1
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Parui N, Mandal T, Maiti S, Dash J. Catalytic Cascade: Efficient Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles and Cyclohepta[b]indole-Indoline Conjugates via RCM, Hydrogenation, and Acid-Catalyzed Ring Expansion. Chemistry 2024:e202401059. [PMID: 38623002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyclohepta[b]indoles, prevalent in natural products and pharmaceuticals, are conventionally accessed via metal or Lewis acid-mediated cycloadditions with prefunctionalized substrates. Our study introduces an innovative sequential catalytic assembly for synthesizing cyclohepta[b]indoles from readily available isatin derivatives. The process involves three catalytic sequences: ring-closing metathesis, catalytic hydrogenation, and acid-catalyzed ring expansion. The RCM of 2,2-dialkene-3-oxindoles, formed by butenyl Grignard addition to 3-allyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles, yields versatile spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole derivatives. These derivatives undergo further transformations, including dibromination, dihydroxylation, epoxidation, Wacker oxidation at the double bond. Hydrogenation of spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole yields spirocyclohexane-3-oxindoles. Their subsequent acid-catalyzed ring expansion/aromatization, dependent on the acid catalyst, results in either cyclohepta[b]indoles or cyclohepta[b]indole-indoline conjugates, adding a unique synthetic dimension. The utility of this methodology is exemplified through the synthesis of an A-FABP inhibitor, showcasing its potential in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Parui
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, School of Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, School of Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Sandip Maiti
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, School of Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, INDIA
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2
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Mandal T, Katta N, Paps H, Reiser O. Merging Cu(I) and Cu(II) Photocatalysis: Development of a Versatile Oxohalogenation Protocol for the Sequential Cu(II)/Cu(I)-Catalyzed Oxoallylation of Vinylarenes. ACS Org Inorg Au 2023; 3:171-176. [PMID: 37545656 PMCID: PMC10401886 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A sequential photocatalytic strategy is developed via the merger of Cu(II)/Cu(I)-catalytic cycles for the oxoallylation of vinyl arenes via α-haloketones. The initial Cu(II)-photocatalyzed oxohalogenation exploits ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) to generate halide radicals from acyl halides utilizing air as a terminal oxidant and can be employed for the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. α-Bromoketones obtained this way can be subsequently subjected to a one-pot Cu(I)-photocatalyzed allylation. This sequential photocatalysis proceeds in a highly regio- and chemoselective fashion and is inconsequential to the electronic nature of styrenes.
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3
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Parui N, Mandal T, Dash J. Rapid Access to Substituted Indenones via Grignard Reaction and its Application in the Synthesis of Fluorenones using Ring Closing Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Parui
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences INDIA
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Department of Organic Chemistry Jadavpur 700032 Kolkata INDIA
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4
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Katta N, Zhao QQ, Mandal T, Reiser O. Divergent and Synergistic Photocatalysis: Hydro- and Oxoalkylation of Vinyl Arenes for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopentanols via a Formal [4+1]-Annulation of 1,3-Dicarbonyls. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14398-14407. [PMID: 36439036 PMCID: PMC9680001 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
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The controllable
divergent reactivity of 1,3-dicarbonyls is described,
which enables the efficient hydro- and oxoalkylation of vinyl arenes.
Both reaction pathways are initiated through the formation of polarity-reversed C-centered-radical intermediates at the active methylene
center of 1,3-dicarbonyls via direct photocatalytic C–H bond
transformations. The oxoalkylation of alkenes is achieved under aerobic
conditions via a Cu(II)-photomediated rebound mechanism, while
the corresponding hydroalkylation becomes possible under a nitrogen
atmosphere by the combination of 4CzIPN and a Brønsted base.
