1
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Wang XY, Wei WJ, Zhou SY, Pan YZ, Yang J, Gan T, Zhuang Z, Li WH, Zhang X, Pan YM, Tang HT, Wang D. Phosphorus-Doped Single Atom Copper Catalyst as a Redox Mediator in the Cathodic Reduction of Quinazolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202505085. [PMID: 40107943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202505085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
The use of clean electric energy to activate inert compounds has garnered significant attention. Homogeneous redox mediators (RMs) in organic electrosynthesis are effective platforms for this purpose. However, understanding the RM's electronic structure under operational conditions, electron transport processes at the electrode surface, and substrate adsorption-desorption dynamics remains challenging. Here, we synthesized a Cu single-atom catalyst (SAC, named Cu─N─P@NC) with a CuN3P1 micro-coordination structure, employing it as a unique cathode redox mediator. Introducing phosphine atoms into the coordination system allowed modulation of the SAC's electronic metal-support interaction, optimizing catalyst-substrate adsorption-desorption dynamics and accelerating electrochemical reactions. Utilizing the heterogeneous SAC strategy, we achieved a novel electro-reduction coupling ring-opening reaction of inert quinazolinone frameworks. The Cu-SAC exhibited exceptionally high catalytic activity and substrate compatibility, operating smoothly at gram-scale production. Additionally, we applied the SAC to modify 11 natural product molecules. Integrating micro-coordination environment regulation and theoretical adsorption models elucidated the significant influence of electrode-RMs-substrate interactions on reaction kinetics and catalytic efficiency-a feat challenging for homogeneous RMs. This approach offers a novel pathway for advancing efficient organic electrosynthesis reactions and provides critical insights for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wan-Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Si-Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yong-Zhou Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Gan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zechao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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2
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Kawajiri T, Hosoya M, Goda S, Sato E, Suga S. Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mediated by 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol. Org Lett 2025; 27:4737-4741. [PMID: 40302371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
We report a novel electrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohols. We found that trifluoroethanol plays a role as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mediator, enabling the oxidation of electron-deficient substrates that are difficult to directly oxidize on electrode surfaces. Density functional theory calculations, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and constant potential electrolysis studies supported the proposed HAT mechanism. Moreover, the obtained carbonyl compounds could be functionalized in an electrochemical one-pot manner, further highlighting their synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawajiri
- API R&D Laboratory, Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosoya
- API R&D Laboratory, Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goda
- API R&D Laboratory, Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Eisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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3
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He Y, Wang ZH, Liu HL, Fang P, Ma C, Xu H, Mei TS. TEMPO-Mediated Electrochemical α-Allylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Org Lett 2025; 27:4638-4643. [PMID: 40277042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
A C(sp3)-H allylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines has been developed by combining Shono oxidation with a vinylogous Mannich-type reaction. TEMPO was used as the electrocatalyst to lower the electrode potential, improving functional group compatibility. This method provided a practical and efficient tandem procedure for the α-allylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines. The reaction proceeded through the formation of an iminium cation intermediate, which was generated in situ by anodic oxidation, followed by nucleophilic addition of 2-allylazaarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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4
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Wu W, Linghu R, Jian B, Shi J, Chi Q, Jiang B, Ren H. Electrochemical Oxidative Reassembly of 1,3-Diketones with Aryl Alkenes and Water via Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Rearrangement. Org Lett 2025; 27:4663-4668. [PMID: 40276890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
We report the electrochemical cleavage and reassembly of 1,3-diketones with aryl alkenes and water for the synthesis of 1,4-ketoalcohol derivatives. This approach represents the first example of formal carbon-carbon cleavage of 1,3-diketones and alkene insertion via electro-oxidation, enabling the direct synthesis of diverse 1,4-ketoalcohol derivatives in good to high yields. The developed strategy employs an electrochemical approach using inexpensive commercial carbon electrodes in an undivided cell under mild and operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Rongxing Linghu
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Qin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Biaobiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
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5
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Jin Z, Shi Y, Zheng Z, Ding Y, Su W, Zhang C, Xie Y. A dual-radical process for tri/di-fluoromethylarylation of alkenes enabled by indirect electroreduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:7105-7108. [PMID: 40241657 DOI: 10.1039/d5cc00744e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
This study presents a stable and mild electrochemical dual-radical strategy for tri/di-fluoromethylarylation of alkenes. The synergistic combination of cyanoarene and phenanthrene as dual redox mediators constructs an efficient catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangchi Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxin Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weike Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - YuanYuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zeng W, Wang Y, Peng C, Qiu Y. Organo-mediator enabled electrochemical transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:4468-4501. [PMID: 40151968 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs01142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to facilitate redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This review focuses on organo-mediators that facilitate electrochemical reactions via outer-sphere electron transfer (ET) between active mediators and substrates, offering advantages over direct electrolysis due to their availability, ease of modification, and simple post-processing. They prevent overoxidation/reduction, enhance selectivity, and mitigate electrode passivation during the electrosynthesis. By modifying the structure of organo-mediators, those with tunable redox potentials enable electrosynthesis and avoid metal residues in the final products, making them promising for further application in synthetic chemistry, particularly in pharmacochemistry, where the maximum allowed level of the metal residue in synthetic samples is extremely strict. This review highlights the recent advancements in this rapidly growing area within the past two decades, including the electrochemical organo-mediated oxidation (EOMO) and electrochemical organo-mediated reduction (EOMR) events. The organo-mediator enabled electrochemical transformations are discussed according to the reaction type, which has been categorized into oxidation and reduction organic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chengyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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7
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Xu Y, Wu H, Zhu C, Tu M, Zhang L. A General Strategy for C(sp 3)─H Bond Etherification via Quinoline Derivative-Mediated Electrolysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025:e2416803. [PMID: 40285672 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202416803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Electrooxidative coupling of C(sp3)─H bonds with nucleophiles offers an attractive method for constructing C─C and C─X bonds without sacrificial oxidants. However, the direct electrochemical approach requires the nucleophilic reagent to have a higher potential than the C(sp3)─H coupling partners, which restricts the substrate scope. In this study, a quinoline derivative is introduced as an electrochemical mediator, enabling efficient C─H bond etherification with reduced reliance on the electronic properties of substrates. The catalytic system demonstrates broad substrate compatibility, extending to C(sp3)─H coupling partners featuring a diverse range of C─H bonds, including tertiary benzylic C─H bonds and unactivated C(sp3)─H bonds. Mechanistic investigations confirm the role of the electrocatalyst in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. This method provides a versatile and efficient strategy for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousen Xu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - ChenXi Zhu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Minjun Tu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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8
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Singh S, Singh M, Singh A, Singh MS. Electrochemical debrominative hydrogenation/deuteration of 2-bromo- N-arylacetamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:6478-6481. [PMID: 40177714 DOI: 10.1039/d5cc00530b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile and efficient electro-reductive debrominative hydrogenation/deuteration of 2-bromo-N-aryl acetamides using H2O/D2O as an economical source of hydrogen/deuterium at room temperature. The reactions proceeded efficiently via C-Br bond activation, enabling facile synthesis of a range of N-substituted amides in moderate to high yields with broad functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-211005, India.
