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Yokoi R, Motoshita M, Matsuda T, Itsubo N. Country-Specific External Costs of Abiotic Resource Use Based on User Cost Model in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7849-7859. [PMID: 38670542 PMCID: PMC11080043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic resources are indispensable in society, but there are concerns regarding their depletion, scarcity, and increasing prices, resulting in potential economic damage in the future. To address these concerns, it is effective to consider the external costs of resource use. Although resource availability is different among mining sites, and local conditions are relevant in assessing resource scarcity, previous studies have assessed external costs and potential impacts of abiotic resource use globally. This study provides country-specific characterization factors (CFs) of abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment based on the user cost model, which represents the external costs of abiotic resource use to reflect country-specific resource scarcity. We demonstrate considerable variations in the CFs depending on the mining country, suggesting that the choice of mining country can affect external costs. The global external cost of abiotic resource use in 2020 was estimated at 1.9 trillion $, with a major contribution from the extraction of fossil fuels in the United States. Historical trends of the CFs and relevant parameters showed temporal fluctuations, emphasizing the importance of regularly updating the data underlying the calculation of the CFs. Country-level assessments of the external costs of resource use can contribute to discussions on the responsibilities of consuming countries by incorporating material footprint studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yokoi
- Research
Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Masaharu Motoshita
- Research
Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuda
- Pacific
Power Co., Ltd., 3-22
Kandanishikicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
| | - Norihiro Itsubo
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
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2
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Berr M, Hischier R, Wäger P. Assessing Short-Term Supply Disruption Impacts within Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment─A Case Study of Electric Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19678-19689. [PMID: 37956219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the recently published SPOTTER approach, which allows for identifying potential supply disruption impacts along the entire supply chain within life cycle sustainability assessment in the short term (i.e., < 5 years), is applied to a case study addressing the cobalt and aluminum supply chains of electric vehicles (EVs) used in Switzerland. Existing studies within the field assessing supply disruption impacts for EVs and other technologies focus on impacts related to raw material supply and thus neglect impacts along full supply chains. The present study identifies hotspots and overall impacts along the full supply chains by analyzing six supply disruption events (i.e., geopolitical instability, child labor restrictions, trade barriers, price volatility, limited recyclability, and economic resource depletion) for two impact categories (i.e., cost variability and limited availability). Identified hotspots suggest that supply chains are potentially disrupted mainly through events occurring in Asian, African, or other developing countries and affecting the Western economies. The highest risks are indicated in relation to the supply of EVs, EV wiring, traction batteries, cobalt powder, and cobalt ore. Suitable measures to mitigate these supply risks are suggested showing that some of the suggestions could not have been made based on the results of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Berr
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hischier
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wäger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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3
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Zheng B, Zhang YW, Geng Y, Wei W, Tan X, Xiao S, Gao Z. Measuring the anthropogenic cycles of light rare earths in China: Implications for the imbalance problem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163215. [PMID: 37011686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light rare earth elements (LREEs) are of strategic importance for low carbon transition and decarbonization. However, the imbalance between LREEs exists and a systematic understanding of their flows and stocks is lacking, which impedes the attainment of resources efficiency and exacerbates the environmental burdens. This study examines the anthropogenic cycles and the imbalance problem of three representative LREEs in China, the largest LREEs producer in the world, including cerium (the most abundant), neodymium and praseodymium (the fastest demand-growing). We find that 1) from 2011 to 2020, the total consumption of Nd and Pr increased by 228 % and 223 %, respectively, mainly attributed to the increasing demand of NdFeB, whereas that of Ce increased by 157 %; 2) the supply insufficiency of Nd and Pr under the current quota system accumulated to 138,086 tons and 35,549 tons, respectively, while the oversupply of Ce reached 63,523 tons; and 3) China has become a net importer of LREEs concentrates, and a net exporter of LREEs in the form of intermediate and final products, imposing further burdens to the domestic environment. It is clear that the imbalance of LREEs occurred during the study period, raising urgent needs to adjust the LREEs production quotas, seek other Ce applications, and eliminate illegal mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zheng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuquan W Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yong Geng
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wendong Wei
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xueping Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining & Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Shijiang Xiao
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ziyan Gao
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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4
