1
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Schulzen A, Andreadis II, Bergström CAS, Quodbach J. Development and characterization of solid lipid-based formulations (sLBFs) of ritonavir utilizing a lipolysis and permeation assay. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106732. [PMID: 38408708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
As a high number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) under development belong to BCS classes II and IV, the need for improving bioavailability is critical. A powerful approach is the use of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) that usually consist of a combination of liquid lipids, cosolvents, and surfactants. In this study, ritonavir loaded solid LBFs (sLBFs) were prepared using solid lipid excipients to investigate whether sLBFs are also capable of improving solubility and permeability. Additionally, the influence of polymeric precipitation inhibitors (PVP-VA and HPMC-AS) on lipolysis triggered supersaturation and precipitation was investigated. One step intestinal digestion and bicompartmental permeation studies using an artificial lecithin-in-dodecane (LiDo) membrane were performed for each formulation. All formulations presented significantly higher solubility (5 to >20-fold higher) during lipolysis and permeation studies compared to pure ritonavir. In the combined lipolysis-permeation studies, the formulated ritonavir concentration increased 15-fold in the donor compartment and the flux increased up to 71 % as compared to non-formulated ritonavir. The formulation with the highest surfactant concentration showed significantly higher ritonavir solubility compared to the formulation with the highest amount of lipids. However, the precipitation rates were comparable. The addition of precipitation inhibitors did not influence the lipolytic process and showed no significant benefit over the initial formulations with regards to precipitation. While all tested sLBFs increased the permeation rate, no statistically significant difference was noted between the formulations regardless of composition. To conclude, the different release profiles of the formulations were not correlated to the resulting flux through a permeation membrane, further supporting the importance of making use of combined lipolysis-permeation assays when exploring LBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schulzen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, DE-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ioannis I Andreadis
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, DE-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Katsiotis CS, Tikhomirov E, Leliopoulos C, Strømme M, Welch K. Development of a simple paste for 3D printing of drug formulations containing a mesoporous material loaded with a poorly water-soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114270. [PMID: 38537908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Poorly soluble drugs represent a substantial portion of emerging drug candidates, posing significant challenges for pharmaceutical formulators. One promising method to enhance the drug's dissolution rate and, consequently, bioavailability involves transforming them into an amorphous state within mesoporous materials. These materials can then be seamlessly integrated into personalized drug formulations using Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, most commonly via Fused Deposition Modeling. Another innovative approach within the realm of AM for mesoporous material-based formulations is semi-solid extrusion (SSE). This study showcases the feasibility of a straightforward yet groundbreaking hybrid 3D printing system employing SSE to incorporate drug-loaded mesoporous magnesium carbonate (MMC) into two different drug formulations, each designed for distinct administration routes. MMC was loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug ibuprofen via a solvent evaporation method and mixed with PEG 400 as a binder and lubricant, facilitating subsequent SSE. The formulation is non-aqueous, unlike most pastes which are used for SSE, and thus is beneficial for the incorporation of poorly water-soluble drugs. The 3D printing process yielded tablets for oral administration and suppositories for rectal administration, which were then analyzed for their dissolution behavior in biorelevant media. These investigations revealed enhancements in the dissolution kinetics of the amorphous drug-loaded MMC formulations. Furthermore, an impressive drug loading of 15.3 % w/w of the total formulation was achieved, marking the highest reported loading for SSE formulations incorporating mesoporous materials to stabilize drugs in their amorphous state by a wide margin. This simple formulation containing PEG 400 also showed advantages over other aqueous formulations for SSE in that the formulations did not exhibit weight loss or changes in size or form during the curing process post-printing. These results underscore the substantial potential of this innovative hybrid 3D printing system for the development of drug dosage forms, particularly for improving the release profile of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Katsiotis
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Evgenii Tikhomirov
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Christos Leliopoulos
- Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21, Sweden.
| | - Maria Strømme
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Ken Welch
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
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3
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Barr KE, Ohnsorg ML, Liberman L, Corcoran LG, Sarode A, Nagapudi K, Feder CR, Bates FS, Reineke TM. Drug-Polymer Nanodroplet Formation and Morphology Drive Solubility Enhancement of GDC-0810. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:499-516. [PMID: 38546823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Nanodroplet formation is important to achieve supersaturation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in an amorphous solid dispersion. The aim of the current study was to explore how polymer composition, architecture, molar mass, and surfactant concentration affect polymer-drug nanodroplet morphology with the breast cancer API, GDC-0810. The impact of nanodroplet size and morphology on dissolution efficacy and drug loading capacity was explored using polarized light microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PND) was synthesized as two linear derivatives and two bottlebrush derivatives with carboxylated or PEGylated end-groups. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate grade MF (HPMCAS-MF) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) were included as commercial polymer controls. We report the first copolymerization synthesis of a PVPVA bottlebrush copolymer, which was the highest performing excipient in this study, maintaining 688 μg/mL GDC-0810 concentration at 60 wt % drug loading. This is likely due to strong polymer-drug noncovalent interactions and the compaction of GDC-0810 along the PVPVA bottlebrush backbone. Overall, it was observed that the most effective formulations had a hydrodynamic radius less than 25 nm with tightly compacted nanodroplet morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee E Barr
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monica L Ohnsorg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis G Corcoran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Apoorva Sarode
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christina R Feder
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Benedikt Brenner M, Wüst M, Kuentz M, Wagner KG. High loading of lipophilic compounds in mesoporous silica for improved solubility and dissolution performance. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123946. [PMID: 38417728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Loading poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) into mesoporous silica can enable API stabilization in non-crystalline form, which leads to improved dissolution. This is particularly beneficial for highly lipophilic APIs (log D7.4 > 8) as these drugs often exhibit limited solubility in dispersion forming carrier polymers, resulting in low drug load and reduced solid state stability. To overcome this challenge, we loaded the highly lipophilic natural products coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and astaxanthin (ASX), as well as the synthetic APIs probucol (PB) and lumefantrine (LU) into the mesoporous silica carriers Syloid® XDP 3050 and Silsol® 6035. All formulations were physically stable in their non-crystalline form and drug loads of up to 50 % were achieved. At increasing drug loads, a marked increase in equilibrium solubility of the active ingredients in biorelevant medium was detected, leading to improved performance during biorelevant biphasic dissolution studies (BiPHa + ). Particularly the natural products CoQ10 and ASX showed substantial benefits from being loaded into mesoporous carrier particles and clearly outperformed currently available commercial formulations. Performance differences between the model compounds could be explained by in silico calculations of the mixing enthalpy for drug and silica in combination with an experimental chromatographic method to estimate molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Benedikt Brenner
- University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutics, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl G Wagner
- University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutics, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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5
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Yoshikawa E, Ueda K, Hakata R, Higashi K, Moribe K. Quantitative Investigation of Intestinal Drug Absorption Enhancement by Drug-Rich Nanodroplets Generated via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1745-1755. [PMID: 38501717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Drug-rich droplets formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have the potential to enhance the oral absorption of drugs. This can be attributed to the diffusion of these droplets into the unstirred water layer (UWL) of the gastrointestinal tract and their reservoir effects on maintaining drug supersaturation. However, a quantitative understanding of the effect of drug-rich droplets on intestinal drug absorption is still lacking. In this study, the enhancement of intestinal drug absorption through the formation of drug-rich droplets was quantitatively evaluated on a mechanistic basis. To obtain fenofibrate (FFB)-rich droplets, an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of FFB/hypromellose (HPMC) was dispersed in an aqueous medium. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the presence of nanosized FFB-rich droplets in the supercooled liquid state within the FFB/HPMC ASD dispersion. An in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) assay in rats demonstrated that increased quantities of FFB-rich nanodroplets enhanced the intestinal absorption of FFB. The effective diffusion of FFB-rich nanodroplets through UWL would partially contribute to the improved FFB absorption. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of cross sections of the rat intestine after the administration of fluorescently labeled FFB-rich nanodroplets showed that these nanodroplets were directly taken up by small intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, the direct uptake of drug-rich nanodroplets by the small intestine is a potential mechanism for improving FFB absorption in the intestine. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of FFB-rich droplets on the FFB absorption enhancement, we determined the apparent permeabilities of the FFB-rich nanodroplets and dissolved FFB based on the SPIP results. The apparent permeability of the FFB-rich nanodroplets was 110-130 times lower than that of dissolved FFB. However, when the FFB-rich nanodroplet concentration was several hundred times higher than that of dissolved FFB, the FFB-rich nanodroplets contributed significantly to FFB absorption improvement. The present study highlights that drug-rich nanodroplets play a direct role in enhancing drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, indicating their potential for further improvement of oral absorption from ASD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Rei Hakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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6
