1
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Hungnes I, Pham TT, Rivas C, Jarvis JA, Nuttall RE, Cooper SM, Young JD, Blower PJ, Pringle PG, Ma MT. Versatile Diphosphine Chelators for Radiolabeling Peptides with 99mTc and 64Cu. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20608-20620. [PMID: 36972174 PMCID: PMC10731650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a diphosphine (DP) platform for radiolabeling peptides with 99mTc and 64Cu for molecular SPECT and PET imaging, respectively. Two diphosphines, 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (DPPh) and 2,3-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)maleic anhydride (DPTol), were each reacted with a Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen-targeted dipeptide (PSMAt) to yield the bioconjugates DPPh-PSMAt and DPTol-PSMAt, as well as an integrin-targeted cyclic peptide, RGD, to yield the bioconjugates DPPh-RGD and DPTol-RGD. Each of these DP-PSMAt conjugates formed geometric cis/trans-[MO2(DPX-PSMAt)2]+ (M = 99mTc, 99gTc, natRe; X = Ph, Tol) complexes when reacted with [MO2]+ motifs. Furthermore, both DPPh-PSMAt and DPTol-PSMAt could be formulated into kits containing reducing agent and buffer components, enabling preparation of the new radiotracers cis/trans-[99mTcO2(DPPh-PSMAt)2]+ and cis/trans-[99mTcO2(DPTol-PSMAt)2]+ from aqueous 99mTcO4- in 81% and 88% radiochemical yield (RCY), respectively, in 5 min at 100 °C. The consistently higher RCYs observed for cis/trans-[99mTcO2(DPTol-PSMAt)2]+ are attributed to the increased reactivity of DPTol-PSMAt over DPPh-PSMAt. Both cis/trans-[99mTcO2(DPPh-PSMAt)2]+ and cis/trans-[99mTcO2(DPTol-PSMAt)2]+ exhibited high metabolic stability, and in vivo SPECT imaging in healthy mice revealed that both new radiotracers cleared rapidly from circulation, via a renal pathway. These new diphosphine bioconjugates also furnished [64Cu(DPX-PSMAt)2]+ (X = Ph, Tol) complexes rapidly, in a high RCY (>95%), under mild conditions. In summary, the new DP platform is versatile: it enables straightforward functionalization of targeting peptides with a diphosphine chelator, and the resulting bioconjugates can be simply radiolabeled with both the SPECT and PET radionuclides, 99mTc and 64Cu, in high RCYs. Furthermore, the DP platform is amenable to derivatization to either increase the chelator reactivity with metallic radioisotopes or, alternatively, modify the radiotracer hydrophilicity. Functionalized diphosphine chelators thus have the potential to provide access to new molecular radiotracers for receptor-targeted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingebjørg
N. Hungnes
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Jarvis
- Randall
Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular
Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Nuttall
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Saul M. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer D. Young
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Pringle
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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2
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Nuttall R, Pham TT, Chadwick AC, Hungnes IN, Firth G, Heckenast MA, Sparkes HA, Galan MC, Ma MT, Pringle PG. Diphosphine Bioconjugates via Pt(0)-Catalyzed Hydrophosphination. A Versatile Chelator Platform for Technetium-99m and Rhenium-188 Radiolabeling of Biomolecules. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20582-20592. [PMID: 36719138 PMCID: PMC10731653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to append targeting biomolecules to chelators that efficiently coordinate to the diagnostic imaging radionuclide, 99mTc, and the therapeutic radionuclide, 188Re, can potentially enable receptor-targeted "theranostic" treatment of disease. Here we show that Pt(0)-catalyzed hydrophosphination reactions are well-suited to the derivatization of diphosphines with biomolecular moieties enabling the efficient synthesis of ligands of the type Ph2PCH2CH2P(CH2CH2-Glc)2 (L, where Glc = a glucose moiety) using the readily accessible Ph2PCH2CH2PH2 and acryl derivatives. It is shown that hydrophosphination of an acrylate derivative of a deprotected glucose can be carried out in aqueous media. Furthermore, the resulting glucose-chelator conjugates can be radiolabeled with either 99mTc(V) or 188Re(V) in high radiochemical yields (>95%), to furnish separable mixtures of cis- and trans-[M(O)2L2]+ (M = Tc, Re). Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and ex vivo biodistribution in healthy mice show that each isomer possesses favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with rapid clearance from blood circulation via a renal pathway. Both cis-[99mTc(O)2L2]+ and trans-[99mTc(O)2L2]+ exhibit high stability in serum. This new class of functionalized diphosphine chelators has the potential to provide access to receptor-targeted dual diagnostic/therapeutic pairs of radiopharmaceutical agents, for molecular 99mTc SPECT imaging and 188Re systemic radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
E. Nuttall
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ailis C. Chadwick
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ingebjørg N. Hungnes
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - George Firth
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Heckenast
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Pringle
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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3
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Rivas C, Jackson JA, Rigby A, Jarvis JA, White AJP, Blower PJ, Phanopoulos A, Ma MT. Probing Unexpected Reactivity in Radiometal Chemistry: Indium-111-Mediated Hydrolysis of Hybrid Cyclen-Hydroxypyridinone Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5270-5281. [PMID: 36926900 PMCID: PMC10074387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Chelators based on hydroxypyridinones have utility in incorporating radioactive metal ions into diagnostic and therapeutic agents used in nuclear medicine. Over the course of our hydroxypyridinone studies, we have prepared two novel chelators, consisting of a cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) ring bearing two pendant hydroxypyridinone groups, appended via methylene acetamide motifs at either the 1,4-positions (L1) or 1,7-positions (L2) of the cyclen ring. In radiolabeling reactions of L1 or L2 with the γ-emitting radioisotope, [111In]In3+, we have observed radiometal-mediated hydrolysis of a single amide group of either L1 or L2. The reaction of either [111In]In3+ or [natIn]In3+ with either L1 or L2, in aqueous alkaline solutions at 80 °C, initially results in formation of [In(L1)]+ or [In(L2)]+, respectively. Over time, each of these species undergoes In3+-mediated hydrolysis of a single amide group to yield species in which In3+ remains coordinated to the resultant chelator, which consists of a cyclen ring bearing a single hydroxypyridinone group and a single carboxylate group. The reactivity toward hydrolysis is higher for the L1 complex compared to that for the L2 complex. Density functional theory calculations corroborate these experimental findings and importantly indicate that the activation energy required for the hydrolysis of L1 is significantly lower than that required for L2. This is the first reported example of a chelator undergoing radiometal-mediated hydrolysis to form a radiometalated complex. It is possible that metal-mediated amide bond cleavage is a source of instability in other radiotracers, particularly those in which radiometal complexation occurs in aqueous, basic solutions at high temperatures. This study highlights the importance of appropriate characterization of radiolabeled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rivas
