6%, respectively. The optimized formulation followed a modified release profile fitting the first order kinetics, over a period of 8 h. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed against Caco-2 cell lines, for which the cell viability above 90% confirmed the non-cytotoxic profile of both blank and sucupira oil-loaded NLC.
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Xu L, Bai J, Du A, Yang Z, Wu B. 1,4-Diphenyltriphenylene grafted polysiloxane as a stationary phase for gas chromatography. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesized DPTP polymer was statically coated on the capillary column to prepare the DPTP column for separating multiple analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Jianchun Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Aiqin Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Zaixiao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
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10
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Ionic liquids as gas chromatographic stationary phases: how can they change food and natural product analyses? Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:17-25. [PMID: 31838558 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of natural products often consists of complex mixtures of isomeric and/or homologous components with similar structural and physical characteristics (e.g. mono- and sesquiterpenoids) that are not easy to separate simultaneously with conventional GC stationary phases, even when used with multidimensional systems. The introduction of ionic liquids (ILs) as stationary phases has opened up new perspectives in this field as their unique solvation properties result in uncommon selectivity, which is completely different to that of classic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-based columns. Because of their peculiar selectivity and high inertness, IL-based columns have already found several applications in the natural product field in mono- and multidimensional GC and preparative GC, leading to the exhaustive analysis of complex samples (including aqueous solutions), and the separation of challenging pair(s) of compounds. This article provides an overview of how IL-based columns can be exploited in the fields of food and natural products, explores the wide range of applications that have already been developed and highlights the main features of these promising stationary phases, which are expected to be further extended in the near future, in particular, for routine use. Graphical abstract.
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11
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Souto EB, Souto SB, Campos JR, Severino P, Pashirova TN, Zakharova LY, Silva AM, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Izzo AA, Santini A. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4209. [PMID: 31756981 PMCID: PMC6930606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic disease, is characterized by changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels, being the subcutaneous injection of insulin the first line treatment. This administration route is however associated with limited patient's compliance, due to the risk of pain, discomfort and local infection. Nanoparticles have been proposed as insulin carriers to make possible the administration of the peptide via friendlier pathways without the need of injection, i.e., via oral or nasal routes. Nanoparticles stand for particles in the nanometer range that can be obtained from different materials (e.g., polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, lipid) and are commonly used with the aim to improve the physicochemical stability of the loaded drug and thereby its bioavailability. This review discusses the use of different types of nanoparticles (e.g., polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and also drug nanosuspensions) for improved delivery of different oral hypoglycemic agents in comparison to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joana R. Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Patricia Severino
- Tiradentes Institute, University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju-SE 49010-390, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Lucia Y. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Technological University, ul. Karla Marksa 68, Kazan 420015, Russia
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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12
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Evaluation of different ionic liquid stationary phases for the analysis of carbohydrates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7461-7472. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Ultra-high thermal stability perarylated ionic liquids as gas chromatographic stationary phases for the selective separation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Souza ID, Nan H, Queiroz MEC, Anderson JL. Tunable Silver-Containing Stationary Phases for Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4969-4974. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel D. Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - He Nan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Maria Eugênia C. Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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15
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Mazzucotelli M, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C. Ionic liquids as stationary phases for gas chromatography—Unusual selectivity of ionic liquids with a phosphonium cation and different anions in the flavor, fragrance and essential oil analyses. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1583:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Talebi M, Patil RA, Sidisky LM, Berthod A, Armstrong DW. Variation of anionic moieties of dicationic ionic liquid GC stationary phases: Effect on stability and selectivity. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1042:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Nan H, Varona M, Emaus MN, Souza ID, Anderson JL. Advances of Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry. Anal Chem 2018; 91:505-531. [PMID: 30335970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - He Nan
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Marcelino Varona
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Miranda N Emaus
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Israel D Souza
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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18
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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19
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Patil RA, Talebi M, Sidisky LM, Berthod A, Armstrong DW. Gas chromatography selectivity of new phosphonium-based dicationic ionic liquid stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4142-4148. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A. Patil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Mohsen Talebi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Alain Berthod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques; Université de Lyon 1; CNRS; Villeurbanne France
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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20
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Regmi BP, Chan R, Atta A, Agah M. Ionic liquid-coated alumina-pretreated micro gas chromatography columns for high-efficient separations. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:124-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Nawała J, Dawidziuk B, Dziedzic D, Gordon D, Popiel S. Applications of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry with a particular emphasis on their use in solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Nan H, Anderson JL. Ionic liquid stationary phases for multidimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Lenca N, Poole CF. A system map for the ionic liquid stationary phase 1,12-di(tripropylphosphonium)dodecane bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide trifluoromethanesulfonate for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1559:164-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Sciarrone D, Schepis A, Zoccali M, Donato P, Vita F, Creti D, Alpi A, Mondello L. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry/Quadrupole MS with a Low-Bleed Ionic Liquid Secondary Column for the Authentication of Truffles and Products Containing Truffle. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6610-6617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Schepis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donato Creti
- Enrico Giotti S.p.A., a Subsidiary of McCormick & Company, Inc., Via Pisana 592, 50018, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Alpi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari, Agro-ambientali, Laboratorio di Fisiologia Vegetale, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., Via Leonardo Sciascia CoopFede, Pal. B, 98168, Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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25