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Hess F, Kipping T, Weitschies W, Krause J. Understanding the Interaction of Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Parameters Critical for the Processability of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Systems during Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:472. [PMID: 38675133 PMCID: PMC11055164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a common manufacturing process used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The goal is to create an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) where the amorphous form of the API is stabilized within a polymer matrix. Traditionally, the development of pharmaceutically approved polymers has focused on requirements such as thermal properties, solubility, drug-polymer interactions, and biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the material have often been neglected in the design of new polymers. However, new downstream methods require more flexible polymers or suitable plasticizer polymer combinations. In this study, two grades of the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is already established for HME, are investigated in terms of their mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties. The mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were tested by the three-point bending test. The rheological behavior was analyzed by oscillating plate measurements. Thermal analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the solid and liquid plasticizers mannitol, sorbitol, triacetin, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol were evaluated for use with PVA and their impact on the polymer properties was elaborated. Finally, the effects of the plasticizers are compared to each other, and the correlations are analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). Thereby, a clear ranking of the plasticizer effects was established, and a deeper understanding of the polymer-plasticizer interactions was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hess
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kipping
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Liu YS, Della Rocca J, Schenck L, Koynov A, Sifri RJ, Winston MS, Frank DS. Poly(vinylpyridine- co-vinylpyridine N-oxide) Excipients Mediate Rapid Dissolution and Sustained Supersaturation of Posaconazole Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1182-1191. [PMID: 38323546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The chemical structure of excipients molecularly mixed in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has a significant impact on properties of the ASD including dissolution behavior, physical stability, and bioavailability. Polymers used in ASDs require a balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities to ensure rapid dissolution of the amorphous dispersion as well as sustained supersaturation of the drug in solution. This work demonstrates the use of postpolymerization functionalization of poly(vinylpyridine) excipients to elucidate the impact of polymer properties on the dissolution behavior of amorphous dispersions containing posaconazole. It was found that N-oxidation of pyridine functionalities increased the solubility of poly(vinylpyridine) derivatives in neutral aqueous conditions and allowed for nanoparticle formation which supplied posaconazole into solution at concentrations exceeding those achieved by more conventional excipients such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) or Eudragit E PO. By leveraging these functional modifications of the parent poly(vinylpyridine) excipient to increase polymer hydrophilicity and minimize the effect of polymer on pH, a new polymeric excipient was optimized for rapid dissolution and supersaturation maintenance for a model compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Liu
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph Della Rocca
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luke Schenck
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Athanas Koynov
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Renee J Sifri
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Derek S Frank
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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8
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Zhang S, Wang H, Zhao X, Xu H, Wu S. Screening of Organic Small Molecule Excipients on Ternary Solid Dispersions Based on Miscibility and Hydrogen Bonding Analysis: Experiments and Molecular Simulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:21. [PMID: 38267749 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The preparation of solid dispersions by mixing insoluble drugs with polymers is the main way to improve the aqueous solubility of drugs. The introduction of organic small molecule excipients into binary solid dispersions is expected to further enhance drug solubility by regulating intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the system at the microscopic level. In this study, we used carbamazepine (CBZ) as the target drug and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the solid dispersion matrix and screened the third component from 13 organic small molecules with good miscibility in the solid dispersion based on the principle of similarity of solubility parameters. The hydrogen bonding parameters and dissociation Gibbs free energy of the 13 organic small molecule-CBZ dimer were calculated by quantum mechanical simulation, and the tryptophan (Try) was identified as the optimal third component of organic small molecule. The migration of CBZ in binary and ternary systems was also analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation. On this theoretical basis, the corresponding solid dispersions were prepared, characterized, and tested for solubility analysis, which verified that the drug solubility was stronger for the system with the addition of polar fractions and the Try was indeed the best third component of organic small molecule compound, which was consistent with the simulation predictions. This screening method may provide theoretical guidance for drug modification design and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Fischer D. Sustainability in Drug and Nanoparticle Processing. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:45-68. [PMID: 37306814 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formulation of drugs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles can be accomplished by various methods, with nanoprecipitation and nanoemulsion being among the most commonly used manufacturing techniques to provide access to high-quality nanomaterials with reproducible quality. Current trends turned to sustainability and green concepts leading to a re-thinking of these techniques, particularly as the conventional solvents for the dissolution of the polymer suffer from limitations like hazards for human health and natural environment. This chapter gives an overview about the different excipients used in classical nanoformulations with a special focus on the currently applied organic solvents. As alternatives, the status quo of green, sustainable, and alternative solvents regarding their application, advantages, and limitations will be highlighted as well as the role of physicochemical solvent characteristics like water miscibility, viscosity, and vapor pressure for the selection of the formulation process, and for particle characteristics. New alternative solvents will be introduced for PLGA nanoparticle formation and compared regarding particle characteristics and biological effects as well as for in situ particle formation in a matrix consisting of nanocellulose. Conclusively, new alternative solvents are available that present a significant advancement toward the replacement of organic solvents in PLGA nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fischer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Kapoor DU, Singh S, Sharma P, Prajapati BG. Amorphization of Low Soluble Drug with Amino Acids to Improve Its Therapeutic Efficacy: a State-of-Art-Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:253. [PMID: 38062314 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low aqueous solubility of drug candidates is an ongoing challenge and pharmaceutical manufacturers pay close attention to amorphization (AMORP) technology to improve the solubility of drugs that dissolve poorly. Amorphous drug typically exhibits much higher apparent solubility than their crystalline form due to high energy state that enable them to produce a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby improve bioavailability. The stability and augmented solubility in co-amorphous (COA) formulations is influenced by molecular interactions. COA are excellent carriers-based drug delivery systems for biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II and class IV drugs. The three important critical quality attributes, such as co-formability, physical stability, and dissolution performance, are necessary to illustrate the COA systems. New amorphous-stabilized carriers-based fabrication techniques that improve drug loading and degree of AMORP have been the focus of emerging AMORP technology. Numerous low-molecular-weight compounds, particularly amino acids such as glutamic acid, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, etc., have been employed as potential co-formers. The review focus on the prevailing drug AMORP strategies used in pharmaceutical research, including in situ AMORP, COA systems, and mesoporous particle-based methods. Moreover, brief characterization techniques and the application of the different amino acids in stabilization and solubility improvements have been related.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Office of Research Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Pratishtha Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, 301020, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, India.
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11
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Al-Japairai K, Hamed Almurisi S, Mahmood S, Madheswaran T, Chatterjee B, Sri P, Azra Binti Ahmad Mazlan N, Al Hagbani T, Alheibshy F. Strategies to improve the stability of amorphous solid dispersions in view of the hot melt extrusion (HME) method. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123536. [PMID: 37865133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of drugs is preferred over other routes for several reasons: it is non-invasive, easy to administer, and easy to store. However, drug formulation for oral administration is often hindered by the drug's poor solubility, which limits its bioavailability and reduces its commercial value. As a solution, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was introduced as a drug formulation method that improves drug solubility by changing the molecular structure of the drugs from crystalline to amorphous. The hot melt extrusion (HME) method is emerging in the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative to manufacture ASD. However, despite solving solubility issues, ASD also exposes the drug to a high risk of crystallisation, either during processing or storage. Formulating a successful oral administration drug using ASD requires optimisation of the formulation, polymers, and HME manufacturing processes applied. This review presents some important considerations in ASD formulation, including strategies to improve the stability of the final product using HME to allow more new drugs to be formulated using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Mumbai 400055, India.
| | - Prasanthi Sri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | | | - Turki Al Hagbani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fawaz Alheibshy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden 6075, Yemen.