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Martin N, Madrid-López C, Villalba-Méndez G, Talens-Peiró L. New Techniques for Assessing Critical Raw Material Aspects in Energy and Other Technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17236-17245. [PMID: 36420752 PMCID: PMC9730842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transitioning to more sustainable energy technologies is a vital step in the move toward reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. However, several physical constraints could hinder the implementation of these technologies, and many of the raw materials required to produce new infrastructure are scarce, nonrenewable, and nonsubstitutable. Various factors relating to material extraction and processing activities may also affect the security and sociopolitical aspects of future supply lines. Here, we introduce methods for quantifying three key indicators relating to raw material supplies for specific production processes: (1) overall supply risk, (2) environmental impacts from sourcing raw materials, and (3) environmental justice threats at sourcing locations. The use of the proposed methods is demonstrated via an exploratory case study examining projected electricity production scenarios within the European Union. Results suggest that renewable sources of electricity─particularly wind, solar, and geothermal technologies─are more likely to exacerbate supply risks and environmental issues than other technologies. Furthermore, projected expansions of wind and solar technologies mean that all three indicators appear likely to rise significantly systemwide by 2050. Ultimately, the methods represent a much-needed first attempt at providing practitioners with simple and robust approaches for integrating factors relating specifically to raw material supply into energy modeling and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Martin
- Sostenipra
Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
(ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Catalunya08193, Spain
| | - Cristina Madrid-López
- Sostenipra
Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
(ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Catalunya08193, Spain
| | - Gara Villalba-Méndez
- Sostenipra
Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
(ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Catalunya08193, Spain
- Department
of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Catalunya08193, Spain
| | - Laura Talens-Peiró
- Sostenipra
Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
(ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Catalunya08193, Spain
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5
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Ali SH, Kalantzakos S, Eggert R, Gauss R, Karayannopoulos C, Klinger J, Pu X, Vekasi K, Perrons RK. Closing the Infrastructure Gap for Decarbonization: The Case for an Integrated Mineral Supply Agreement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15280-15289. [PMID: 36288723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Significant amounts of feedstock metals will be required to build the infrastructure for the green energy transition. It is currently estimated, however, that the world may be facing an "infrastructure gap" that could prevent us from meeting United Nations Sustainable Development Goal targets. Prior investigations have focused on the extractive aspects of the mining industry to meet these targets and on looming bottlenecks and regional challenges in these upstream market segments. Scant attention has been paid to the downstream processing segments of the raw materials value chain, which also has a high degree of market concentration. Growing international tensions and geopolitical events have resulted in a shift toward "reshoring" and "near-shoring" of mining processing capabilities as regional powers attempt to make metal supply chains more secure. While increasing resilience, these shifts can also dilute the overall effectiveness of the global mining supply network and subsequently hamper the world's ability to close the green energy infrastructure gap. We argue that broadening the remit of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to include coordinating these mission-critical metal processing functions can mitigate these issues. The G20 is one potential forum for enabling an integrated mineral processing agreement under the auspices of IRENA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem H Ali
- Department of Geography & Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4070, Australia
| | - Sophia Kalantzakos
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University/NYU Abu Dhabi, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Roderick Eggert
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | | | - Julie Klinger
- Department of Geography & Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Pu
- Department of Political Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Kristin Vekasi
- Department of Political Science and School of Policy and International Affairs, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Robert K Perrons
- Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Centre for Strategy and Performance, University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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6
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Environmental Sustainability and Supply Resilience of Cobalt. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) is an essential metal for the development of energy-transition technologies, decarbonising transportation, achieving several sustainable development goals, and facilitating a future net zero transition. However, the supply of Co is prone to severe fluctuation, disruption, and price instabilities. This review aims to identify the future evolution of Co supply through technologically resilient and environmentally sustainable pathways. The work shows that advances in both primary and secondary sources, Co mining methods and recycling systems are yet to be fully optimised. Moreover, responsible sourcing from both large mines and small artisanal mines will be necessary for a resilient Co supply. Regulatory approaches may increase transparency, support local mining communities, and improve secondary Co recovery. Novel Co supply options, such as deep-sea mining and bio-mining of tailings, are associated with major techno-economic and environmental issues. However, a circular economy, keeping Co in the economic loop for as long as possible, is yet to be optimised at both regional and global scales. To achieve environmental sustainability of Co, economic incentives, regulatory push, and improved public perception are required to drive product innovation and design for circularity. Although the complexity of Co recycling, due to lack of standardisation of design and chemistry in batteries, is an impediment, a sustainable net zero transition using Co will only be possible if a reliable primary supply and a circular secondary supply are established.