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Yan D, Wong YF, Whittock SP, Koutoulis A, Shellie RA, Marriott PJ. Sequential Hybrid Three-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Accurate Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool for High-Resolution Characterization of Multicomponent Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5264-5271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Yan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Simon P. Whittock
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- Hop Products Australia, 446 Elizabeth St, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, VIC 3154, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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26
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Rigano F, Oteri M, Russo M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Proposal of a Linear Retention Index System for Improving Identification Reliability of Triacylglycerol Profiles in Lipid Samples by Liquid Chromatography Methods. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3313-3320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rigano
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marianna Oteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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27
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Evaluating the solvation properties of metal-containing ionic liquids using the solvation parameter model. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:4597-4606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Branched-chain dicationic ionic liquids for fatty acid methyl ester assessment by gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:4633-4643. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Ionic liquid capillary columns for analysis of multi-component volatiles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: performance, selectivity, activity and retention indices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:4615-4632. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Lenca N, Poole CF. A system map for the ionic liquid stationary phase 1,12-di(tripropylphosphonium)dodecane bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Lenca N, Poole CF. System map for the ionic liquid stationary phase tri(tripropylphosphoniumhexanamido)triethylamine bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:210-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Patil RA, Talebi M, Sidisky LM, Armstrong DW. Examination of Selectivities of Thermally Stable Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids by Structural Modification. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Advanced method optimization for volatile aroma profiling of beer using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:45-52. [PMID: 28587778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the headspace of Trappist and craft beers was studied to illustrate the efficiency of thermal desorption (TD) comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for highlighting subtle differences between highly complex mixtures of VOCs. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), multiple (and classical) stir bar sorptive extraction (mSBSE), static headspace (SHS), and dynamic headspace (DHS) were compared for the extraction of a set of 21 representative flavor compounds of beer aroma. A Box-Behnken surface response methodology experimental design optimization (DOE) was used for convex hull calculation (Delaunay's triangulation algorithms) of peak dispersion in the chromatographic space. The predicted value of 0.5 for the ratio between the convex hull and the available space was 10% higher than the experimental value, demonstrating the usefulness of the approach to improve optimization of the GC×GC separation. Chemical variations amongst aligned chromatograms were studied by means of Fisher Ratio (FR) determination and F-distribution threshold filtration at different significance levels (α=0.05 and 0.01) and based on z-score normalized area for data reduction. Statistically significant compounds were highlighted following principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The dendrogram structure not only provided clear visual information about similarities between products but also permitted direct identification of the chemicals and their relative weight in clustering. The effective coupling of DHS-TD-GC×GC-TOFMS with PCA and HCA was able to highlight the differences and common typical VOC patterns among 24 samples of different Trappist and selected Canadian craft beers.
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34
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Analysis of essential oils and fragrances with a new generation of highly inert gas chromatographic columns coated with ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1495:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Fanali C, Micalizzi G, Dugo P, Mondello L. Ionic liquids as stationary phases for fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography. Analyst 2017; 142:4601-4612. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper provides an overview of the application of ionic liquid (IL) columns for GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Fanali
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
| | - G. Micalizzi
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”
- University of Messina – Polo Annunziata
- 98168 Messina
| | - P. Dugo
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
| | - L. Mondello
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
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36
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Huang L, Chen YT, Li YX, Yu LS. Application of Chiral Ionic Liquid-Modified Gold Nanoparticles in the Chiral Recognition of Amino Acid Enantiomers. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1649-1654. [PMID: 27418633 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816645353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two chiral ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole l-tartrate (EMIML-Tar) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole l-lactate (EMIML-Lac), were used to modify gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for chiral recognition of amino acid enantiomers. Transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis were used for the characterization of chiral IL-modified AuNPs. Meanwhile, the performance of l-tartaric acid and l-lactic acid as modifiers was investigated to make a comparison. The chiral recognition mechanism is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Shuang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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37
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Han X, Wang H, He X, Wang B, Wu B. 7,10-Diphenylfluoranthene grafted polysiloxane as a highly selective stationary phase for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:192-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Soares B, Passos H, Freire CSR, Coutinho JAP, Silvestre AJD, Freire MG. Ionic liquids in chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: toward additional improvements in the separation of natural compounds. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2016; 18:4582-4604. [PMID: 27667965 PMCID: PMC5034900 DOI: 10.1039/c6gc01778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, in recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been largely investigated in the field of analytical chemistry. Particularly during the last sixteen years, they have been successfully applied in the chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis of value-added compounds extracted from biomass. Considering the growing interest in the use of ILs in this field, this critical review provides a comprehensive overview on the improvements achieved using ILs as constituents of mobile or stationary phases in analytical techniques, namely in capillary electrophoresis and its different modes, in high performance liquid chromatography, and in gas chromatography, for the separation and analysis of natural compounds. The impact of the IL chemical structure and the influence of secondary parameters, such as the IL concentration, temperature, pH, voltage and analysis time (when applied), are also critically addressed regarding the achieved separation improvements. Major conclusions on the role of ILs in the separation mechanisms and the performance of these techniques in terms of efficiency, resolution and selectivity are provided. Based on a critical analysis of all published results, some target-oriented ILs are suggested. Finally, current drawbacks and future challenges in the field are highlighted. In particular, the design and use of more benign and effective ILs as well as the development of integrated (and thus more sustainable) extraction-separation processes using IL aqueous solutions are suggested within a green chemistry perspective.