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12
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Zheng Z, Su Y, Schmidt-Rohr K. Corrected solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance peak assignment and side-group quantification of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetyl succinate pharmaceutical excipients. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:595-605. [PMID: 37649159 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetyl succinate (HPMCAS) is widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient, making a detailed understanding of its tunable structure important for formulation design. Several recently reported peak assignments in the solid-state 13 C NMR spectrum of HPMCAS have been corrected here using peak integrals in quantitative spectra, spectral editing, empirical chemical-shift predictions based on solution NMR, and full spectrum simulation analogous to deconvolution. Unlike in cellulose, the strong peak at 84 ppm must be assigned to C2 and C3 methyl ethers, instead of regular C4 of cellulose. The proposed assignment of signals at <65 ppm to OCH sites, including C5 of cellulose, could not be confirmed. CH2 spectral editing showed two resolved OCH2 bands, a more intense one from O-CH2 ethers of C6 at >69 ppm and a smaller one from its esters and possibly residual CH2 -OH groups, near 63 ppm. The strong intensities of resolved signals of acetyl, succinoyl, and oxypropyl substituents indicated the substitution of >85% of the OH groups in HPMCAS. The side-group concentrations in three different grades of HPMCAS were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Przybyłek M, Jeliński T, Mianowana M, Misiak K, Cysewski P. Exploring the Solubility Limits of Edaravone in Neat Solvents and Binary Mixtures: Experimental and Machine Learning Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6877. [PMID: 37836720 PMCID: PMC10574143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the edaravone solubility space encompassing both neat and binary dissolution media. Efforts were made to reveal the inherent concentration limits of common pure and mixed solvents. For this purpose, the published solubility data of the title drug were scrupulously inspected and cured, which made the dataset consistent and coherent. However, the lack of some important types of solvents in the collection called for an extension of the available pool of edaravone solubility data. Hence, new measurements were performed to collect edaravone solubility values in polar non-protic and diprotic media. Such an extended set of data was used in the machine learning process for tuning the parameters of regressor models and formulating the ensemble for predicting new data. In both phases, namely the model training and ensemble formulation, close attention was paid not only to minimizing the deviation of computed values from the experimental ones but also to ensuring high predictive power and accurate solubility computations for new systems. Furthermore, the environmental friendliness characteristics determined based on the common green solvent selection criteria, were included in the analysis. Our applied protocol led to the conclusion that the solubility space defined by ordinary solvents is limited, and it is unlikely to find solvents that are better suited for edaravone dissolution than those described in this manuscript. The theoretical framework presented in this study provides a precise guideline for conducting experiments, as well as saving time and resources in the pursuit of new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.M.); (K.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Piotr Cysewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.M.); (K.M.)
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14
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Shao S, Bonner D, Twamley B, Singh A, Healy AM. One Step In Situ Co-Crystallization of Dapsone and Polyethylene Glycols during Fluidized Bed Granulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2330. [PMID: 37765298 PMCID: PMC10535358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of in situ co-crystallization in different pharmaceutical processes such as spray drying, hot melt extrusion, and fluidized bed granulation (FBG) to produce co-crystal-in-excipient formulations. However, no previous studies have examined such a one step in situ co-crystallization process for co-crystal formulations where the coformer is a polymer. In the current study, we explored the use of FBG to produce co-crystal granules of dapsone (DAP) and different molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs). Solvent evaporation (SE) was proven to generate DAP-PEGs co-crystals at a particular weight ratio of 55:45 w/w between DAP and PEG, which was subsequently used in FBG, using microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as filler excipient and binder, respectively. FBG could generate co-crystals with higher purity than SE. Granules containing DAP-PEG 400 co-crystal could be prepared without any additional binder. DAP-PEG co-crystal granules produced by FBG demonstrated superior pharmaceutical properties, including flow properties and tableting properties, compared to DAP and DAP-PEG co-crystals prepared by SE. Overall, in situ co-crystallization via FBG can effectively produce API-polymer co-crystals and enhance the pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Shao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Bonner
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | | | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Subramaniam S, Kamath S, Ariaee A, Prestidge C, Joyce P. The impact of common pharmaceutical excipients on the gut microbiota. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1297-1314. [PMID: 37307224 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2223937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing attention is being afforded to understanding the bidirectional relationships that exist between oral medications and the gut microbiota, in an attempt to optimize pharmacokinetic performance and mitigate unwanted side effects. While a wealth of research has investigated the direct impact of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on the gut microbiota, the interactions between inactive pharmaceutical ingredients (i.e. excipients) and the gut microbiota are commonly overlooked, despite excipients typically representing over 90% of the final dosage form. AREAS COVERED Known excipient-gut microbiota interactions for various classes of inactive pharmaceutical ingredients, including solubilizing agents, binders, fillers, sweeteners, and color additives, are reviewed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Clear evidence indicates that orally administered pharmaceutical excipients directly interact with gut microbes and can either positively or negatively impact gut microbiota diversity and composition. However, these relationships and mechanisms are commonly overlooked during drug formulation, despite the potential for excipient-microbiota interactions to alter drug pharmacokinetics and interfere with host metabolic health. The insights derived from this review will inform pharmaceutical scientists with the necessary design considerations for mitigating potential adverse pharmacomicrobiomic interactions when formulating oral dosage forms, ultimately providing clear avenues for improving therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Srinivas Kamath
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amin Ariaee
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Esquivel SV, Bhatt HN, Diwan R, Habib A, Lee WY, Khatun Z, Nurunnabi M. β-Glucan and Fatty Acid Based Mucoadhesive Carrier for Gastrointestinal Tract Specific Local and Sustained Drug Delivery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050768. [PMID: 37238639 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral route is considered the most convenient route of drug administration for both systemic and local delivery. Besides stability and transportation, another unmet but important issue regarding oral medication is retention duration within the specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We hypothesize that an oral vehicle that can adhere and maintain retention within the stomach for a longer duration can be more effective to treat stomach-related diseases. Therefore, in this project, we developed a carrier that is highly specific to the stomach and maintains its retention for a longer duration. We developed a vehicle composed of β-Glucan And Docosahexaenoic Acid (GADA) to observe its affinity and specificity to the stomach. GADA forms a spherical-shaped particle with negative zeta potential values that vary based on the feed ratio of docosahexaenoic acid. Docosahexaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that has transporters and receptors throughout the GI tract, such as CD36, plasma membrane-associated fatty acid-binding protein (FABP (pm)), and a family of fatty acid transport proteins (FATP1-6). The in vitro studies and characterization data showed that GADA has the capability to carry a payload of hydrophobic molecules and specifically deliver the payload to the GI tract, exert its therapeutic effects, and help to maintain stability for more than 12 h in the gastric and intestinal fluid. The particle size and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data showed that GADA has a strong binding affinity with mucin in the presence of simulated gastric fluids. We observed a comparatively higher drug release of lidocaine in gastric juice than that in intestinal fluids, demonstrating the influence of the pH values of the media on drug-release kinetics. In vivo and ex vivo imaging of mice demonstrated that GADA maintains its retention within the stomach for at least 4 hr. This stomach-specific oral vehicle holds strong promise to translate various injectable therapeutic drugs to oral form upon further optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vargas Esquivel
- Aerospace Center (cSETR), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Wen-Yee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Aerospace Center (cSETR), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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17
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Kargari Aghmiouni D, Khoee S. Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate-Drug Interaction Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041214. [PMID: 37111700 PMCID: PMC10142803 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By utilizing nanoparticles to upload and interact with several pharmaceuticals in varying methods, the primary obstacles associated with loading two or more medications or cargos with different characteristics may be addressed. Therefore, it is feasible to evaluate the benefits provided by co-delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles by investigating the properties and functions of the commonly used structures, such as multi- or simultaneous-stage controlled release, synergic effect, enhanced targetability, and internalization. However, due to the unique surface or core features of each hybrid design, the eventual drug-carrier interactions, release, and penetration processes may vary. Our review article focused on the drug's loading, binding interactions, release, physiochemical, and surface functionalization features, as well as the varying internalization and cytotoxicity of each structure that may aid in the selection of an appropriate design. This was achieved by comparing the actions of uniform-surfaced hybrid particles (such as core-shell particles) to those of anisotropic, asymmetrical hybrid particles (such as Janus, multicompartment, or patchy particles). Information is provided on the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous particles with specified characteristics for the simultaneous delivery of various cargos, possibly enhancing the efficacy of treatment techniques for illnesses such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Kargari Aghmiouni
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khoee
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
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18