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Jessica A Jackson
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Alex Rigby
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - James A Jarvis
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
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Pruller J, Pham TT, Blower JE, Charoenphun P, Volpe A, Sunassee K, Mullen GED, Blower PJ, Smith RAG, Ma MT. An indium-111-labelled membrane-targeted peptide for cell tracking with radionuclide imaging. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:65-73. [PMID: 36685254 PMCID: PMC9811519 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell labelling agents that enable longitudinal in vivo tracking of administered cells will support the clinical development of cell-based therapies. Radionuclide imaging with gamma and positron-emitting radioisotopes can provide quantitative and longitudinal mapping of cells in vivo. To make this widely accessible and adaptable to a range of cell types, new, versatile and simple methods for directly radiolabelling cells are required. We have developed [111In]In-DTPA-CTP, the first example of a radiolabelled peptide that binds to the extracellular membrane of cells, for tracking cell distribution in vivo using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). [111In]In-DTPA-CTP consists of (i) myristoyl groups for insertion into the phospholipid bilayer, (ii) positively charged lysine residues for electrostatic association with negatively charged phospholipid groups at the cell surface and (iii) a diethylenetriamine pentaacetate derivative that coordinates the γ-emitting radiometal, [111In]In3+. [111In]In-DTPA-CTP binds to 5T33 murine myeloma cells, enabling qualitative SPECT tracking of myeloma cells' accumulation in lungs immediately after intravenous administration. This is the first report of a radiolabelled cell-membrane binding peptide for use in cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pruller
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Julia E Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Putthiporn Charoenphun
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Alessia Volpe
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Gregory E D Mullen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Richard A G Smith
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital London UK
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London UK
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5
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Modern Developments in Bifunctional Chelator Design for Gallium Radiopharmaceuticals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010203. [PMID: 36615397 PMCID: PMC9822085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide gallium-68 has become increasingly utilised in both preclinical and clinical settings with positron emission tomography (PET). The synthesis of radiochemically pure gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals relies on careful consideration of the coordination chemistry. The short half-life of 68 min necessitates rapid quantitative radiolabelling (≤10 min). Desirable radiolabelling conditions include near-neutral pH, ambient temperatures, and low chelator concentrations to achieve the desired apparent molar activity. This review presents a broad overview of the requirements of an efficient bifunctional chelator in relation to the aqueous coordination chemistry of gallium. Developments in bifunctional chelator design and application are then presented and grouped according to eight categories of bifunctional chelator: the macrocyclic chelators DOTA and TACN; the acyclic HBED, pyridinecarboxylates, siderophores, tris(hydroxypyridinones), and DTPA; and the mesocyclic diazepines.
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6
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Systematic Review: Targeted Molecular Imaging of Angiogenesis and Its Mediators in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137071. [PMID: 35806074 PMCID: PMC9267012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive angiogenesis is a characteristic feature in the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a very early stage of the disease onward and constitutes a crucial event for the development of the proliferative synovium. This process is markedly intensified in patients with prolonged disease duration, high disease activity, disease severity, and significant inflammatory cell infiltration. Angiogenesis is therefore an interesting target for the development of new therapeutic approaches as well as disease monitoring strategies in RA. To this end, nuclear imaging modalities represent valuable non-invasive tools that can selectively target molecular markers of angiogenesis and accurately and quantitatively track molecular changes in multiple joints simultaneously. This systematic review summarizes the imaging markers used for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and/or positron emission tomography (PET) approaches, targeting pathways and mediators involved in synovial neo-angiogenesis in RA.
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7
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Hydroxypyridinone-Based Metal Chelators towards Ecotoxicity: Remediation and Biological Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061966. [PMID: 35335329 PMCID: PMC8950932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HPs) are recognized as excellent chemical tools for engineering a diversity of metal chelating agents, with high affinity for hard metal ions, exhibiting a broad range of activities and applications, namely in medical, biological and environmental contexts. They are easily made and functionalizable towards the tuning of their pharmacokinetic properties or the improving of their metal complex thermodynamic stabilities. In this review, an analysis of the recently published works on hydroxypyridinone-based ligands, that have been mostly addressed for environmental applications, namely for remediation of hard metal ion ecotoxicity in living beings and other biological matrices is carried out. In particular, herein the most recent developments in the design of new chelating systems, from bidentate mono-HP to polydentate multi-HP derivatives, with a structural diversity of soluble or solid-supported backbones are outlined. Along with the ligand design, an analysis of the relationship between their structures and activities is presented and discussed, namely associated with the metal affinity and the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding metal complexes.
