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Mazzotta E, Di Giulio T, Mariani S, Corsi M, Malitesta C, Barillaro G. Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Nanostructured Materials at Room-Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302274. [PMID: 37222612 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have recently emerged as robust and versatile artificial receptors. MIP synthesis is carried out in liquid phase and optimized on planar surfaces. Application of MIPs to nanostructured materials is challenging due to diffusion-limited transport of monomers within the nanomaterial recesses, especially when the aspect ratio is >10. Here, the room temperature vapor-phase synthesis of MIPs in nanostructured materials is reported. The vapor phase synthesis leverages a >1000-fold increase in the diffusion coefficient of monomers in vapor phase, compared to liquid phase, to relax diffusion-limited transport and enable the controlled synthesis of MIPs also in nanostructures with high aspect ratio. As proof-of-concept application, pyrrole is used as the functional monomer thanks to its large exploitation in MIP preparation; nanostructured porous silicon oxide (PSiO2 ) is chosen to assess the vapor-phase deposition of PPy-based MIP in nanostructures with aspect ratio >100; human hemoglobin (HHb) is selected as the target molecule for the preparation of a MIP-based PSiO2 optical sensor. High sensitivity and selectivity, low detection limit, high stability and reusability are achieved in label-free optical detection of HHb, also in human plasma and artificial serum. The proposed vapor-phase synthesis of MIPs is immediately transferable to other nanomaterials, transducers, and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Martina Corsi
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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2
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Ward SJ, Massad-Ivanir N, Scheper T, Weiss SM, Segal E. Porous Silicon-Based Aptasensors: Toward Cancer Protein Biomarker Detection. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:82-94. [PMID: 34693403 PMCID: PMC8532149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient homologue-2 (AGR2) protein is an attractive biomarker for various types of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it is secreted to the pancreatic juice by premalignant lesions, which would be an ideal stage for diagnosis. Thus, designing assays for the sensitive detection of AGR2 would be highly valuable for the potential early diagnosis of pancreatic and other types of cancer. Herein, we present a biosensor for label-free AGR2 detection and investigate approaches for enhancing the aptasensor sensitivity by accelerating the target mass transfer rate and reducing the system noise. The biosensor is based on a nanostructured porous silicon thin film that is decorated with anti-AGR2 aptamers, where real-time monitoring of the reflectance changes enables the detection and quantification of AGR2, as well as the study of the diffusion and target-aptamer binding kinetics. The aptasensor is highly selective for AGR2 and can detect the protein in simulated pancreatic juice, where its concentration is outnumbered by orders of magnitude by numerous proteins. The aptasensor's analytical performance is characterized with a linear detection range of 0.05-2 mg mL-1, an apparent dissociation constant of 21 ± 1 μM, and a limit of detection of 9.2 μg mL-1 (0.2 μM), which is attributed to mass transfer limitations. To improve the latter, we applied different strategies to increase the diffusion flux to and within the nanostructure, such as the application of isotachophoresis for the preconcentration of AGR2 on the aptasensor, mixing, or integration with microchannels. By combining these approaches with a new signal processing technique that employs Morlet wavelet filtering and phase analysis, we achieve a limit of detection of 15 nM without compromising the biosensor's selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Simon J. Ward
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ester Segal
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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3
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Ward SJ, Layouni R, Arshavsky-Graham S, Segal E, Weiss SM. Morlet Wavelet Filtering and Phase Analysis to Reduce the Limit of Detection for Thin Film Optical Biosensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2967-2978. [PMID: 34387077 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate detection limit of optical biosensors is often limited by various noise sources, including those introduced by the optical measurement setup. While sophisticated modifications to instrumentation may reduce noise, a simpler approach that can benefit all sensor platforms is the application of signal processing to minimize the deleterious effects of noise. In this work, we show that applying complex Morlet wavelet convolution to Fabry-Pérot interference fringes characteristic of thin film reflectometric biosensors effectively filters out white noise and low-frequency reflectance variations. Subsequent calculation of the average difference in extracted phase between the filtered analyte and reference signals enables a significant reduction in the limit of detection (LOD). This method is applied on experimental data sets of thin film porous silicon sensors (PSi) in buffered solution and complex media obtained from two different laboratories. The demonstrated improvement in the LOD achieved using wavelet convolution and average phase difference paves the way for PSi optical biosensors to operate with clinically relevant detection limits for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Ward
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Rabeb Layouni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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4
