1
|
Zhang Y, Cao F, Song W, Jia XF, Xie T, Wu CL, Yan P, Yu M, Rauber M, Salazar G, Szidat S, Zhang Y. Fossil and Nonfossil Sources of Winter Organic Aerosols in the Regional Background Atmosphere of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1244-1254. [PMID: 38178789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) from anthropogenic emissions have been significantly reduced in urban China in recent years. However, the relative contributions of fossil and nonfossil sources to CA in rural and background regions of China remain unclear. In this study, the sources of different carbonaceous fractions in fine aerosols (PM2.5) from five background sites of the China Meteorological Administration Atmosphere Watch Network during the winter of 2019 and 2020 were quantified using radiocarbon (14C) and organic markers. The results showed that nonfossil sources contributed 44-69% to total carbon at these five background sites. Fossil fuel combustion was the predominant source of elemental carbon at all sites (73 ± 12%). Nonfossil sources dominated organic carbon (OC) in these background regions (61 ± 13%), with biomass burning or biogenic-derived secondary organic carbon (SOC) as the most important contributors. However, the relative fossil fuel source to OC in China (39 ± 13%) still exceeds those at other regional/background sites in Asia, Europe, and the USA. SOC dominated the fossil fuel-derived OC, highlighting the impact of regional transport from anthropogenic sources on background aerosol levels. It is therefore imperative to develop and implement aerosol reduction policies and technologies tailored to both the anthropogenic and biogenic emissions to mitigate the environmental and health risks of aerosol pollution across China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Zhang
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou 350028, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenhuai Song
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Fang Jia
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chang-Liu Wu
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyuan Yu
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song W, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Cao F, Rauber M, Salazar G, Kawichai S, Prapamontol T, Szidat S. Is biomass burning always a dominant contributor of fine aerosols in upper northern Thailand? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107466. [PMID: 35986983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is an important contributor to the air pollution in Southeast Asia (SEA), but the emission sources remain great uncertainty. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from an urban (Chiang Mai University, CMU) and a rural (Nong Tao village, NT) site in Chiang Mai, Thailand from February to April (high BB season, HBB) and from June to September (low BB season, LBB) in 2018. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols was carried out by Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method incorporating the radiocarbon (14C) and organic markers (e.g., dehydrated sugars, aromatic acids, etc.). Thereby, carbonaceous aerosols were divided into the fossil-derived elemental carbon (ECf), BB-derived EC (ECbb), fossil-derived primary and secondary organic carbon (POCf, SOCf), BB-derived OC (OCbb) and the remaining OC (OCnf, other). The fractions of ECbb generally prevailed over ECf throughout the year. OCbb was the dominant contributor to total carbon with a clear seasonal trend (65.5 ± 5.8 % at CMU and 79.9 ± 7.6 % at NT in HBB, and 39.1 ± 7.9 % and 42.8 ± 4.6 % in LBB). The distribution of POCf showed a spatial difference with a higher contribution at CMU, while SOCf displayed a temporal variation with a greater fraction in LBB. OCnf, other was originated from biogenic secondary aerosols, cooking emissions and bioaerosols as resolved by the principal component analysis with multiple liner regression model. The OCnf, other contributed within a narrow range of 6.6 %-14.4 %, despite 34.9 ± 7.9 % at NT in LBB. Our results highlight the dominance of BB-derived fractions in carbonaceous aerosols in HBB, and call the attention to the higher production of SOC in LBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuai Song
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng L, Huang C, He Y, Shang N, Yu H, Huang T, Yang H, Zhao K. Stable carbon isotopes trace the effect of fossil fuels on fractions of particulate black carbon in a large urban lake in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115528. [PMID: 35724575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), the highly recalcitrant aromatic carbonaceous from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass, is an important carbon sink in carbon cycle. Char and soot, the main components of BC, have significantly different origin and physicochemical characteristics (particle sizes and resultant transportability). The limited understanding of char and soot sources leads to poor insight into the effect of BC on carbon cycle. Sources of char and soot were investigated in this study using stable carbon isotopes to study the effect of BC on the organic carbon pool in a lake, thereby improving the knowledge of lacustrine carbon cycling. The concentration of BC in Taihu Lake ranged from 0.0 to 0.7 mg·L-1and accounted for 10.9 ± 4.7% of the particulate organic carbon. The spatial-mean δ13C values of BC, char, and soot were -23.2 ± 2.0‰, -23.5 ± 2.2‰, and -22.9 ± 1.6‰, respectively. The BC in water was primarily derived from fossil fuels (66.0 ± 9.3%), with liquid fossil fuel accounting for 48.2 ± 13.2% of the BC. The contribution of liquid fossil fuel to soot (49.3%) was much higher than that to char (36.1%); correspondingly, the contributions of biomass and coal to soot (29.2% and 21.5%) were lower than those to char (38.1% and 25.8%). The contribution of liquid fossil fuel combustion to organic carbon (OC), char, and soot gradually increased from 31.9% to 49.3%. Biomass and coal combustion primarily contributed to char (38.1% and 25.8%) and OC (37.5% and 30.6%). The source apportionment of BC, char, and soot revealed the influence of anthropogenically driven BC, char, and soot on the lake and, by extension, to the global carbon cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kan Zhao