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9
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Hungnes IN, Al-Salemee F, Gawne PJ, Eykyn T, Atkinson RA, Terry SYA, Clarke F, Blower PJ, Pringle PG, Ma MT. One-step, kit-based radiopharmaceuticals for molecular SPECT imaging: a versatile diphosphine chelator for 99mTc radiolabelling of peptides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16156-16165. [PMID: 34704995 PMCID: PMC8594432 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracers labelled with technetium-99m (99mTc) enable accessible diagnostic imaging of disease, provided that radiotracer preparation is simple. Whilst 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for imaging perfusion are routinely prepared from kits, and regularly used in healthcare, there are no 99mTc-labelled receptor-targeted radiopharmaceuticals in widespread clinical use. This is in part due to the multistep radiosyntheses required for the latter. We demonstrate that the diphosphine, 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (BMA), is an excellent platform for preparation of kit-based, receptor-targeted 99mTc-labelled radiotracers: its conjugates are simple to prepare and can be easily labelled with 99mTc using one-step, kit-based protocols. Here, reaction of BMA with the αvβ3-integrin receptor targeted cyclic peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-DPhe-Lys (RGD), provided the first diphosphine-peptide conjugate, DP-RGD. DP-RGD was incorporated into a "kit", and addition of a saline solution containing 99mTcO4- to this kit, followed by heating, furnished the radiotracer [99mTcO2(DP-RGD)2]+ in consistently high radiochemical yields (>90%). The analogous [ReO2(DP-RGD)2]+ compound was prepared and characterised, revealing that both [99mTcO2(DP-RGD)2]+ and [ReO2(DP-RGD)2]+ consist of a mixture of cis and trans geometric isomers. Finally, [99mTcO2(DP-RGD)2]+ exhibited high metabolic stability, and selectively targeted αvβ3-integrin receptors, enabling in vivo SPECT imaging of αvβ3-integrin receptor expression in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Chelating Agents/administration & dosage
- Chelating Agents/chemistry
- Chelating Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Humans
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/chemistry
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacokinetics
- Phosphines/administration & dosage
- Phosphines/chemistry
- Phosphines/pharmacokinetics
- Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Technetium/administration & dosage
- Technetium/chemistry
- Technetium/pharmacokinetics
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingebjørg N Hungnes
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Peter J Gawne
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Thomas Eykyn
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - R Andrew Atkinson
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, London, UK
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Fiona Clarke
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Paul G Pringle
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, Bristol, UK
| | - Michelle T Ma
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Aarntzen EHJG, Noriega-Álvarez E, Artiko V, Dias AH, Gheysens O, Glaudemans AWJM, Lauri C, Treglia G, van den Wyngaert T, van Leeuwen FWB, Terry SYA. EANM recommendations based on systematic analysis of small animal radionuclide imaging in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:85. [PMID: 34487263 PMCID: PMC8421483 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases represent a group of chronic and disabling conditions that evolve from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors that cause perturbations in innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases is, to a large extent, derived from preclinical and basic research experiments. In vivo molecular imaging enables us to study molecular targets and to measure biochemical processes non-invasively and longitudinally, providing information on disease processes and potential therapeutic strategies, e.g. efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions, which is of complementary value next to ex vivo (post mortem) histopathological analysis and molecular assays. Remarkably, the large body of preclinical imaging studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease is in contrast with the limited reports on molecular imaging in clinical practice and clinical guidelines. Therefore, in this EANM-endorsed position paper, we performed a systematic review of the preclinical studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases that involve radionuclide imaging, with a detailed description of the animal models used. From these reflections, we provide recommendations on what future studies in this field should encompass to facilitate a greater impact of radionuclide imaging techniques on the translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edel Noriega-Álvarez
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vera Artiko
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Nuclear Medicine Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - André H Dias
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Medical Imaging Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Chiara Lauri
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Tim van den Wyngaert
- Bone and Joint Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Antwerp University Hospital Belgium, Edegem, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA) - IPPON, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Translational Molecular Imaging and Therapy Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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11
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Farleigh M, Pham TT, Yu Z, Kim J, Sunassee K, Firth G, Forte N, Chudasama V, Baker JR, Long NJ, Rivas C, Ma MT. New Bifunctional Chelators Incorporating Dibromomaleimide Groups for Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Radioisotopes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1214-1222. [PMID: 33724798 PMCID: PMC8299457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with antibody-based contrast agents frequently uses the radioisotopes [64Cu]Cu2+ and [89Zr]Zr4+. The macrobicyclic chelator commonly known as sarcophagine (sar) is ideal for labeling receptor-targeted biomolecules with [64Cu]Cu2+. The siderophore chelator, desferrioxamine-B (dfo), has been widely used to incorporate [89Zr]Zr4+ into antibodies. Here, we describe new bifunctional chelators of sar and dfo: these chelators have been functionalized with dibromomaleimides (dbm), that enable site-specific and highly stable attachment of molecular cargoes to reduced, solvent-accessible, interstrand native disulfide groups. The new sar-dbm and dfo-dbm derivatives can be easily conjugated with the IgG antibody trastuzumab via reaction with reduced interstrand disulfide groups to give site-specifically modified dithiomaleamic acid (dtm) conjugates, sar-dtm-trastuzumab and dfo-dtm-trastuzumab, in which interstrand disulfides are rebridged covalently with a small molecule linker. Both sar- and dfo-dtm-trastuzumab conjugates have been radiolabeled with [64Cu]Cu2+ and [89Zr]Zr4+, respectively, in near quantitative radiochemical yield (>99%). Serum stability studies, in vivo PET imaging, and biodistribution analyses using these radiolabeled immunoconjugates demonstrate that both [64Cu]Cu-sar-dtm-trastuzumab and [89Zr]Zr-dfo-dtm-trastuzumab possess high stability in biological milieu. Dibromomaleimide technology can be easily applied to enable stable, site-specific attachment of radiolabeled chelators, such as sar and dfo, to native interstrand disulfide regions of antibodies, enabling tracking of antibodies with PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Farleigh
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Zilin Yu
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Jana Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - George Firth
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Nafsika Forte
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - James R. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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12