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-211005, India.
| | - Ashvani Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-211005, India.
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-211005, India.
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9
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Song X, Huang YQ, Zhao B, Wu H, Qi X, Wang J. Proton-Modulated Nickel Hydride Electrocatalysis for the Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Bonds and Olefin Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2025. [PMID: 40259619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
Transition-metal hydrides stand as indispensable intermediates in both energy conversion and organic synthesis. Their electrochemical generation represents a compelling sustainable approach, enabling precise control over the reactivity and expanding the scope of electrocatalytic hydrogenation and isomerization. However, a major challenge in Ni-catalyzed electrochemical hydrogenation is the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which has led to various innovative strategies aimed at circumventing Ni-H formation. Here, we pursued an alternative approach by designing a bifunctional ligand with a pendant amine moiety to promote Ni-H formation. This design enabled selective (semi)hydrogenation of a diverse range of substrates, including terminal and internal alkynes, alkenes, and aldehydes, achieving an unprecedented substrate scope. Remarkably, we also demonstrated tunable positional selectivity for olefin isomerization by employing different types of proton sources. Our hydrogenation and isomerization method also exhibits excellent functional group tolerance, streamlining access to pharmaceuticals and their derivatives. Computational studies revealed the crucial, noninnocent role of the proton source in modulating metal hydride selectivity, either through hydrogen bonding, direct protonation of the pendant amine, or facilitation of protodemetalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan-Qiong Huang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bodi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanshuo Wu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Li W, Huang D, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yu H, Ma S. Electrochemical Cyclization of 2,3-Allenols. Org Lett 2025; 27:3506-3510. [PMID: 40177941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical bromocyclization of allenols has been realized for the synthesis of spirocyclic 2,5-dihydrofurans. The reaction used commercially available and nontoxic KBr as the brominating source in a simple setup under open-air conditions. Notably, optically active products can be obtained from optically active 2,3-allenols without any racemization, further enhancing the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Li
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dong Huang
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhuowei Xu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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11
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Abrams DJ, Johnson MR, Lacker CR, Yoon TP, Martinelli JR, Stahl SS. Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Nucleosides to Their 5'-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202500713. [PMID: 40114464 PMCID: PMC12043033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Nucleoside 5'-carboxylic acids are important synthetic targets, but most existing methods to access these compounds use (super)stoichiometric chemical oxidants to oxidize the primary alcohol. The present study introduces an aminoxyl-mediated electrochemical method for oxidation of nucleosides and ribosugars to afford their 5'-carboxylic acid derivatives. The optimized conditions employ 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (ACT) as the aminoxyl mediator in a water/acetonitrile solvent mixture with tetraethylammonium bicarbonate or monohydrogen phosphate as a base within an undivided electrolysis cell. The reaction tolerates diverse functionality at the nucleobase and sugar positions and is showcased in the oxidation of 10 different substrates, including a 10 g scale oxidation of 2'-O-methylcytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Abrams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Mathew R. Johnson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Caitlin R. Lacker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
- Department of Physical SciencesUniversity of Central MissouriWarrensburgMissouri64093USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Joseph R. Martinelli
- Lilly Institute of Genetic Medicine, Eli Lilly and CompanyLilly Seaport Innovation CenterBostonMassachusetts02210USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
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12
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Hu Y, Chao T, Dou Y, Xiong Y, Liu X, Wang D. Isolated Metal Centers Activate Small Molecule Electrooxidation: Mechanisms and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2418504. [PMID: 39865965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202418504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules shows great promise to substitute oxygen evolution reaction (OER) or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) to enhance reaction kinetics and reduce energy consumption, as well as produce high-valued chemicals or serve as fuels. For these oxidation reactions, high-valence metal sites generated at oxidative potentials are typically considered as active sites to trigger the oxidation process of small molecules. Isolated atom site catalysts (IASCs) have been developed as an ideal system to precisely regulate the oxidation state and coordination environment of single-metal centers, and thus optimize their catalytic property. The isolated metal sites in IASCs inherently possess a positive oxidation state, and can be more readily produce homogeneous high-valence active sites under oxidative potentials than their nanoparticle counterparts. Meanwhile, IASCs merely possess the isolated metal centers but lack ensemble metal sites, which can alter the adsorption configurations of small molecules as compared with nanoparticle counterparts, and thus induce various reaction pathways and mechanisms to change product selectivity. More importantly, the construction of isolated metal centers is discovered to limit metal d-electron back donation to CO 2p* orbital and reduce the overly strong adsorption of CO on ensemble metal sites, which resolve the CO poisoning problems in most small molecules electro-oxidation reactions and thus improve catalytic stability. Based on these advantages of IASCs in the fields of electrochemical oxidation of small molecules, this review summarizes recent developments and advancements in IASCs in small molecules electro-oxidation reactions, focusing on anodic HOR in fuel cells and OER in electrolytic cells as well as their alternative reactions, such as formic acid/methanol/ethanol/glycerol/urea/5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation reactions as key reactions. The catalytic merits of different oxidation reactions and the decoding of structure-activity relationships are specifically discussed to guide the precise design and structural regulation of IASCs from the perspective of a comprehensive reaction mechanism. Finally, future prospects and challenges are put forward, aiming to motivate more application possibilities for diverse functional IASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Hu
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, P. R. China
| | - Yuhai Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Yuli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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13
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Charisiadis A, Nikolaou V, Nikoloudakis E, Ladomenou K, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG. Metalloporphyrins in bio-inspired photocatalytic conversions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:4630-4646. [PMID: 40009006 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc06655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Numerous natural systems contain porphyrin derivatives that facilitate important catalytic processes; thus, developing biomimetic photocatalytic systems based on synthetic metalloporphyrins constitutes a rapidly advancing and fascinating research field. Additionally, porphyrins are widely investigated in a plethora of applications due to their highly versatile structure, presenting advantageous photoredox, photophysical and photochemical properties. Consequently, such metallated tetrapyrrolic macrocycles play a prominent role as photosensitizers and catalysts in developing artificial photosynthetic systems that can store and distribute energy through fuel forming reactions. This review highlights the advances in the field of metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic photocatalysis, particularly targeting water splitting, including both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, carbon dioxide reduction and alcohol oxidation. For each photocatalytic system different approaches are discussed, concerning either structural modifications of the porphyrin derivatives or the phase in which the process takes place, i.e. homogenous or heterogenous. The most important findings for each porphyrin-based photocatalytic reaction are presented and accompanied by the analysis of mechanistic aspects when possible. Finally, the perspectives and limitations are discussed, providing future guidelines for the development of highly efficient metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic systems towards energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Charisiadis
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-65404 Kavala, Greece.