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7
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Gong B, He E, Romero-Freire A, Ruan J, Yang W, Zhang P, Qiu H. Do essential elements (P and Fe) have mitigation roles in the toxicity of individual and binary mixture of yttrium and cerium to Triticum aestivum? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125761. [PMID: 33819642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential elements can affect the bioavailability, uptake, and toxicity of metals. However, hardly any research has focused on the roles of essential elements on the toxicity of rare earth metals. Here we examined how P and Fe modified the individual and binary toxicity of Y and Ce to Triticum aestivum, respectively. Standard root elongation tests were used to quantify the toxicity of both single and binary mixtures at three levels of P addition (1, 5, and 10 μM) and Fe addition (0.1, 1, and 5 mM). Our results showed that both P and Fe can alleviate individual toxicity of Y or Ce irrespective of the dose indicators as suggested by the enhanced EC50 values. Both P and Fe might mitigate Y/Ce toxicity by limiting Y/Ce uptake into roots and improving nutritional status of wheats, whereas P can also decrease free Y/Ce ion activities in the exposure media. As for the mixture toxicity of Y and Ce, only improved P, but not Fe can exhibit approximately additive mixture toxicity, which can be adequately predicted by the simple Concentration Addition model. Our results suggested the important roles of P and Fe in assessing Y and Ce toxicity accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ana Romero-Freire
- Department of Soil Science, University of Granada, Avd. Fuente Nueva, Granada 18002, Spain
| | - Jujun Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Bui TD, Tsai FM, Tseng ML, Tan RR, Yu KDS, Lim MK. Sustainable supply chain management towards disruption and organizational ambidexterity: A data driven analysis. SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 2021; 26:373-410. [PMID: 33015266 PMCID: PMC7521552 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Balancing sustainability and disruption of supply chains requires organizational ambidexterity. Sustainable supply chains prioritize efficiency and economies of scale and may not have sufficient redundancy to withstand disruptive events. There is a developing body of literature that attempts to reconcile these two aspects. This study gives a data-driven literature review of sustainable supply chain management trends toward ambidexterity and disruption. The critical review reveals temporal trends and geographic distribution of literature. A hybrid of data-driven analysis approach based on content and bibliometric analyses, fuzzy Delphi method, entropy weight method, and fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory is used on 273 keywords and 22 indicators obtained based on the experts' evaluation. The most important indicators are identified as supply chain agility, supply chain coordination, supply chain finance, supply chain flexibility, supply chain resilience, and sustainability. The regions show different tendencies compared with others. Asia and Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Africa are the regions needs improvement, while Europe and North America show distinct apprehensions on supply chain network design. The main contribution of this review is the identification of the knowledge frontier, which then leads to a discussion of prospects for future studies and practical industry implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-Dat Bui
- Department of Shipping and Transportation Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Feng Ming Tsai
- Department of Shipping and Transportation Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lang Tseng
- Institute of Innovation and Circular Economy, Asia University Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Raymond R Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ming K Lim
- Centre for Business in Society, Faculty of Business and Law, Coventry University, UK
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9
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Yokoi R, Nansai K, Nakajima K, Watari T, Motoshita M. Responsibility of consumers for mining capacity: decomposition analysis of scarcity-weighted metal footprints in the case of Japan. iScience 2021; 24:102025. [PMID: 33490925 PMCID: PMC7809504 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-consuming countries depend on mining activity in other countries, which may impose potential pressure on sustainable metal supply. This study proposes an approach to analyze the responsibility of consuming countries for mining activities based on the decomposition analysis of scarcity-weighted metal footprints (S-MFs) of Japan. The application results to the Japanese final demand (iron, copper, and nickel) demonstrate the significance of country- and metal-specific conditions in terms of metal footprints and mining capacity in assessing the responsibility of consuming countries. Consuming countries can identify influential factors to reduce their S-MFs based on the decomposition analysis by discriminating the directly controllable and uncontrollable factors for consuming countries, which can help to plan different countermeasures depending on the types of the identified influential factors. The proposed approach supports metal-consuming countries to determine the effective options for reducing the responsibility for the sustainability of metal supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yokoi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nansai
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.,ISA, School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kenichi Nakajima