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Nguyen HT, Van Duong T, Taylor LS. Impact of Gastric pH Variations on the Release of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulations Containing a Weakly Basic Drug and Enteric Polymers. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1681-1695. [PMID: 36730186 PMCID: PMC9997068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteric polymers are widely used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. The aim of the current study was to explore ASD failure mechanisms across a wide range of pH conditions that mimic in vivo gastric compartment variations where enteric polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) are largely insoluble. Delamanid (DLM), a weakly basic drug used to treat tuberculosis, was selected as the model compound. Both DLM free base and the edisylate salt were formulated with HPMCP, while DLM edisylate ASDs were also prepared with different grades of HPMCAS. Two-stage release testing was conducted with the gastric stage pH varied between pH 1.6 and 5.0, prior to transfer to intestinal conditions of pH 6.5. ASD particles were collected following suspension in the gastric compartment and evaluated using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Additional samples were also evaluated with polarized light microscopy. In general, ASDs with HPMCP showed improved overall release for all testing conditions, relative to ASDs with HPMCAS. ASDs with the edisylate salt likewise outperformed those with DLM free base. Impaired release for certain formulations at intestinal pH conditions was attributed to surface drug crystallization that initiated during suspension in the gastric compartment where the polymer is insoluble; crystallization appeared more extensive for HPMCAS ASDs. These findings suggest that gastric pH variations should be evaluated for ASD formulations containing weakly basic drugs and enteric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Zhang S, Wang T, Xue J, Xu H, Wu S. Hydrogen Bonding Principle-Based Molecular Design of a Polymer Excipient and Impacts on Hydrophobic Drug Properties: Molecular Simulation and Experiment. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1675-1688. [PMID: 36867105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Although some commercial excipients for improving the solubility of highly crystalline drugs are widely used, they still cannot cover all types of hydrophobic drugs. In this regard, with phenytoin as the target drug, related molecular structures of polymer excipients were designed. The optimal repeating units of NiPAm and HEAm were screened out through quantum mechanical simulation and Monte Carlo simulation methods, and the copolymerization ratio was also determined. Using molecular dynamics simulation technology, it was confirmed that the dispersibility and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of phenytoin in the designed copolymer were better than those in the commercial PVP materials. At the same time, the designed copolymers and solid dispersions were also prepared during the experiment, and the improvement of their solubility was confirmed, which is in accordance with the simulation predictions. The new ideas and simulation technology may be used for drug modification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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20
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Gottschalk N, Bogdahn M, Quodbach J. 3D printing of amorphous solid dispersions: A comparison of fused deposition modeling and drop-on-powder printing. Int J Pharm X 2023; 5:100179. [PMID: 37025187 PMCID: PMC10070627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a high number of pipeline drugs are poorly soluble and require solubility enhancement by e.g., manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersion. Pharmaceutical 3D printing has great potential in producing amorphous solid oral dosage forms. However, 3D printing techniques differ greatly in terms of processing as well as tablet properties. In this study, an amorphous formulation, which had been printed via Fused Deposition Modeling and drop-on-powder printing, also known as binder jetting, was characterized in terms of solid-state properties and physical stability. Solid state assessment was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction and polarized microscopy. The supersaturation performance of the amorphous solid dispersion was assessed via non-sink dissolution. We further evaluated both 3D printing techniques regarding their processability as well as tablet uniformity in terms of dimension, mass and content. Challenges and limitations of each 3D printing technique were discussed. Both techniques are feasible for the production of amorphous formulations. Results indicated that Fused Deposition Modeling is better suited for production, as the recrystallization tendency was lower. Still, filament production and printing presented a major challenge. Drop-on-powder printing can be a viable alternative for the production of amorphous tablets, when a formulation is not printable by Fused Deposition Modeling.
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21
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Uthumansha U, Prabahar K, Gajapathy DB, El-Sherbiny M, Elsherbiny N, Qushawy M. Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Telmisartan Loaded Sodium Alginate Beads and Its In Vivo Efficacy Investigation in Hypertensive Induced Animal Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020709. [PMID: 36840031 PMCID: PMC9959044 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antihypertensive drug telmisartan (TEL) belongs to BCS class II, which is characterized by low water solubility and, consequently, low oral bioavailability. Gastroretentive systems may overcome the problems associated with low solubility of TEL and incomplete absorption by localizing the drug release in the stomach. The purpose of this study was to prepare TEL-loaded, oil-entrapped, floating alginate beads with the intent of enhancing the oral bioavailability of TEL for the treatment of hypertension. METHODS For the formulation and optimization of seventeen formulations of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped floating alginate beads, a central composite design was utilized. The concentration of sodium alginate (X1), the concentration of cross-linker (X2), and the concentration of sesame oil (X3) served as independent variables, whereas the entrapment efficiency (Y1), in vitro buoyancy (Y2), and drug release Q6h (Y3) served as dependent variables. Using the emulsion gelation method and calcium chloride as the cross-linking agent, different formulations of TEL alginate beads were produced. All formulations were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and in vitro drug release. The optimal formulation of TEL alginate beads was prepared with and without oil and evaluated for entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, swelling ratio, average size, and in vitro drug release. Using scanning electron microscopes, the surface morphology was determined. Using IR spectroscopy, the compatibility between the ingredients was determined. In vivo evaluation of the optimized formulation in comparison to the free TEL was done in hypertension-induced rats, and the systolic blood pressure and all pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. RESULTS The prepared beads exhibited a high entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and prolonged drug release. TEL was compatible with other ingredients, as approved by IR spectroscopy. The prepared TEL beads were spherical, as shown by the SEM. The relative bioavailability of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads was 222.52%, which was higher than that of the pure TEL suspension. The prepared TEL beads formulation exhibited a higher antihypertensive effect for a prolonged time compared to pure TEL suspension. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that this innovative delivery method of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads is a promising tool for enhancing drug solubility and, thus, oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, resulting in enhanced patient compliance. Furthermore, the in vivo study confirmed the formulation's extended anti-hypertensive activity in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaidulla Uthumansha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9677781834
| | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Mona Qushawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish 45511, North Sinai, Egypt
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22
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Pigliacelli C, Belton P, Wilde P, Bombelli FB, Kroon PA, Winterbone MS, Qi S. Interaction of polymers with bile salts - Impact on solubilisation and absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113044. [PMID: 36436403 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formulating poorly soluble drugs with polymers in the form of solid dispersions has been widely used for improving drug dissolution. Endogenous surface-active species present in the gut, such as bile salts, lecithin and other phospholipids, have been shown to play a key role in facilitating lipids and poorly soluble drugs solubilisation in the gut. In this study, we examined the possible occurrence of interactions between a model bile salt, sodium taurocholate (NaTC), and model spray dried solid dispersions comprising piroxicam and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), a commonly used hydrophilic polymer for solid dispersion preparation. Solubility measurements revealed the good solubilisation effect of NaTC on the crystalline drug, which was enhanced by the addition of HPMC, and further boosted by the drug formulation into solid dispersion. The colloidal behaviour of the solid dispersions upon dissolution in biorelevant media, with and without NaTC, revealed the formation of NaTC-HPMC complexes and other mixed colloidal species. Cellular level drug absorption studies obtained using Caco-2 monolayers confirmed that the combination of drug being delivered by solid dispersion and the presence of bile salt and lecithin significantly contributed to the improved drug absorption. Together with the role of NaTC-HPMC complexes in assisting the drug solubilisation, our results also highlight the complex interplay between bile salts, excipients and drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pigliacelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Mark S Winterbone
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
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23
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Khudaida SH, Hsieh WY, Huang YZ, Wu WY, Lee MJ, Su CS. Solubility of probenecid in supercritical carbon dioxide and composite particles prepared using supercritical antisolvent process. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Trivedi R, Chatterjee B, Kalave S, Pandya M. Role of Fine Silica as Amorphous Solid Dispersion Carriers for Enhancing Drug Load and Preventing Recrystallization- A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2023; 20:694-707. [PMID: 35899950 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220721111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a popular concept for improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ASD faces two primary challenges of low drug loading and recrystallization upon storage. Several polymeric carriers are used to fabricate a stable ASD formulation with a high drug load. The role of silica in this context has been proven significant. Different types of silica, porous and nonporous, have been used to develop ASD. Amorphous drugs get entrapped into silica pores or adsorbed on their surface. Due to high porosity and wide surface area, silica provides better drug dissolution and high drug loading. Recrystallization of amorphous drugs is inhibited by limited molecular ability inside the delicate pores due to hydrogen bonding with the surface silanol groups. A handful of researches have been published on silica-based ASD, where versatile types of silica have been used. However, the effect of different kinds of silica on product stability and drug loading has been rarely addressed. The present study analyzes multiple porous and nonporous silica types and their distinct role in developing a stable ASD. Emphasis has been given to various types of silica which are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab Trivedi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Sana Kalave
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Mrugank Pandya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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25
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Drop-on-powder 3D printing of amorphous high dose oral dosage forms: Process development, opportunities and printing limitations. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100151. [PMID: 36687376 PMCID: PMC9850179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drop-on-powder 3D printing is able to produce highly drug loaded solid oral dosage forms. However, this technique is mainly limited to well soluble drugs. The majority of pipeline compounds is poorly soluble, though, and requires solubility enhancement, e.g., via formation of amorphous solid dispersions. This study presents a detailed and systematic development approach for the production of tablets containing high amounts of a poorly soluble, amorphized drug via drop-on-powder 3D printing (also known as binder jetting). Amorphization of the compound was achieved via hot-melt extrusion using the exemplary system of the model compound ketoconazole and copovidone as matrix polymer at drug loadings of 20% and 40%. The milled extrudate was used as powder for printing and the influence of inks and different ink-to-powder ratios on recrystallization of ketoconazole was investigated in a material-saving small-scale screening. Crystallinity assessment was performed using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy to identify even small traces of crystallinity. Printing of tablets showed that the performed small-scale screening was capable to identify printing parameters for the development of amorphous and mechanically stable tablets via drop-on-powder printing. A stability study demonstrated physically stable tablets over twelve weeks at accelerated storage conditions.