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39
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Characterization of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in Brazilian petroleum derivatives using ionic liquid capillary columns in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:131-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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40
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Weatherly CA, Zhang Y, Smuts JP, Fan H, Xu C, Schug KA, Lang JC, Armstrong DW. Analysis of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Ionic Liquid Gas Chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1422-1432. [PMID: 26852774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four ionic liquid (IL) columns, SLB-IL59, SLB-IL60, SLB-IL65, and SLB-IL111, were evaluated for more rapid analysis or improved resolution of long-chain methyl and ethyl esters of omega-3, omega-6, and additional positional isomeric and stereoisomeric blends of fatty acids found in fish oil, flaxseed oil, and potentially more complicated compositions. The three structurally distinct IL columns provided shorter retention times and more symmetric peak shapes for the fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters than a conventional polyethylene glycol column (PEG), resolving cis- and trans-fatty acid isomers that coeluted on the PEG column. The potential for improved resolution of fatty acid esters is important for complex food and supplement applications, where different forms of fatty acid can be incorporated. Vacuum ultraviolet detection contributed to further resolution for intricate mixtures containing cis- and trans-isomers, as exemplified in a fatty acid blend of shorter chain C18:1 esters with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choyce A Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Jonathan P Smuts
- VUV Analytics, Inc. , 715 Discovery Boulevard Suite 502, Cedar Park, Texas 78613, United States
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | | | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - John C Lang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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41
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Ragonese C, Sciarrone D, Grasso E, Dugo P, Mondello L. Enhanced resolution of Mentha piperita
volatile fraction using a novel medium-polarity ionic liquid gas chromatography stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:537-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ragonese
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Elisa Grasso
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata; viale Annunziata; 98168 - Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata; viale Annunziata; 98168 - Messina Italy
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42
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Hammann S, Vetter W. Gas chromatographic separation of fatty acid esters of cholesterol and phytosterols on an ionic liquid capillary column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Wong YF, West RN, Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Evaluation of fast enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography methods for monoterpenic compounds: Authenticity control of Australian tea tree oil. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Wong YF, Chin ST, Perlmutter P, Marriott PJ. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the metabolic profiling of plant-fungus interaction in Aquilaria malaccensis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:104-15. [PMID: 25704770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore the possible obligate interactions between the phytopathogenic fungus and Aquilaria malaccensis which result in generation of a complex array of secondary metabolites, we describe a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) method, coupled to accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) for the untargeted and comprehensive metabolic profiling of essential oils from naturally infected A. malaccensis trees. A polar/non-polar column configuration was employed, offering an improved separation pattern of components when compared to other column sets. Four different grades of the oils displayed quite different metabolic patterns, suggesting the evolution of a signalling relationship between the host tree (emergence of various phytoalexins) and fungi (activation of biotransformation). In total, ca. 550 peaks/metabolites were detected, of which tentative identification of 155 of these compounds was reported, representing between 20.1% and 53.0% of the total ion count. These are distributed over the chemical families of monoterpenic and sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (comprised of ketone, aldehyde, oxide, alcohol, lactone, keto-alcohol and diol), norterpenoids, diterpenoids, short chain glycols, carboxylic acids and others. The large number of metabolites detected, combined with the ease with which they are located in the 2D separation space, emphasises the importance of a comprehensive analytical approach for the phytochemical analysis of plant metabolomes. Furthermore, the potential of this methodology in grading agarwood oils by comparing the obtained metabolic profiles (pattern recognition for unique metabolite chemical families) is discussed. The phytocomplexity of the agarwood oils signified the production of a multitude of plant-fungus mediated secondary metabolites as chemical signals for natural ecological communication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most complete information available so far about essential oils of A. malaccensis, which represents a valuable extension to available data for advanced studies on microbial-mediated biotransformation of terpenes, and offers promise for potential discovery of unanticipated phytochemicals, and biotechnological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Foo Wong
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Perlmutter
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Victoria, Australia.