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Moretta R, De Stefano L, Terracciano M, Rea I. Porous Silicon Optical Devices: Recent Advances in Biosensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1336. [PMID: 33668616 PMCID: PMC7917735 DOI: 10.3390/s21041336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the leading advancements in porous silicon (PSi) optical-biosensors, achieved over the past five years. The cost-effective fabrication process, the high internal surface area, the tunable pore size, and the photonic properties made the PSi an appealing transducing substrate for biosensing purposes, with applications in different research fields. Different optical PSi biosensors are reviewed and classified into four classes, based on the different biorecognition elements immobilized on the surface of the transducing material. The PL signal modulation and the effective refractive index changes of the porous matrix are the main optical transduction mechanisms discussed herein. The approaches that are commonly employed to chemically stabilize and functionalize the PSi surface are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Moretta
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Luca De Stefano
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Monica Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rea
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
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5
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Arshavsky Graham S, Boyko E, Salama R, Segal E. Mass Transfer Limitations of Porous Silicon-Based Biosensors for Protein Detection. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3058-3069. [PMID: 32896130 PMCID: PMC7589614 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Porous
silicon (PSi) thin films have been widely studied for biosensing
applications, enabling label-free optical detection of numerous targets.
The large surface area of these biosensors has been commonly recognized
as one of the main advantages of the PSi nanostructure. However, in
practice, without application of signal amplification strategies,
PSi-based biosensors suffer from limited sensitivity, compared to
planar counterparts. Using a theoretical model, which describes the
complex mass transport phenomena and reaction kinetics in these porous
nanomaterials, we reveal that the interrelated effect of bulk and
hindered diffusion is the main limiting factor of PSi-based biosensors.
Thus, without significantly accelerating the mass transport to and
within the nanostructure, the target capture performance of these
biosensors would be comparable, regardless of the nature of the capture
probe–target pair. We use our model to investigate the effect
of various structural and biosensor characteristics on the capture
performance of such biosensors and suggest rules of thumb for their
optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hanover 30167, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Boyko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rachel Salama
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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6
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Pacholski C, Rosencrantz S, Rosencrantz RR, Balderas-Valadez RF. Plasmonic biosensors fabricated by galvanic displacement reactions for monitoring biomolecular interactions in real time. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3433-3445. [PMID: 32006063 PMCID: PMC7214386 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical sensors are prepared by reduction of gold ions using freshly etched hydride-terminated porous silicon, and their ability to specifically detect binding between protein A/rabbit IgG and asialofetuin/Erythrina cristagalli lectin is studied. The fabrication process is simple, fast, and reproducible, and does not require complicated lab equipment. The resulting nanostructured gold layer on silicon shows an optical response in the visible range based on the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance. Variations in the refractive index of the surrounding medium result in a color change of the sensor which can be observed by the naked eye. By monitoring the spectral position of the localized surface plasmon resonance using reflectance spectroscopy, a bulk sensitivity of 296 nm ± 3 nm/RIU is determined. Furthermore, selectivity to target analytes is conferred to the sensor through functionalization of its surface with appropriate capture probes. For this purpose, biomolecules are deposited either by physical adsorption or by covalent coupling. Both strategies are successfully tested, i.e., the optical response of the sensor is dependent on the concentration of respective target analyte in the solution facilitating the determination of equilibrium dissociation constants for protein A/rabbit IgG as well as asialofetuin/Erythrina cristagalli lectin which are in accordance with reported values in literature. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed optical sensor for cost-efficient biosensor applications. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pacholski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophia Rosencrantz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco)Biotechnology, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ruben R Rosencrantz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco)Biotechnology, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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7