The breadth of these divergent protocols is demonstrated in the late-stage
modification of drugs and natural products and by the transformation
of the products to a variety of heterocycles such as pyridines, pyrroles,
or furans. Moreover, the two catalytic modes can be combined synergistically
for the stereoselective construction of cyclopentanol derivatives
in a formal [4+1]-annulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narenderreddy Katta
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Quan-Qing Zhao
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Thumpati P, Chakraborti G, Mandal T, Ravichandiran V, Dash J. Cycloaddition of N-sulfonyl and N-sulfamoyl azides with alkynes in aqueous media for the selective synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Green Chem 2021; 24:911-915. [PMID: 37823060 PMCID: PMC7614909 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc03340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of N-sulfonyl and N-sulfamoyl azides with terminal alkynes generally produces amide derivatives via ketenimine intermediates. We herein delineate a Cu(I) catalyzed method using a prolinamide ligand that selectively generate N-sulfonyl and sulfamoyltriazoles in aqueous media by inhibiting the cleavage of the N1-N2 bond of 5-cuprated triazole intermediates. The present method is mild and tolerant to air, moisture and a wide range of functional groups thereby providing an easy access to a variety of triazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Thumpati
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Gargi Chakraborti
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Abstract
The synthesis and functionalization of carbazole ring systems have received considerable attention in organic synthesis due to their widespread occurrence in biologically active compounds. One of the classical methods for the synthesis of carbazoles involves C-C bond formation of a biaryl amine moiety by oxidizing agents. Over the last few years, various new strategies have evolved for the synthesis of carbazole ring systems. During the past two decades, ring-closing metathesis (RCM) based approaches have been efficiently employed for the synthesis of nitrogen containing heteroaromatic systems including carbazoles. Herein, we discuss the construction of carbazole ring systems using RCM and the application of RCM based methods in the preparation of other indole-fused heterocycles. The application of these methods in the synthesis of carbazole alkaloids and bioactive indole-fused natural products has been discussed to highlight the importance of RCM in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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Mandal T, Karmakar S, Kapat A, Dash J. Studies Directed towards the Synthesis of the Acridone Family of Natural Products: Total Synthesis of Acronycines and Atalaphyllidines. ACS Omega 2021; 6:27062-27069. [PMID: 34693126 PMCID: PMC8529601 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A modular and flexible three-step synthetic strategy has been developed for the synthesis of acridone natural products of biological significance. The tetracyclic core of acridone derivatives has been achieved efficiently in high yield from commercially available anthranilic acid and phenol derivatives via condensation reaction, followed by regioselective annulation. Acridone alkaloids acronycine and noracronycine are synthesized in improved overall yields in fewer steps than the previously reported approaches. The method has further been used for the synthesis of atalaphyllidine and 5-hydroxynoracronycine in excellent yields for the first time. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the present strategy has been showcased by the synthesis of oxa and thia analogues of acronycine alkaloid.
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8
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Chakraborti G, Mandal T, Roy CP, Dash J. A [3+2] cycloaddition-1,2-acyl migration-hydrolysis cascade for regioselective synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7970-7973. [PMID: 34286721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02801d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cascade sequence involving [3+2] cycloaddition, 1,2-acyl migration and hydrolysis produces 2H-1,2,3-triazoles via the regioselective formation of N2-carboxyalkylated triazoles. The reaction proceeds in aqueous media through intriguing reaction kinetics using a CuI-prolinamide catalyst system. Prolinamide promotes the novel organocatalytic 1,2-acyl migration as well as hydrolysis of the resulting N2-carboxyalkylated triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Chakraborti
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Charles Patriot Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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9
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Chakraborti G, Jana R, Mandal T, Datta A, Dash J. Prolinamide plays a key role in promoting copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of azides and alkynes in aqueous media via unprecedented metallacycle intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of azides and alkynes (CuAAC) proceeds in the presence of a prolinamide ligand in aqueous media via unique metallacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Chakraborti
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Rajkumar Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Maiti
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Barada Prasanna Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751030, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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11
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Mandal T, Dhara K, Parui N, Dash J. Domino Relay Olefin Metathesis of Triallyl Oxindole and Indole Precursors to Access Cyclic Indoxyls and Carbazoles. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Kalyan Dhara
