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Zhang R, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Tian C, Wang S, Wang P, Zhang H. Long-term variations of air pollutants and public exposure in China during 2000-2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172606. [PMID: 38642757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Since 2000, China has faced severe air pollution challenges,prompting the initiation of comprehensive emission control measures post-2013. The subsequent implementation of these measures has led to remarkable enhancements in air quality. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the long-term trends in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) across China from 2000 to 2020. Utilizing the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, we conducted a nationwide analysis of air quality, systematically quantifying model predictions against observations for pollutants. The CMAQ model effectively captured the trends of air pollutants, meeting recommended performance benchmarks. The findings reveal variations in pollutant concentrations, with initial increases in PM2.5 followed by a decline after 2013. The proportion of the population living in high PM2.5 concentrations (>75 μg/m3) decreased to <5 % after 2015. However, during the period from 2017 to 2020, around 40 % of the population continued to live in regions that did not meet the criteria for Chinese air quality standards (35 μg/m3). From 2000 to 2019, fewer than 20 % of the population met the WHO standard (100 μg/m3) for MDA8 O3. In 2000, 77 % of the population met the NO2 standard (<20 μg/m3), a figure that declined to 60 % between 2005 and 2014, nearly reaching 70 % in 2020. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the changes in pollutants and public exposure in 2000-2020. It serves as a foundational resource for future efforts in air pollution control and health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfeng Tian
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocean-land-atmosphere Boundary Dynamics and Climate Change, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang J, Shrivastava M, Ma L, Jiang W, Anastasio C, Zhang Q, Zelenyuk A. Modeling Novel Aqueous Particle and Cloud Chemistry Processes of Biomass Burning Phenols and Their Potential to Form Secondary Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3776-3786. [PMID: 38346331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Phenols emitted from biomass burning contribute significantly to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through the partitioning of semivolatile products formed from gas-phase chemistry and multiphase chemistry in aerosol liquid water and clouds. The aqueous-phase SOA (aqSOA) formed via hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*), and triplet excited states of organic compounds (3C*), which oxidize dissolved phenols in the aqueous phase, might play a significant role in the evolution of organic aerosol (OA). However, a quantitative and predictive understanding of aqSOA has been challenging. Here, we develop a stand-alone box model to investigate the formation of SOA from gas-phase •OH chemistry and aqSOA formed by the dissolution of phenols followed by their aqueous-phase reactions with •OH, 1O2*, and 3C* in cloud droplets and aerosol liquid water. We investigate four phenolic compounds, i.e., phenol, guaiacol, syringol, and guaiacyl acetone (GA), which represent some of the key potential sources of aqSOA from biomass burning in clouds. For the same initial precursor organic gas that dissolves in aerosol/cloud liquid water and subsequently reacts with aqueous phase oxidants, we predict that the aqSOA formation potential (defined as aqSOA formed per unit dissolved organic gas concentration) of these phenols is higher than that of isoprene-epoxydiol (IEPOX), a well-known aqSOA precursor. Cloud droplets can dissolve a broader range of soluble phenols compared to aqueous aerosols, since the liquid water contents of aerosols are orders of magnitude smaller than cloud droplets. Our simulations suggest that highly soluble and reactive multifunctional phenols like GA would predominantly undergo cloud chemistry within cloud layers, while gas-phase chemistry is likely to be more important for less soluble phenols. But in the absence of clouds, the condensation of low-volatility products from gas-phase oxidation followed by their reversible partitioning to organic aerosols dominates SOA formation, while the SOA formed through aqueous aerosol chemistry increases with relative humidity (RH), approaching 40% of the sum of gas and aqueous aerosol chemistry at 95% RH for GA. Our model developments of biomass-burning phenols and their aqueous chemistry can be readily implemented in regional and global atmospheric chemistry models to investigate the aqueous aerosol and cloud chemistry of biomass-burning organic gases in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8627, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8627, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Sulaymon ID, Ye F, Gong K, Mhawish A, Xiaodong X, Tariq S, Hua J, Alqahtani JS, Hu J. Insights into the source contributions to the elevated fine particulate matter in Nigeria using a source-oriented chemical transport model. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:141548. [PMID: 38417489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In 2021, Nigeria was ranked by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top countries with highly deteriorating air quality in the world. To date, no study has elucidated the sources of elevated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations over the entire Nigeria. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantify the contributions of seven emissions sectors to PM2.5 and its components in Nigeria in 2021. Residential, industry, and agriculture were the major sources of primary PM (PPM) during the four seasons, elemental carbon (EC) and primary organic carbon (POC) were dominated by residential and industry, while residential, industry, transportation, and agriculture were the important sources of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and its components in most regions. PM2.5 was up to 150 μg/m3 in the north in all the seasons, while it reached ∼80 μg/m3 in the south in January. Residential contributed most to PM2.5 (∼80 μg/m3), followed by industry (∼40 μg/m3), transportation (∼20 μg/m3), and agriculture (∼15 μg/m3). The large variation in the sources of PM2.5 and its components across Nigeria suggests that emissions control strategies should be separately designed for different regions. The results imply that urgent control of PM2.5 pollution in Nigeria is highly necessitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, Jeddah, 21431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fei Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Kangjia Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Alaa Mhawish
- Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, Jeddah, 21431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xie Xiaodong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Salman Tariq
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Applications), Centre for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jinxi Hua
- School of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jumaan Saad Alqahtani
- Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, Jeddah, 21431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Sahu A, Mostofa MG, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate accumulation reveals MEP pathway regulation for high CO 2-induced suppression of isoprene emission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309536120. [PMID: 37782800 PMCID: PMC10576107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309536120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted by some plants and is the most abundant biogenic hydrocarbon entering the atmosphere. Multiple studies have elucidated protective roles of isoprene against several environmental stresses, including high temperature, excessive ozone, and herbivory attack. However, isoprene emission adversely affects atmospheric chemistry by contributing to ozone production and aerosol formation. Thus, understanding the regulation of isoprene emission in response to varying environmental conditions, for example, elevated CO2, is critical to comprehend how plants will respond to climate change. Isoprene emission decreases with increasing CO2 concentration; however, the underlying mechanism of this response is currently unknown. We demonstrated that high-CO2-mediated suppression of isoprene emission is independent of photosynthesis and light intensity, but it is reduced with increasing temperature. Furthermore, we measured methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway metabolites in poplar leaves harvested at ambient and high CO2 to identify why isoprene emission is reduced under high CO2. We found that hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate (HMBDP) was increased and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) decreased at high CO2. This implies that high CO2 impeded the conversion of HMBDP to DMADP, possibly through the inhibition of HMBDP reductase activity, resulting in reduced isoprene emission. We further demonstrated that although this phenomenon appears similar to abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stomatal regulation, it is unrelated as ABA treatment did not alter the effect of elevated CO2 on the suppression of isoprene emission. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of the MEP pathway and isoprene emission in the face of increasing CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abira Sahu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bishop’s University, SherbrookeJIE0L3, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