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Mariani S, Paghi A, La Mattina AA, Debrassi A, Dähne L, Barillaro G. Decoration of Porous Silicon with Gold Nanoparticles via Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly for Interferometric and Hybrid Photonic/Plasmonic (Bio)sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43731-43740. [PMID: 31644268 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle layers (AuNPLs) enable the coupling of morphological, optical, and electrical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with tailored and specific surface topography, making them exploitable in many bioapplications (e.g., biosensing, drug delivery, and photothermal therapy). Herein, we report the formation of AuNPLs on porous silicon (PSi) interferometers and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) for (bio)sensing applications via layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembling of a positively charged polyelectrolyte, namely, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and negatively charged citrate-capped AuNPs. Decoration of PSi interferometers with AuNPLs enhances the Fabry-Pérot fringe contrast due to increased surface reflectivity, resulting in an augmented sensitivity for both bulk and surface refractive index sensing, namely, about 4.5-fold using NaCl aqueous solutions to infiltrate the pores and 2.6-fold for unspecific bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption on the pore surface, respectively. Sensitivity enhancing, about 2.5-fold, is also confirmed for affinity and selective biosensing of streptavidin using a biotinylated polymer, namely, negatively charged poly(methacrylic acid) (b-PMAA). Further, decoration of PSi DBR with AuNPLs envisages building up a hybrid photonic/plasmonic optical sensing platform. Both photonic (DBR stop-band) and plasmonic (localized surface plasmon resonance, LSPR) peaks of the hybrid structure are sensitive to changes of bulk (using glucose aqueous solutions) and surface (due to BSA unspecific adsorption) refractive index. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the formation of AuNPLs via LbL nanoassembly on PSi for (i) the enhancing of the interferometric performance in (bio)sensing applications and (ii) the building up of hybrid photonic/plasmonic platforms for sensing and perspective biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Alessandro Paghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonino A La Mattina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Aline Debrassi
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH , Max-Planck-Straße 3 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Lars Dähne
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH , Max-Planck-Straße 3 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
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8
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Aptamer-Based Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Interferometric Biosensor for Real-Time Thrombin Detection. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204543. [PMID: 31635027 PMCID: PMC6833485 DOI: 10.3390/s19204543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aptamer biosensors are one of the most powerful techniques in biosensing. Achieving the best platform to use in aptamer biosensors typically includes crucial chemical modifications that enable aptamer immobilization on the surface in the most efficient manner. These chemical modifications must be well defined. In this work we propose nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) chemically modified with streptavidin as a platform for aptamer immobilization. The immobilization of biotinylated thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) was monitored in real time by means of reflective interferometric spectroscopy (RIfS). The study has permitted to characterize in real time the path to immobilize TBA on the inner pore walls of NAA. Furthermore, this study provides an accurate label-free method to detect thrombin in real-time with high affinity and specificity.
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9
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Myndrul V, Iatsunskyi I. Nanosilicon-Based Composites for (Bio)sensing Applications: Current Status, Advantages, and Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2880. [PMID: 31489913 PMCID: PMC6766027 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the application of different types of nanosilicon (nano-Si) materials and nano-Si-based composites for (bio)sensing applications. Different detection approaches and (bio)functionalization protocols were found for certain types of transducers suitable for the detection of biological compounds and gas molecules. The importance of the immobilization process that is responsible for biosensor performance (biomolecule adsorption, surface properties, surface functionalization, etc.) along with the interaction mechanism between biomolecules and nano-Si are disclosed. Current trends in the fabrication of nano-Si-based composites, basic gas detection mechanisms, and the advantages of nano-Si/metal nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerii Myndrul
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej Str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej Str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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10
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Applying Speckle Noise Suppression to Refractive Indices Change Detection in Porous Silicon Microarrays. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132975. [PMID: 31284494 PMCID: PMC6651720 DOI: 10.3390/s19132975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gray value method can be used to detect gray value changes of each unit almost parallel to the surface image of PSi (porous silicon) microarrays and indirectly measure the refractive index changes of each unit. However, the speckles of different noise intensities produced by lasers on a porous silicon surface have different effects on the gray value of the measured image. This results in inaccurate results of refractive index changes obtained from the change in gray value. Therefore, it is very important to reduce the influence of speckle noise on measurement results. In this paper, a new algorithm based on the concepts of probability-based nonlocal-means filtering (PNLM), gradient operator, and median filtering is proposed for gray value restoration of porous silicon microarray images. A good linear relationship between gray value change and refractive index change is obtained, which can reduce the influence of speckle noise on the gray value of the PSi microarray image, improving detection accuracy. This means the method based on gray value change detection can be applied to the biological detection of PSi microarray arrays.
