1
|
Liu H, Lu HH, Alp Y, Wu R, Thayumanavan S. Structural Determinants of Stimuli-Responsiveness in Amphiphilic Macromolecular Nano-assemblies. Prog Polym Sci 2024; 148:101765. [PMID: 38476148 PMCID: PMC10927256 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies from amphiphilic macromolecules could undergo controlled structural transformations and generate diverse macroscopic phenomenon under stimuli. Due to the controllable responsiveness, they have been applied for broad material and biomedical applications, such as biologics delivery, sensing, imaging, and catalysis. Understanding the mechanisms of the assembly-disassembly processes and structural determinants behind the responsive properties is fundamentally important for designing the next generation of nano-assemblies with programmable responsiveness. In this review, we focus on structural determinants of assemblies from amphiphilic macromolecules and their macromolecular level alterations under stimuli, such as the disruption of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), depolymerization, decrosslinking, and changes of molecular packing in assemblies, which eventually lead to a series of macroscopic phenomenon for practical purposes. Applications of stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies in delivery, sensing and imaging were also summarized based on their structural features. We expect this review could provide readers an overview of the structural considerations in the design and applications of nanoassemblies and incentivize more explorations in stimuli-responsive soft matters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hung-Hsun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yasin Alp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruiling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parsamian P, Liu Y, Xie C, Chen Z, Kang P, Wijesundara YH, Al-Kharji NM, Ehrman RN, Trashi O, Randrianalisoa JH, Zhu X, D’Souza M, Wilson LA, Kim MJ, Qin Z, Gassensmith JJ. Enhanced Nanobubble Formation: Gold Nanoparticle Conjugation to Qβ Virus-like Particles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7797-7805. [PMID: 36884260 PMCID: PMC10461784 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic gold nanostructures are a prevalent tool in modern hypersensitive analytical techniques such as photoablation, bioimaging, and biosensing. Recent studies have shown that gold nanostructures generate transient nanobubbles through localized heating and have been found in various biomedical applications. However, the current method of plasmonic nanoparticle cavitation events has several disadvantages, specifically including small metal nanostructures (≤10 nm) which lack size control, tuneability, and tissue localization by use of ultrashort pulses (ns, ps) and high-energy lasers which can result in tissue and cellular damage. This research investigates a method to immobilize sub-10 nm AuNPs (3.5 and 5 nm) onto a chemically modified thiol-rich surface of Qβ virus-like particles. These findings demonstrate that the multivalent display of sub-10 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) caused a profound and disproportionate increase in photocavitation by upward of 5-7-fold and significantly lowered the laser fluency by 4-fold when compared to individual sub-10 nm AuNPs. Furthermore, computational modeling showed that the cooling time of QβAuNP scaffolds is significantly extended than that of individual AuNPs, proving greater control of laser fluency and nanobubble generation as seen in the experimental data. Ultimately, these findings showed how QβAuNP composites are more effective at nanobubble generation than current methods of plasmonic nanoparticle cavitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perouza Parsamian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Yaning Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Peiyuan Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Yalini H. Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Noora M. Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Ryanne Nicole Ehrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Orikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Jaona Harifidy Randrianalisoa
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux – ITheMM EA 7548 Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Campus Moulin de la Housse, F-51687, Reims, France
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Matthew D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Lucas Anderson Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Moon J. Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Jeremiah J. Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Xu W, Ma X, Sun X, Fan J, Wang Y. Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2023; 28:1-16. [PMID: 36627930 PMCID: PMC9817464 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are viral structural protein that are noninfectious as they do not contain viral genetic materials. They are safe and effective immune stimulators and play important roles in vaccine development because of their intrinsic immunogenicity to induce cellular and humoral immune responses. In the design of antiviral vaccine, VLPs based vaccines are appealing multifunctional candidates with the advantages such as self-assembling nanoscaled structures, repetitive surface epitopes, ease of genetic and chemical modifications, versatility as antigen presenting platforms, intrinsic immunogenicity, higher safety profile in comparison with live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of VLPs vaccine inducing cellular and humoral immune responses. We outline the impact of size, shape, surface charge, antigen presentation, genetic and chemical modification, and expression systems when constructing effective VLPs based vaccines. Recent applications of antiviral VLPs vaccines and their clinical trials are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| | - Wen Xu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| | - Xi Ma