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Takuma Watari
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Masaharu Motoshita
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
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10
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Blue-excitable-yellow-emitting copper iodide inorganic-organic hybrid structure with quinoxaline derivative. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Wang S, Morgan EE, Vishnoi P, Mao L, Teicher SML, Wu G, Liu Q, Cheetham AK, Seshadri R. Tunable Luminescence in Hybrid Cu(I) and Ag(I) Iodides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15487-15494. [PMID: 32989988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid materials are increasingly demonstrating their utility across several optical, electrical, and magnetic applications. Cu(I) halide-based hybrids have attracted attention due to their strong luminescence in the absence of rare-earths. Here, we report three Cu(I) and Ag(I) hybrid iodides with 1,5-naphthyridine and additional triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) ligands. The compounds are built on (Cu/Ag)-I staircase chains or on a rhomboid Cu2I2 dimer and display intense and tunable luminescence. Replacing Cu with Ag, and adding the second kind of organic ligand (Ph3P) tunes the emission color from red to yellow and results in significantly enhanced quantum yield. Density functional theory-based electronic structure calculations reveal the separate effects of the inorganic module and organic ligand on the electronic structure, confirming that bandgap, optical absorption, and emission properties of these phosphors can be systemically and deliberately tuned by metal substitution and organic ligands cooperation. The emerging understanding of composition-structure-property relations in this family provides powerful design tools toward new compounds for general lighting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wang
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,The Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Emily E Morgan
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Pratap Vishnoi
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lingling Mao
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Samuel M L Teicher
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Quanlin Liu
- The Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Anthony K Cheetham
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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12
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Gong B, He E, Peijnenburg WJGM, Iwasaki Y, Van Gestel CAM, Cao X, Zhao L, Xu X, Qiu H. Coupling mixture reference models with DGT-perceived metal flux for deciphering the nonadditive effects of rare earth mixtures to wheat in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109736. [PMID: 32521305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of mixtures of rare earth elements (REEs) is hampered by a lack of fundamental understanding of their interactions in different soil types. Here, we assessed mixture interactions and toxicity to Triticum aestivum of Y and Ce in four different soils in relation to their bioavailability. Mixture toxicity was modelled by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), in combination with different expressions of exposure: three equilibrium-based doses (total soil concentrations [M]tot, free ion activity in soil solution {M3+}, and the fraction (f) of metal ions bound to the biotic ligands (BLs)) and one kinetically controlled dose ([M]flux) metrics. Upon single exposure, REE toxicity was increasingly better described when using exposure expressions based on deepened understanding of their bioavailability: [M]flux > f > {M3+} > [M]tot. The mixture analyses based on [M]tot and {M3+} displayed deviations from additivity depending on the soil type. With the parameters derived from single exposures, the BLM approach gave better predictions of mixture toxicity (R2 ~ 0.70) than when using CA and IA based on either [M]tot or {M3+} (R2 < 0.64). About 30% of the variance in toxicity remained unexplained, challenging the view that the free metal ion is the main bioavailable form under the BLM framework based on thermodynamic equilibrium. Toxicity was best described when accounting for changes in the size of the labile metal pool by using a kinetically controlled dose metric (R2 ~ 0.80). This suggests that dynamic bioavailability analysis could provide a robust basis for modeling and reconciling the interplays and toxicity of metal mixtures in different soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333CC, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Yuichi Iwasaki
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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13
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Huang X, He E, Qiu H, Zhang L, Tang Y, Zhao C, Li M, Xiao X, Qiu R. Do toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes hold the same for light and heavy rare earth elements in terrestrial organism Enchytraeus crypticus? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114234. [PMID: 32126438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) in numerous sectors have resulted in their release into the environment. Existing knowledge about the effects of REEs were acquired mainly based on toxicity tests with aquatic organisms and a fixed exposure time, Here, the dynamic accumulation and toxicity of REEs (La, Ce, and Gd) in soil organism Enchytraeus crypticus were determined and modeled by a first-order one-compartment model and a time-toxicity logistic model, respectively. Generally, the accumulation and toxicity of REEs were both exposure level- and time-dependent. The overall uptake rate constants were 2.97, 2.48, and 2.38 L kg-1d-1 for La, Ce, and Gd, respectively. The corresponding elimination rate constants were 0.99, 0.78, and 0.56 d-1, respectively. The worms exhibited faster uptake and elimination ability for light REEs (La and Ce) than for heavy REEs (Gd). For all three REEs, the LC50 values based on exposure concentrations decreased with time and reached ultimate values after approximately 10 d exposure. The estimated ultimate LC50 values (LC50∞) were 279, 334, and 358 mg L-1 for Ce, Gd, and La, respectively. When expressed as body concentration, the LC50inter value was almost constant with time, demonstrating that internal body concentration could be a better indicator of dynamic toxicity of REEs than external dose. This study highlights that specific REE and exposure time should be taken into account in accurately assessing risk of REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yetao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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14
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Fu X, Beatty DN, Gaustad GG, Ceder G, Roth R, Kirchain RE, Bustamante M, Babbitt C, Olivetti EA. Perspectives on Cobalt Supply through 2030 in the Face of Changing Demand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2985-2993. [PMID: 32072813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion battery demand, particularly for electric vehicles, is projected to increase by over 300% throughout the next decade. With these expected increases in demand, cobalt (Co)-dependent technologies face the risk of significant impact from supply concentration and mining limitations in the short term. Increased extraction and secondary recovery form the basis of modeling scenarios that examine implications on Co supply to 2030. Demand for Co is estimated to range from 235 to 430 ktonnes in 2030. This upper bound on Co demand in 2030 corresponds to 280% of world refinery capacity in 2016. Supply from scheduled and unscheduled production as well as secondary production is estimated to range from 320 to 460 ktonnes. Our analysis suggests the following: (1) Co price will remain relatively stable in the short term, given that this range suggests even a supply surplus, (2) future Co supply will become more diversified geographically and mined more as a byproduct of nickel (Ni) over this period, and (3) for this demand to be met, attention should be paid to sustained investments in refined supply of Co and secondary recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Fu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle N Beatty
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard Roth
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Randolph E Kirchain
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michele Bustamante
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Callie Babbitt
- Golisano Institute for Sustainability, RIT, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Elsa A Olivetti
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Lin F, Liu W, Wang H, Li J. Strongly emissive white-light-emitting silver iodide based inorganic–organic hybrid structures with comparable quantum efficiency to commercial phosphors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1481-1484. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of one-dimensional silver iodide based inorganic–organic hybrid structures with tunable white light emissions and high quantum efficiency have been synthesized by Cu substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lin
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Nanshan District
- China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Nanshan District
- China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Nanshan District
- China
| | - Jing Li
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Nanshan District
- China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
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16
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Extraction of neodymium from hard disk drives using supercritical CO2 with organic acids solutions acting as cosolvents. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11051288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rare earths (REs) play an important role in modern life, and have been the focus of global attention in recent years. As a result, the number of scientific publications has grown enormously, increasing the need for understanding the knowledge base of various research streams and their emerging branches. The economic analysis of REs has also augmented steadily. Nevertheless, the relevant literature is rather fragmented concerning the thematic topics. To respond to this, a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and a bibliometric analysis were developed to offer a systematic and holistic literature review of the economic research on REs. This review incorporates studies of REs regarding aspects of supply, price, export policy, international trade, relationship with clean energy, and sustainability. The database of this review includes a set of 85 systemically selected state-of-the-art articles from five databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Proquest, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) that were published after the rare earth crisis, covering empirical and theory research conducted in different countries with different resource endowments. The results show that the majority of the economic research studies have been conducted in the past six years. Furthermore, among the six categories, the most popular research trend is sustainability. Some possible opportunities for future research are also illustrated in this paper.