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11
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Kaur S, Law CS, Williamson NH, Kempson I, Popat A, Kumeria T, Santos A. Environmental Copper Sensor Based on Polyethylenimine-Functionalized Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Interferometers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5011-5020. [PMID: 30793604 PMCID: PMC6543834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic copper pollution of environmental waters from sources such as acid mine drainage, antifouling paints, and industrial waste discharge is a major threat to our environment and human health. This study presents an optical sensing system that combines self-assembled glutaraldehyde-cross-linked double-layered polyethylenimine (PEI-GA-PEI)-modified nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) interferometers with reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) for label-free, selective monitoring of ionic copper in environmental waters. Calibration of the sensing system with analytical solutions of copper shows a linear working range between 1 and 100 mg L-1, and a low limit of detection of 0.007 ± 0.001 mg L-1 (i.e., ∼0.007 ppm). Changes in the effective optical thickness (ΔOTeff) of PEI-GA-PEI-functionalized NAA interferometers are monitored in real-time by RIfS, and correlated with the amount of ionic copper present in aqueous solutions. The system performance is validated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the spatial distribution of copper within the nanoporous films is characterized by time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). The specificity and chemical selectivity of the PEI-GA-PEI-NAA sensor to Cu2+ ions is verified by screening six different metal ion solutions containing potentially interfering ions such as Al3+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. Finally, the performance of the PEI-GA-PEI-NAA sensor for real-life applications is demonstrated using legacy acid mine drainage liquid and tap water for qualitative and quantitative detection of copper ions. This study provides new opportunities to develop portable, cost-competitive, and ultrasensitive sensing systems for real-life environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simarpreet Kaur
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Nathan Hu Williamson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ivan Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, PACE Building, Brisbane, Queensland 40172, Australia
| | - Tushar Kumeria
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, PACE Building, Brisbane, Queensland 40172, Australia
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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12
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Real-Time Monitoring of Biotinylated Molecules Detection Dynamics in Nanoporous Anodic Alumina for Bio-Sensing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030478. [PMID: 30909598 PMCID: PMC6474190 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical modification, or functionalization, of the surfaces of nanomaterials is a key step to achieve biosensors with the best sensitivity and selectivity. The surface modification of biosensors usually comprises several modification steps that have to be optimized. Real-time monitoring of all the reactions taking place during such modification steps can be a highly helpful tool for optimization. In this work, we propose nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) functionalized with the streptavidin-biotin complex as a platform towards label-free biosensors. Using reflective interferometric spectroscopy (RIfS), the streptavidin-biotin complex formation, using biotinylated thrombin as a molecule model, was monitored in real-time. The study compared the performance of different NAA pore sizes in order to achieve the highest response. Furthermore, the optimal streptavidin concentration that enabled the efficient detection of the biotinylated thrombin attachment was estimated. Finally, the ability of the NAA-RIfS system to quantify the concentration of biotinylated thrombin was evaluated. This study provides an optimized characterization method to monitor the chemical reactions that take place during the biotinylated molecules attachment within the NAA pores.