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Nabin Parui
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India
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12
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13
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Mandal T, Chakraborti G, Maiti S, Dash J. Domino Grignard Addition and Oxidation for the One-Pot Synthesis of C2-Quaternary 2-Hydroxyindoxyls. Org Lett 2019; 21:8044-8048. [PMID: 31524398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We herein delineate an unexplored reactivity of 3-hydroxyoxindoles toward Grignard addition enabling a rapid access to a broad range of unnatural C2-quaternary 2-hydroxyindoxyls in high yields. The reaction proceeds via a mechanistically intriguing one-pot 1,2-hydride shift followed by autoxidation pathway. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of a new class of bis-indoxyl spirofuran derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Gargi Chakraborti
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Subhadip Maiti
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Karmakar
- School of Chemical Sciences; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; -700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; -700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; -700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
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15
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Mandal T, Chakraborti G, Karmakar S, Dash J. Correction to “Divergent and Orthogonal Approach to Carbazoles and Pyridoindoles from Oxindoles via Indole Intermediates”. Org Lett 2018; 20:7746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Mandal T, Chakraborti G, Karmakar S, Dash J. Divergent and Orthogonal Approach to Carbazoles and Pyridoindoles from Oxindoles via Indole Intermediates. Org Lett 2018; 20:4759-4763. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Gargi Chakraborti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shilpi Karmakar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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17
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Patil VM, Noronha V, Joshi A, Bhattacharjee A, Goel A, Talreja V, Chandrasekharan A, Pande N, Mandal T, Ramaswamy A, Prabhash K. Influence of Hypothyroidism After Chemoradiation on Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:675. [PMID: 30033049 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V M Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - V Noronha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Joshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Bhattacharjee
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - V Talreja
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Chandrasekharan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - N Pande
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - T Mandal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Ramaswamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - K Prabhash
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
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Chakraborti G, Paladhi S, Mandal T, Dash J. “On Water’’ Promoted Ullmann-Type C–N Bond-Forming Reactions: Application to Carbazole Alkaloids by Selective N-Arylation of Aminophenols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7347-7359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Chakraborti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sushovan Paladhi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
| | - Snehasish Jana
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 700032 Jadavpur, Kolkata India
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20
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Mandal T, Shin S, Aluvila S, Chen HC, Grieve C, Choe JY, Cheng EH, Hustedt EJ, Oh KJ. Assembly of Bak homodimers into higher order homooligomers in the mitochondrial apoptotic pore. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30763. [PMID: 27488021 PMCID: PMC4973285 DOI: 10.1038/srep30763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitochondrial apoptosis, Bak is activated by death signals to form pores of unknown structure on the mitochondrial outer membrane via homooligomerization. Cytochrome c and other apoptotic factors are released from the intermembrane space through these pores, initiating downstream apoptosis events. Using chemical crosslinking and double electron electron resonance (DEER)-derived distance measurements between specific structural elements in Bak, here we clarify how the Bak pore is assembled. We propose that previously described BH3-in-groove homodimers (BGH) are juxtaposed via the 'α3/α5' interface, in which the C-termini of helices α3 and α5 are in close proximity between two neighboring Bak homodimers. This interface is observed concomitantly with the well-known 'α6:α6' interface. We also mapped the contacts between Bak homodimers and the lipid bilayer based on EPR spectroscopy topology studies. Our results suggest a model for the lipidic Bak pore, whereby the mitochondrial targeting C-terminal helix does not change topology to accommodate the lining of the pore lumen by BGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Seungjin Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Sreevidya Aluvila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carter Grieve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Eric J Hustedt
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Kyoung Joon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Dhara K, Mandal T, Das J, Dash J. Synthesis of Carbazole Alkaloids by Ring‐Closing Metathesis and Ring Rearrangement–Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15831-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Dhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Joydeb Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