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Li X, Wang P, Wang W, Zhang H, Shi S, Xue T, Lin J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Chen R, Kan H, Meng X. Mortality burden due to ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution in China: Application of high-resolution models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107967. [PMID: 37244002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large gap exists between the latest Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQG 2021) and Chinese air quality standards for NO2. Assessing whether and to what extent air quality standards for NO2 should be tightened in China requires a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics of population exposure to ambient NO2 and related health risks, which have not been studied to date. OBJECTIVE We predicted ground NO2 concentrations with high resolution in mainland China, explored exposure characteristics to NO2 pollution, and assessed the mortality burden attributable to NO2 exposure. METHODS Daily NO2 concentrations in 2019 were predicted at 1-km spatial resolution in mainland China using random forest models incorporating multiple predictors. From these high-resolution predictions, we explored the spatiotemporal distribution of NO2, population and area percentages with NO2 exposure exceeding criterion levels, and premature deaths attributable to long- and short-term NO2 exposure in China. RESULTS The cross-validation R2and root mean squared error of the NO2 predicting model were 0.80 and 7.78 μg/m3, respectively,at the daily level in 2019.The percentage of people (population number) with annual NO2 exposure over 40 μg/m3 in mainland China in 2019 was 10.40 % (145,605,200), and it reached 99.68 % (1,395,569,840) with the AQG guideline value of 10 μg/m3. NO2 levels and population exposure risk were elevated in urban areas than in rural. Long- and short-term exposures to NO2 were associated with 285,036 and 121,263 non-accidental deaths, respectively, in China in 2019. Tightening standards in steps gradually would increase the potential health benefit. CONCLUSION In China, NO2 pollution is associated with significant mortality burden. Spatial disparities exist in NO2 pollution and exposure risks. China's current air quality standards may no longer objectively reflect the severity of NO2 pollution and exposure risk. Tightening the national standards for NO2 is needed and will lead to significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Su Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200302, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Wang S, Wang P, Qi Q, Wang S, Meng X, Kan H, Zhu S, Zhang H. Improved estimation of particulate matter in China based on multisource data fusion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161552. [PMID: 36640890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a global health concern and causes millions of premature deaths worldwide annually. High-resolution and full-coverage PM datasets are essential to support the accurate assessment of PM exposure. Here, a three-stage model framework is developed based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulations (12 km) and multisource data fusion to estimate 1 km daily PM concentrations across China in 2015, including PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm). The three-stage model performs well with cross-validation coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 and 0.87, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 17.3 μg/m3 and 27.2 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. After data fusion from multiple sources, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 are in better agreement with ground observations compared to the CMAQ simulation with RMSE reduced by 72 % and 67 %. High PM2.5 events mainly occur in the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, and Sichuan Basin, and PM10 show similar spatial patterns to PM2.5 in eastern China. These full-coverage PM datasets enable in-depth analysis of PM pollution over small areas and support future epidemiological studies and health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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Klompmaker JO, Laden F, Browning MHEM, Dominici F, Ogletree SS, Rigolon A, Hart JE, James P. Associations of parks, greenness, and blue space with cardiovascular and respiratory disease hospitalization in the US Medicare cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120046. [PMID: 36049575 PMCID: PMC10236532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural environments have been linked to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease (RSD) mortality. However, few cohort studies have looked at associations of natural environments with CVD or RSD hospitalization. The aim of this study was to evaluate these associations in a cohort of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries (∼63 million individuals). Our open cohort included all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries (2000-2016), aged ≥65, living in the contiguous U.S. We assessed zip code-level park cover based on the United States Geological Survey Protected Areas Database, average greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), and percent blue space cover based on Landsat satellite images. Cox-equivalent Poisson models were used to estimate associations of the exposures with first CVD and RSD hospitalization in the full cohort and among those living in urban zip codes (≥1000 persons/mile2). NDVI was weakly negatively correlated with percent park cover (Spearman ρ = -0.23) and not correlated with percent blue space (Spearman ρ = 0.00). After adjustment for potential confounders, percent park cover was not associated with CVD or RSD hospitalization in the full or urban population. An IQR (0.27) increase in NDVI was negatively associated with CVD (HR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.97), but not with RSD hospitalization (HR: 0.99, 95%CI: 0.98, 1.00). In urban zip codes, an IQR increase in NDVI was positively associated with RSD hospitalization (HR: 1.02, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.03). In stratified analyses, percent park cover was negatively associated with CVD and RSD hospitalization for Medicaid eligible individuals and individuals living in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods in the urban population. We observed no associations of percent blue space cover with CVD or RSD hospitalization. This study suggests that natural environments may benefit cardiorespiratory health; however, benefits may be limited to certain contexts and certain health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem O Klompmaker
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 181 Longwood Avenue, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Scott Ogletree
- OPENspace Research Centre, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandro Rigolon
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, The University of Utah, 375 South 1530 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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8
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Long X, Chen B, Wang P, Zhang M, Yu H, Wang S, Zhang H, Wang Y. Exports Widen the Regional Inequality of Health Burdens and Economic Benefits in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14099-14108. [PMID: 36126152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Both the ever-complex international and subnational supply chains could relocate health burdens and economic benefits across India, leading to the widening of regional inequality. Here, we simultaneously track the unequal distribution of fine particle matter (PM2.5) pollution, health costs, and value-added embodied in inter- and intranational exports for Indian states in 2015 by integrating a nested multiregional input-output (MRIO) table constructed based on EXIOBASE and an Indian regional MRIO table, Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and a concentration-response function. The results showed that the annual premature deaths associated with PM2.5 pollution embodied in inter- and intranational exports were 757,356 and 388,003 throughout India, accounting for 39% and 20% of the total premature deaths caused by PM2.5 pollution, respectively. Richer south and west coastal states received around half of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) induced by exports with a quarter of the health burden, while poorer central and east states bear approximately 60% of the health burden with less than a quarter of national GDP. Our findings highlight the role of exports in driving the regional inequality of health burdens and economic benefits. Therefore, tailored strategies (e.g., air pollution compensation, advanced technology transfer, and export structure optimization) could be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Long
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Huajun Yu
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Sijing Wang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Shanghai 200082, China
- Shanghai Institute for Energy and Carbon Neutrality Strategy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200082, China
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Characterization of Imidazole Compounds in Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Evaporation of Droplets Containing Pyruvaldehyde and Inorganic Ammonium. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole compounds are important constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. The imidazole components of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) that are generated from the evaporation of droplets containing pyruvaldehyde and inorganic ammonium are on-line characterized by an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) and off-line detected by optical spectrometry in this study. The results demonstrated that the laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of aqSOA particles that were detected by ALTOFMS contained the characteristic mass peaks of imidazoles at m/z = 28 (CH2N+), m/z = 41 (C2H3N+) and m/z = 67 (C3H4N2+). Meanwhile, the extraction solution of the aqSOA particles that were measured by off-line techniques showed that the characteristic absorption peaks at 217 nm and 282 nm appeared in the UV-Vis spectrum, and the stretching vibration peaks of C-N bond and C=N bond emerged in the infrared spectrum. Based on these spectral information, 4-methyl-imidazole and 4-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde are identified as the main products of the reaction between pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions. The water evaporation accelerates the formation of imidazoles inside the droplets, possibly owing to the highly concentrated environment. Anions, such as F−, CO32−, NO3−, SO42− and Cl− in the aqueous phase promote the reaction of pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions to produce imidazole products, resulting in the averaged mass absorption coefficient (<MAC>) in the range of 200–600 nm of aqSOA increases, and the order of promotion is: F− > CO32− > SO42− ≈ NO3− ≈ Cl−. These results will help to analyze the constituents and optics of imidazoles and provide a useful basis for evaluating the formation process and radiative forcing of aqSOA particles.