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Wang Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Song J, Guo C. Enantioselective Multicomponent Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2025. [PMID: 39996313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of alkyne triple bonds using a radical strategy provides an efficient platform for creating a wide range of substituted alkenes. However, developing a multicomponent enantioselective radical reaction using feedstock alkynes to forge all-carbon quaternary stereocenters─while addressing challenges related to compatibility, selectivity, and efficiency─remains relatively rare. Here we report an enantioselective electrochemical nickel-catalyzed three-component cross-coupling of readily available terminal alkynes, diverse racemic alkyl radical precursors, and group transfer reagents (such as (TMS)3Si-H, RSe-SeR, RTe-TeR, and CHI3), achieving excellent regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivities (more than 70 examples, up to 95% ee). Electricity-mediated difunctionalizations significantly expand the scope of both aliphatic and aromatic alkynes, demonstrating excellent functional group compatibility. The key to success lies in the rational design of anodically generated nickel-bound tertiary radical intermediates, which stereoselectively capture alkynes to form vinyl radicals and participate in subsequently diverse group transfer processes to enable the intermolecular and anti-stereoselective difunctionalization of alkynes. This approach allows the transformation of terminal alkynes into diverse structural entities with α-quaternary stereogenic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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15
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Li Y, Liao Q, Ji P, Jie S, Wu C, Tong K, Zhu M, Zhang C, Li H. Accelerated Selective Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Inhibition of C-C Dissociation Facilitated by Surficial Oxidation on Hollowed PtAg Nanostructures via In Situ Dynamic Evolution. JACS AU 2025; 5:714-726. [PMID: 40017736 PMCID: PMC11862955 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
Electro-upgrading of low-cost alcohols such as ethylene glycol is a promising and sustainable approach for the production of value-added chemicals while substituting energy-consuming OER in water splitting. However, the sluggish kinetics and possibility of C-C dissociation make the design of selective and efficient electrocatalysts challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of a hollowed bimetallic PtAg nanostructure through an in situ dynamic evolution method that could efficiently drive the selective electrochemical ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR). The resulting mild surficial oxidation has intrinsically improved EGOR activity, exhibiting a remarkable performance toward glycolate (selectivity up to 99.2% and faradic efficiency ∼97%) at high current density with low overpotential (355 mA·cm-2 at 1.0 V, 16.3 A·mgPt -1), exceeding prior outcomes. Through comprehensive operando characterization and theoretical calculations, this study systematically reveals that the in situ formation of Pt-O(H)ad is pivotal for modulating the electronic structure of surface and facilitating the selective electrooxidation and adsorption of -CH2OH. The competitive C-C dissociation pathway toward HCOO- is concurrently inhibited in comparison to Pt. An industrial-level current coupled with hydrogen production at low cell voltages was also achieved. These findings offer more in-depth mechanistic understanding of the EGOR's reaction pathway mediated by surface environment in Pt-based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Peiyi Ji
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Jie
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Kunyi Tong
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State
Key
Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Education Ministry
Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai
Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
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16
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Qiu J, Forbes T, Lin T. Tailoring the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and its derivatives with (photo)electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:3421-3435. [PMID: 39853742 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2025]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of alcohol molecules has gained significance as a key anode reaction, offering an alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for hydrogen (H2) production and carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. The (photo)electrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol and its derivatives serves as an important model system, not only because benzyl alcohol oxidation is a critical industrial process, but also because it offers valuable insights into electrocatalytic biomass conversion. Tailoring this reaction through electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods using heterogeneous noble and transition metal electrocatalysts presents a green approach and the potential for uncovering new reaction mechanisms. This review article positions the electrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol as an alternative to the OER to produce H2, highlighting recent mechanistic studies involving noble and transition metal electrocatalysts. Furthermore, we discuss the electronic substituent effects on this reaction, which have been well-explored in organic oxidation pathways but remain underexplored in (photo)electrocatalytic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA.
| | - Tucker Forbes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA.
| | - Timothy Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA.
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17
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Quaye J, Gadda G. Metal-Triggered FAD Reduction in d-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2025; 5:204-214. [PMID: 39990952 PMCID: PMC11843331 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation is an indispensable chemical reaction in biological systems. This process, biologically catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and alcohol oxidases (AOXs), follows two distinct chemical routes depending on the cofactor. ADHs have been widely demonstrated to require Zn2+- and NAD(P)+-based cosubstrates. Except for galactose oxidase, AOXs achieve their conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones using flavin-based cofactors. The FMN-dependent α-hydroxy acid-oxidizing enzymes and the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily abstract their substrate's α-OH proton using a catalytic histidine, leading to substrate oxidation and flavin reduction. However, there is no known alcohol oxidation mechanism for enzymes requiring both a flavin and a metal. The Pseudomonas aeruginosad-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (PaD2HGDH) is a recently characterized α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase that converts d-2-hydroxyglutarate or d-malate to 2-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate, respectively. PaD2HGDH requires FAD and Zn2+ for catalysis. Previous studies on PaD2HGDH have identified a highly conserved active site histidine residue whose position is topologically conserved for catalytic bases in FMN-dependent α-hydroxy acid-oxidizing enzymes and the GMC superfamily of oxidoreductases. In this study, solvent isotope effects (SIEs) coupled with pL-rate profiles and a viscosity control have been used to probe the role of the Zn2+ cofactor in the C2-OH oxidation of d-malate and flavin reduction of PaD2HGDH. The data revealed an inverse solvent equilibrium isotope effect (SEIE) of 0.51 ± 0.09 consistent with a Zn2+-triggered abstraction of the substrate C2-OH proton that initiates d-malate oxidation and flavin reduction. The system provides insights into the role of Zn2+ in the oxidation mechanism of PaD2HGDH and, by extension, metallo flavoprotein dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna
Afokai Quaye
- Departments
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States of
America
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Departments
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States of
America
- Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States of
America
- The
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States of America
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18