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Dhara K, Mandal T, Das J, Dash J. Synthesis of Carbazole Alkaloids by Ring‐Closing Metathesis and Ring Rearrangement–Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Dhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Joydeb Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata‐700032 (India)
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Bagchi S, Tayyab M, Ramakrishna B, Upadhyay A, Mandal T, Chakera JA, Naik PA, Gupta PD. Micrometer-sized negative-ion accelerator based on ultrashort laser pulse interaction with transparent solids. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 92:051103. [PMID: 26651640 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here energetic (>100 keV) negative hydrogen ions (H(-)) generated in the interaction of moderately intense (10(18) W cm(-2)) ultrashort laser pulses (45 fs) with transparent hydrogen containing solid targets. An unambiguous and consistent detection of negative hydrogen ions, with a flux of 8×10(11)H(-) ions/sr, has been observed in every single laser shot, using a Thomson parabola ion spectrograph. Simple estimates based on charge transfer cross sections match well with experimental observations. Our method offers the implementation of an intense, ultrashort laser based negative-ion source at a higher repetition rate, which can be important for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bagchi
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - M Tayyab
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - B Ramakrishna
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - A Upadhyay
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - T Mandal
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - J A Chakera
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - P A Naik
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - P D Gupta
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
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Mandal T, Joon Oh K. EPR Data Support the Existence of a Symmetric BH3-in-Groove Homodimer in Oligomeric BAK. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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25
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Tayyab M, Bagchi S, Ramakrishna B, Mandal T, Upadhyay A, Ramis R, Chakera JA, Naik PA, Gupta PD. Role of target material in proton acceleration from thin foils irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:023103. [PMID: 25215835 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.023103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the proton acceleration studies from thin metallic foils of varying atomic number (Z) and thicknesses, investigated using a 45 fs, 10 TW Ti:sapphire laser system. An optimum foil thickness was observed for efficient proton acceleration for our laser conditions, dictated by the laser ASE prepulse and hot electron propagation behavior inside the material. The hydrodynamic simulations for ASE prepulse support the experimental observation. The observed maximum proton energy at different thicknesses for a given element is in good agreement with the reported scaling laws. The results with foils of different atomic number Z suggest that a judicious choice of the foil material can enhance the proton acceleration efficiency, resulting into higher proton energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tayyab
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - S Bagchi
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - B Ramakrishna
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - T Mandal
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - A Upadhyay
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - R Ramis
- E.T.S.I. Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Chakera
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - P A Naik
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - P D Gupta
- Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
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Aluvila S, Mandal T, Hustedt E, Fajer P, Choe JY, Oh KJ. Organization of the mitochondrial apoptotic BAK pore: oligomerization of the BAK homodimers. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2537-51. [PMID: 24337568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidomain pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins BAK and BAX are believed to form large oligomeric pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane during apoptosis. Formation of these pores results in the release of apoptotic factors including cytochrome c from the intermembrane space into the cytoplasm, where they initiate the cascade of events that lead to cell death. Using the site-directed spin labeling method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we have determined the conformational changes that occur in BAK when the protein targets to the membrane and forms pores. The data showed that helices α1 and α6 disengage from the rest of the domain, leaving helices α2-α5 as a folded unit. Helices α2-α5 were shown to form a dimeric structure, which is structurally homologous to the recently reported BAX "BH3-in-groove homodimer." Furthermore, the EPR data and a chemical cross-linking study demonstrated the existence of a hitherto unknown interface between BAK BH3-in-groove homodimers in the oligomeric BAK. This novel interface involves the C termini of α3 and α5 helices. The results provide further insights into the organization of the BAK oligomeric pores by the BAK homodimers during mitochondrial apoptosis, enabling the proposal of a BAK-induced lipidic pore with the topography of a "worm hole."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreevidya Aluvila