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Keeling GP, Sherin B, Kim J, San Juan B, Grus T, Eykyn TR, Rösch F, Smith GE, Blower PJ, Terry SYA, T M de Rosales R. [ 68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam: A Bisphosphonate PET Tracer with Facile Radiolabeling and Broad Calcium Mineral Affinity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1276-1289. [PMID: 32786371 PMCID: PMC7611355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium minerals such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be detected noninvasively in vivo using nuclear imaging agents such as [18F]NaF (available from cyclotrons), for positron emission tomography (PET) and 99mTc-radiolabeled bisphosphonates (BP; available from 99mTc generators for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or scintigraphy). These two types of imaging agents allow detection of bone metastases (based on the presence of HAp) and vascular calcification lesions (that contain HAp and other calcium minerals). With the aim of developing a cyclotron-independent PET radiotracer for these lesions, with broad calcium mineral affinity and simple one-step radiolabeling, we developed [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam. Radiolabeling with 68Ga is achieved using a mild single-step kit (5 min, room temperature, pH 7) to high radiochemical yield and purity (>95%). NMR studies demonstrate that Ga binds via the THP chelator, leaving the BP free to bind to its biological target. [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam shows high stability in human serum. The calcium mineral binding of [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam was compared in vitro to two other 68Ga-BPs which have been successfully evaluated in humans, [68Ga]Ga-NO2APBP and [68Ga]Ga-BPAMD, as well as [18F]NaF. Interestingly, we found that all 68Ga-BPs have a high affinity for a broad range of calcium minerals implicated in vascular calcification disease, while [18F]NaF is selective for HAp. Using healthy young mice as a model of metabolically active growing calcium mineral in vivo, we compared the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam with [18F]NaF as well as [68Ga]NO2APBP. These studies revealed that [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam has high in vivo affinity for bone tissue (high bone/muscle and bone/blood ratios) and fast blood clearance (t1/2 < 10 min) comparable to both [68Ga]NO2APBP and [18F]NaF. Overall, [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam shows high potential for clinical translation as a cyclotron-independent calcium mineral PET radiotracer, with simple and efficient radiochemistry that can be easily implemented in any radiopharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Keeling
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Billie Sherin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Jana Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Belinda San Juan
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Tilmann Grus
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gareth E Smith
- Theragnostics Ltd, 2 Arlington Square, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 1WA, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
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13
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Ludwig BS, Kessler H, Kossatz S, Reuning U. RGD-Binding Integrins Revisited: How Recently Discovered Functions and Novel Synthetic Ligands (Re-)Shape an Ever-Evolving Field. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071711. [PMID: 33916607 PMCID: PMC8038522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Integrins, a superfamily of cell adhesion receptors, were extensively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last decades, motivated by their multiple functions, e.g., in cancer (progression, metastasis, angiogenesis), sepsis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Although integrin-targeting clinical trials, especially in cancer, did not meet the high expectations yet, integrins remain highly interesting therapeutic targets. In this article, we analyze the state-of-the-art knowledge on the roles of a subfamily of integrins, which require binding of the tripeptide motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) for cell adhesion and signal transduction, in cancer, in tumor-associated exosomes, in fibrosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we outline the latest achievements in the design and development of synthetic ligands, which are highly selective and affine to single integrin subtypes, i.e., αvβ3, αvβ5, α5β1, αvβ6, αvβ8, and αvβ1. Lastly, we present the substantial progress in the field of nuclear and optical molecular imaging of integrins, including first-in-human and clinical studies. Abstract Integrins have been extensively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last decades, which has been inspired by their multiple functions in cancer progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis as well as a continuously expanding number of other diseases, e.g., sepsis, fibrosis, and viral infections, possibly also Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Although integrin-targeted (cancer) therapy trials did not meet the high expectations yet, integrins are still valid and promising targets due to their elevated expression and surface accessibility on diseased cells. Thus, for the future successful clinical translation of integrin-targeted compounds, revisited and innovative treatment strategies have to be explored based on accumulated knowledge of integrin biology. For this, refined approaches are demanded aiming at alternative and improved preclinical models, optimized selectivity and pharmacological properties of integrin ligands, as well as more sophisticated treatment protocols considering dose fine-tuning of compounds. Moreover, integrin ligands exert high accuracy in disease monitoring as diagnostic molecular imaging tools, enabling patient selection for individualized integrin-targeted therapy. The present review comprehensively analyzes the state-of-the-art knowledge on the roles of RGD-binding integrin subtypes in cancer and non-cancerous diseases and outlines the latest achievements in the design and development of synthetic ligands and their application in biomedical, translational, and molecular imaging approaches. Indeed, substantial progress has already been made, including advanced ligand designs, numerous elaborated pre-clinical and first-in-human studies, while the discovery of novel applications for integrin ligands remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S. Ludwig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Horst Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (U.R.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-9134 (S.K.); +49-89-4140-7407 (U.R.)
| | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (U.R.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-9134 (S.K.); +49-89-4140-7407 (U.R.)
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14
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van der Krogt JMA, van Binsbergen WH, van der Laken CJ, Tas SW. Novel positron emission tomography tracers for imaging of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102764. [PMID: 33476822 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging modality that relies on visualization of molecular targets in tissues, which is nowadays combined with a structural imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and referred to as hybrid PET imaging. This technique allows to image specific immunological targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, quantification of the PET signal enables highly sensitive monitoring of therapeutic effects on the molecular target. PET may also aid in stratification of the immuno-phenotype at baseline in order to develop personalized therapy. In this systematic review we will provide an overview of novel PET tracers, investigated in the context of RA, either pre-clinically, or clinically, that specifically visualize immune cells or stromal cells, as well as other factors and processes that contribute to pathology. The potential of these tracers in RA diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prediction of treatment outcome will be discussed. In addition, novel PET tracers established within the field of oncology that may be of use in RA will also be reviewed in order to expand the future opportunities of PET imaging in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M A van der Krogt