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Li J, Ma Y, Mu X, Wang X, Li Y, Ma H, Guo Z. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Coupled Water Electrolysis for Energy-Saving Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2411964. [PMID: 39777433 PMCID: PMC11831450 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202411964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Overall water splitting (OWS) to produce hydrogen has attracted large attention in recent years due to its ecological-friendliness and sustainability. However, the efficiency of OWS has been forced by the sluggish kinetics of the four-electron oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The replacement of OER by alternative electrooxidation of small molecules with more thermodynamically favorable potentials may fundamentally break the limitation and achieve hydrogen production with low energy consumption, which may also be accompanied by the production of more value-added chemicals than oxygen or by electrochemical degradation of pollutants. This review critically assesses the latest discoveries in the coupled electrooxidation of various small molecules with OWS, including alcohols, aldehydes, amides, urea, hydrazine, etc. Emphasis is placed on the corresponding electrocatalyst design and related reaction mechanisms (e.g., dual hydrogenation and N-N bond breaking of hydrazine and C═N bond regulation in urea splitting to inhibit hazardous NCO- and NO- productions, etc.), along with emerging alternative electrooxidation reactions (electrooxidation of tetrazoles, furazans, iodide, quinolines, ascorbic acid, sterol, trimethylamine, etc.). Some new decoupled electrolysis and self-powered systems are also discussed in detail. Finally, the potential challenges and prospects of coupled water electrolysis systems are highlighted to aid future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China
| | - Yuqiang Ma
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China
| | | | | | - Yang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical MaterialsSchool of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China
- Zhijian LaboratoryXi'an710025China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
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19
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Wang YZ, Sun B, Guo JF, Zhu XY, Gu YC, Han YP, Ma C, Mei TS. Enantioselective reductive cross-couplings to forge C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) bonds by merging electrochemistry with nickel catalysis. Nat Commun 2025; 16:1108. [PMID: 39875390 PMCID: PMC11775263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 01/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the inherent benefits of synergistically combining electrochemical methodologies with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl halides, yielding chiral 1,1-diaryl compounds with good to excellent enantioselectivity. This catalytic reaction can not only be applied to aryl chlorides/bromides, which are challenging to access by other means, but also to benzyl chlorides containing silicon groups. Additionally, the absence of a sacrificial anode lays a foundation for scalability. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that NiI species activate aryl halides via oxidative addition and alkyl chlorides via single electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, UK
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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20
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Zhang J, Li X, Chen G, Liu H, Luo H. Electro-catalyzed, solvent-controlled divergent decarboxylative annulation and hydroaminomethylation of cyclic aldimines with N-arylglycines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:1669-1672. [PMID: 39744981 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc05582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Herein, we reported a sustainable and simple method involving electrochemical-catalyzed decarboxylative annulation and hydroaminomethylation of cyclic aldimines with N-arylglycines by switching the reaction solvents. When the reaction was carried out in MeCN/H2O or H2O, the resulting products included imidazolidine-fused sulfamidates and C4-aminomethylated cyclic aldimines, obtained in moderate to good yields, respectively. Mechanistically, a radical pathway was proposed to be involved in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Guisheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Haidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Haiqing Luo
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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21
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Karan A, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Manganese-Catalyzed Electrochemical Amination of Activated Alkenes. Chem Asian J 2025:e202401935. [PMID: 39835819 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202401935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
We have unveiled a new manganese-catalyzed electrochemical amination method to transform activated alkenes into a diverse array of vinyl amines harnessing sodium azide as the aminating reagent. The strategy claims notable versatility by accommodating a broad spectrum of substrates, demonstrating good compatibility with diverse functional groups, as well as delivering a moderate to good range of yields. The successful late-stage functionalization further underscores its practical utility. A radical mechanism is proposed based on experimental mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Karan
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
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22
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Kim Y, Jang WJ. Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2025; 21:155-178. [PMID: 39834892 PMCID: PMC11744695 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.21.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, organic electrosynthesis has emerged as a practical, sustainable, and efficient approach that facilitates valuable transformations in synthetic chemistry. Combining electrochemistry with transition-metal catalysis is a promising and rapidly growing methodology for effectively forming challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in complex molecules in a sustainable manner. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the combination of electrochemistry and copper catalysis for various organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Won Jun Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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23
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Lee KS, Barbieri F, Casali E, Marris ET, Zanoni G, Schomaker JM. Elucidating the Mechanism of Electrooxidative Allene Dioxygenation: Dual Role of Tetramethylpiperidine N-Oxyl (TEMPO). J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:318-330. [PMID: 39680575 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
The cumulated π system of a nonsymmetric allene contains three distinct unsaturated carbons that imbue it with unique reactivity toward radicals as compared to its alkene and alkyne counterparts. Despite the synthetic potential of these versatile building blocks, electrochemical transformations of allenes have been historically underexplored. Myriad strategies for easy access to allenes, coupled with the resurgence of interest in sustainable oxidative transformations of hydrocarbons, prompted our efforts to conduct an in-depth investigation of a rare example of an electrochemical TEMPO-mediated allene dioxygenation. The resultant vinyl-TEMPO motif is readily postfunctionalized to install a heteroatom at each allene carbon. Mechanistic investigations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies, computations, and monitoring by operando NMR (ReactNMR) were performed to lay the groundwork for future electrochemical allene functionalizations that deliver unique synthetic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Federico Barbieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Elijah T Marris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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24
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Li S, Wang S, Wang Y, He J, Li K, Gerken JB, Stahl SS, Zhong X, Wang J. Synergistic enhancement of electrochemical alcohol oxidation by combining NiV-layered double hydroxide with an aminoxyl radical. Nat Commun 2025; 16:266. [PMID: 39747151 PMCID: PMC11697391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical alcohol oxidation (EAO) represents an effective method for the production of high-value carbonyl products. However, its industrial viability is hindered by suboptimal efficiency stemming from low reaction rates. Here, we present a synergistic electrocatalysis approach that integrates an active electrode and aminoxyl radical to enhance the performance of EAO. The optimal aminoxyl radical (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) and Ni0.67V0.33-layered double hydroxide (LDH) are screen as cooperative electrocatalysts by integrating theoretical predictions and experiments. The Ni0.67V0.33-LDH facilitates the adsorption and activation of N-(1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide (ACTH) via interactions with ketonic oxygen, thereby improving selectivity and yield at high current densities. The electrolysis process is scaled up to produce 200 g of the steroid carbonyl product 8b (19-Aldoandrostenedione), achieving a yield of 91% and a productivity of 243 g h-1. These results represent a promising method for accelerating electron transfer to enhance alcohol oxidation, highlighting its potential for practical electrosynthesis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiqin Li
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui He
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xing Zhong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China.
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China.