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Meng X, Wang W, Shi S, Zhu S, Wang P, Chen R, Xiao Q, Xue T, Geng G, Zhang Q, Kan H, Zhang H. Evaluating the spatiotemporal ozone characteristics with high-resolution predictions in mainland China, 2013-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118865. [PMID: 35063542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating ozone levels at high resolutions and accuracy is crucial for understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of ozone distribution and assessing ozone exposure levels in epidemiological studies. The national models with high spatiotemporal resolutions to predict ground ozone concentrations are limited in China so far. In this study, we aimed to develop a random forest model by combining ground ozone measurements from fixed stations, ozone simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, meteorological parameters, population density, road length, and elevation to predict ground maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations at a daily level and 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution. The model cross-validation R2 and root mean squared error (RMSE) were 0.80 and 20.93 μg/m3 at daily level in 2013-2019, respectively. CMAQ ozone simulations and near-surface temperature played vital roles in predicting ozone concentrations among all predictors. The population-weighted median concentrations of predicted MDA8 ozone were 89.34 μg/m3 in mainland China in 2013, and reached 100.96 μg/m3 in 2019. However, the long-term temporal variations among regions were heterogeneous. Central and Eastern China, as well as the Southeast Coastal Area, suffered higher ozone pollution and higher increased rates of ozone concentrations from 2013 to 2019. The seasonal pattern of ozone pollution varied spatially. The peak-season ozone pollution with the highest 6-month ozone concentrations occurred in different months among regions, with more than half domain in April-September. The predictions showed that not only the annual mean concentrations but also the percentages of grid-days with MDA8 ozone concentrations higher than 100/160 μg/m3 have been increasing in the past few years in China; meanwhile, majority areas in mainland China suffered peak-season ozone concentrations higher than the air quality guidelines launched by the World Health Organization in September 2021. The proposed model and ozone predictions with high spatiotemporal resolution and full coverage could provide health studies with flexible choices to evaluate ozone exposure levels at multiple spatiotemporal scales in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Su Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingyang Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health /Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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11
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Simulation of Isoprene Emission with Satellite Microwave Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index as Water Stress Factor in Southeastern China during 2008. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is one of the most important biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by vegetation. The biogenic isoprene emissions are widely estimated by the Model of Emission of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) considering different environmental stresses. The response of isoprene emission to the water stress is usually parameterized using soil moisture in previous studies. In this study, we designed a new parameterization scheme of water stress in MEGAN as a function of a novel, satellite, passive microwave-based vegetation index, Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index (EDVI), which indicates the vegetation inner water content. The isoprene emission rates in southeastern China were simulated with different water stress indicators including soil moisture, EDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Then the simulated isoprene emission rates were compared to associated satellite top-down estimations. The results showed that in southeastern China, the spatiotemporal correlations between those simulations and top-down retrieval are all high with different biases. The simulated isoprene emission rates with EDVI-based water stress factor are most consistent with top-down estimation with higher temporal correlation, lower bias and lower RMSE, while soil moisture alters the emission rates little, and optical vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) slightly increase the correlation with top-down. The temporal correlation coefficients are increased after applied with EDVI water stress factor in most areas; especially in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Yangtze River Delta (>0.12). Overall, higher consistency of simulation and top-down estimation is shown when EDVI is applied, which indicates the possibility of estimating the effect of vegetation water stress on biogenic isoprene emission using microwave observations.
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Chen J, Li J, Chen X, Gu J, An T. The underappreciated role of monocarbonyl-dicarbonyl interconversion in secondary organic aerosol formation during photochemical oxidation of m-xylene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152575. [PMID: 34963606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical oxidation (including photolysis and OH-initiated reactions) of aromatic hydrocarbon produces carbonyls, which are involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, the mechanism of this process remains incompletely understood. Herein, the monocarbonyl-dicarbonyl interconversion and its role in SOA production were investigated via a series of photochemical oxidation experiments for m-xylene and representative carbonyls. The results showed that SOA mass concentration peaked at 113.5 ± 3.5 μg m-3 after m-xylene oxidation for 60 min and then decreased. Change in the main oxidation products from dicarbonyl (e.g., glyoxal, methylglyoxal) to monocarbonyl (e.g., formaldehyde) was responsible for this decrease. The photolysis of methylglyoxal or glyoxal produced formaldehyde, favoring SOA formation, while photopolymerization of formaldehyde to glyoxal decreased SOA production. The presence of ·OH altered the balance of photolysis interconversion, resulting in greater production of formaldehyde and SOA from glyoxal than methylglyoxal. Both photolysis and OH-initiated transformations of glyoxal to formaldehyde were suppressed by methylglyoxal, while glyoxal accelerated the reaction of ·OH with methylglyoxal to generate products which reversibly converted to glyoxal and methylglyoxal. These interconversion reactions reduced SOA production. The present study provides a new research perspective for the contribution mechanism of carbonyls in SOA formation and the findings are also helpful to efficiently evaluate the atmospheric fate of aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiani Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianwei Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Zhang J, He X, Ding X, Yu JZ, Ying Q. Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers and Tracer-to-SOA Ratios for Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes Using a Chemical Transport Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:804-813. [PMID: 34979081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model was modified to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from five explicit (α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, Δ3-carene, and sabinene) and one lumped monoterpene (MT) species and sesquiterpenes (SQTs). The contribution of each oxidation pathway [including OH, O3, NO3, and O(3P)] was explicitly tracked in the SOA module. Three MT SOA tracers (pinic acid, PA; pinonic acid, PNA; and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, MBTCA) and one SQT SOA tracer (β-caryophyllinic acid, BCARYA) were modeled to assess the tracer-to-SOA ratios (fSOA) for ambient SOA estimation. Good model performance for BCARYA and MBTCA and reasonable agreement between model predictions and observations of PA and PNA were achieved. The modeled daily fSOA showed significant variations, suggesting that using the chamber-derived constant fSOA could lead to large errors in estimating terpene SOA. Among the four tracers, MBTCA and BCARYA were more appropriate for tracking MT and SQT SOA due to their nonvolatility. Their fSOA values mainly depend on the organic aerosol loading and could be approximated using simple power-law equations. In addition, equations directly linking the tracer concentrations to the corresponding SOA concentrations were proposed and could lead to good SOA estimations. This work provides new insights into the formation of the key MT and SQT SOA tracers and would allow better assessments of the biogenic emissions to regional and global aerosol burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Yu C, Wang X, Shi Z, Hu J, Zhang Y. Assessing short-term impacts of PM 2.5 constituents on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations: Multi-city evidence from China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113912. [PMID: 34968974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apart from concentrations of particulate mass, PM2.5-associated effects on health may largely depend on its chemical components. However, little is known regarding the underlying effects of specific PM2.5 constituents. The study included nearly 1 million hospital admissions from five Chinese cities during 2015-2017. Based on the modified Community Multiscale Air Quality model, our study simulated daily concentrations of PM2.5 and five main components. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression models to estimate short-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on cause-specific hospital admissions. Per interquartile range increase in exposure to PM2.5, elemental carbon, organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium at lag 04-day was related to an excess risk (ER%) for non-accidental admissions of 1.6% [95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.0], 1.9% [1.3-2.4], 1.0% [0.5-1.6], 1.2% [0.4-2.0], 1.2% [0.9-1.5] and 1.4% [0.9-1.9], respectively. Great heterogeneities of constituents-admission associations existed in diverse causes and constituents. This study provided multi-center high-quality evidence that hospital admissions, particularly those for ischemic heart disease (ER% ranging from 2.3 to 5.4% at lag 04-day) and pneumonia (1.9-5.1% at lag 4-day), could be triggered by short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 constituents. Relatively stronger constituents-admission associations were found among females for respiratory causes and the elderly for cardiovascular causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Linjiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Liansheng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Institute of Global Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuyan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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15