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moffett CE, Mehra M, Barrett TE, Gunsch MJ, Pratt KA, Sheesley RJ. Contemporary sources dominate carbonaceous aerosol on the North Slope of Alaska. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154641. [PMID: 35307446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the Arctic continues to change and warm rapidly, it is increasingly important to understand the organic carbon (OC) contribution to Arctic aerosol. Biogenic sources of primary and secondary OC in the Arctic will be impacted by climate change, including warming temperatures and earlier snow and ice melt. This study focuses on identifying potential sources and regional influences on the seasonal concentration of organic aerosol through analysis of chemical and isotopic composition. Aerosol samples were collected at two sites on the North Slope of Alaska (Utqiaġvik, UQK, and Oliktok Point, OLK, which is in an Arctic oilfield) over three summers from 2015 to 2017. The elemental carbon (EC) trends at each site were used to understand local combustion influences. Local sources drove EC concentrations at Oliktok Point, where high EC was attributed to oil and gas extraction activity, including diesel combustion emissions. Utqiaġvik had very low EC in the summer. OC was more similar in concentration and well correlated between the two sites with high contributions of contemporary carbon by radiocarbon apportionment (UQK = 74%, OLK = 63%), which could include both marine and terrestrial sources of contemporary carbon (e.g. primary and secondary biogenic, biomass burning and/or associated SOA, and bioaerosols). OC concentrations are strongly correlated to maximum ambient temperatures on the NSA during the summer, which may have implications for predicting future OC aerosol concentrations in a warming Arctic. Biomass burning was determined to be an episodic influence at both sites, based on interpretation of combined aerosol composition, air mass trajectories, and remote sensing of smoke plumes. The results from this study overall strongly suggests contribution from regional sources of contemporary organic aerosol on the NSA, but additional analysis is needed to better constrain contributions from both biogenic sources (terrestrial and/or marine) and bioaerosol to better understand temperature-related aerosol processes in the Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Moffett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Mehra
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Tate E Barrett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Gunsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Detailed Carbon Isotope Study of PM2.5 Aerosols at Urban Background, Suburban Background and Regional Background Sites in Hungary. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate and refine the potential sources of carbon in the atmospheric PM2.5 fraction aerosol at three sampling sites in Hungary. Quantification of total, organic and elemental carbon (TC, OC and EC, respectively), as well as radiocarbon (14C) and stable carbon isotope analyses were performed on exposed filters collected at an urban background site, a suburban background site of the capital of Hungary, Budapest from October 2017 to July 2018. Results were also collected from the rural regional background site of K-puszta. Compared to TC concentrations from other regions of Europe, the ratio of the lowest and highest values at all sites in Hungary are lower than these European locations, probably due to the specific meteorological conditions prevailing in the Carpathian Basin over the observation period. The concentration of OC was constantly higher than that of EC and a seasonal variation with higher values in the heating period (October–March) and lower values in the non-heating vegetation period (April–September) could be observed for both EC and OC fractions. Using 14C, the seasonal mean fraction of contemporary carbon (fC) within the TC varied between 0.50 and 0.78 at the sites, suggesting that modern sources were remarkable during the year, regardless of the heating or vegetation period. At the two urban sites, assuming constant industrial emission during the year, the fossil fuel combustion sources were responsible for the seasonal variation of EC, while modern carbon emissions from biomass-burning and biogenic sources influenced the OC concentration. The higher EC/TC ratios at these sites were associated with lower fC and δ13C values, which can be explained by soot emission from transportation. The notably high EC/TC ratios in the spring were likely caused by the reduced concentration of OC instead of increased EC concentrations. This could probably be caused by the ending of winter biomass burning, which emits a huge amount of OC into the atmosphere. On the contrary, the rural K-puszta site showed some differences relative to the sites in Budapest. No correlation could be revealed between the EC/TC ratio, fC and δ13C results, suggesting that the structure of sources was very stagnant and balanced in each season. In autumn, however, some less depleted values were observed, and agricultural corn-stalk burning after harvesting in the southern and eastern directions from Hungary can be suggested as the main source.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang C, Meng L, He Y, Shang N, Yu H, Huang T, Zhu AX, Yang H, Zhao K, Yao L. Spatial variation of particulate black carbon, and its sources in a large eutrophic urban lake in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150057. [PMID: 34500269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), characterized by high aromaticity and stability, has been recognized as a substantial fraction of the carbon pool in soil and sediment. The effect of BC on the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool in lake water, which is an important medium of carbon transmission and transformation, has not been thoroughly studied. The investigations of BC composition and distribution, POC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were conducted in a eutrophic urban lake, Taihu Lake, which is the third largest freshwater lake in China. The results indicate that the BC is composed of 55 ± 12% char and 45 ± 12% soot and accounted for 12 ± 6% of POC (the maximum value is 31%). The comparatively high levels of BC and char are distributed in the northern Taihu Lake, especially in Meiliang Bay (0.72 ± 0.38 mg L-1 and 0.45 ± 0.24 mg L-1). The distribution of soot presents a declining trend from the lakeshore to the central lake, particularly in the northern, western, and southern lakes. Source apportionment results from positive matrix factorization of PAHs suggest that consumption of fossil fuel (79 ± 20%) is the dominant source of BC, which agrees with the low ratio of char/soot (1.41 ± 0.71) and relatively depleted δ13C. The covariation of BC and PAHs and terrestrial dissolved organic carbon indicate that the effect of terrestrial input significantly regulates the distribution of BC in Taihu Lake, which is reflected in the high BC value along the lakeshore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - A-Xing Zhu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kan Zhao