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H van Binsbergen
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Conny J van der Laken
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Dos Santos HT, Nam K, Brown CT, Dean SM, Lewis S, Pfeifer CS, Lei P, Petris MJ, Andreadis ST, Baker OJ. Trimers Conjugated to Fibrin Hydrogels Promote Salivary Gland Function. J Dent Res 2020; 100:268-275. [PMID: 33043768 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520964784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for tissue engineering have great potential for restoring and revitalizing impaired tissues and organs, including the use of smart hydrogels that can be modified to enhance organization and functionality of the salivary glands. For instance, monomers of laminin-111 peptides chemically conjugated to fibrin hydrogel (L1pM-FH) promote cell cluster formation in vitro and salivary gland regeneration in vivo when compared with fibrin hydrogel (FH) alone; however, L1pM-FH produce only weak expression of acinar differentiation markers in vivo (e.g., aquaporin-5 and transmembrane protein 16). Since previous studies demonstrated that a greater impact can be achieved when trimeric forms were used as compared with monomeric or dimeric forms, we investigated the extent to which trimers of laminin-111 chemically conjugated to FH (L1pT-FH) can increase the expression of acinar differentiation markers and elevate saliva secretion. In vitro studies using Par-C10 acinar cells demonstrated that when compared with L1pM-FH, L1pT-FH induced similar levels of acinar-like cell clustering, polarization, lumen formation, and calcium signaling. To assess the performance of the trimeric complex in vivo, we compared the ability of L1pM-FH and L1pT-FH to increase acinar differentiation markers and restore saliva flow rate in a salivary gland wound model of C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that L1pT-FH applied to wounded mice significantly improved the expression of the acinar differentiation markers and saliva secretion when compared with the monomeric form. Together, these positive effects of L1pT-FH warrant its future testing in additional models of hyposalivation with the ultimate goal of applying this technology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dos Santos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K Nam
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C T Brown
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S M Dean
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Lewis
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C S Pfeifer
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M J Petris
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - O J Baker
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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16
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Pina A, Kadri M, Arosio D, Dal Corso A, Coll JL, Gennari C, Boturyn D. Multimeric Presentation of RGD Peptidomimetics Enhances Integrin Binding and Tumor Cell Uptake. Chemistry 2020; 26:7492-7496. [PMID: 32227540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of multimeric ligands is considered as a promising strategy to improve tumor targeting for diagnosis and therapy. Herein, tetrameric RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptidomimetics were designed to target αv β3 integrin-expressing tumor cells. These compounds were prepared by an oxime chemoselective assembly of cyclo(DKP-RGD) ligands and a cyclodecapeptide scaffold, which allows a tetrameric presentation. The resulting tetrameric RGD peptidomimetics were shown to improve αv β3 integrin binding compared with the monomeric form. Interestingly, these compounds were also able to enhance tumor cell endocytosis in the same way as tetrameric RGD peptides. Altogether, the results show the potential of the tetrameric cyclo(DKP-RGD) ligands for in vivo imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pina
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Malika Kadri
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Site Santé, Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) "Giulio Natta", Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Site Santé, Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 570, rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38041, GRENOBLE Cedex 9, France
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17
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Jackson JA, Hungnes IN, Ma MT, Rivas C. Bioconjugates of Chelators with Peptides and Proteins in Nuclear Medicine: Historical Importance, Current Innovations, and Future Challenges. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:483-491. [PMID: 31990543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular radiopharmaceuticals based on bioconjugates of chelators with peptides and proteins have had significant clinical impact in the diagnosis and treatment of several types of cancers. In the 1990s, indium-111 and yttrium-90 labeled chelator-peptide/protein conjugates established the clinical utility of these radiopharmaceuticals for receptor-targeted γ-scintigraphy imaging and systemic radiotherapy. Second-generation bioconjugates based on peptides targeting the somatostatin II receptor and the prostate-specific membrane antigen are now widely used for management of neuroendocrine and prostate cancer, respectively. These bioconjugates are typically radiolabeled with gallium-68 for imaging of target receptor expression with positron emission tomography, and the β--emitter, lutetium-177, for targeted radiotherapy. Innovations in radioisotope technology and biomolecular therapies are likely to drive the future clinical development of radiopharmaceuticals based on radiometals. New chelator-peptide and chelator-protein bioconjugates will underpin nuclear medicine advances in molecular imaging and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Jackson
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ingebjørg N Hungnes
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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18
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Imberti C, Adumeau P, Blower JE, Al Salemee F, Baguña Torres J, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM, Terry SYA, Blower PJ. Manipulating the In Vivo Behaviour of 68Ga with Tris(Hydroxypyridinone) Chelators: Pretargeting and Blood Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1496. [PMID: 32098299 PMCID: PMC7073083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretargeting is widely explored in immunoPET as a strategy to reduce radiation exposure of non-target organs and allow the use of short-lived radionuclides that would not otherwise be compatible with the slow pharmacokinetic profiles of antibodies. Here we investigate a pretargeting strategy based on gallium-68 and the chelator THPMe as a high-affinity pair capable of combining in vivo. After confirming the ability of THPMe to bind 68Ga in vivo at low concentrations, the bifunctional THPMe-NCS was conjugated to a humanised huA33 antibody targeting the A33 glycoprotein. Imaging experiments performed in nude mice bearing A33-positive SW1222 colorectal cancer xenografts compared pretargeting (100 μg of THPMe-NCS-huA33, followed after 24 h by 8-10 MBq of 68Ga3+) with both a directly labelled radioimmunoconjugate (89Zr-DFO-NCS-huA33, 88 μg, 7 MBq) and a 68Ga-only negative control (8-10 MBq of 68Ga3+). Imaging was performed 25 h after antibody administration (1 h after 68Ga3+ administration for negative control). No difference between pretargeting and the negative control was observed, suggesting that pretargeting via metal chelation is not feasible using this model. However, significant accumulation of "unchelated" 68Ga3+ in the tumour was found (12.9 %ID/g) even without prior administration of THPMe-NCS-huA33, though tumour-to-background contrast was impaired by residual activity in the blood. Therefore, the 68Ga-only experiment was repeated using THPMe (20 μg, 1 h after 68Ga3+ administration) to clear circulating 68Ga3+, producing a three-fold improvement of the tumour-to-blood activity concentration ratio. Although preliminary, these results highlight the potential of THPMe as a 68Ga clearing agent in imaging applications with gallium citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Pierre Adumeau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Julia E. Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Fahad Al Salemee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Julia Baguña Torres