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25
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Dube A, Malode SJ, Alshehri MA, Shetti NP. Electrochemical water treatment: Review of different approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2025; 373:123911. [PMID: 39754803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 12/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
The continued development in agriculture, the rapid growth of industrialization, and last but not least, the increase in the global population adversely affects the environment. The availability of drinking water decreases every year with the rise in water pollution, which is the consequence of the failure of conventional approaches to the water treatment process. This review will provide a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the electrochemical water treatment processes, as these techniques have several benefits over conventional methods, such as being cost-effective, easily applicable, selective, and broad applicability. This review starts by discussing the traditional methods. It explains their limitations and finishes the introductory part by presenting all the benefits of the electrochemical method over the conventional method for water treatment. Then, the discussion will be carried out on the individual electrochemical method with their detailed analysis of the selected approach, selected material, and optimized parameters for analysis. The elaborative study was targeted, and the different coupled systems, their analysis parameters, and derived removal efficiencies were given in tabular form. In the last section of the article, the conclusive statements present the prospects of the electrochemical method for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashutosh Dube
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Shweta J Malode
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Panjab, India.
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26
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Wang Y, Ma L, Wei S. Deprotonation of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine Radical Cation in Free and Encumbered Context: A Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:50730-50741. [PMID: 39741838 PMCID: PMC11683639 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c08956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
Abstract
Due to the lower oxidation potential than natural nucleic acid bases, one-electron oxidation of DNA is usually funneled into the direction of intermediates for oxidized DNA damage like 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine (8-oxoA) leading to a radical cation, which may undergo facile deprotonation. However, compared to the sophisticated studies devoted to natural bases, much less is known about the radical cation degradation behavior of an oxidized DNA base. Inspired by this, a comprehensive theoretical investigation is performed to illuminate the deprotonation of 8-oxoA radical cation (8-oxoA•+) in both free and encumbered context by calculating the pK a value and mapping the energy profiles. The calculative pK a values of active protons in free 8-oxoA•+ follow the order: N7-H < N9-H < N6-H1< N6-H2, suggesting the preference of proton departure in free 8-oxoA•+. To further illustrate the preferred site and mechanism for 8-oxoA•+ deprotonation, energy profiles are constructed to distinguish the possibility from that of all active protons in both contexts. The results show distinctly that 8-oxoA•+ mainly suffers from the loss of proton from N9 due to the lowest energy barrier but deprotonates N7-H in real DNA as the connection of N9 and ribose. The energy barriers for the deprotonation of N7-H from 8-oxoA•+ in free and encumbered contexts are 1.5 and 1.3 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating a fast deprotonation reaction. It is more interestingly that the N9-H proton transfer (PT, toward N3) to adjacent water follows a stepwise fashion rather than a one-step approach as previously reported. Furthermore, the PT behavior of free N9-H toward O8 is dramatically influenced by base pairing T, where it is localized at neighboring water without further PT to adjacent water in free 8-oxoA•+ but migrated directly to adjacent water in the 8-oxoA•+:T base pair. And the deprotonation of N6-H2 in 8-oxoA•+:T is disturbed as the PT to O4 of the pairing T base is inhibited. It is warmly anticipated that these results could provide an in-depth perspective to understand the important role of 8-oxoA in mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wang
- College
of Science, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College
of Science, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Simin Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin
Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
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27
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Shaheeda S, Sharma S, Mandal N, Shyamal P, Datta A, Paul A, Bisai A. Regioselective Electrochemical Construction of C sp2-C sp2 Linkage at C5-C5' Position of 2-Oxindoles via an Intermolecular Anodic Dehydrogenative Coupling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202403420. [PMID: 39308393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/13/2024]
Abstract
Applying electricity as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry has attracted particular attention from synthetic chemists worldwide as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. Herein, we report the construction of the Csp2-Csp2 linkage at the C5-C5' position of 2-oxindole utilizing electricity as the traceless oxidant in an anodic dehydrogenative homo-coupling process. A variety of 3,3-disubstituted-2-oxindoles were subjected to dimerization, achieving yields of up to 70 % through controlled potential electrolysis at an applied potential of 1.5 V versus Ag/Ag+ nonaqueous reference electrode. This electro-synthetic approach facilitates the specific assembly of C5-C5' (para-para coupled) dimer of 3,3-disubstituted-2-oxindole without the necessity of any external oxidants or additives and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations provided confirmation of this pronounced regioselectivity. Furthermore, validation through control experiments and voltammetric analyses substantiated the manifestation of radical-radical coupling (or biradical pathway) for the dimerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saina Shaheeda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sulekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Nilangshu Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Assocation for the cultivation of Sciences Kolkata, Jadhavpur, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Pranay Shyamal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 462066, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Assocation for the cultivation of Sciences Kolkata, Jadhavpur, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 462066, India
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28
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Chen L, Thompson JDF, Jamieson C. An Electrosynthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles from N-Acyl Hydrazones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202403128. [PMID: 39291449 PMCID: PMC11632415 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The 1,3,4-oxadiazole is a widely encountered motif in the areas of pharmaceuticals, materials, and agrochemicals. This work has established a mediated electrochemical synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from N-acyl hydrazones. Using DABCO as the optimal redox mediator has enabled a mild oxidative cyclisation, without recourse to stoichiometric oxidants. In contrast to previous methods, this indirect electrochemical oxidation has enabled a broad range of substrates to be accessed, with yields of up to 83 %, and on gram scale. The simplicity of the method has been further demonstrated by the development of a one-pot procedure, directly transforming readily available aldehydes and hydrazides into valuable heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Chen
- Medicinal ChemistryGSKGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUnited Kingdom
- Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Craig Jamieson
- Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUnited Kingdom
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29
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Chai TQ, Li JX, Chen GY, Luo ML, Yang FQ. Construction of pyrimidine derivatives-copper enzyme mimics as colorimetric sensing elements for efficient detection of phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:136294. [PMID: 39471630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/01/2024]
Abstract
As concerns about environmental pollution grow, the rapid identification and quantification of pollutants have become increasingly vital. In this work, a series of pyrimidine derivatives-Cu enzyme mimics (Cytosine-Cu, Cytidine-Cu, and CMP-Cu) with laccase- and peroxidase-like activity were prepared through the coordination of Cu2+ with different pyrimidine derivatives (PDs). The PDs-Cu enzyme mimics contain high levels of Cu+ and N - Cu coordination structures, which provide sufficient catalytic sites for the substrates. Compared with natural enzymes and other nanozymes, PDs-Cu demonstrate superior substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency, stability, and resistance to interference. It was found that PDs-Cu enzyme mimics have different catalytic activities towards different phenolic compounds. Therefore, a three-channel colorimetric sensor array (CSA) was successfully developed utilizing PDs-Cu as the sensing elements. The CSA can accurately identify different phenolic compounds and their mixtures in seawater and simulated wastewater. Additionally, a colorimetric method for detecting H2O2 in eye drops was developed, featuring a detection range of 0.1-10.0 μM and a limit of quantification of 0.1 μM. This research not only provides a flexible protocol for regulating the catalytic activity of enzyme mimics, but also provides important inspiration for the development of methods for rapid identification and detection of contaminants in the environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Qing Chai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guo-Ying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Mao-Ling Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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30