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Wang P, Zhu S, Zhang M, Shao T, Ying Q, Zhang H. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and its contribution tosecondary pollutants formation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, He X, Gao Y, Zhu S, Jing S, Wang H, Yu JZ, Ying Q. Estimation of Aromatic Secondary Organic Aerosol Using a Molecular Tracer-A Chemical Transport Model Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12882-12892. [PMID: 34523345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A modified community multiscale air quality model, which can simulate the regional distributions of 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (DHOPA), a marker species for monoaromatic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), was applied to assess the applicability of using the DHOPA to aromatic SOA mass ratio (fSOA) from smog chamber experiments to estimate aromatic SOA during a three-week wintertime air quality campaign in urban Shanghai. The modeled daily DHOPA concentrations based on the chamber-derived mass yields agree well with the organic marker field measurements (R = 0.79; MFB = 0.152; and MFE = 0.440). Two-thirds of the DHOPA are from the oxidation of ARO1 (lumped less-reactive aromatic species; mostly toluene), with the rest from ARO2 (lumped more-reactive aromatic species; mostly xylenes). Modeled DHOPA is mainly in the particle phase under ambient organic aerosol (OA) loading but could exhibit significant gas-particle partitioning when a higher estimation of the DHOPA vapor pressure is used. The modeled fSOA shows a strong dependence on the OA loading when only semivolatile aromatic SOA components are included in the fSOA calculations. However, this OA dependence becomes weaker when non-volatile oligomers and dicarbonyl SOA products are considered. A constant fSOA value of ∼0.002 is determined when all aromatic SOA components are included, which is a factor of 2 smaller than the commonly applied chamber-based fSOA value of 0.004 for toluene. This model-derived fSOA value does not show much spatial variation and is not sensitive to alternative estimates of DHOPA vapor pressures and SOA yields, and thus provides an appropriate scaling factor to assess aromatic SOA from DHOPA measurements. This result helps refine the quantification of SOA attributable to monoaromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments and thereby facilitates the evaluation of control measures targeting these specific precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
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Wang Y, Zhu S, Ma J, Shen J, Wang P, Wang P, Zhang H. Enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and associated ozone increases during COVID-19 lockdown in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144796. [PMID: 33429116 PMCID: PMC7787908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive air pollution control in China since 2013 has achieved sharp decreases in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), along with increased ozone (O3) concentrations. Due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China imposed nationwide restriction, leading to large reductions in economic activities and associated emissions. In particular, large decreases were found in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions (>50%) from transportation. However, O3 increased in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which cannot be fully explained by changes in NOx and volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions. In this study, the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model was used to investigate O3 increase in the YRD. Our results show a significant increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) indicated by enhanced oxidants levels (up to +25%) especially in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai and northern Zhejiang, inducing the elevated O3 during lockdown. Moreover, net P(HOx) of 0.4 to 1.6 ppb h-1 during lockdown (Case 2) was larger than the case without lockdown (Case 1), mainly resulting in the enhanced AOC and higher O3 production rate (+12%). This comprehensive analysis improves our understanding on AOC and associated O3 formation, which helps to design effective strategies to control O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juanyong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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18
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Zhu S, Shen J, Wang P, Zhang H. Responses of decline in air pollution and recovery associated with COVID-19 lockdown in the Pearl River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143868. [PMID: 33302072 PMCID: PMC7688412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Guangdong government implemented lockdown measures on January 23, 2020, to ease the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These measures prohibit a series of human activities and lead to a great reduction in anthropogenic emissions. Starting on February 20, all companies resumed work and production, and emissions gradually recovered. To investigate the response of air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) to the emission reduction and recovery related to COVID-19 lockdown, we used the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to estimate the changes in air pollutants, including three periods: Period I (January 10 to January 22, 2020), Period II (January 23 to February 19, 2020), Period III (February 20 to March 9, 2020). During Period II, under the concurrent influence of emissions and meteorology, air quality improved significantly with PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 decreased by 52%, 67%, and 25%, respectively. O3 had no obvious changes in most cities, which mainly due to the synergetic effects of emissions and meteorology. In Period III, with the recovery of emissions and the changes in meteorology, the increase of secondary components was faster than that of primary PM2.5 (PPM), which indicated that changes in PPM concentration were more sensitive to emissions reduction. O3 concentration increased as emission and temperature rising. Our findings elucidate that more effective emission control strategies should be implemented in PRD to alleviate the increasingly serious pollution situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juanyong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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Choi MS, Qiu X, Zhang J, Wang S, Li X, Sun Y, Chen J, Ying Q. Study of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Chlorine Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Polluted Atmosphere Using a 3D Chemical Transport Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13409-13418. [PMID: 33074656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of chlorine (Cl) chemistry on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during a severe wintertime air pollution episode is investigated in this study. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v5.0.1 with a modified SAPRC-11 gas-phase mechanism and heterogeneous reactions for reactive chlorine species is updated to include the formation of chlorine radical (Cl•)-initiated SOA (Cl-SOA) from aromatic compounds, terpenes, and isoprene. Reported SOA yield data on Cl-SOA formation from environmental chamber studies are used to derive the mass yield and volatility data for the two-product equilibrium-partitioning model. The heterogeneous reaction of particulate chloride (pCl-) leads to a significant increase in the Cl• and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations throughout the domain. Monthly Cl-SOA concentrations range from 0.7 to 3.0 μg m-3, with increasing anthropogenic Cl emissions leading to higher Cl-SOA concentrations. Indirectly, this also leads to an increase of monthly SOA by up to 2.5-3.0 g μm-3 from the traditional OH oxidation pathways as well as the surface uptake of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Increased OH concentrations, however, do not always lead to higher overall SOA concentrations in the entire domain. High OH reduces the lifetime of glyoxal/methylglyoxal (GLY/MGLY), making them less available to form SOA. In the Sichuan Basin (SCB) and part of Southwest China where high O3 concentrations meet high pCl emissions, a higher Cl•/OH ratio leads to net O3 loss from the Cl• + O3 reaction, thus reducing SOA formation from the O3 oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Also, the competition between Cl• and OH for VOCs could lead to lower overall SOA because the molar yields of the semivolatile products in Cl-VOC reactions are lower than their OH + VOC reaction counterparts. When Cl• concentrations are further increased with higher emissions of Cl, precursor gases can be depleted and become the limiting factor in SOA formation. This study reveals the direct and indirect impacts of chlorine chemistry on SOA in polluted winter conditions, which are greatly affected by the Cl emissions, the ambient O3 level, and the availability of SOA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Choi
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Peng W, Dai H, Guo H, Purohit P, Urpelainen J, Wagner F, Wu Y, Zhang H. The Critical Role of Policy Enforcement in Achieving Health, Air Quality, and Climate Benefits from India's Clean Electricity Transition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11720-11731. [PMID: 32856906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coal-dominated electricity system poses major challenges for India to tackle air pollution and climate change. Although the government has issued a series of clean air policies and low-carbon energy targets, a key barrier remains enforcement. Here, we quantify the importance of policy implementation in India's electricity sector using an integrated assessment method based on emissions scenarios, air quality simulations, and health impact assessments. We find that limited enforcement of air pollution control policies leads to worse future air quality and health damages (e.g., 14 200 to 59 000 more PM2.5-related deaths in 2040) than when energy policies are not fully enforced (5900 to 8700 more PM2.5-related deaths in 2040), since coal power plants with end-of-pipe controls already emit little air pollution. However, substantially more carbon dioxide will be emitted if low-carbon and clean coal policies are not successfully implemented (e.g., 400 to 800 million tons more CO2 in 2040). Thus, our results underscore the important role of effectively implementing existing air pollution and energy policy to simultaneously achieve air pollution, health, and carbon mitigation goals in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- School of International Affairs and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Pallav Purohit
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Johannes Urpelainen
- Energy, Resources and Environment Program, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Fabian Wagner
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Yazhen Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 361021, China
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21