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18
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Gong B, He E, Qiu H, Li J, Ji J, Zhao L, Cao X. Phytotoxicity of individual and binary mixtures of rare earth elements (Y, La, and Ce) in relation to bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:114-121. [PMID: 30537649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are typically present as mixtures in the environment, but a quantitative understanding of mixture toxicity and interactions of REEs is still lacking. Here, we examined the toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of Y, La, and Ce when applied individually and in combination. Both concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) reference models were used for mixture toxicity analysis because the toxicity mechanisms of REEs remain obscure. Upon single exposure, the EC50s of Y, La, and Ce, expressed as dissolved concentrations, were 1.73 ± 0.24 μM, 2.59 ± 0.23 μM, and 1.50 ± 0.22 μM, respectively. The toxicity measured with relative root elongation followed La < Y ≈ Ce, irrespective of the dose descriptors. The use of CA and IA provided similar estimates of REE mixture interactions and toxicity. When expressed as dissolved metal concentrations, nearly additive effects were observed in Y-La and La-Ce mixtures, while antagonistic interactions were seen in Y-Ce mixtures. When expressed as free metal activities, antagonistic interactions were found for all three binary mixtures. This can be explained by a competitive effect of REEs ions for binding to the active sites of plant roots. The application of a more elaborate MIXTOX model in conjunction with the free ion activities, which incorporates the non-additive interactions and bioavailability-modifying factors, well predicted the mixture toxicity (with >92% of toxicity variations explained). Our results highlighted the importance of considering mixture interactions and subsequent bioavailability in assessing the joint toxicity of REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jianqiu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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19
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Evidence-Based Resilience Management for Supply Chain Sustainability: An Interpretive Structural Modelling Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to systematically identify and design improvement planning for supply chain resilience (SCRES) for a higher level of sustainability and a competitive advantage. Literature-based interpretive structural modelling (ISM), a pairing of the systematic literature review (SLR) and ISM approaches, is proposed for investigating and identifying a set of key performance measures of resilience for supply chain (SC) management. In line with previous research, we identified and updated 13 key SC capabilities out of 24 as core performance measures of supply network resilience. Furthermore, our findings categorised each capability and element into one of four types of influential power variables (drivers, dependent, autonomous, or linkage). This study (i) lends support to and updates previous research that examined the core capabilities of SCRES and (ii) provides complementary classifications for the influential powers of SCRES capabilities and elements. The literature indicates that there has been no research that has integrated SLR as a basis to ISM for an effective way to utilize existing studies for increasing awareness and developing managerial guidelines to achieve SCRES.
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20
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Kochan CG, Nowicki DR. Supply chain resilience: a systematic literature review and typological framework. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION & LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/ijpdlm-02-2017-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The study of supply chain resilience (SCRES) continues to gain interest in the academic and practitioner communities. The purpose of this paper is to present a focused review of the SCRES literature by investigating supply chain (SC) capabilities, their relationship to SCRES outcomes and the underpinning theoretical mechanisms of this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses the systematic literature review approach to examine 383 articles published between 2000 and 2017, ultimately down selecting to the most relevant 228 peer-reviewed studies. Context-interventions-mechanisms-outcomes (CIMO) logic is applied to organize and synthesize these peer-reviewed studies. A typological framework is developed from the CIMO-based classification of the SCRES literature.
Findings
The findings of this study outline the gaps in the SCRES literature and present an agenda for future research.
Research limitations/implications
This paper presents an exploratory research; therefore, the typological model presented is just one of the possible perspectives.
Practical implications
The typology of SCRES literature can help practitioners to understand SCRES and to measure and assess the resilience of SCs.
Originality/value
The paper provides clear definitions of SCRES constructs, develops a typological framework to further understand SCRES and identifies SCRES measures and assessment techniques.