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samantha Y. A. Terry
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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19
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Cusnir R, Cakebread A, Cooper MS, Young JD, Blower PJ, Ma MT. The effects of trace metal impurities on Ga-68-radiolabelling with a tris(3-hydroxy-1,6-dimethylpyridin-4-one) (THP) chelator. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37214-37221. [PMID: 35542301 PMCID: PMC9075519 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07723e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GMP-grade 68Ge/68Ga generators provide access to positron-emitting 68Ga, enabling preparation of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers and PET imaging at sites that do not have access to cyclotron-produced radionuclides. Radiotracers based on tris(3-hydroxy-1,6-dimethylpyridin-4-one) (THP) chelators enable simple one-step preparations of 68Ga PET radiopharmaceuticals from pre-fabricated kits without pre-processing of generator eluate or post-purification. However, trace metal impurities eluted along with 68Ga could compete for THP and reduce radiochemical yields (RCY). We have quantified trace metal impurities in 68Ga eluate from an Eckert & Ziegler (E&Z) generator using ICP-MS. The metals Al, Fe, natGa, Pb, Ti and natZn were present in generator eluate in significantly higher concentrations than in the starting eluent solution. Concentrations of Fe and natGa in eluate were in the range of 0.01-0.1 μM, Al, Zn and Pb in the range of 0.1-1 μM, and Ti in the range of 0.9-1.5 μM. To assess the ability of THP to chelate 68Ga in the presence of such metal ions, radiolabelling reactions were undertaken in which selected metal ions were added to make them equimolar with THP, or higher. Al3+, Fe3+, natGa3+ and Ti4+ reduced RCY at concentrations equimolar with THP and higher, but at lower concentrations they did not affect RCY. Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cr3+ had no effect on RCY (even under conditions in which each metal ion was present in 100-fold molar excess over THP). The multi-sample ICP-MS analysis reported here is (to date) the most comprehensive and robust quantification of metal impurities in the widely used E&Z 68Ga generator. 68Ga from an E&Z generator enables near-quantitative radiolabelling of THP at chelator concentrations as low as 5 μM (lower than other common gallium chelators) without pre-processing. The combination of Al3+, Fe3+, natGa3+ and Ti4+ in unprocessed 68Ga eluate is likely to decrease RCY of 68Ga radiolabelling if a lower amount of THP chelator is used, and future kit design should take this into account. To increase specific activities by using even lower THP concentrations, purification of 68Ga from trace metal ions will likely be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Cusnir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
| | - Andrew Cakebread
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, King's College London Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Margaret S Cooper
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Jennifer D Young
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
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20
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Imberti C, Chen YL, Foley CA, Ma MT, Paterson BM, Wang Y, Young JD, Hider RC, Blower PJ. Tuning the properties of tris(hydroxypyridinone) ligands: efficient 68Ga chelators for PET imaging. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4299-4313. [PMID: 30860215 PMCID: PMC6469224 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prototype tris(1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one) chelator for gallium-68, THPMe, has shown great promise for rapid and efficient kit-based 68Ga labelling of PET radiopharmaceuticals. Peptide derivatives of THPMe have been used to image expression of their target receptors in vivo in preclinical and clinical studies. Herein we describe new synthetic routes to the THP platform including replacing the 1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one N1-CH3 group of THPMe with O (tris(6-methyl-3-hydroxypyran-4-one, THPO) and N1-H (tris(6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one), THPH) groups. The effect of these structural modifications on lipophilicity, gallium binding and metal ion selectivity was investigated. THPH was able to bind 68Ga in extremely mild conditions (5 min, room temperature, pH 6, 1 μM ligand concentration) and, notably, in vivo, when administered to a mouse previously injected with 68Ga acetate. The 67Ga radiolabelled complex was stable in serum for more than 7 days. [68Ga(THPH)] displayed a log P value of -2.40 ± 0.02, less negative than the log P = -3.33 ± 0.02 measured for [68Ga(THPMe)], potentially due to an increase in intramolecular hydrogen bonding attributable to the N1-H pyridinone units. Spectrophotometric determination of the Ga3+/Fe3+ complex formation constants for both THPMe and THPH revealed their preference for binding Ga3+ over Fe3+, which enabled selective labelling with 68Ga3+ in the presence of a large excess of Fe3+ in both cases. Compared to THPMe, THPH showed significantly reduced affinity for Fe3+, increased affinity for Ga3+ and improved radiolabelling efficiency. THPO was inferior to both THPH and THPMe in terms of labelling efficiency, but its benzylated precursor Bn-THPO (tris(6-methyl-3-benzyloxypyran-4-one)) provides a potential platform for the synthesis of a library of THP compounds with tunable chemical properties and metal preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
| | - Yu-Lin Chen
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Sciences
, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
,
London
, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Calum A. Foley
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
| | - Brett M. Paterson
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
- University of Melbourne
, School of Chemistry
,
Melbourne
, VIC 3010
, Australia
| | - Yifu Wang
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
| | - Jennifer D. Young
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
| | - Robert C. Hider
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Sciences
, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
,
London
, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- King's College London
, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
, St Thomas’ Hospital
,
London SE1 7EH
, UK
.
;
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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22
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Lobeek D, Franssen GM, Ma MT, Wester HJ, Decristoforo C, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC, Terry SYA, Rijpkema M. In Vivo Characterization of 4 68Ga-Labeled Multimeric RGD Peptides to Image α vβ 3 Integrin Expression in 2 Human Tumor Xenograft Mouse Models. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1296-1301. [PMID: 29626124 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.206979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