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes. Further studies proved ferritin to be an important and independent predictor of the development of diabetes. The link between hyperglycemia, enhanced free radical activity (oxidative stress) and serum iron and its stores (serum ferritin levels) levels is not clear. OBJECTIVES The present study is an attempt to understand the relationship between serum ferritin levels and oxidative stress (measured by malondialdehyde). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised of 30 apparently healthy controls and 30 type 2 diabetic patients who attended the outpatient and inpatient departments of Medical College, Kolkata. Levels of fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, serum iron, serum ferritin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and malondialdehyde (MDA), serum urea and creatinine were estimated. The statistical software SPSS 11.0 and Systat 8.0 were used for the analysis of the data and Microsoft Word and Excel have been used to generate tables and graphs. RESULTS Serum iron (82.16 ± 13.24 μg/dl), serum ferritin (224.53 ± 96.06 μg/L), HbA1c (8.62 ± 1.79%), MDA (2.66 ± 0.76 nmol/ml) levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetics compared with apparently healthy controls. Elevations in serum iron, ferritin and HbA1c are accompanied by a parallel increase in blood glucose. Based on groups of glycemic control, i.e. HbA1c levels >8%, serum ferritin levels were highest, 258.63 ± 22.67 μg/dl. There is an inverse correlation of serum ferritin levels to MDA levels in the diabetic cases of longer duration of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION Serum ferritin level in the present study is found to be higher in the newly diagnosed cases and lower in those patients suffering from diabetes for more than 10 years. This study probably suggests that serum ferritin can represent either as a pro-oxidant or as an antioxidant in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Mandal T, Singla T, Rivera M, Parmananda P. Conjugate feedback induced suppression and generation of oscillations in the Chua circuit: experiments and simulations. Chaos 2013; 23:013130. [PMID: 23556967 DOI: 10.1063/1.4793539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the suppression (amplitude death) and generation of oscillations (rhythmogenesis) in the Chua circuit using a feedback term consisting of conjugate variables (conjugate feedback). When the independent Chua circuit (without feedback) is placed in the oscillatory domain, this conjugate feedback induces amplitude death in the system. On the contrary, introducing the conjugate feedback in the system exhibiting fixed point behavior results in the generation of rhythms. Furthermore, it is observed that the dynamics of the Chua circuit could be tuned efficiently by varying the strength of this feedback term. Both experimental and numerical results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Mandal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Kundu D, Bandyopadhyay U, Ghosh E, Roy A, Mandal T, Ray D. A comparative study of heart rate variability tests and lipid profile in healthy young adult males and females. Niger J Clin Pract 2013; 16:424-8. [DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.116882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kundu D, Das HN, Sen G, Osta M, Mandal T, Gautam D. Objective structured practical examination in biochemistry: An experience in Medical College, Kolkata. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:103-7. [PMID: 23633843 PMCID: PMC3633257 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undergraduate medical examination is undergoing extensive re evaluation with new core educational objectives being defined. Consequently, new exam systems have also been designed to test the objectives. Objective structured practical examination (OSPE) is one of them. OBJECTIVES To introduce OSPE as a method of assessment of practical skills and learning and to determine student satisfaction regarding the OSPE. Furthermore, to explore the faculty perception of OSPE as a learning and assessment tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first M.B.B.S students of 2011 12 batch of Medical College, Kolkata, were the subjects for the study. OSPE was organized and conducted on "Identification of Unknown Abnormal Constituents in Urine." Coefficient of reliability of questions administered was done by calculating Cronbach's alpha. A questionnaire on various components of the OSPE was administered to get the feedback. RESULTS 16 students failed to achieve an average of 50% or above in the assessment. However, 49 students on an average achieved >75%, 52 students achieved between 65% and 75%, and 29 students scored between 50% and 65%. Cronbach's alpha of the questions administered showed to be having high internal consistency with a score of 0.80. Ninety nine percent of students believed that OSPE helps them to improve and 81% felt that this type of assessment fits in as both learning and evaluation tools. Faculty feedback reflected that such assessment tested objectivity, measured practical skills better, and eliminated examiner bias to a greater extent. CONCLUSION OSPE tests different desired components of competence better and eliminated examiner bias. Student feedback reflects that such assessment helps them to improve as it is effective both as teaching and evaluation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - H. N. Das
- Department of Biochemistry, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Gargi Sen
- Department of Biochemistry, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Manish Osta
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - T Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India