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Qiu X, Wang S, Ying Q, Duan L, Xing J, Cao J, Wu D, Li X, Chengzhi X, Yan X, Liu C, Hao J. Importance of Wintertime Anthropogenic Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal Emissions in Beijing and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Megacities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11809-11817. [PMID: 32880436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, anthropogenic emissions of GLY and MGLY and their contribution to surface GLY and MGLY concentrations, as well as the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, are not well quantified. By developing an emission inventory of anthropogenic GLY and MGLY and improving the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) with SOA formation from irreversible surface uptake of GLY and MGLY, as well as a precursor-origin resolved technique, we quantified the source contributions of GLY and MGLY and their impact on wintertime SOA formation in Beijing, China. The total emissions of GLY and MGLY in Beijing in 2017 are 1.1 × 104 kmol and 7.0 × 103 kmol, respectively. Anthropogenic primary emissions are found to be the dominant contributor to wintertime GLY and MGLY concentrations (∼74% for GLY and ∼63% for MGLY). Anthropogenic primary emissions of GLY and MGLY contributes to 30% of GLY/MGLY SOA daily average concentration and accounts for up to 45% of nighttime GLY/MGLY SOA in winter. The study suggests that the anthropogenic GLY and MGLY emissions, mainly from gasoline vehicles and cooking, are important for SOA formation and shall be strictly controlled in Chinese megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3138, United States
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Chengzhi
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Gao J, Zhu S, Ying Q, Hu J, Wang P, Feng L, Kang H, Wang D. Contribution of biogenic sources to secondary organic aerosol in the summertime in Shaanxi, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126815. [PMID: 32957269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A revised Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with updated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and a more detailed description of SOA formation from isoprene (ISOP) oxidation was applied to study the spatial distribution of SOA, its components and precursors in Shaanxi in July of 2013. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were generated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), of which ISOP and monoterpene (MONO) were the top two, with 1.73 × 109 mol and 1.82 × 108 mol, respectively. The spatial distribution of BVOCs emission was significantly correlated with the vegetation coverage distribution. ISOP and its intermediate semi-volatile gases were up to ∼7.0 and ∼1.4 ppb respectively in the ambient. SOA was generally 2-6 μg/m3, of which biogenic SOA (BSOA) accounted for as high as 84% on average. There were three main BVOCs Precursors including ISOP (58%) and MONO (8%) emit in the studied domain, and ISOP (9%) transported. The Guanzhong Plain had the highest BSOA concentrations of 3-5 μg/m3, and the North Shaanxi had the lowest of 2-3 μg/m3. More than half of BSOA was due to reactive surface uptake of ISOP epoxide (0.2-0.7 μg/m3, ∼19%), glyoxal (GLY) (0.2-0.5 μg/m3, ∼11%) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) (0.4-1.4 μg/m3, ∼32%), while the remaining was due to the traditional equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile components (0.1-1.2 μg/m3, ∼25%) and oligomerization (0.2-0.4 μg/m3, ∼12%). Overall, SOA formed from ISOP contributed 1-3 μg/m3 (∼80%) to BSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haibin Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Liu T, Wang C, Wang Y, Huang L, Li J, Xie F, Zhang J, Hu J. Impacts of model resolution on predictions of air quality and associated health exposure in Nanjing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126515. [PMID: 32220684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air quality models have been used in health studies to provide spatial and temporal information of various air pollutants. Model resolution is an important factor affecting the accuracy of exposure assessment using model predictions. In this study, the WRF/CMAQ model system was applied to quantitatively estimate the impacts of the model resolution on the predictions of air quality and associated health exposure in Nanjing, China in 2016. Air quality was simulated with a grid resolution of 1, 4, 12, and 36 km respectively. Predictions with 1 or 4 km resolution are slightly better for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and its compositions and predictions with 12 km are slightly better for daily 8-h maximum ozone (O3-8 h). Model resolution does not significantly improve predictions for PM2.5 and O3-8 h in Nanjing, however, the spatial distributions of PM2.5 and O3-8 h are better captured with finer resolutions. Population weighted concentrations (PWCs) of PM2.5 with different model resolutions are similar to the average of observations, but PWCs of O3-8 h with all resolutions are obviously larger than the observations, indicating that the current sites may well represent the population exposure to PM2.5, but under-estimate the exposure to O3. Model resolution results in about 6% in the estimated premature mortality due to exposure to PM2.5 but more than 20% difference in premature mortality due to exposure to O3. Future studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of the resolution on the exposure of PM2.5 compositions in the city scale when PM2.5 composition measurements available at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Chunlu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fangjian Xie
- Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecology and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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24
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Liu J, Shen J, Cheng Z, Wang P, Ying Q, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Fu Q. Source apportionment and regional transport of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol during winter pollution periods in the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135620. [PMID: 31785922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the concentrations of primary particles and secondary inorganic aerosol components have been reduced significantly due to stringent emission controls, quantifying the source contributions and regional transport of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical to further improve air quality in eastern China. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with the updated SAPRC-11 photochemical mechanism and a revised SOA module was applied to investigate the emission sector and regional contributions to SOA in winter 2015 (January 5-26, 2015) and 2016 (December 20, 2015-January 20, 2016) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The model is generally capable of reproducing the observed SOA concentrations at the Qingpu Supersite in Shanghai. The observed and predicted SOA concentrations are 6.4 μg/m3 and 6.9 μg/m3 in winter 2015, and 5.7 μg/m3 and 9.6 μg/m3 in winter 2016. The mean fraction bias (MFB) of the hourly SOA predictions is 0.22 and 0.32, respectively. High SOA concentrations in the wintertime of YRD are mainly due to aromatic compounds and dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal), which, on average, account for 43% and 53% of total SOA, respectively. The average contributions of industrial, residential, and transportation sectors in the YRD region during the entire simulation periods are 61%, 22%, and 17%, respectively. At the Qingpu Supersite in Shanghai, the industrial sector contributes to as much as 65% of total SOA in the heavy pollution episode of 2016. The contributions from transportation and residential sectors are 16% and 17%, respectively, during the same episode. The industry emissions from the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai are major contributors to the SOA at the Qingpu supersite during the heavy-polluted episodes, accounting for 31%, 19%, and 14% of the total predicted SOA. This study represents the first detailed regional modeling study of source region contributions to SOA in the YRD region and the detailed analyses of SOA in two winters months complement the previous SOA source apportionment studies focusing on seasonal average contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juanyong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
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Qiu X, Ying Q, Wang S, Duan L, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang P, Xing J, Zheng M, Zhao M, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hao J. Significant impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on summertime atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133580. [PMID: 31376754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, O3, OH, ClONO2, HOCl, ClNO2, and NO2, with chlorine-containing particles are incorporated in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on ozone and free radicals. Changes of summertime ozone and free radical concentrations due to the additional heterogeneous reactions in north China were quantified. These heterogeneous reactions increased the O3, OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations by up to 20%, 28%, 36% and 48% for some regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area. These areas typically have a larger amount of NOx emissions and a lower VOC/NOx ratio. The zero-out method evaluates that the photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 are the major contributors (42.4% and 57.6%, respectively) to atmospheric Cl in the early morning hours but the photolysis of Cl2 is the only significant contributor after 10:00 am. The results highlight that heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species are important to atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation. Our study also suggests that the on-going NOx emission controls in the NCP region with a goal to reduce both O3 and secondary nitrate can also have the co-benefit of reducing the formation Cl from ClNO2 and Cl2, which may also lead to lower secondary organic aerosol formation and thus the control of summertime PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minjiang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Lu XW, Jiang LX, Liu J, Yang Y, Liu QY, Ren Y, Li X, He SG. Sensitive Detection of Gas-Phase Glyoxal by Electron Attachment Reaction Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12688-12695. [PMID: 31538775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal (GLY) acts as a key contributor to tropospheric ozone production and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation on local to regional scales. The detection of GLY provides useful indicators of fast photochemistry occurring in the lower troposphere. The fast and sensitive detection of GLY is thus important, while traditional chemical ionization such as the proton-transfer reaction (PTR) is extremely limited by the poor detection limit and extensive fragmentation. To address these limitations, electron attachment reaction (EAR) ionization