αvβ3 integrins play an important role in angiogenesis and cell migration in cancer and are highly expressed on the activated endothelial cells of newly formed blood vessels. Here, we compare the targeting characteristics of 4 68Ga-labeled multimeric cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-based tracers in an αvβ3 integrin-expressing tumor model and a tumor model in which αvβ3 integrin is expressed solely on the neovasculature. Methods: Female BALB/c nude mice were subcutaneously injected with SK-RC-52 (αvβ3 integrin-positive) or FaDu (αvβ3 integrin-negative) tumor cells. 68Ga-labeled DOTA-(RGD)2, TRAP-(RGD)3, FSC-(RGD)3, or THP-(RGD)3 was intravenously administered to the mice (0.5 nmol per mouse, 10-20 MBq), followed by small-animal PET/CT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies 1 h after injection. Nonspecific uptake of the tracers in both models was determined by coinjecting an excess of unlabeled DOTA-(RGD)2 (50 nmol) along with the radiolabeled tracers. Results: Imaging and biodistribution data showed specific uptake in the tumors for each tracer in both models. Tumor uptake of 68Ga-FSC-(RGD)3 was significantly higher than that of 68Ga-DOTA-(RGD)2, 68Ga-TRAP-(RGD)3, or 68Ga-THP-(RGD)3 in the SK-RC-52 model but not in the FaDu model, in which 68Ga-FSC-(RGD)3 showed significantly higher tumor uptake than 68Ga-TRAP-(RGD)3 Most importantly, differences were also observed in normal tissues and in tumor-to-blood ratios. Conclusion: All tracers showed sufficient targeting of αvβ3 integrin expression to allow for tumor detection. Although the highest tumor uptake was found for 68Ga-FSC-(RGD)3 and 68Ga-THP-(RGD)3 in the SK-RC-52 and FaDu models, respectively, selection of the optimal tracer for specific diagnostic applications also depends on tumor-to-blood ratio and uptake in normal tissues; these factors should therefore also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Lobeek
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben M Franssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle T Ma
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Department of Nuclear Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Simple, mild, one-step labelling of proteins with gallium-68 using a tris(hydroxypyridinone) bifunctional chelator: a 68Ga-THP-scFv targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:86. [PMID: 29067565 PMCID: PMC5655379 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Labelling proteins with gallium-68 using bifunctional chelators is often problematic because of unsuitably harsh labelling conditions such as low pH or high temperature and may entail post-labelling purification. To determine whether tris(hydroxypyridinone) (THP) bifunctional chelators offer a potential solution to this problem, we have evaluated the labelling and biodistribution of a THP conjugate with a new single-chain antibody against the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), an attractive target for staging prostate cancer (PCa). A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of J591, a monoclonal antibody that recognises an external epitope of PSMA, was prepared in order to achieve biokinetics matched to the half-life of gallium-68. The scFv, J591c-scFv, was engineered with a C-terminal cysteine. Results J591c-scFv was produced in HEK293T cells and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. A maleimide THP derivative (THP-mal) was coupled site-specifically to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The THP-mal-J591c-scFv conjugate was labelled with ammonium acetate-buffered gallium-68 from a 68Ge/68Ga generator at room temperature and neutral pH. The labelled conjugate was evaluated in the PCa cell line DU145 and its PSMA-overexpressing variant in vitro and xenografted in SCID mice. J591c-scFv was produced in yields of 4–6 mg/l culture supernatant and efficiently coupled with the THP-mal bifunctional chelator. Labelling yields > 95% were achieved at room temperature following incubation of 5 μg conjugate with gallium-68 for 5 min without post-labelling purification. 68Ga-THP-mal-J591c-scFv was stable in serum and showed selective binding to the DU145-PSMA cell line, allowing an IC50 value of 31.5 nM to be determined for unmodified J591c-scFv. Serial PET/CT imaging showed rapid, specific tumour uptake and clearance via renal elimination. Accumulation in DU145-PSMA xenografts at 90 min post-injection was 5.4 ± 0.5%ID/g compared with 0.5 ± 0.2%ID/g in DU145 tumours (n = 4). Conclusions The bifunctional chelator THP-mal enabled simple, rapid, quantitative, one-step room temperature radiolabelling of a protein with gallium-68 at neutral pH without a need for post-labelling purification. The resultant gallium-68 complex shows high affinity for PSMA and favourable in vivo targeting properties in a xenograft model of PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-017-0336-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Tsionou MI, Knapp CE, Foley CA, Munteanu CR, Cakebread A, Imberti C, Eykyn TR, Young JD, Paterson BM, Blower PJ, Ma MT. Comparison of macrocyclic and acyclic chelators for gallium-68 radiolabelling. RSC Adv 2017; 7:49586-49599. [PMID: 29308192 PMCID: PMC5708347 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a positron-emitting isotope used for clinical PET imaging of peptide receptor expression. 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals used in molecular PET imaging consist of disease-targeting biomolecules tethered to chelators that complex 68Ga3+. Ideally, the chelator will rapidly, quantitatively and stably coordinate 68Ga3+ at room temperature, near neutral pH and low chelator concentration, allowing for simple routine radiopharmaceutical formulation. Identification of chelators that fulfil these requirements will facilitate development of kit-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. Herein the reaction of a range of widely used macrocyclic and acyclic chelators with 68Ga3+ is reported. Radiochemical yields have been measured under conditions of varying chelator concentrations, pH (3.5 and 6.5) and temperature (25 and 90 °C). These chelators are: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycles substituted with phosphonic (NOTP) and phosphinic (TRAP) groups at the amine, bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediaminediacetic acid (HBED), a tris(hydroxypyridinone) containing three 1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one groups (THP) and the hexadentate tris(hydroxamate) siderophore desferrioxamine-B (DFO). Competition studies have also been undertaken to assess relative complexation efficiencies of each chelator for 68Ga3+ under different pH and temperature conditions. Performing radiolabelling reactions at pH 6.5, 25 °C and 5-50 μM chelator concentration resulted in near quantitative radiochemical yields for all chelators, except DOTA. Radiochemical yields either decreased or were not substantially improved when the reactions were undertaken at lower pH or at higher temperature, except in the case of DOTA. THP and DFO were the most effective 68Ga3+ chelators at near-neutral pH and 25 °C, rapidly providing near-quantitative radiochemical yields at very low chelator concentrations. NOTP and HBED were only slightly less effective under these conditions. In competition studies with all other chelators, THP demonstrated highest reactivity for 68Ga3+ complexation under all conditions. These data point to THP possessing ideal properties for rapid, one-step kit-based syntheses of 68Ga-biomolecules for molecular PET imaging. LC-MS and 1H, 13C{1H} and 71Ga NMR studies of HBED complexes of Ga3+ showed that under the analytical conditions employed in this study, multiple HBED-bound Ga complexes exist. X-ray diffraction data indicated that crystals isolated from these solutions contained octahedral [Ga(HBED)(H2O)], with HBED coordinated in a pentadentate N2O3 mode, with only one phenolic group coordinated to Ga3+, and the remaining coordination site occupied by a water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iris Tsionou
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Calum A Foley
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Catherine R Munteanu
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Andrew Cakebread
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkin's Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Jennifer D Young
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Brett M Paterson
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Blower
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Michelle T Ma
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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25
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Raposo Moreira Dias A, Pina A, Dal Corso A, Arosio D, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Caruso M, Gennari C. Multivalency Increases the Binding Strength of RGD Peptidomimetic-Paclitaxel Conjugates to Integrin α V β 3. Chemistry 2017; 23:14410-14415. [PMID: 28816404 PMCID: PMC5656903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of three multimeric RGD peptidomimetic‐paclitaxel conjugates featuring a number of αVβ3 integrin ligands ranging from 2 to 4. These constructs were assembled by conjugation of the integrin αVβ3 ligand cyclo[DKP‐RGD]‐CH2NH2 with paclitaxel via a 2′‐carbamate with a self‐immolative spacer, the lysosomally cleavable Val‐Ala dipeptide linker, a multimeric scaffold, a triazole linkage, and finally a PEG spacer. Two monomeric conjugates were also synthesized as reference compounds. Remarkably, the new multimeric conjugates showed a binding affinity for the purified integrin αVβ3 receptor that increased with the number of integrin ligands (reaching a minimum IC50 value of 1.2 nm for the trimeric), thus demonstrating that multivalency is an effective strategy to strengthen the ligand–target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Raposo Moreira Dias