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| | - XiaoJing Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| | - JinBo Fan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wijesundara YH, Herbert FC, Kumari S, Howlett T, Koirala S, Trashi O, Trashi I, Al-Kharji NM, Gassensmith JJ. Rip it, stitch it, click it: A Chemist's guide to VLP manipulation. Virology 2022; 577:105-123. [PMID: 36343470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are some of nature's most ubiquitous self-assembled molecular containers. Evolutionary pressures have created some incredibly robust, thermally, and enzymatically resistant carriers to transport delicate genetic information safely. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are human-engineered non-infectious systems that inherit the parent virus' ability to self-assemble under controlled conditions while being non-infectious. VLPs and plant-based viral nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular in medicine as their self-assembly properties are exploitable for applications ranging from diagnostic tools to targeted drug delivery. Understanding the basic structure and principles underlying the assembly of higher-order structures has allowed researchers to disassemble (rip it), reassemble (stitch it), and functionalize (click it) these systems on demand. This review focuses on the current toolbox of strategies developed to manipulate these systems by ripping, stitching, and clicking to create new technologies in the biomedical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Thomas Howlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Orikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Noora M Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahrivarkevishahi A, Luzuriaga MA, Herbert FC, Tumac AC, Brohlin OR, Wijesundara YH, Adlooru AV, Benjamin C, Lee H, Parsamian P, Gadhvi J, De Nisco NJ, Gassensmith JJ. PhotothermalPhage: A Virus-Based Photothermal Therapeutic Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16428-16438. [PMID: 34551259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multifunctional nanocarriers that mimic the architecture of viruses. They can serve as a safe platform for specific functionalization and immunization, which provides benefits in a wide range of biomedical applications. In this work, a new generation immunophotothermal agent is developed that adjuvants photothermal ablation using a chemically modified VLP called bacteriophage Qβ. The design is based on the conjugation of near-infrared absorbing croconium dyes to lysine residues located on the surface of Qβ, which turns it to a powerful NIR-absorber called PhotothermalPhage. This system can generate more heat upon 808 nm NIR laser radiation than free dye and possesses a photothermal efficiency comparable to gold nanostructures, yet it is biodegradable and acts as an immunoadjuvant combined with the heat it produces. The synergistic combination of thermal ablation with the mild immunogenicity of the VLP leads to effective suppression of primary tumors, reduced lung metastasis, and increased survival time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Shahrivarkevishahi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael A Luzuriaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Alisia C Tumac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Olivia R Brohlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Abhinay V Adlooru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Candace Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Hamilton Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Perouza Parsamian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jashkaran Gadhvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Nicole J De Nisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wall A, Wills AG, Forte N, Bahou C, Bonin L, Nicholls K, Ma MT, Chudasama V, Baker JR. One-pot thiol-amine bioconjugation to maleimides: simultaneous stabilisation and dual functionalisation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11455-11460. [PMID: 34094388 PMCID: PMC8162801 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleimide chemistry is widely used in the site-selective modification of proteins. However, hydrolysis of the resultant thiosuccinimides is required to provide robust stability to the bioconjugates. Herein, we present an alternative approach that affords simultaneous stabilisation and dual functionalisation in a one pot fashion. By consecutive conjugation of a thiol and an amine to dibromomaleimides, we show that aminothiomaleimides can be generated extremely efficiently. Furthermore, the amine serves to deactivate the electrophilicity of the maleimide, precluding further reactivity and hence generating stable conjugates. We have applied this conjugation strategy to peptides and proteins to generate stabilised trifunctional conjugates. We propose that this stabilisation-dual modification strategy could have widespread use in the generation of diverse conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archie Wall
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Alfie G Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Calise Bahou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Lisa Bonin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herbert FC, Brohlin OR, Galbraith T, Benjamin C, Reyes CA, Luzuriaga MA, Shahrivarkevishahi A, Gassensmith JJ. Supramolecular Encapsulation of Small-Ultrared Fluorescent Proteins in Virus-Like Nanoparticles for Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1529-1536. [PMID: 32343135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophages Qβ and PP7 encapsulating small-ultrared fluorescent protein (smURFP) were produced using a versatile supramolecular capsid disassemble-reassemble approach. The generated fluorescent VLPs display identical structural properties to their nonfluorescent analogs. Encapsulated smURFP shows indistinguishable photochemical properties to its unencapsulated counterpart, exhibits outstanding stability toward pH, and produces bright in vitro images following phagocytosis by macrophages. In vivo imaging allows the biodistribution to be imaged at different time points. Ex vivo imaging of intravenously administered encapsulated smURFP reveals a localization in the liver and kidneys after 2 h blood circulation and substantial elimination after 16 h of imaging, highlighting the potential application of these constructs as noninvasive in vivo imaging agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Benjamin CE, Chen Z, Brohlin OR, Lee H, Shahrivarkevishahi A, Boyd S, Winkler DD, Gassensmith JJ. Using FRET to measure the time it takes for a cell to destroy a virus. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9124-9132. [PMID: 32292962 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09816j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of viral nanotechnology over the preceding two decades has created a number of intellectually captivating possible translational applications; however, the in vitro fate of the viral nanoparticles in cells remains an open question. Herein, we investigate the stability and lifetime of virus-like particle (VLP) Qβ-a representative and popular VLP for several applications-following cellular uptake. By exploiting the available functional handles on the viral surface, we have orthogonally installed the known FRET pair, FITC and Rhodamine B, to gain insight of the particle's behavior in vitro. Based on these data, we believe VLPs undergo aggregation in addition to the anticipated proteolysis within a few hours of cellular uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candace E Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pfister HB, Kelly M, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Kováč P. Synthesis of glycocluster-containing conjugates for a vaccine against cholera. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4049-4060. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycocluster-containing conjugates for a vaccine against cholera showed immunoreactivity comparable to conventional conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of infectious Diseases
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Boston
- USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr
- b)
- Dhaka
- Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of infectious Diseases
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Boston
- USA
- Department of Medicine
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK
- LBC
- National Institutes of Health
- Bethesda
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benjamin CE, Chen Z, Kang P, Wilson BA, Li N, Nielsen SO, Qin Z, Gassensmith JJ. Site-Selective Nucleation and Size Control of Gold Nanoparticle Photothermal Antennae on the Pore Structures of a Virus. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17226-17233. [PMID: 30452248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we show that the surface of the bacteriophage Qβ is equipped with natural ligands for the synthesis of small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By exploiting disulfides in the protein secondary structure and the geometry formed from the capsid quaternary structure, we find that we can produce regularly arrayed patterns of ∼6 nm AuNPs across the surface of the virus-like particle. Experimental and computational analyses provide insight into the formation and stability of this composite. We further show that the entrapped genetic material can hold upward of 500 molecules of the anticancer drug Doxorubicin without leaking and without interfering with the synthesis of the AuNPs. This direct nucleation of nanoparticles on the capsid allows for exceptional conduction of photothermal energy upon nanosecond laser irradiation. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that this energy is capable of rapidly releasing the drug from the capsid without heating the bulk solution, allowing for highly targeted cell killing in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Surgery , The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. , Dallas , Texas 75390 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Welch RP, Lee H, Luzuriaga MA, Brohlin OR, Gassensmith JJ. Protein–Polymer Delivery: Chemistry from the Cold Chain to the Clinic. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2867-2883. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Li S, Dharmarwardana M, Welch RP, Benjamin CE, Shamir AM, Nielsen SO, Gassensmith JJ. Investigation of Controlled Growth of Metal-Organic Frameworks on Anisotropic Virus Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18161-18169. [PMID: 29553703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic mineralization with metal-organic frameworks (MOF), typically zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), is an emerging strategy to protect sensitive biological substances against denaturing environmental stressors such as heat and proteolytic agents. Additionally, this same biomimetic mineralization process has the potential of being used to create distinct core-shell architectures using genetically or chemically modified viral nanoparticles. Despite the proliferation of examples for ZIF-8 growth on biological or proteinaceous substrates, systematic studies of these processes are few and far between. Herein, we employed the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a model biological template to investigate the biomimetic mineralization of ZIF-8, which has been proven to be a robust MOF for encasing and protecting inlaid biological substances. Our study shows a systematic dependence upon ZIF-8 crystallization parameters, e.g., ligand to metal molar ratio and metal concentration, which can yield several distinct morphologies of TMV@ZIF-8 composites and phases of ZIF-8. Further investigation using charged synthetic conjugates, time dependent growth analysis, and calorimetric analysis has shown that the TMV-Zn interaction plays a pivotal role in the final morphology of the TMV@ZIF-8, which can take the form of either core-shell bionanoparticles or large crystals of ZIF-8 with entrapped TMV located exclusively on the outer facets. The design rules outlined here, it is hoped, will provide guidance in biomimetic mineralization of MOFs on proteinaceous materials using ZIF-8.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen Z, Detvo ST, Pham E, Gassensmith JJ. Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry. J Vis Exp 2018:57712. [PMID: 29889200 PMCID: PMC6101432 DOI: 10.3791/57712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in virus-like particles (VLPs) in biomedical and materials research can be attributed to their ease of biosynthesis, discrete size, genetic programmability, and biodegradability. While they're highly amenable to bioconjugation reactions for adding synthetic ligands onto their surface, the range in bioconjugation methodologies on these aqueous born capsids is relatively limited. To facilitate the direction of functional biomaterials research, non-traditional bioconjugation reactions must be considered. The reaction described in this protocol uses dibromomaleimides to introduce new functionality in the solvent exposed disulfide bonds of a VLP based upon Bacteriophage Qβ. Furthermore, the final product is fluorescent, which has the added benefit of generating a trackable in vitro probe using a commercially available filter set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas
| | | | - Elizabeth Pham
- Undergraduate Healthcare Studies, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas;
| |
Collapse
|