was applied to detect GLY. The generation of parent anions (GLY-) without fragmentation was observed, and cryogenic photoelectron imaging spectroscopy further characterized the structure of GLY-. The detection limit was estimated to be as low as (52 ± 1) pptv (parts per trillion by volume) with 1 min measurements. Other components in ambient air, such as water, carbon dioxide, and trace gases (acetone, propanal, etc.) have no effect on the detection of GLY. The EAR ionization is more promising than PTR ionization in detecting GLY. The detection of GLY in ambient air by the EAR ionization has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Yiming Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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Wang Y, Shi Z, Shen F, Sun J, Huang L, Zhang H, Chen C, Li T, Hu J. Associations of daily mortality with short-term exposure to PM 2.5 and its constituents in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:879-887. [PMID: 31340414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has adverse impacts on human health. However, limited studies have investigated the effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents on mortality in China. This study used the generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the effects of PM2.5 and its constituents, including organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), on different causes of mortality in Shanghai from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. The single-day lagged model and the moving average lagged model were used to examine the lagging effects of pollutants on mortality. At lag0 day, PM2.5 had a significant effect on all-cause mortality, and a 10 μg/m3 increase leads to 0.68% increase in all-cause mortality (RR 1.0068, 95%CI 1.0013-1.0123). Among the five constituents, EC had the greatest impact on all-cause mortality in Shanghai, with 10.48% increase of mortality (RR 1.1048, 95%CI 1.0266-1.1891) per 10 μg/m3 increase of concentrations, followed by OC (RR 1.0577, 95%CI 1.0277-1.0886), NH4+ (RR 1.0272, 95%CI 1.0028-1.0522) and SO42- (RR 1.0104, 95%CI 1.0003-1.0206). For respiratory diseases mortality, EC, OC, NO3- and NH4+ had significant impacts and caused an increase of mortality by 44.99% (RR 1.4499, 95%CI 1.1813-1.7794), 10.40% (RR 1.1040, 95%CI 1.0260-1.1880), 5.338% (RR 1.0533, 95%CI 1.0097-1.0989) and 7.34% (RR 1.0734, 95%CI 1.0015-1.1505) per 10 μg/m3 increase of concentrations, respectively. The cumulative effect of PM2.5 on mortality was significant in Shanghai. Except for SO42-, the RR value of the single-day lagged model was smaller than the moving average lagged model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Wang P, Guo H, Hu J, Kota SH, Ying Q, Zhang H. Responses of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:297-306. [PMID: 30690364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made to reduce the severe air pollution in China since 2013. However, the annual and peak fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during severe events in winter did not always reduce as expected. This is partially due to the inter-annual variation of meteorology, which affects the emission, transport, transformation, and deposition processes of air pollutants. In this study, the responses of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) concentrations to changes in emission and meteorology from 2013 to 2015 were investigated based on ambient measurements and the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations with anthropogenic emissions. It is found that emission reductions in 2014 and 2015 effectively reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 23.9 and 43.5 μg/m3, respectively, but was partially counteracted by unfavorable meteorology. The negative effects from unfavorable meteorology were significant in extreme pollution events. For example, in December 2015, unfavorable meteorology caused a great increase (90 μg/m3) of PM2.5 in Beijing. Reduction of primary PM and gaseous precursors led to 13.4 and 16.5 ppb increase of O3-8 h daily concentrations in the summertime in 2014 and 2015 in comparison of 2013, which was likely caused by the increase of solar actinic flux due to PM reduction. In addition, reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in areas with negative NOx-O3 sensitivity could lead to an increase of O3 formation when the reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was not sufficient. This unintended enhanced O3 formation could also lead to higher O3 in downwind areas. This study emphasizes the role of meteorology in pollution control, validates the effectiveness of PM2.5 control measures in China, and highlights the importance of appropriate joint reduction of NOx and VOCs to simultaneously decrease O3 and PM2.5 for higher air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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29
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Kang M, Guo H, Wang P, Fu P, Ying Q, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Characterization and source apportionment of marine aerosols over the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2679-2688. [PMID: 30463123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of marine atmosphere for accurately estimating global aerosol budget and climate impacts has arisen recently. However, studies are limited due to the difficulty and inconvenience in sampling as well as the diversity of sources. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to investigate the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components over the East China Sea (ECS) and offshore regions. In spite of slight under-predictions, model predictions agree well with observations over the ECS and along the coast. PM2.5 and its major components in the mainland are higher than in marine area, suggesting Asian continent is a major emitter of marine aerosols. PM2.5 and its components in marine regions show higher abundance during daytime than nighttime, while it is opposite in continental regions. Aerosol phase SO42- is the most abundant component of PM2.5 over the ECS with an average concentration of 5.12 μg m-3, followed by NH4+ (1.02 μg m-3) and primary organic aerosol (POA) (0.92 μg m-3). Industry and ship emissions are the top two contributors to primary (PPM) and total PM2.5 over the ECS, while industry and agriculture sectors are major sources for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), followed by ship emissions. For terrestrial regions, industry and agriculture are predominant sources of PM2.5 and SIA, while industry and residential activities are the top two contributors to PPM. This study improves the understanding of transport and accumulation of air pollutants over the ECS and adjacent regions, and provides useful information for designing efficient control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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30
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Hu B, Jarosch AM, Gauder M, Graeff-Hönninger S, Schnitzler JP, Grote R, Rennenberg H, Kreuzwieser J. VOC emissions and carbon balance of two bioenergy plantations in response to nitrogen fertilization: A comparison of Miscanthus and Salix. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:205-217. [PMID: 29486454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Energy crops are an important renewable source for energy production in future. To ensure high yields of crops, N fertilization is a common practice. However, knowledge on environmental impacts of bioenergy plantations, particularly in systems involving trees, and the effects of N fertilization is scarce. We studied the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which negatively affect the environment by contributing to tropospheric ozone and aerosols formation, from Miscanthus and willow plantations. Particularly, we aimed at quantifying the effect of N fertilization on VOC emission. For this purpose, we determined plant traits, photosynthetic gas exchange and VOC emission rates of the two systems as affected by N fertilization (0 and 80 kg ha-1 yr-1). Additionally, we used a modelling approach to simulate (i) the annual VOC emission rates as well as (ii) the OH. reactivity resulting from individual VOC emitted. Total VOC emissions from Salix was 1.5- and 2.5-fold higher compared to Miscanthus in non-fertilized and fertilized plantations, respectively. Isoprene was the dominating VOC in Salix (80-130 μg g-1 DW h-1), whereas it was negligible in Miscanthus. We identified twenty-eight VOC compounds, which were released by Miscanthus with the green leaf volatile hexanal as well as dimethyl benzene, dihydrofuranone, phenol, and decanal as the dominant volatiles. The pattern of VOC released from this species clearly differed to the pattern emitted by Salix. OH. reactivity from VOC released by Salix was ca. 8-times higher than that of Miscanthus. N fertilization enhanced stand level VOC emissions, mainly by promoting the leaf area index and only marginally by enhancing the basal emission capacity of leaves. Considering the higher productivity of fertilized Miscanthus compared to Salix together with the considerably lower OH. reactivity per weight unit of biomass produced, qualified the C4-perennial grass Miscanthus as a superior source of future bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ann-Mareike Jarosch
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Gauder
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research Division (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Wang P, Ying Q, Zhang H, Hu J, Lin Y, Mao H. Source apportionment of secondary organic aerosol in China using a regional source-oriented chemical transport model and two emission inventories. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:756-766. [PMID: 29128244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with source-oriented lumped SAPRC-11 (S11L) photochemical mechanism and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module was applied to determine the contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources to SOA concentrations in China. A one-year simulation of 2013 using the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) shows that summer SOA are generally higher (10-15 μg m-3) due to large contributions of biogenic (country average 60%) and industrial sources (17%). In winter, SOA formation was mostly due to anthropogenic emissions from industries (40%) and residential sources (38%). Emissions from other countries in southeast China account for approximately 14% of the SOA in both summer and winter, and 46% in spring due to elevated open biomass burning in southeast Asia. The Regional Emission inventory in ASia v2.1 (REAS2) was applied in this study for January and August 2013. Two sets of simulations with the REAS2 inventory were conducted using two different methods to speciate total non-methane carbon into model species. One approach uses total non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions and representative speciation profiles from the SPECIATE database. The other approach retains the REAS2 speciated species that can be directly mapped to S11L model species and uses source specific splitting factors to map other REAS2 lumped NMHC species. Biogenic emissions are still the most significant contributor in summer based on these two sets of simulations. However, contributions from the transportation sector to SOA in January are predicted to be much more important based on the two REAS2 emission inventories (∼30-40% vs. ∼5% by MEIC), and contributions from residential sources according to REAS2 was much lower (∼21-24% vs. ∼42%). These discrepancies in source contributions to SOA need to be further investigated as the country seeks for optimal emission control strategies to fight severe air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA 70803, USA; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yingchao Lin