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45
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Gas chromatography on wall-coated open-tubular columns with ionic liquid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:87-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Weber W, Andersson JT. Ionic liquids as stationary phases in gas chromatography—an LSER investigation of six commercial phases and some applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5347-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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González Paredes RM, García Pinto C, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Ionic liquids as stationary phases in gas chromatography: determination of chlorobenzenes in soils. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1448-55. [PMID: 24723298 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present research focuses on the evaluation of different ionic liquid (IL) stationary phases in gas chromatography. The different IL columns were evaluated in terms of peak resolution (Rs) and peak symmetry for the separation of the chlorobenzenes. The determination of chlorobenzenes in soil samples by means of the optimal IL stationary phase (SLB-IL82) is proposed as an application. Soil pretreatment was based on a simplified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction procedure and a large injection volume via a programed temperature vaporizer working in solvent vent mode. The retention time of the chlorobenzenes increased as the polarity of the IL column decreased. SLB-IL82 is the stationary phase that provides the best values as regards Rs and asymmetry factor. Soil sample blanks were spiked with the analytes before subjecting the sample to the extraction process. The existence of a matrix effect was checked and the analytical characteristics of the method were determined in a fortified garden soil sample. The method provided good linearity, good repeatability and reproducibility values, and the LODs were in the 0.1-4.7 μg/kg range. Two fortified soil samples were applied to validate the proposed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María González Paredes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Sciarrone D, Pantò S, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Rapid isolation of high solute amounts using an online four-dimensional preparative system: normal phase-liquid chromatography coupled to methyl siloxane-ionic liquid-wax phase gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4295-301. [PMID: 24725161 DOI: 10.1021/ac404078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the recent evolution of a multidimensional GC-GC-GC preparative system, now combined with an online LC preseparation step, operated under normal phase conditions. It is herein shown that the four-dimensional instrument can collect sample components with a concentration lower than 10%, in a short time period, while maintaining a high level of analyte purity. The LC dimension allows (I) the injection of higher sample amounts, compared to "direct" GC injection; (II) a polarity-based preseparation, leading to the GC injection of simplified subsamples, and thus reducing the possibility of coelutions; (III) to eliminate the essential-oil "matrix", replacing it with the LC mobile phase (the GC system is more protected from potential contamination); (IV) the LC mobile phase is of much lower viscosity with respect to a pure, or highly concentrated essential oil, avoiding difficulties in the syringe sample withdrawal process, prior to GC injection. System optimization was performed by using standard solutions; in addition, a very complex sample, namely, vetiver essential oil, was subjected to the preparative process, with the scope of isolating two low-amount constituents (namely, α-amorphene and β-vetivone). The latter two sesquiterpenoids, which accounted for 1.7 and 4.0% of the sample (considering the volatiles), respectively, were successfully collected at the milligram level, in a one-day work period, with a purity degree in excess of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Hantao LW, Najafi A, Zhang C, Augusto F, Anderson JL. Tuning the Selectivity of Ionic Liquid Stationary Phases for Enhanced Separation of Nonpolar Analytes in Kerosene Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3717-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro W. Hantao
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Ali Najafi
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School
of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Chin ST, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Enantiomeric separation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with accurate mass analysis. Chirality 2014; 26:747-53. [PMID: 24420979 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (eGC×GC) coupled to quadrupole-accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) was evaluated for its capability to report the chiral composition of several monoterpenes, namely, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene in cardamom oil. Enantiomers in a standard mixture were fully resolved by direct enantiomeric-GC analysis with a 2,3-di-O-methyl-6-t-butylsilyl derivatized β-cyclodextrin phase; however, the (+)-(R)-limonene enantiomer in cardamom oil was overlapped with other background components including cymene and cineole. Verification of (+)-(R)-limonene components based on characteristic ions at m/z 136, 121, and 107 acquired by chiral single-dimension GC-QTOFMS in the alternate MS/MSMS mode of operation was unsuccessful due to similar parent/daughter ions generated by interfering or co-eluting cymene and cineole. Column phases SUPELCOWAX, SLB-IL111, HP-88, and SLB-IL59, were incorporated as the second dimension column ((2)D) in chiral GC×GC analysis; the SLB-IL59 offered the best resolution for the tested monoterpene enantiomers from the matrix background. Enantiomeric ratios for α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene were determined to be 1.325, 2.703, and 1.040, respectively, in the cardamom oil sample based on relative peak area data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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