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13
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Mariani S, Robbiano V, Strambini LM, Debrassi A, Egri G, Dähne L, Barillaro G. Layer-by-layer biofunctionalization of nanostructured porous silicon for high-sensitivity and high-selectivity label-free affinity biosensing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5256. [PMID: 30531860 PMCID: PMC6288083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured materials premise to revolutionize the label-free biosensing of analytes for clinical applications, leveraging the deeper interaction between materials and analytes with comparable size. However, when the characteristic dimension of the materials reduces to the nanoscale, the surface functionalization for the binding of bioreceptors becomes a complex issue that can affect the performance of label-free biosensors. Here we report on an effective and robust route for surface biofunctionalization of nanostructured materials based on the layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic nano-assembly of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes, which are engineered with bioreceptors to enable label-free detection of target analytes. LbL biofunctionalization is demonstrated using nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) interferometers for affinity detection of streptavidin in saliva, through LbL nano-assembly of a bi-layer of positively-charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and negatively-charged biotinylated poly(methacrylic acid) (b-PMAA). High sensitivity in streptavidin detection is achieved, with high selectivity and stability, down to a detection limit of 600 fM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Robbiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucanos M Strambini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aline Debrassi
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Egri
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Dähne
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Massad-Ivanir N, Segal E, Weiss S. Porous Silicon-Based Photonic Biosensors: Current Status and Emerging Applications. Anal Chem 2018; 91:441-467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sharon Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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15
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Tieu T, Alba M, Elnathan R, Cifuentes‐Rius A, Voelcker NH. Advances in Porous Silicon–Based Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Maria Alba
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Anna Cifuentes‐Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Prof. N. H. Voelcker Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
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16
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Hussain I, Nath P. Design of a 3D printed compact interferometric system and required phone application for small angular measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:103111. [PMID: 30399881 DOI: 10.1063/1.5040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 3D printed smartphone based interferometric system is proposed, and its usability has been demonstrated by measuring small angular rotations. All necessary fringe processing and data analysis have been performed within the phone itself using custom designed application developed in an android platform. The main objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the usability of modern smartphone and 3D printing technology for optical interferometric applications. The smartphone camera has been used to record the interference fringes which has been formed due to the change in the optical path difference (OPD) between light rays reflected from the top and bottom surface of a microscopic glass slide. The angular variation of the slide causes a detectable change in the OPD between the interfering beams which subsequently would cause a variation in the fringe pattern. By evaluating necessary interferometric parameters, small angular rotation can be computed within the smartphone application. With the designed smartphone based interferometric system, angular rotation as small as 0.02° can be measured accurately and reliably having a dynamic range of -3.68° to 3.68°. Due to the involvement of the smartphone as a platform for recording as well as onboard fringe processing, the designed interferometric system can be visualized as a truly field portable tool for different optical metrological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hussain
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Nappam 78402, India
| | - P Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Nappam 78402, India
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17
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Kammer MN, Kussrow AK, Olmsted IR, Bornhop DJ. A Highly Compensated Interferometer for Biochemical Analysis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1546-1552. [PMID: 29984991 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we report an improved interferometric sensing approach that facilitates high sensitivity nanovolume refractive index (RI) measurements and molecular interaction assays without a temperature controller. The compensated backscattering interferometer (CBSI) is based on a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser, a microfluidic chip, and a CCD array. The CBSI enables simultaneous differential RI measurements within nanoliter volumes, at a compensation level of ca. 5 × 10-8 RIU in the presence of large thermal perturbations (8 °C). This level of d n/d T compensation is enabled by elongating the laser beam along the central axis of the microfluidic channel and measuring the difference in positional shift of interference patterns from two adjacent regions of the channel. By separating two solutions by an air gap or oil droplet, CBSI can discriminate the difference in RI for the sample and reference at a detection limit of 7 × 10-7 RIU in the absence of electronic filtering. At this level of ΔRI sensitivity, it is possible to perform label-free, free-solution biochemical assays at the 10s of nM level without the typical high-resolution temperature control needed in conventional interferometers. Here we illustrate the effective use of CBSI by quantifying the binding affinities for mannose-concanavalin A and Ca2+-recoverin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Kammer
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Amanda K. Kussrow
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ian R. Olmsted