- Center of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Center of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
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Qiao X, Ying Q, Li X, Zhang H, Hu J, Tang Y, Chen X. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 for 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:462-471. [PMID: 28865263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Source contributions to fine airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm (PM2.5) during 2013 were determined for 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities using a source-oriented version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Based on the hierarchical clustering analysis of the observed PM2.5 concentrations, the 25 cities were categorized into nine groups. Generally, annual PM2.5 concentrations were highest in the cities in the north (81-154μgm-3) and lowest in the cities close to seas in the south and east (27-57μgm-3). Seasonal PM2.5 observations in the cities were generally higher in winter than in the other seasons. Industrial or residential sources were predicted to be the largest contributor to PM2.5 for all the city groups, with annually fractional contributions of 25.0%-38.6% and 9.6%-27%, respectively. The annual contributions from power plants, agriculture NH3, windblown dust, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) for the city groups were 8.7%-12.7%, 9.5%-12%, 6.1%-12.5%, and 5.4%-15.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, the annual contributions from transportation, sea salt, and open burning were relatively low (<8%, <2%, and <6%, respectively). Secondary PM2.5 accounted for 47%-63% of total annual PM2.5 concentrations in the cities and contributed to as much as 70% of daily PM2.5 concentrations on PM2.5 pollution days (daily concentrations>75μgm-3). Industrial or residential sources were generally the largest contributor on PM2.5 pollution days for all the city groups in each season, except that open burning, SOA, and windblown dust could be more important on some days, particularly in spring. The results of this study would be helpful to develop measures to reduce annual PM2.5 concentrations and the number of PM2.5 pollution days for different regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Space & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Shi Z, Li J, Huang L, Wang P, Wu L, Ying Q, Zhang H, Lu L, Liu X, Liao H, Hu J. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in China in 2013 using a source-oriented chemical transport model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1476-1487. [PMID: 28605865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
China has been suffering high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Designing effective PM2.5 control strategies requires information about the contributions of different sources. In this study, a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantitatively estimate the contributions of different source sectors to PM2.5 in China. Emissions of primary PM2.5 and gas pollutants of SO2, NOx, and NH3, which are precursors of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA, major PM2.5 components in China), from eight source categories (power plants, residential sources, industries, transportation, open burning, sea salt, windblown dust and agriculture) were separately tracked to determine their contributions to PM2.5 in 2013. Industrial sector is the largest source of SNA in Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing, followed by agriculture and power plants. Residential emissions are also important sources of SNA, especially in winter when severe pollution events often occur. Nationally, the contributions of different source sectors to annual total PM2.5 from high to low are industries, residential sources, agriculture, power plants, transportation, windblown dust, open burning and sea salt. Provincially, residential sources and industries are the major anthropogenic sources of primary PM2.5, while industries, agriculture, power plants and transportation are important for SNA in most provinces. For total PM2.5, residential and industrial emissions are the top two sources, with a combined contribution of 40-50% in most provinces. The contributions of power plants and agriculture to total PM2.5 are about 10%, respectively. Secondary organic aerosol accounts for about 10% of annual PM2.5 in most provinces, with higher contributions in southern provinces such as Yunnan (26%), Hainan (25%) and Taiwan (21%). Windblown dust is an important source in western provinces such as Xizang (55% of total PM2.5), Qinghai (74%), Xinjiang (59%). The large variation in sources of PM2.5 across China suggests that PM2.5 mitigation programs should be designed separately for different regions/provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Li Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Guo H, Kota SH, Sahu SK, Hu J, Ying Q, Gao A, Zhang H. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 in North India using source-oriented air quality models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:426-436. [PMID: 28830016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, severe pollution events were observed frequently in India especially at its capital, New Delhi. However, limited studies have been conducted to understand the sources to high pollutant concentrations for designing effective control strategies. In this work, source-oriented versions of the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) were applied to quantify the contributions of eight source types (energy, industry, residential, on-road, off-road, agriculture, open burning and dust) to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components including primary PM (PPM) and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) i.e. sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions, in Delhi and three surrounding cities, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Jaipur in 2015. PPM mass is dominated by industry and residential activities (>60%). Energy (∼39%) and industry (∼45%) sectors contribute significantly to PPM at south of Delhi, which reach a maximum of 200 μg/m3 during winter. Unlike PPM, SIA concentrations from different sources are more heterogeneous. High SIA concentrations (∼25 μg/m3) at south Delhi and central Uttar Pradesh were mainly attributed to energy, industry and residential sectors. Agriculture is more important for SIA than PPM and contributions of on-road and open burning to SIA are also higher than to PPM. Residential sector contributes highest to total PM2.5 (∼80 μg/m3), followed by industry (∼70 μg/m3) in North India. Energy and agriculture contribute ∼25 μg/m3 and ∼16 μg/m3 to total PM2.5, while SOA contributes <5 μg/m3. In Delhi, industry and residential activities contribute to 80% of total PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Shovan Kumar Sahu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aifang Gao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050031, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050031, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Hu J, Huang L, Chen M, Liao H, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhang Q, Ying Q. Premature Mortality Attributable to Particulate Matter in China: Source Contributions and Responses to Reductions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9950-9959. [PMID: 28787143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Excess mortality (ΔMort) in China due to exposure to ambient fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) was determined using an ensemble prediction of annual average PM2.5 in 2013 by the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model with four emission inventories and observation data fusing. Estimated ΔMort values due to adult ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer are 0.30, 0.73, 0.14, and 0.13 million in 2013, respectively, leading to a total ΔMort of 1.3 million. Source-oriented CMAQ modeling determined that industrial and residential sources were the two leading sources of ΔMort, contributing to 0.40 (30.5%) and 0.28 (21.7%) million deaths, respectively. Additionally, secondary ammonium ion from agriculture, secondary organic aerosol, and aerosols from power generation were responsible for 0.16, 0.14, and 0.13 million deaths, respectively. A 30% ΔMort reduction in China requires an average of 50% reduction of PM2.5 throughout the country and a reduction by 62%, 50%, and 38% for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai, and Pearl River Delta regions, respectively. Reducing PM2.5 to the CAAQS grade II standard of 35 μg m-3 would only lead to a small reduction in mortality, and a more stringent standard of <15 μg m-3 would be needed for more remarkable reduction of ΔMort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | | | - Qi Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Fini A, Brunetti C, Loreto F, Centritto M, Ferrini F, Tattini M. Isoprene Responses and Functions in Plants Challenged by Environmental Pressures Associated to Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 28798754 PMCID: PMC5526906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The functional reasons for isoprene emission are still a matter of hot debate. It was hypothesized that isoprene biosynthesis evolved as an ancestral mechanism in plants adapted to high water availability, to cope with transient and recurrent oxidative stresses during their water-to-land transition. There is a tight association between isoprene emission and species hygrophily, suggesting that isoprene emission may be a favorable trait to cope with occasional exposure to stresses in mesic environments. The suite of morpho-anatomical traits does not allow a conservative water use in hygrophilic mesophytes challenged by the environmental pressures imposed or exacerbated by drought and heat stress. There is evidence that in stressed plants the biosynthesis of isoprene is uncoupled from photosynthesis. Because the biosynthesis of isoprene is costly, the great investment of carbon and energy into isoprene must have relevant functional reasons. Isoprene is effective in preserving the integrity of thylakoid membranes, not only through direct interaction with their lipid acyl chains, but also by up-regulating proteins associated with photosynthetic complexes and enhancing the biosynthesis of relevant membrane components, such as mono- and di-galactosyl-diacyl glycerols and unsaturated fatty acids. Isoprene may additionally protect