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072
| | - Arianna Pina
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072.,CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences, Viale Pasteur, 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy), Fax: (+39) 02-5031-4072.,CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
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26
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North AJ, Karas JA, Ma MT, Blower PJ, Ackermann U, White JM, Donnelly PS. Rhenium and Technetium-oxo Complexes with Thioamide Derivatives of Pyridylhydrazine Bifunctional Chelators Conjugated to the Tumour Targeting Peptides Octreotate and Cyclic-RGDfK. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9725-9741. [PMID: 28766938 PMCID: PMC5569669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to develop new tumor targeted theranostic agents taking advantage of the similarities in coordination chemistry between technetium and rhenium. A γ-emitting radioactive isotope of technetium is commonly used in diagnostic imaging, and there are two β- emitting radioactive isotopes of rhenium that have the potential to be of use in radiotherapy. Variants of the 6-hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) bifunctional ligands have been prepared by appending thioamide functional groups to 6-hydrazinonicotinamide to form pyridylthiosemicarbazide ligands (SHYNIC). The new bidentate ligands were conjugated to the tumor targeting peptides Tyr3-octreotate and cyclic-RGD. The new ligands and conjugates were used to prepare well-defined {M═O}3+ complexes (where M = 99mTc or natRe or 188Re) that feature two targeting peptides attached to the single metal ion. These new SHYNIC ligands are capable of forming well-defined rhenium and technetium complexes and offer the possibility of using the 99mTc imaging and 188/186Re therapeutic matched pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. North
- The School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victorria, Australia
| | - John A. Karas
- The School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victorria, Australia
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Department
of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- The School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victorria, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- The School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victorria, Australia
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27
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Young JD, Abbate V, Imberti C, Meszaros LK, Ma MT, Terry SYA, Hider RC, Mullen GE, Blower PJ. 68Ga-THP-PSMA: A PET Imaging Agent for Prostate Cancer Offering Rapid, Room-Temperature, 1-Step Kit-Based Radiolabeling. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1270-1277. [PMID: 28408532 PMCID: PMC6175039 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.191882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact and accessibility of 68Ga tracers for the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and other targets would be greatly enhanced by the availability of a simple, 1-step kit-based labeling process. Radiopharmacy staff are accustomed to such procedures in the daily preparation of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Currently, chelating agents used in 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals do not meet this ideal. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate preclinically a 68Ga radiotracer for imaging PSMA expression that could be radiolabeled simply by addition of 68Ga generator eluate to a cold kit. Methods: A conjugate of a tris(hydroxypyridinone) (THP) chelator with the established urea-based PSMA inhibitor was synthesized and radiolabeled with 68Ga by adding generator eluate directly to a vial containing the cold precursors THP-PSMA and sodium bicarbonate, with no further manipulation. It was analyzed after 5 min by instant thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The product was subjected to in vitro studies to determine PSMA affinity using PSMA-expressing DU145-PSMA cells, with their nonexpressing analog DU145 as a control. In vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed in mice bearing xenografts of the same cell lines, comparing 68Ga-THP-PSMA with 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA. Results: Radiolabeling was complete (>95%) within 5 min at room temperature, showing a single radioactive species by high-performance liquid chromatography that was stable in human serum for more than 6 h and showed specific binding to PSMA-expressing cells (concentration giving 50% inhibition of 361 ± 60 nM). In vivo PET imaging showed specific uptake in PSMA-expressing tumors, reaching 5.6 ± 1.2 percentage injected dose per cubic centimeter at 40-60 min and rapid clearance from blood to kidney and bladder. The tumor uptake, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics were not significantly different from those of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA except for reduced uptake in the spleen. Conclusion:68Ga-THP-PSMA has equivalent imaging properties but greatly simplified radiolabeling compared with other 68Ga-PSMA conjugates. THP offers the prospect of rapid, simple, 1-step, room-temperature syringe-and-vial radiolabeling of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Young
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Levente K Meszaros
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michelle T Ma
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg E Mullen
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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28
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Haskali MB, Denoyer D, Noonan W, Culinane C, Rangger C, Pouliot N, Haubner R, Roselt PD, Hicks RJ, Hutton CA. Sulfonation of Tyrosine as a Method To Improve Biodistribution of Peptide-Based Radiotracers: Novel 18F-Labeled Cyclic RGD Analogues. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1169-1180. [PMID: 28191977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Control of the biodistribution of radiolabeled peptides has proven to be a major challenge in their application as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET). Modification of peptide hydrophilicity in order to increase renal clearance has been a common endeavor to improve overall biodistribution. Herein, we examine the effect of site-specific sulfonation of tyrosine moieties in cyclic(RGDyK) peptides as a means to enhance their hydrophilicity and improve their biodistribution. The novel sulfonated cyclic(RGDyK) peptides were conjugated directly to 4-nitrophenyl 2-[18F]fluoropropionate, and the biodistribution of the radiolabeled peptides was compared with that of their nonsulfonated, clinically relevant counterparts, [18F]GalactoRGD and [18F]FPPRGD2. Site-specific sulfonation of the tyrosine residues was shown to increase hydrophilicity and improve biodistribution of the RGD peptides, despite contributing just 79 Da toward the MW, compared with 189 Da for both the "Galacto" and mini-PEG moieties, suggesting this may be a broadly applicable approach to enhancing biodistribution of radiolabeled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Haskali
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphine Denoyer
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne Noonan
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Culinane
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Normand Pouliot
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roland Haubner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter D Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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