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Key Words
- 3D Printing
- 3D, three-dimensional
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- AM, additive manufacturing
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ASD, amorphous solid dispersion
- Additive manufacturing
- Amorphous solid dispersion
- BCS, Biopharmaceutics Classification System
- Binder jetting
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- DoP, drop-on-powder
- Drop-on-powder printing
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- KTZ, ketoconazole
- Process development
- SODF, solid oral dosage form
- Solubility enhancement
- dpmm, dots per millimeter
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26
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Winck J, Daalmann M, Berghaus A, Thommes M. In-line monitoring of solid dispersion preparation in small scale extrusion based on UV-vis spectroscopy. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:1009-1015. [PMID: 36331240 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2144887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The poor solubility of a large number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a major challenge in pharmaceutical research. Therefore, the extrusion of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is one promising approach to enhance the dissolution rate by molecularly dissolving the API in an amorphous carrier polymer. During ASD extrusion, crucial parameters as the dissolution of the API in the carrier polymer need to be monitored. Within this study, a small scale twin screw extruder was coupled with special ColVisTec UV-vis probes that are characterized by their small dimensions. This setup enables a systematic formulation design and optimization based on in-line monitoring of drug dissolution using small material quantities. In fact, sample quantities of about 5 mg were evaluated for each measurement, representing 50% of the material inside the die. The amount of undissolved drug particles was determined based on the lightness of the extrudates. It was shown that the temperature has a significant effect on the drug dissolution in the polymer. Furthermore, complete drug dissolution was shifted to lower temperatures if higher residence times were applied. Based on the courses of lightness, regime maps were modeled that specify the process conditions where ASDs are successfully manufactured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Winck
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marvin Daalmann
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Gaber DA, Alnwiser MA, Alotaibi NL, Almutairi RA, Alsaeed SS, Abdoun SA, Alsubaiyel AM. Design and optimization of ganciclovir solid dispersion for improving its bioavailability. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1836-1847. [PMID: 35674640 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2083723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new approaches for oral delivery of an existing antiviral drug aimed to enhance its permeability and hence bioavailability. Ganciclovir (GC) is an antiviral drug that belongs to class III in biopharmaceutical classification. The encapsulation of poorly absorbed drugs within nanosized particles offers several characteristics to drug due to their acquired surface properties. In the following study, the solvent evaporation technique was used to incorporate GC, within elegant nanosize particles using cyclodextrin and shellac polymers for enhancing its permeability and release pattern. Formulation variables were optimized using 23 full factorial design. The prepared formulations were assessed for yield, particle size, content, and micromeritics behavior. The optimized formula (F6) was identified through differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared. In vitro release and stability were also assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized nano GC solid dispersion particles (NGCSD-F6) were finally evaluated. The optimized formula (F6) showed a mean particle size of 288.5 ± 20.7 nm, a zeta potential of about 23.87 ± 2.27, and drug content 95.77 ± 2.1%. The in vitro drug release pattern of F6 showed an initial burst release followed by a sustained release over the next 12 h. The optimized formula showed accepted stability upon storage at room and refrigerator temperatures for 6 months with good flowing properties (Carr's index = 18.28 ± 0.44). In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits revealed 2.2 fold increases in the bioavailability of GC compared with commercial convention tablets. The study affords evidence for the success of the solid dispersion technique under specified conditions in improvement of bioavailability of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Gaber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, AL-Qassim University, Qassim, KSA.,Department of Quality Control & Quality Assurance, Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Siham A Abdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, AL-Qassim University, Qassim, KSA
| | - Amal M Alsubaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, AL-Qassim University, Qassim, KSA
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28
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Constructing an Intelligent Model Based on Support Vector Regression to Simulate the Solubility of Drugs in Polymeric Media. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111405. [DOI: 10.3390/ph15111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study constructs a machine learning method to simultaneously analyze the thermodynamic behavior of many polymer–drug systems. The solubility temperature of Acetaminophen, Celecoxib, Chloramphenicol, D-Mannitol, Felodipine, Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen Sodium, Indomethacin, Itraconazole, Naproxen, Nifedipine, Paracetamol, Sulfadiazine, Sulfadimidine, Sulfamerazine, and Sulfathiazole in 1,3-bis[2-pyrrolidone-1-yl] butane, Polyvinyl Acetate, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), PVP K12, PVP K15, PVP K17, PVP K25, PVP/VA, PVP/VA 335, PVP/VA 535, PVP/VA 635, PVP/VA 735, Soluplus analyzes from a modeling perspective. The least-squares support vector regression (LS-SVR) designs to approximate the solubility temperature of drugs in polymers from polymer and drug types and drug loading in polymers. The structure of this machine learning model is well-tuned by conducting trial and error on the kernel type (i.e., Gaussian, polynomial, and linear) and methods used for adjusting the LS-SVR coefficients (i.e., leave-one-out and 10-fold cross-validation scenarios). Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the Gaussian kernel and 10-fold cross-validation is the best candidate for developing an LS-SVR for the given task. The built model yielded results consistent with 278 experimental samples reported in the literature. Indeed, the mean absolute relative deviation percent of 8.35 and 7.25 is achieved in the training and testing stages, respectively. The performance on the largest available dataset confirms its applicability. Such a reliable tool is essential for monitoring polymer–drug systems’ stability and deliverability, especially for poorly soluble drugs in polymers, which can be further validated by adopting it to an actual implementation in the future.