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Reidell A, Pazder KE, LeBarron CT, Stewart SA, Hosseini S. Modified Working Electrodes for Organic Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:579-603. [PMID: 39649987 PMCID: PMC11621959 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has gained much attention over the last few decades as a promising alternative to traditional synthesis methods. Electrochemical approaches offer numerous advantages over traditional organic synthesis procedures. One of the most interesting aspects of electroorganic synthesis is the ability to tune many parameters to affect the outcome of the reaction of interest. One such parameter is the composition of the working electrode. By changing the electrode material, one can influence the selectivity, product distribution, and rate of organic reactions. In this Review, we describe several electrode materials and modifications with applications in organic electrosynthetic transformations. Included in this discussion are modifications of electrodes with nanoparticles, composite materials, polymers, organic frameworks, and surface-bound mediators. We first discuss the important physicochemical and electrochemical properties of each material. Then, we briefly summarize several relevant examples of each class of electrodes, with the goal of providing readers with a catalog of electrode materials for a wide variety of organic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
C. Reidell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Kristen E. Pazder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Christopher T. LeBarron
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Skylar A. Stewart
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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31
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Stephen HR, Röckl JL. The Future of Electro-organic Synthesis in Drug Discovery and Early Development. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:571-578. [PMID: 39649998 PMCID: PMC11621954 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Electro-organic chemistry presents a promising frontier in drug discovery and early development, facilitating novel reactivity aligned with green chemistry principles. Despite this, electrochemistry is not widely used as a synthesis and manufacturing tool in drug discovery or development. This overview seeks to identify key areas that require additional research to make synthetic electrochemistry more accessible to chemists in drug discovery and early development and provide potential solutions. This includes expanding the reaction scope, simplifying rapid scale-up, developing electrode materials, and improving knowledge transfer to aid reproducibility and increase the awareness of electrochemistry. The integration of electro-organic synthesis into drug discovery and development holds the potential to enable efficient, sustainable routes toward future medicines faster than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Stephen
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United
Kingdom
| | - J. L. Röckl
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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32
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Ghosh M, Mandal T, Lepori M, Barham JP, Rehbein J, Reiser O. Electrochemical Homo- and Crossannulation of Alkynes and Nitriles for the Regio- and Chemoselective Synthesis of 3,6-Diarylpyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202411930. [PMID: 39185589 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a mediated electrochemical [2+2+2] annulation of alkynes with nitriles, forming substituted pyridines in a single step from low-cost, readily available starting materials. The combination of electrochemistry and a triarylamine redox mediator obviates the requirements of transition metals and additional oxidants. Besides the formation of diarylpyridine moieties via the homocoupling of two identical alkynes, the heterocoupling of two different alkynes depending on their electronic nature is possible, highlighting the unprecedented control of chemoselectivity in this catalytic [2+2+2] process. Mechanistic investigations like cyclic voltammetry and crossover experiments combined with DFT calculations indicate the initial oxidation of an alkyne as the key step leading to the formation of a vinyl radical cation intermediate. The utilization of continuous flow technology proved instrumental for an efficient process scale-up. The utility of the products is exemplified by the synthesis of π-extended molecules, being relevant for material or drug synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangish Ghosh
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mattia Lepori
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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33
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Cheng Y, Rein J, Le N, Lin S. Oxoammonium-Catalyzed Ether Oxidation via Hydride Abstraction: Methodology Development and Mechanistic Investigation Using Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:31420-31432. [PMID: 39527468 PMCID: PMC12005942 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydride abstraction represents a promising yet underexplored approach in the functionalization of C-H bonds. In this work, we report the oxidation of α-C-H bonds of ethers via oxoammonium catalysis using 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the terminal chemical oxidant or by means of electrochemistry. Mechanistic studies revealed intricate equilibria and interconversion events between various catalytic intermediates in the presence of mCPBA, which alone however was incompetent to drive catalytic turnover. The addition of a small amount of strong acid HNTf2 or weakly coordinating salt NaSbF6 turned on catalytic turnover and promoted ether oxidation with excellent efficiency. NMR experiments leveraging paramagnetic relaxation enhancement effect allowed for quantification of open-shell catalytic intermediates in real time during the reaction course, which aided the identification of catalyst resting states and elucidation of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nguyen Le
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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34
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Tian M, Li J, Mou Q, Liu M. Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Benzylic C-H with No Solvent. J Org Chem 2024; 89:16645-16652. [PMID: 39504509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
The direct selective oxyfunctionalization of C-H into C═O represents a highly useful, yet challenging, synthetic methodology. Herein, a one-step oxyfunctionalization of benzylic C-H into aryl ketone, with no overoxidation of the -OH functional group, is reported through mechanochemistry. The substrate scope is also tolerant of a wide range of different functional groups, providing a particularly sustainable yet widely adaptable route for the synthesis of aryl ketones, which represent both a classic synthetic precursor and a useful strategy for lignin monomer valorization. A series of mechanistic and spectroscopic investigations were also conducted to shed light on the unique C-H over -OH selectivity, opening up new avenues for oxidation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jinya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Quansheng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Mingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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35
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van der Ham MJM, Creus J, Bitter JH, Koper MTM, Pescarmona PP. Electrochemical and Non-Electrochemical Pathways in the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Monosaccharides and Related Sugar Alcohols into Valuable Products. Chem Rev 2024; 124:11915-11961. [PMID: 39480753 PMCID: PMC11565578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, we review the electrochemical upgrading of saccharides (e.g., glucose) and sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerol) on metal and metal-oxide electrodes by drawing conclusions on common trends and differences between these two important classes of biobased compounds. For this purpose, we critically review the literature on the electrocatalytic oxidation of saccharides and sugar alcohols, seeking trends in the effect of reaction conditions and electrocatalyst design on the selectivity for the oxidation of specific functional groups toward value-added compounds. Importantly, we highlight and discuss the competition between electrochemical and non-electrochemical pathways. This is a crucial and yet often neglected aspect that should be taken into account and optimized for achieving the efficient electrocatalytic conversion of monosaccharides and related sugar alcohols into valuable products, which is a target of growing interest in the context of the electrification of the chemical industry combined with the utilization of renewable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs
P. J. M. van der Ham
- Biobased
Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Creus
- Chemical
Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen
(ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- TNO, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. Bitter
- Biobased
Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo P. Pescarmona
- Chemical
Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen
(ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Du K, Yang M, Ma W, Liu T, Sun H, Huang T, Li J, Chang Y. Advanced Bionic Technology Combining Online Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry and Offline Electrochemistry-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Simulating and Characterizing Metabolic Processes of Bioactive phenolic acids in Natural Products. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e70006. [PMID: 39520080 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.70006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The metabolism research of bioactive phenolic acids widely found in natural products is of great significance for elucidating pharmacologic mechanisms and screening lead compounds. However, it is time-consuming and vulnerable to interference to conduct the traditional metabolism approach by applying organisms or biomaterials. Herein, a bionic technology was established by combining online electrochemistry-mass spectrometry (EC-MS) with offline electrochemistry-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (EC-LC-MS) to investigate the oxidative transformation and metabolic processes of the active phenolic acids (including salvianolic acid A, caffeic acid, 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, salvianic acid A, and protocatechuic acid). Phase I metabolism of the phenolic acids were simulated by applying a three-electrode controlled potential electrochemical reactor with a boron-doped diamond electrode, with glutathione mixed into the oxidative products simultaneously for obtaining the phase II metabolites. Finally, structural characterization of the simulated metabolites of the phenolic acids was achieved successfully, including hydroxylation, methylation, demethylation, decarboxylation, etc. It was revealed that the simulated metabolism process based on an electrochemical system was effective in yielding a wide variety of metabolites for these compounds, which was also compared with the metabolism results applying rat liver microsomes. Consequently, this bionic technology is expected to be a powerful tool to investigate the material basis for the efficacy of active ingredients of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tengteng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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37
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Zhao J, Deng C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Rong Q, Wang F, Liu ZQ. NHPI-Catalyzed Electro-Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15864-15876. [PMID: 39437145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
A practical and recyclable electro-oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones by using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as the catalyst is presented. Through an undivided pool, under constant current conditions, various alcohols can be oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones in a high yield. Compared with previous methods, this system has the following characteristics: (1) the catalyst, electrode, electrolyte, and solvent (mainly water) are recyclable; (2) it has many advantages such as mild reaction conditions, easy operation, and good tolerance of functional groups; and (3) it can be smoothly scaled up to kilogram-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengling Deng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiatai Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quanjin Rong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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38
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Waldbusser AL, Hematian S. Electrocatalytic Anaerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Amines Enabled by Ferrocene-Based Redox Mediators. Organometallics 2024; 43:2557-2564. [PMID: 39483128 PMCID: PMC11523463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024]
Abstract
The generation and functionalization of carbon- or nitrogen-centered radicals are of great interest for their potential synthetic utility. Here, we report the anaerobic electrocatalytic oxidation of two primary benzylic amines, benzylamine and 2-picolylamine, in the presence of a catalytic quantity of an electron deficient ferrocene derivative as a single-electron redox mediator. The use of the appropriate redox mediator prevented fouling of the electrode surface and significantly decreased the potential at which the catalytic oxidation reaction occurred. Simulation of the electrochemical results revealed an ErCi' catalytic process between the redox mediator and both substrates and significant difference in the electron transfer rate between the two substrates and electrochemically oxidized mediator. Through anaerobic controlled-potential electrolysis, we demonstrated a method with a Faradaic efficiency of 90% forming the desired coupled imine product of benzylamine oxidation while avoiding an excess of problematic overoxidation, hydrolysis, and other side reactions. Based on the electrochemical data along with the product analyses using IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, the proposed mechanistic steps for the redox mediated electrocatalytic process were laid out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Waldbusser
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina
at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Shabnam Hematian
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina
at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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39
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Wu YM, Ma XL, Li FY, Huang CC, Gao L, Zhang Y, Pan YM, He MX, Mo ZY. Dearomative Cyclization/Spirocyclization via Electrochemical Reductive Hydroarylation of Nonactivated Arenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:8993-8998. [PMID: 39400289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical cyclization/spirocyclization hydroarylation via reductive dearomatization of a series of nonactivated arenes including N-substituted indoles, indole-3-carboxamide derivatives, and iodo-substituted benzamides is described. This protocol boasts high atom efficiency, broad substrate applicability, and excellent selectivity. Utilizing a simple undivided cell, various nonactivated arenes undergo cyclization/spirocyclization through the intramolecular addition of aryl radicals to an aromatic ring, yielding 50 indolines, spirocyclizative hydroarylation products, and phenanthridinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Miao Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yao Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xue He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Yu Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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40
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Cheng YY, Xu J, Lin Z, Li Y, Ackermann L. Photoelectrocatalytic [4+2] Annulation for S-Heterocycle Assembly Enabled by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402333. [PMID: 39096120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) present an efficient strategy for the assembly of biorelevant heterocycles, but are thus far largely limited to toxic transition metals and rather harsh reaction conditions. In sharp contrast, we, herein report on a mild photoelectrocatalyzed CDC-[4+2] annulation enabling the synthesis of functionalized isothiochromenes enabled by a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) strategy. The transformative photoelectrocatalysis obviated toxic transition-metal, high reaction temperatures, and stoichiometric chemical redox reagents. This approach was characterized by exceedingly mild conditions, ample substrate scope, and a commercially available catalyst. Gram-scale reactions and a telescoped synthesis route reflected the unique potential in the green synthesis of important S-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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41
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Pan T, Shao Z, Xue M, Li Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y. KBr-Mediated Electrochemical Dihydroxylation of Alkenes Using H 2O as the Hydroxyl Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:8884-8889. [PMID: 39364937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroxylation of alkenes provides direct access to vicinal diols. Herein, a new electrochemical strategy for dihydroxylation of alkenes in only the presence of KBr is disclosed. Water serves as a green and sustainable hydroxyl source. Cheap KBr acts as both an electrolyte and a catalyst. Both styrenes and unactivated alkenes proceed in the dihydroxylation reactions smoothly to furnish vicinal diols in good yields. The successful synthesis of Cyclandelate, DTD derivative precursors, and a key intermediate for the synthesis of herbicide Metamitron highlights its synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhichao Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yulin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuexia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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42
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Liu L, Johnson SI, Appel AM, Bullock RM. Oxidation of Ammonia Catalyzed by a Molecular Iron Complex: Translating Chemical Catalysis to Mediated Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402635. [PMID: 38981858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is a promising candidate in the quest for sustainable, clean energy. With its capacity to serve as an energy carrier, the oxidation of ammonia opens avenues for carbon-neutral approaches to address worldwide growing energy needs. We report the catalytic chemical oxidation of ammonia by an Earth-abundant transition metal complex, trans-[LFeII(MeCN)2][PF6]2, where L is a macrocyclic ligand bearing four N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donors. Using triarylaminium radical cations in MeCN, up to 182 turnovers of N2 per Fe were obtained from chemical catalysis with an extremely low loading of the Fe catalyst (0.043 mM, 0.004 mol % catalyst). This chemical catalysis was successfully transitioned to mediated electrocatalysis for the oxidation of ammonia. Molecular electrocatalysis by the Fe catalyst and the mediator (p-MeOC6H4)3N exhibited a catalytic half-wave potential (Ecat/2) of 0.18 V vs [Cp2Fe]+/0 in MeCN, and achieved 9.3 turnovers of N2 at an applied potential of 0.20 V vs [Cp2Fe]+/0 at -20 °C in controlled-potential electrolysis, with a Faradaic efficiency of 75 %. Based on computational results, the catalyst undergoes sequential oxidation and deprotonation steps to form [LFeIV(NH2)2]2+, and thereafter bimetallic coupling to form an N-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