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Kundu D, Roy A, Mandal T, Bandyopadhyay U, Ghosh E, Ray D. Relation of microalbuminuria to glycosylated hemoglobin and duration of type 2 diabetes. Niger J Clin Pract 2013; 16:216-20. [DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mandal T, Gorai AK, Pathak G. Development of fuzzy air quality index using soft computing approach. Environ Monit Assess 2012; 184:6187-6196. [PMID: 22083398 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper assessment of air quality status in an atmosphere based on limited observations is an essential task for meeting the goals of environmental management. A number of classification methods are available for estimating the changing status of air quality. However, a discrepancy frequently arises from the quality criteria of air employed and vagueness or fuzziness embedded in the decision making output values. Owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies like air quality index when describing integrated air quality conditions with respect to various pollutants parameters and time of exposure. In recent years, the fuzzy logic-based methods have demonstrated to be appropriated to address uncertainty and subjectivity in environmental issues. In the present study, a methodology based on fuzzy inference systems (FIS) to assess air quality is proposed. This paper presents a comparative study to assess status of air quality using fuzzy logic technique and that of conventional technique. The findings clearly indicate that the FIS may successfully harmonize inherent discrepancies and interpret complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mandal
- Environmental Science & Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
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Devi V, Mandal T, Kodidela S, Pallath V. Integrating students′ reflection-in-learning and examination performance as a method for providing educational feedback. J Postgrad Med 2012; 58:270-4. [DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent reports have shown that anti-cocaine catalytic monoclonal antibody 15A10 reduces the toxic effect of cocaine by increasing its breakdown to systemically inert products ecgonine methylester and benzoic acid. This study reports the microencapsulation of antibody 15A10 using biodegradable poly (lactic-glycolic) acid (PLGA) by double emulsion technique. Formulation parameters such as protein loading, polymer molecular weight and the presence of zinc carbonate were studied for their effects on in-vitro release of antibody from microspheres. The initial burst release was decreased by the reduction of the protein (as % of total ingredients) in the formulation. Although changing the polymer molecular weight did not cause a reduction in initial burst release, it was effective in improving the release rate. The inclusion of zinc carbonate in microsphere preparation resulted in increase in initial burst release. An in-vivo study in mice revealed the presence of antibody in blood up to ten days following subcutaneous injections. These data demonstrate a potential for a sustained-release formulation of monoclonal antibody 15A10 for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Homayoun
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Tenjarla S, Puranajoti P, Kasina R, Mandal T. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of miconazole-cyclodextrin complexes for improved oral and topical delivery. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:425-9. [PMID: 9548893 DOI: 10.1021/js970361l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of miconazole in water increased in the presence of cyclodextrins (CDs). The apparent K1:1 values calculated from the phase solubility diagrams of gamma-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD, alpha-CD, hydroxyethyl-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD, and beta-CD were 695 +/- 39.6, 363 +/- 34.1, 333 +/- 18.5, 312 +/- 31.0, 305 +/- 27.6, and 293 +/- 17.6 M(-1), respectively. Solid 1:1 molar complexes were prepared by freeze-drying and kneading and characterized by UV spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy. The dissolution rate increased to 28-255-fold and the solubility to 9-55-fold. Oral bioavailability in rats increased to 2.3-fold by complexation with hydroxypropyl-beta-CD. Human cadaver skin retained 2.6-fold more drug from the miconazole/alpha-CD complex and hairless mice skin retained 8.4-fold more drug from the HP-beta-CD complex than from miconazole solution alone in 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tenjarla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Tenjarla S, Puranajoti P, Kasina R, Mandal T. Terbutaline transdermal delivery: preformulation studies and limitations of in-vitro predictive parameters. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996; 48:1138-42. [PMID: 8961161 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A transdermal dosage form of terbutaline may be useful to prevent nocturnal wheezing by providing prolonged duration of action. It will also improve patient compliance and bioavailability. Controlled input of the drug would be an additional advantage as this will reduce the intersubject variability. Preformulation studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of a transdermal dosage form of terbutaline. The drug solubility in propylene glycol was 6.3 mg mL-1. The apparent partition coefficient (n-octanol/ deionized-water, pH 6.5) of terbutaline was 0.03. A pH-partition coefficient (octanol/buffer) profile indicated that the partition coefficient values were 0.02, 0.05 and 0.4 in buffers of pH 3, 7.4 and 9, respectively. The required drug flux through the human skin to attain therapeutic concentrations in the blood was calculated to be 3.3 micrograms cm-2 h-1 for a 10-cm2 transdermal delivery system. Rabbit, guinea-pig and human skin was tested as the penetration barrier using modified Franz diffusion cells. Terbutaline flux values through the rabbit and guinea-pig skin were 8.3 and 7.7 micrograms cm-2 h-1, respectively. The flux through human full-thickness skin and human epidermis were 0.6 and 3.6 micrograms cm-2 h-1. Azone (3% w/v), a skin penetration enhancer, significantly increased the drug flux through all the membranes tested. Based on these studies, transdermal delivery of terbutaline appears to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tenjarla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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