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29
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Seo Y, Zuo B, Cangialosi D, Priestley RD. Physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate via enthalpy recovery. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8331-8341. [PMID: 36300535 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) utilize the kinetic stability of the amorphous state to stabilize drug molecules within a glassy polymer matrix. Therefore, understanding the glassy-state stability of the polymer excipient is critical to ASD design and performance. Here, we investigated the physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), a commonly used polymer in ASD formulations. We found that HPMCAS exhibited conventional physical aging behavior when annealed near the glass transition temperature (Tg). In this scenario, structural recovery was facilitated by α-relaxation dynamics. However, when annealed well below Tg, a sub-α-relaxation process facilitated low-temperature physical aging in HPMCAS. Nevertheless, the physical aging rate exhibited no significant change up to 40 K below Tg, below which it exhibited a near monotonic decrease with decreasing temperature. Finally, infrared spectroscopy was employed to assess any effect of physical aging on the chemical structure of HPMCAS, which is known to be susceptible to degradation at temperatures 30 K above its Tg. Our results provide critical insights necessary to understand better the link between the stability of ASDs and physical aging of the glassy polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejoon Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, 41 Olden St, A215 Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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30
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Ma P, Seguin J, Ly KN, Henríquez LC, Plansart E, Hammad K, Gahoual R, Dhôtel H, Izabelle C, Saubamea B, Richard C, Escriou V, Mignet N, Corvis Y. Designing fisetin nanocrystals for enhanced in cellulo anti-angiogenic and anticancer efficacy. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Shikha S, Lee YW, Doyle PS, Khan SA. Microfluidic Particle Engineering of Hydrophobic Drug with Eudragit E100─Bridging the Amorphous and Crystalline Gap. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4345-4356. [PMID: 36268657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-processing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with excipients is a promising particle engineering technique to improve the API physical properties, which can lead to more robust downstream drug product manufacturing and improved drug product attributes. Excipients provide control over critical API attributes like particle size and solid-state outcomes. Eudragit E100 is a widely used polymeric excipient to modulate drug release. Being cationic, it is primarily employed as a precipitation inhibitor to stabilize amorphous solid dispersions. In this work, we demonstrate how co-processing of E100 with naproxen (NPX) (a model hydrophobic API) into monodisperse emulsions via droplet microfluidics followed by solidification via solvent evaporation allows the facile fabrication of compact, monodisperse, and spherical particles with an expanded range of solid-state outcomes spanning from amorphous to crystalline forms. Low E100 concentrations (≤26% w/w) yield crystalline microparticles with a stable NPX polymorph distributed uniformly across the matrix at a high drug loading (∼89% w/w). Structurally, E100 incorporation reduces the size of primary particles comprising the co-processed microparticles in comparison to neat API microparticles made using the same technique and the as-received API powder. This reduction in primary particle size translates into an increased internal porosity of the co-processed microparticles, with specific surface area and pore volume ∼9 times higher than the neat API microparticles. These E100-enabled structural modifications result in faster drug release in acidic media compared to neat API microparticles. Additionally, E100-NPX microparticles have a significantly improved flowability compared to neat API microparticles and as-received API powder. Overall, this study demonstrates a facile microfluidics-based co-processing method that broadly expands the range of solid-state outcomes obtainable with E100 as an excipient, with multiscale control over the key attributes and performance of hydrophobic API-laden microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shikha
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore119077, Singapore
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore
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32
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Bioavailability Enhancement Techniques for Poorly Aqueous Soluble Drugs and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092055. [PMID: 36140156 PMCID: PMC9495787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low water solubility of pharmacoactive molecules limits their pharmacological potential, but the solubility parameter cannot compromise, and so different approaches are employed to enhance their bioavailability. Pharmaceutically active molecules with low solubility convey a higher risk of failure for drug innovation and development. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and several other parameters, such as drug distribution, protein binding and absorption, are majorly affected by their solubility. Among all pharmaceutical dosage forms, oral dosage forms cover more than 50%, and the drug molecule should be water-soluble. For good therapeutic activity by the drug molecule on the target site, solubility and bioavailability are crucial factors. The pharmaceutical industry’s screening programs identified that around 40% of new chemical entities (NCEs) face various difficulties at the formulation and development stages. These pharmaceuticals demonstrate less solubility and bioavailability. Enhancement of the bioavailability and solubility of drugs is a significant challenge in the area of pharmaceutical formulations. According to the Classification of Biopharmaceutics, Class II and IV drugs (APIs) exhibit poor solubility, lower bioavailability, and less dissolution. Various technologies are discussed in this article to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, for example, the complexation of active molecules, the utilization of emulsion formation, micelles, microemulsions, cosolvents, polymeric micelle preparation, particle size reduction technologies, pharmaceutical salts, prodrugs, the solid-state alternation technique, soft gel technology, drug nanocrystals, solid dispersion methods, crystal engineering techniques and nanomorph technology. This review mainly describes several other advanced methodologies for solubility and bioavailability enhancement, such as crystal engineering, micronization, solid dispersions, nano sizing, the use of cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal drug delivery systems and drug conjugates, referring to a number of appropriate research reports.
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33
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Shi Q, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang R, Xu J, Zhang C. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of the Polymer and Its Importance in Physical Stability and In Vitro Performance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081747. [PMID: 36015373 PMCID: PMC9413000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions stabilized by one or more polymer(s) have been widely used for delivering amorphous drugs with poor water solubilities, and they have gained great market success. Polymer selection is important for preparing robust amorphous solid dispersions, and considerations should be given as to how the critical attributes of a polymer can enhance the physical stability, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of a drug. This article provides a comprehensive overview for recent developments in the understanding the role of polymers in amorphous solid dispersions from the aspects of nucleation, crystal growth, overall crystallization, miscibility, phase separation, dissolution, and supersaturation. The critical properties of polymers affecting the physical stability and the in vitro performance of amorphous solid dispersions are also highlighted. Moreover, a perspective regarding the current research gaps and novel research directions for better understanding the role of the polymer is provided. This review will provide guidance for the rational design of polymer-based amorphous pharmaceutical solids with desired physicochemical properties from the perspective of physical stability and in vitro performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Ruoxun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (C.Z.)
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34
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Thayumanasundaram S, Venkatesan TR, Ousset A, Van Hollebeke K, Aerts L, Wübbenhorst M, Van den Mooter G. Complementarity of mDSC, DMA, and DRS Techniques in the Study of Tg and Sub- Tg Transitions in Amorphous Solids: PVPVA, Indomethacin, and Amorphous Solid Dispersions Based on Indomethacin/PVPVA. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2299-2315. [PMID: 35674392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, glasses, a subset of amorphous solids, have gained attention in various fields, such as polymer chemistry, optical fibers, and pharmaceuticals. One of their characteristic features, the glass transition temperature (Tg) which is absent in 100% crystalline materials, influences several material properties, such as free volume, enthalpy, viscosity, thermodynamic transitions, molecular motions, physical stability, mechanical properties, etc. In addition to Tg, there may be several other temperature-dependent transitions known as sub-Tg transitions (or β-, γ-, and δ-relaxations) which are identified by specific analytical techniques. The study of Tg and sub-Tg transitions occurring in amorphous solids has gained much attention because of its importance in understanding molecular kinetics, and it requires the combination of conventional and novel characterization techniques. In the present study, three different analytical techniques [modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS)] were used to perform comprehensive qualitative/quantitative characterization of molecular relaxations, miscibility, and molecular interactions present in an amorphous polymer (PVPVA), a model drug (indomethacin, IND), and IND/PVPVA-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). This is the first ever reported DMA study on PVPVA in its powder form, which avoids the contribution of solvent to the mechanical properties when a self-standing polymer film is used. A good correlation between the techniques in determining the Tg value of PVPVA, IND, and IND/PVPVA-based ASDs is established, and the negligible difference (within 10 °C) is attributed to the different material properties assessed in each technique. However, the overall Tg behavior, the decrease in Tg with increase in drug loading in ASDs, is universally observed in all the above-mentioned techniques, which reveals their complementarity. DMA and DRS techniques are used to study the different sub-Tg transitions present in PVPVA, amorphous IND, and IND/PVPVA-based ASDs because these transitions are normally too weak or too broad for mDSC to detect. For IND/PVPVA-based ASDs, both techniques show a shift of sub-Tg transitions (or secondary relaxation peaks) toward the high-temperature region from -140 to -45 °C. Thus, this paper outlines the usage of different solid-state characterization techniques in understanding the different molecular dynamics present in the polymer, drug, and their interactions in ASDs with the integrated information obtained from individual techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Aymeric Ousset
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hollebeke
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Luc Aerts