- Current address: College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Samantha I Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Aaron M Appel
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
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43
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Ma Y, Liu C, Yang D, Fang Z, Huang W, Cheng R, Ye J. The developments of C-N bond formation via electrochemical Ritter-type reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7537-7548. [PMID: 39190317 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01210k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
With the development of organic electrochemical synthesis, a series of notable achievements have been made in electrochemical Ritter amination reactions, which have enriched the methods available for constructing C-N bonds. In this review, electrochemical Ritter amination reactions are introduced based on the classification of reaction substrates, including olefins, aromatics, alkylbenzenes, and the less reported carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfides, and alkanes. The application of electrochemical technology to Ritter reactions has improved the harsh conditions of the traditional reactions, and extended the substrate scope and the structural diversity of the products. The application value of Ritter reactions in organic synthesis has also been further expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dali Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ziqi Fang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenhui Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinxing Ye
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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45
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Chen Z, Zhao S, Wang T, Xue F, Zhu C, Yue Y, Feng C. Electrooxidative 1,3-Oxo/Carboamination of Arylcyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12769-12774. [PMID: 39140316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the work demonstrates an electrochemically paired electrolysis approach facilitating the efficient achievement of the electrooxidative 1,3-oxo/carboamination of arylcyclopropanes under mild conditions. The formation of 1,3-arylamination of arylcyclopropanes involves commercially available amine redox mediators through a radical-radical process. In addition, the successful execution of β-amino ketones also occurs under atmospheric conditions. The control experiments supported the existence of key benzylic radical intermediates in the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuan Zhu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanni Yue
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering of Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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46
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Lan L, Xu K, Zeng C. The merger of electro-reduction and hydrogen bonding activation for a radical Smiles rearrangement. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13459-13465. [PMID: 39183920 PMCID: PMC11339951 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reductive activation of chemical bonds at less negative potentials provides a foundation for high functional group tolerance and selectivity, and it is one of the central topics in organic electrosynthesis. Along this line, we report the design of a dual-activation mode by merging electro-reduction with hydrogen bonding activation. As a proof of principle, the reduction potential of N-phenylpropiolamide was shifted positively by 218 mV. Enabled by this strategy, the radical Smiles rearrangement of N-arylpropiolamides without external radical precursors and prefunctionalization steps was accomplished. [DBU][HOAc], a readily accessible ionic liquid, was exploited for the first time both as a hydrogen bonding donor and as a supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Lan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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47
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Sing L, Dutta J, Ghosh S, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Cyclic Isoureas and Ureas Through Contiguous Heterofunctionalizations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11323-11333. [PMID: 39067008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic protocol for the selenylated cyclic isoureas was developed using electrochemical activation of diselenides. This sustainable approach permitted transition metal and chemical oxidant-free difunctionalization of olefins and overall access to distinct 1,2,3 triheterofunctionalized carbon skeletons. Excellent functional group tolerance was noticed, allowing the synthesis of a series of cyclic isourea derivatives. In addition, an acid-triggered skeletal isomerization facilitated the synthesis of cyclic urea derivatives from the corresponding cyclic isoureas. Mechanistic investigations, along with voltammetric studies, enabled the postulation of the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikanta Sing
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Jhilik Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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48
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Hoque MA, Jiang T, Poole DL, Stahl SS. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21960-21967. [PMID: 39042816 PMCID: PMC11409814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox reactions that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source of oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators are shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides, without overoxidation to the sulfone. The reactions proceed by proton-coupled oxidation of a MnIII-OH2 species to generate a MnIV-OH and MnV═O species. This methodology is compared to direct electrolysis methods initiated by single-electron oxidation of the thioether, and chloride-mediated electrochemical oxidation of thioethers. The Mn-mediated reactions operate at lower applied potential and exhibit improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility relative to direct electrolysis, and the tunability of the Mn-based mediators allows for improved performance relative to chloride-mediated electrolysis. An electrochemical parallel screening platform is developed and applied to a library of pharmaceutically relevant thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darren L Poole
- Molecular Modalities Capabilities, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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49
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Bhattacharya T, Preetam S, Mukherjee S, Kar S, Roy DS, Singh H, Ghose A, Das T, Mohapatra G. Anticancer activity of quantum size carbon dots: opportunities and challenges. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:122. [PMID: 39103694 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Research into the anticancer activity of quantum-sized carbon dots (CDs) has emerged as a promising avenue in cancer research. This CDs delves into the opportunities and challenges associated with harnessing the potential of these nanostructures for combating cancer. Quantum-sized carbon dots, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, exhibit distinct advantages as potential therapeutic agents. Opportunities lie in their tunable size, surface functionalization capabilities, and biocompatibility, enabling targeted drug delivery and imaging in cancer cells. However, we include challenges, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, potential toxicity concerns, and the optimization of synthesis methods for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. A succinct summary of the state of the research in this area is given in this review, emphasizing the exciting possibilities and ongoing challenges in utilizing quantum-sized carbon dots as a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Subham Preetam
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohini Mukherjee
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sanjukta Kar
- Dietetics and Applied Nutrition, Amity University Kolkata, Kadampukur, India
| | | | - Harshita Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Arak Ghose
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tanmoy Das
- Faculty of Engineering, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Gautam Mohapatra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Yue Y, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Bai R, Yi H, Liu J. Electrochemical Oxidation Enables Radical Dearomative Spiroannulation to 2H-Spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401303. [PMID: 38794842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Developing pragmatic strategies for accessing functional benzofuran-2-ones from 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran remains an enduring challenge. Herein, we have achieved a highly discriminating electrochemical oxidative dearomative spiroannulation of 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran, culminating in the synthesis of 2H-spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one derivatives. By harnessing the electrophilic intermediates of benzofuryl radical cations supported by DFT calculations, we attain exceptional regioselectivity while eliminating the need for stoichiometric oxidants. Mechanistic investigations reveal a sequence of events involving the benzofuran radical cation, encompassing the capture of H2O, nucleophilic arene attack, and subsequent deprotonation, ultimately yielding the final benzofuran-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Qinghu Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
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