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Darryl J. Bornhop
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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18
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Mariani S, Strambini LM, Barillaro G. Electrical Double Layer-Induced Ion Surface Accumulation for Ultrasensitive Refractive Index Sensing with Nanostructured Porous Silicon Interferometers. ACS Sens 2018; 3:595-605. [PMID: 29299931 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide the first experimental evidence on the use of electrical double layer (EDL)-induced accumulation of charged ions (using both Na+ and K+ ions in water as the model) onto a negatively charged nanostructured surface (e.g., thermally growth SiO2)-Ion Surface Accumulation, ISA-as a means of improving performance of nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) interferometers for optical refractometric applications. Nanostructured PSi interferometers are very promising optical platforms for refractive index sensing due to PSi huge specific surface (hundreds of m2 per gram) and low preparation cost (less than $0.01 per 8 in. silicon wafer), though they have shown poor resolution ( R) and detection limit (DL) (on the order of 10-4-10-5 RIU) compared to other plasmonic and photonic platforms ( R and DL on the order of 10-7-10-8 RIU). This can be ascribed to both low sensitivity and high noise floor of PSi interferometers when bulk refractive index variation of the solution infiltrating the nanopores either approaches or is below 10-4 RIU. Electrical double layer-induced ion surface accumulation (EDL-ISA) on oxidized PSi interferometers allows the interferometer output signal (spectral interferogram) to be impressively amplified at bulk refractive index variation below 10-4 RIU, increasing, in turn, sensitivity up to 2 orders of magnitude and allowing reliable measurement of refractive index variations to be carried out with both DL and R of 10-7 RIU. This represents a 250-fold-improvement (at least) with respect to the state-of-the-art literature on PSi refractometers and pushes PSi interferometer performance to that of state-of-the-art ultrasensitive photonics/plasmonics refractive index platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucanos Marsilio Strambini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Massad-Ivanir N, Paratore F, Scheper T, Bercovici M, Segal E. On Chip Protein Pre-Concentration for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Porous Silicon Biosensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1767-1773. [PMID: 29164872 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (PSi) nanomaterials have been widely studied as label-free optical biosensors for protein detection. However, these biosensors' performance, specifically in terms of their sensitivity (which is typically in the micromolar range), is insufficient for many applications. Herein, we present a proof-of-concept application of the electrokinetic isotachophoresis (ITP) technique for real-time preconcentration of a target protein on a PSi biosensor. With ITP, a highly concentrated target zone is delivered to the sensing area, where the protein target is captured by immobilized aptamers. The detection of the binding events is conducted in a label-free manner by reflective interferometric Fourier transformation spectroscopy (RIFTS). Up to 1000-fold enhancement in local concentration of the protein target and the biosensor's sensitivity are achieved, with a measured limit of detection of 7.5 nM. Furthermore, the assay is successfully performed in complex media, such as bacteria lysate samples, while the selectivity of the biosensor is retained. The presented assay could be further utilized for other protein targets, and to promote the development of clinically useful PSi biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr.
5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Federico Paratore
- IBM Research − Zürich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr.
5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
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20
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Zhang X, Cui Y, Bai J, Sun Z, Ning B, Li S, Wang J, Peng Y, Gao Z. Novel Biomimic Crystalline Colloidal Array for Fast Detection of Trace Parathion. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1013-1019. [PMID: 28750527 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel gold doped inverse opal photonic crystal (IO PC) was successfully fabricated with combination of molecularly imprinted technical for the fast determination of parathion. First, a closest silica array arrangement behaved as the 3D photonic crystal precursors to build the opal photonic crystal (O PC). Second, the parathion-containing polymeric solution with gold nanoparticles was drawn into the 3D array cracks. After polymerization, the well-designed O PC was treated with HF solution for the etching of the silica skeleton. Finally, the template parathion was removed and the Au-MIP IO PCs were obtained. The morphology of SiO2 and Au NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the eluted influence of the IO PCs was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cross-linking effect was well optimized according to the best spectrum signal of parathion. The as-synthesized Au-MIP IO PCs displayed the specificity toward parathion and the selectivity to other competitive pesticide molecules. The response time was only 5 min, and the parathion could be well detected from real water samples. The recoveries were between 95.5% and 101.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Zhang
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Cui
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- No. 11
Hospital
of PLA, Yining 835000, China
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment
and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
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21
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Mariani S, Pino L, Strambini LM, Tedeschi L, Barillaro G. 10 000-Fold Improvement in Protein Detection Using Nanostructured Porous Silicon Interferometric Aptasensors. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pino
- Istituto
di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G.
Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucanos M. Strambini
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorena Tedeschi
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G.
Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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