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Babu NR, Nagpal D, Ankola D, Awasthi R. Evolution of Solid Dispersion Technology: Solubility Enhancement Using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Myth or Reality? Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:149-163. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raveendra Babu
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dheeraj Nagpal
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dhawal Ankola
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India
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36
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DFT study of 2D graphitic carbon nitride based preferential targeted delivery of levosimendan, a cardiovascular drug. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Meng J, Lu L, Du S, Xu H, Wu S. Study on the Effect of Polymer Excipients on the Dispersibility, Interaction, Solubility, and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species of Myricetin Solid Dispersion: Experiment and Molecular Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1514-1526. [PMID: 35036814 PMCID: PMC8756572 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions can improve the solubility of crystalline drugs, there is still a lack of guidance on the micromechanism in the screening and evaluation of polymer excipients. In this study, a particular method of experimental characterization combined with molecular simulation was attempted on solubilization of myricetin (MYR) by solid dispersion. According to the analysis of the dispersibility and hydrogen-bond interaction, the effectiveness of the solid dispersion and the predicted sequence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) > hypromellose (HPMC) > poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the polymer excipient were verified. Through the dissolution, cell viability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-level detection, the reliability of simulation and micromechanism analysis was further confirmed. This work not only provided the theoretical guidance and screening basis for the miscibility of solid dispersions from the microscopic level but also served as a reference for the modification of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidian Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Ling Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shanda Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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38
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Fang J, Chen Z, Li J, Li D, Wang W, Ruan BH. Self-Assembled Micellar Glutaminase Allosteric Inhibitor for Effective Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:213-225. [PMID: 35058693 PMCID: PMC8764296 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s346596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhang Fang
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- IDD & CB, College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Benfang Helen Ruan; Wenxi Wang Email ;
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Quodbach J, Bogdahn M, Breitkreutz J, Chamberlain R, Eggenreich K, Elia AG, Gottschalk N, Gunkel-Grabole G, Hoffmann L, Kapote D, Kipping T, Klinken S, Loose F, Marquetant T, Windolf H, Geißler S, Spitz T. Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 56:910-928. [PMID: 34826120 PMCID: PMC9492703 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
3d printing is capable of providing dose individualization for pediatric medicines and translating the precision medicine approach into practical application. In pediatrics, dose individualization and preparation of small dosage forms is a requirement for successful therapy, which is frequently not possible due to the lack of suitable dosage forms. For precision medicine, individual characteristics of patients are considered for the selection of the best possible API in the most suitable dose with the most effective release profile to improve therapeutic outcome. 3d printing is inherently suitable for manufacturing of individualized medicines with varying dosages, sizes, release profiles and drug combinations in small batch sizes, which cannot be manufactured with traditional technologies. However, understanding of critical quality attributes and process parameters still needs to be significantly improved for this new technology. To ensure health and safety of patients, cleaning and process validation needs to be established. Additionally, adequate analytical methods for the in-process control of intermediates, regarding their printability as well as control of the final 3d printed tablets considering any risk of this new technology will be required. The PolyPrint consortium is actively working on developing novel polymers for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3d printing, filament formulation and manufacturing development as well as optimization of the printing process, and the design of a GMP-capable FDM 3d printer. In this manuscript, the consortium shares its views on quality aspects and measures for 3d printing from drug-loaded filaments, including formulation development, the printing process, and the printed dosage forms. Additionally, engineering approaches for quality assurance during the printing process and for the final dosage form will be presented together with considerations for a GMP-capable printer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Malte Bogdahn
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chamberlain
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Lena Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kipping
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Klinken
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Loose
- Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hellen Windolf
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Geißler
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tilmann Spitz
- Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679, Cologne, Germany
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40
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Okamoto Y, Higashi K, Morita T, Ueda K, Mukaide S, Takeda J, Karashima M, Ikeda Y, Moribe K. Nanostructure and Molecular-Level Characterization of Aminoalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer and the Impact on Drug Solubilization Ability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4111-4121. [PMID: 34641686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pH changes and saccharin (SAC) addition on the nanostructure and mobility of the cationic aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer Eudragit E PO (EUD-E) and its drug solubilization ability were investigated. Small-angle X-ray scattering performed using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy showed that the EUD-E nanostructure, which has a size of approximately several nanometers, changed from a random coil structure at low pH (pH 4.0-5.0) to a partially folded structure at high pH (pH 5.5-6.5). The EUD-E also formed a partially folded structure in a wide pH range of 4.5-6.5 when SAC was present, and the coil-to-globule transition was moderate with pH increase, compared with that when SAC was absent. The equilibrium solubility of the neutral drug naringenin (NAR) was enhanced in the EUD-E solution and further increased as the pH increased. The enlargement of the hydrophobic region of EUD-E in association with the coil-to-globule transition led to efficient solubilization of NAR. The interaction with SAC enhanced the mobility of the EUD-E chains in the hydrophobic region of EUD-E, resulting in changes in the drug-solubilizing ability. 1H high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR measurements revealed that the solubilized NAR in the partially folded structure of EUD-E showed higher molecular mobility in the presence of SAC than in the absence of SAC. This study highlighted that solution pH and the presence of SAC significantly changed the drug solubilization ability of EUD-E, followed by changes in the EUD-E nanostructure, including its hydrophobic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Okamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mukaide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Junpei Takeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Karashima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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41
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Zhao Z, Higashi K, Ueda K, Moribe K. Revealing the mechanism of morphological variation of amorphous drug nanoparticles formed by aqueous dispersion of ternary solid dispersion. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120984. [PMID: 34389423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probucol (PBC)/hypromellose (HPMC)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ternary solid dispersions (SDs) of various weight ratios were prepared and evaluated to unveil the effect of HPMC and SDS on the formation of amorphous PBC nanoparticles. The morphological variation of the PBC nanoparticles prepared using SDs of different compositions was determined using dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Statistical analysis of particle size versus roundness of PBC nanoparticles was carried out based on cryo-TEM images. A clear correlation was observed between the morphologies of the PBC nanoparticles and the amounts of HPMC and SDS, either admixed in SDs or pre-dissolved in an aqueous solution. The admixed HPMC in SDs was demonstrated to play the major role in determining the primary particle sizes of discrete amorphous PBC nanoparticles. Based on 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, this phenomenon should be due to the enlarged size of the PBC-rich domains in SDs, which depended on the decreasing amounts of admixed HPMC. Although the pre-dissolved part of HPMC had less impact on the primary particle sizes, it was found to inhibit the particle agglomeration and recrystallization of amorphous PBC nanoparticles. On the other hand, sufficient SDS admixed in SDs could suppress the size enhancement of the PBC-rich domains during water immersion and nanoparticle evolution (agglomeration and crystallization) after aqueous dispersion. The pre-dissolved SDS could restrain the agglomeration of amorphous PBC nanoparticles, ultimately forming hundreds of irregular nanometer-order structures. Since the increase in size during water immersion, their sizes were still slightly larger than those obtained with a high portion of admixed SDS. The findings of this study clarified the usefulness and necessity of adding polymers and surfactants to SDs to fabricate drug nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Zhao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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42
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Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
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43
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Bialek K, Wojnarowska Z, Twamley B, Tajber L. Characterisation and fundamental insight into the formation of new solid state, multicomponent systems of propranolol. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120605. [PMID: 33862135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiochemical properties of acidic or basic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be optimised by forming salts with different counterions. The aim of this work was to synthesise a novel salt of propranolol (PRO) using sebacic acid (SEBA) as the counterion and to gain mechanistic understanding of not only the salt formation, but also its eutectic phase formation with SEBA. Thermal analysis showed a solid-state reaction occurring between PRO and SEBA leading to the formation of dipropranolol sebacate (DPS) melting at app. 170 °C and the eutectic composed of DPS and SEBA melting at app. 103 °C, comprising 0.33 mol fraction of PRO as determined by the Tammann plot. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the identity of the new multicomponent phases of PRO. DPS can be conveniently obtained by heat-induced crystallisation, grinding and conventional solvent crystallisation. Detailed analysis by FTIR revealed H-bond interactions between DPS and SEBA at the inter-phase in the eutectic. Bravais, Friedel, Donnay and Harker crystal morphology coupled with full interaction maps analysis allowed to understand further the nature of interactions which led to formation of the eutectic phase. This work contributes to furthering research on multicomponent pharmaceutical systems to harness their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bialek