photosynthetic membranes by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Here we explore the mode of actions and the potential significance of isoprene in the response of hygrophilic plants when challenged by severe stress conditions associated to rapid climate change in temperate climates, with special emphasis to the concomitant effect of drought and heat. We suggest that isoprene emission may be not a good estimate for its biosynthesis and concentration in severely droughted leaves, being the internal concentration of isoprene the important trait for stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionSesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Xu L, Ng NL, Carlton AG, Guo H, Weber R, Vasilakos P, Appel KW, Budisulistiorini SH, Surratt JD, Nenes A, Hu W, Jimenez JL, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Misztal PK, Goldstein AH. On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:343-369. [PMID: 30147709 PMCID: PMC6104851 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-343-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds and liquid water are major aerosol constituents in the southeast United States (SE US). Water associated with inorganic constituents (inorganic water) can contribute to the partitioning medium for organic aerosol when relative humidities or organic matter to organic carbon (OM/OC) ratios are high such that separation relative humidities (SRH) are below the ambient relative humidity (RH). As OM/OC ratios in the SE US are often between 1.8 and 2.2, organic aerosol experiences both mixing with inorganic water and separation from it. Regional chemical transport model simulations including inorganic water (but excluding water uptake by organic compounds) in the partitioning medium for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) when RH > SRH led to increased SOA concentrations,· particularly at night. Water uptake to the organic phase resulted in even greater SOA concentrations as a result of a positive feedback in which water uptake increased SOA, which further increased aerosol water and organic aerosol. Aerosol properties· such as the OM/OC and hygroscopicity parameter (κorg), were captured well by the model compared with measurements during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) 2013. Organic nitrates from monoterpene oxidation were predicted to be the least water-soluble semivolatile species in the model, but most biogenically derived semivolatile species in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were highly water soluble and expected to contribute to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Organic aerosol and SOA precursors were abundant at night, but additional improvements in daytime organic aerosol are needed to close the model-measurement gap. When taking into account deviations from ideality, including both inorganic (when RH > SRH) and organic water in the organic partitioning medium reduced the mean bias in SOA for routine monitoring networks and improved model performance compared to observations from SOAS. Property updates from this work will be released in CMAQ v5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nga L. Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annmarie G. Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- now at: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Petros Vasilakos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K. Wyat Appel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Surratt
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens,·Palea Penteli, 15236, Greece
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,·CO,·USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,·CO,·USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
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38
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Li J, Mao J, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Brown SS, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Volkamer R, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Graus M, Gilman JB, Lerner BM, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Middlebrook AM, Liao J, Welti A, Henderson BH, McNeill VF, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Donner LJ, Paulot F, Horowitz LW. Observational constraints on glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation and its contribution to organic aerosol over the Southeast United States. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:9849-9861. [PMID: 29619286 PMCID: PMC5880315 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We use a 0-D photochemical box model and a 3-D global chemistry-climate model, combined with observations from the NOAA Southeast Nexus (SENEX) aircraft campaign, to understand the sources and sinks of glyoxal over the Southeast United States. Box model simulations suggest a large difference in glyoxal production among three isoprene oxidation mechanisms (AM3ST, AM3B, and MCM v3.3.1). These mechanisms are then implemented into a 3-D global chemistry-climate model. Comparison with field observations shows that the average vertical profile of glyoxal is best reproduced by AM3ST with an effective reactive uptake coefficient γglyx of 2 × 10-3, and AM3B without heterogeneous loss of glyoxal. The two mechanisms lead to 0-0.8 μg m-3 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from glyoxal in the boundary layer of the Southeast U.S. in summer. We consider this to be the lower limit for the contribution of glyoxal to SOA, as other sources of glyoxal other than isoprene are not included in our model. In addition, we find that AM3B shows better agreement on both formaldehyde and the correlation between glyoxal and formaldehyde (RGF = [GLYX]/[HCHO]), resulting from the suppression of δ-isoprene peroxy radicals (δ-ISOPO2). We also find that MCM v3.3.1 may underestimate glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation, in part due to an underestimated yield from the reaction of IEPOX peroxy radicals (IEPOXOO) with HO2. Our work highlights that the gas-phase production of glyoxal represents a large uncertainty in quantifying its contribution to SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Washenfelder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth System Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilana B. Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica B. Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian M. Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ann M. Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - André Welti
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Leo J. Donner
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fabien Paulot
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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El-Sayed MMH, Amenumey D, Hennigan CJ. Drying-Induced Evaporation of Secondary Organic Aerosol during Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3626-3633. [PMID: 26910726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the effect of drying on the concentration of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas (WSOCg) and particle (WSOCp) phases were carried out in Baltimore, MD during the summertime. To investigate the effect of drying on SOA, the WSOCp measurement was alternated through an ambient channel (WSOCp) and a "dried" channel (WSOCp,dry) maintained at ∼35% relative humidity (RH). The average mass ratio between WSOCp,dry and WSOCp was 0.85, showing that significant evaporation of the organic aerosol occurred due to drying. The average amount of evaporated water-soluble organic matter (WSOM = WSOC × 1.95) was 0.6 μg m(-3); however, the maximum evaporated WSOM concentration exceeded 5 μg m(-3), demonstrating the importance of this phenomenon. The systematic difference between ambient and dry channels indicates a significant and persistent source of aqueous SOA formed through reversible uptake processes. The wide-ranging implications of the work are discussed, and include: new insight into atmospheric SOA formation; impacts on particle measurement techniques; a newly identified bias in PM2.5 measurements using the EPA's Federal Reference and Equivalent Methods (FRM and FEM); atmospheric model evaluations; and the challenge in relating ground-based measurements to remote sensing of aerosol properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Dziedzorm Amenumey
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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40
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Pye HOT, Luecken DJ, Xu L, Boyd CM, Ng NL, Baker KR, Ayres BR, Bash JO, Baumann K, Carter WPL, Edgerton E, Fry JL, Hutzell WT, Schwede DB, Shepson PB. Modeling the Current and Future Roles of Particulate Organic Nitrates in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14195-203. [PMID: 26544021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates are an important aerosol constituent in locations where biogenic hydrocarbon emissions mix with anthropogenic NOx sources. While regional and global chemical transport models may include a representation of organic aerosol from monoterpene reactions with nitrate radicals (the primary source of particle-phase organic nitrates in the Southeast United States), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models can underestimate yields. Furthermore, SOA parametrizations do not explicitly take into account organic nitrate compounds produced in the gas phase. In this work, we developed a coupled gas and aerosol system to describe the formation and subsequent aerosol-phase partitioning of organic nitrates from isoprene and monoterpenes with a focus on the Southeast United States. The concentrations of organic aerosol and gas-phase organic nitrates were improved when particulate organic nitrates were assumed to undergo rapid (τ = 3 h) pseudohydrolysis resulting in nitric acid and nonvolatile secondary organic aerosol. In addition, up to 60% of less oxidized-oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA) could be accounted for via organic nitrate mediated chemistry during the Southern Oxidants and Aerosol Study (SOAS). A 25% reduction in nitrogen oxide (NO + NO2) emissions was predicted to cause a 9% reduction in organic aerosol for June 2013 SOAS conditions at Centreville, Alabama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Deborah J Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher M Boyd
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Benjamin R Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College , Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Jesse O Bash
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research and Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - William P L Carter
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92512, United States
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research and Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Juliane L Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College , Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - William T Hutzell
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Donna B Schwede
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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