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21
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22
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Smith BJ, Eggert RG. Costs, Substitution, and Material Use: The Case of Rare Earth Magnets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3803-3811. [PMID: 29499609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental technologies depend on raw materials, some of which are subject to volatile costs and availability concerns. One way to address these concerns is through substitution, of which there are many types. An important form of substitution in the short term is adopting an alternative production process, yielding a material with the same functional properties with less material input. In effect, technology substitutes for material. This study elucidates the role increased and uncertain material costs play in inducing different substitution types in the short to medium term. Specifically, this paper uses an expert survey to determine the relative importance of eight specific industry responses taken by magnet and wind turbine manufacturers in response to the 2010/2011 rare-earth price spike through 2016. Statistical tests show adopting an existing production process for magnets was the most important response, followed by cost passthrough, using an alternate magnet grade in a redesigned generator system, and using alternate systems altogether. The paper also provides specific findings for the magnet and wind turbine industries with respect to each substitution type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeton J Smith
- Division of Economics and Business , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- Critical Materials Institute , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Roderick G Eggert
- Division of Economics and Business , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- Critical Materials Institute , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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23
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Sprecher B, Daigo I, Spekkink W, Vos M, Kleijn R, Murakami S, Kramer GJ. Novel Indicators for the Quantification of Resilience in Critical Material Supply Chains, with a 2010 Rare Earth Crisis Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3860-3870. [PMID: 28257181 PMCID: PMC5770137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce several new resilience metrics for quantifying the resilience of critical material supply chains to disruptions and validate these metrics using the 2010 rare earth element (REE) crisis as a case study. Our method is a novel application of Event Sequence Analysis, supplemented with interviews of actors across the entire supply chain. We discuss resilience mechanisms in quantitative terms-time lags, response speeds, and maximum magnitudes-and in light of cultural differences between Japanese and European corporate practice. This quantification is crucial if resilience is ever to be taken into account in criticality assessments and a step toward determining supply and demand elasticities in the REE supply chain. We find that the REE system showed resilience mainly through substitution and increased non-Chinese primary production, with a distinct role for stockpiling. Overall, annual substitution rates reached 10% of total demand. Non-Chinese primary production ramped up at a speed of 4% of total market volume per year. The compound effect of these mechanisms was that recovery from the 2010 disruption took two years. The supply disruption did not nudge a system toward an appreciable degree of recycling. This finding has important implications for the circular economy concept, indicating that quite a long period of sustained material constraints will be necessary for a production-consumption system to naturally evolve toward a circular configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sprecher
- School of Forestry
and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 06511 New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden
University, Leiden 2311 EZ, Netherlands
- Phone: +31 (0)71 527 7461. E-mail: . Corresponding author address:
Institute for Environmental (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2311
EZ, Netherlands
| | - Ichiro Daigo
- Department of Materials Engineering and Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Wouter Spekkink
- Sustainable Consumption Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, The United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs Vos
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universitaẗ Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - René Kleijn
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden
University, Leiden 2311 EZ, Netherlands
| | - Shinsuke Murakami
- Department of Materials Engineering and Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Gert Jan Kramer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden
University, Leiden 2311 EZ, Netherlands
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24
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Ogi T, Li Q, Horie S, Tameka A, Iwaki T, Okuyama K. High-purity core-shell α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized from α-hematite for rare-earth-free magnet applications. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Dutta T, Kim KH, Uchimiya M, Kwon EE, Jeon BH, Deep A, Yun ST. Global demand for rare earth resources and strategies for green mining. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:182-190. [PMID: 27295408 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential raw materials for emerging renewable energy resources and 'smart' electronic devices. Global REE demand is slated to grow at an annual rate of 5% by 2020. This high growth rate will require a steady supply base of REEs in the long run. At present, China is responsible for 85% of global rare earth oxide (REO) production. To overcome this monopolistic supply situation, new strategies and investments are necessary to satisfy domestic supply demands. Concurrently, environmental, economic, and social problems arising from REE mining must be addressed. There is an urgent need to develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, technologies to minimize the amount of REEs required per unit device, and methods to recover them from fly ash or fossil fuel-burning wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Dutta
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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