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Wu X, Hua Y, Wei T, Ma C, Wang Z, Zhang L, Wang J. Effect and mechanism of action in vitroof cyclodextrin derivative nanoparticles loaded with tyroserleutide on hepatoma. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:285101. [PMID: 33789260 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf3f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a cyclodextrin derivative (R6RGD-CMβCD) nanoparticle with tumor targeting and cell penetration ability was successfully synthesized and loaded with tyroserleutide (YSL) to obtain YSL-loaded nanoparticles (YSL/R6RGD-CMβCD NPs). The characterization of these NPs revealed a smooth surfaces and an average diameter of approximately 170 nm. YSL/R6RGD-CMβCD NPs increased the NP uptake in Caco-2 cells. As regard the mechanism of action, the cell uptake was related to endocytosis mediated by reticulin and megacytosis. In addition, YSL/R6RGD-CMβCD NPs induced significantly higher cytotoxicity on tumor cells and better tumor targeting compared with the effect of CMβCD NPs. Most importantly, the good anti-cancer effect of YSL/R6RGD-CMβCD NPs might be due to the interference with the function of mitochondria. On the other hand, YSL/R6RGD-CMβCD NPs were not toxic for normal cells. Taken together, our results indicated that R6RGD-CMβCD could be considered as a nanopharmaceutical material with good tumor targeting abilities, and their combination with YSL could represent an effective anti-cancer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hua
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Wei
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjun Ma
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
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Pacułt J, Rams-Baron M, Chmiel K, Jurkiewicz K, Antosik A, Szafraniec J, Kurek M, Jachowicz R, Paluch M. How can we improve the physical stability of co-amorphous system containing flutamide and bicalutamide? The case of ternary amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105697. [PMID: 33568330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The article describes the preparation and characterization of binary mixtures of two antiandrogens used in prostate cancer treatment, i.e. flutamide (FL) and bicalutamide (BIC), as well as their ternary mixtures with either poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) (MMA/EA) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The samples were converted into amorphous form to improve their water solubility and dissolution rate. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that FL-BIC (65%) (w/w) does not tend to crystallize from the supercooled liquid state. We made the assumption that the drug-to-drug weight ratio should be maintained as in the case of monotherapy so we decided to investigate the system containing FL and BIC in 15:1 (w/w) ratio with 30% additive of polymers as stabilizers. Our research has shown that only in the case of the FL-BIC-PVP mixture the crystallization has been completely inhibited, both in glassy and supercooled liquid state, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. In addition, we performed solubility and dissolution rate tests, which showed a significant improvement in solubility of ternary system as compared to its crystalline counterpart. Enhanced physical stability and water solubility of the amorphous ternary system makes it promising for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pacułt
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marzena Rams-Baron
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Agata Antosik
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Szafraniec
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Jachowicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Ohnsorg ML, Prendergast PC, Robinson LL, Bockman MR, Bates FS, Reineke TM. Bottlebrush Polymer Excipients Enhance Drug Solubility: Influence of End-Group Hydrophilicity and Thermoresponsiveness. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:375-381. [PMID: 35549060 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers have great potential as vehicles to noncovalently sequester, stabilize, and deliver hydrophobic small molecule actives. To this end, we synthesized a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) bottlebrush copolymer using ring-opening metathesis polymerization and developed a facile method to control the thermoresponsive properties using postpolymerization modification. Six increasingly hydrophilic end-groups were installed, yielding cloud point temperature control over a range of 22-42 °C. Solubility enhancement of the antiseizure medication, phenytoin, increased significantly with the hydrophilicity of the end-group moiety. Notably, carboxylated bottlebrush copolymers solubilized formulations with higher drug loadings than linear copolymers because they exist as unimolecular nanoparticles with a synthetically defined density of polymer chains that are more stable in solution. This work provides the first investigation of bottlebrush polymers for hydrophobic noncovalent sequestration and solubilization of pharmaceuticals.
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Gottschalk N, Bogdahn M, Harms M, Quodbach J. Brittle polymers in Fused Deposition Modeling: An improved feeding approach to enable the printing of highly drug loaded filament. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120216. [PMID: 33493597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brittleness is often described as a restricting material property for the processability of filaments via Fused Deposition Modeling. Especially filaments produced from approved pharmaceutical polymers often tend to fracture between feeding gears, the commonly employed feeding mechanism. In order to enhance their mechanical properties, usually extensive formulation development is performed. This study presents a different strategy to enable the printing of brittle filaments without the use of additional excipients by adapting the feeding mechanism to piston feeding. The polymers Soluplus®, Kollidon® VA64 and Eudragit® E PO were used, which have been reported to be brittle. Ketoconazole was used as model compound at 40% drug load and the influence on the mechanical properties was investigated using the three-point flexural test. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanism affecting brittleness, filaments were analyzed in terms of crystallinity and miscibility of the components using polarized microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Printing was performed with the aim to obtain immediate release tablets. The addition of Ketoconazole resulted in filaments even more brittle than placebo filaments. Nevertheless, the adaption of the feeding mechanism enabled the successful manufacturing of uniform tablets from all formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gottschalk
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Malte Bogdahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Meike Harms
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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49
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Upadhya R, Punia A, Kanagala MJ, Liu L, Lamm M, Rhodes TA, Gormley AJ. Automated PET-RAFT Polymerization Towards Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersion Development. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:1525-1536. [PMID: 34368765 PMCID: PMC8336633 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical oral drug delivery development, about 90% of drugs in the pipeline have poor aqueous solubility leading to severe challenges with oral bioavailability and translation to effective and safe drug products. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been utilized to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, a limited selection of regulatory-approved polymer excipients exists for the development and further understanding of tailor-made ASDs. Thus, a significant need exists to better understand how polymers can be designed to interact with specific API moieties. Here, we demonstrate how an automated combinatorial library approach can be applied to the synthesis and screening of polymer excipients for the model drug probucol. We synthesized a library of 25 random heteropolymers containing one hydrophilic monomer (2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA)) and four hydrophobic monomers at varied incorporation. The performance of ASDs made by a rapid film casting method was evaluated by dissolution using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) sampling at various time points. This combinatorial library and rapid screening strategy enabled us to identify a relationship between polymer hydrophobicity, monomer hydrophobic side group geometry, and API dissolution performance. Remarkably, the most effective synthesized polymers displayed slower drug release kinetics compared to industry standard polymer excipients, showing the ability to modulate the drug release profile. Future coupling of high throughput polymer synthesis, high throughput screening (HTS), and quantitative modeling would enable specification of designer polymer excipients for specific API functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ashish Punia
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mythili J. Kanagala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lina Liu
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew Lamm
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Timothy A. Rhodes
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Walden DM, Bundey Y, Jagarapu A, Antontsev V, Chakravarty K, Varshney J. Molecular Simulation and Statistical Learning Methods toward Predicting Drug-Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersion Miscibility, Stability, and Formulation Design. Molecules 2021; 26:E182. [PMID: 33401494 PMCID: PMC7794704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have emerged as widespread formulations for drug delivery of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Predicting the API solubility with various carriers in the API-carrier mixture and the principal API-carrier non-bonding interactions are critical factors for rational drug development and formulation decisions. Experimental determination of these interactions, solubility, and dissolution mechanisms is time-consuming, costly, and reliant on trial and error. To that end, molecular modeling has been applied to simulate ASD properties and mechanisms. Quantum mechanical methods elucidate the strength of API-carrier non-bonding interactions, while molecular dynamics simulations model and predict ASD physical stability, solubility, and dissolution mechanisms. Statistical learning models have been recently applied to the prediction of a variety of drug formulation properties and show immense potential for continued application in the understanding and prediction of ASD solubility. Continued theoretical progress and computational applications will accelerate lead compound development before clinical trials. This article reviews in silico research for the rational formulation design of low-solubility drugs. Pertinent theoretical groundwork is presented, modeling applications and limitations are discussed, and the prospective clinical benefits of accelerated ASD formulation are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jyotika Varshney
- VeriSIM Life Inc., 1 Sansome St, Suite 3500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA; (D.M.W.); (Y.B.); (A.J.); (V.A.); (K.C.)
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