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling Yao
- Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moschos V, Dzepina K, Bhattu D, Lamkaddam H, Casotto R, Daellenbach KR, Canonaco F, Rai P, Aas W, Becagli S, Calzolai G, Eleftheriadis K, Moffett CE, Schnelle-Kreis J, Severi M, Sharma S, Skov H, Vestenius M, Zhang W, Hakola H, Hellén H, Huang L, Jaffrezo JL, Massling A, Nøjgaard JK, Petäjä T, Popovicheva O, Sheesley RJ, Traversi R, Yttri KE, Schmale J, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Equal abundance of summertime natural and wintertime anthropogenic Arctic organic aerosols. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:196-202. [PMID: 35341076 PMCID: PMC8916957 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols play an important yet uncertain role in modulating the radiation balance of the sensitive Arctic atmosphere. Organic aerosol is one of the most abundant, yet least understood, fractions of the Arctic aerosol mass. Here we use data from eight observatories that represent the entire Arctic to reveal the annual cycles in anthropogenic and biogenic sources of organic aerosol. We show that during winter, the organic aerosol in the Arctic is dominated by anthropogenic emissions, mainly from Eurasia, which consist of both direct combustion emissions and long-range transported, aged pollution. In summer, the decreasing anthropogenic pollution is replaced by natural emissions. These include marine secondary, biogenic secondary and primary biological emissions, which have the potential to be important to Arctic climate by modifying the cloud condensation nuclei properties and acting as ice-nucleating particles. Their source strength or atmospheric processing is sensitive to nutrient availability, solar radiation, temperature and snow cover. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the current pan-Arctic organic aerosol, which can be used to support modelling efforts that aim to quantify the climate impacts of emissions in this sensitive region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaios Moschos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katja Dzepina
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Casotto
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Datalystica Ltd, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenche Aas
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Florence Division, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claire E. Moffett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | | | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mika Vestenius
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lin Huang
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jakob K. Nøjgaard
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Rita Traversi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koçak E, Kılavuz SA, Öztürk F, İmamoğlu İ, Tuncel G. Characterization and source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols in fine particles at urban and suburban atmospheres of Ankara, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25701-25715. [PMID: 33474664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to find the spatial distribution characteristics of elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon in fine particles, daily PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected at two different stations, between July 2014 and September 2015 in Ankara, Turkey. Concentrations of OC ranged from 2.1 to 42 μg m-3 at urban station. These concentrations were higher than those obtained for suburban station whose values ranged from 1.3 to 15 μg m-3. Concentrations of EC ranged from 0.7 to 4.9 μg m-3 at the urban station. As in OC case, the corresponding levels were higher than those measured for suburban station. The associated EC levels ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 μg m-3 for the suburban station. Daily changes in the levels of EC were larger than the OC levels. OC/EC ratios were lower with lower monthly variability in summer and higher with lower monthly variability in winter at the urban site. Medium and weak correlations were obtained between EC and OC in the winter and summer seasons, respectively, at both stations. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was an important component of OC in PM2.5 at the urban and suburban sites. The winter SOC level was higher than the summer SOC level at the urban site but slightly lower than the summer SOC level at the suburban site. Total carbon was apportioned using factor analysis for the eight carbon fraction data (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3, and OP). The main sources of pollutants in the urban and suburban settings were from vehicular emissions, biomass and coal combustions, and road dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Koçak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Seda Aslan Kılavuz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - İpek İmamoğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gürdal Tuncel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carbonaceous Aerosol in Polar Areas: First Results and Improvements of the Sampling Strategies. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While more and more studies are being conducted on carbonaceous fractions—organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)—in urban areas, there are still too few studies about these species and their effects in polar areas due to their very low concentrations; further, studies in the literature report only data from intensive campaigns, limited in time. We present here for the first time EC–OC concentration long-time data records from the sea-level sampling site of Ny-Ålesund, in the High Arctic (5 years), and from Dome C, in the East Antarctic Plateau (1 year). Regarding the Arctic, the median (and the interquartile range (IQR)) mass concentrations for the years 2011–2015 are 352 (IQR: 283–475) ng/m3 for OC and 4.8 (IQR: 4.6–17.4) ng/m3 for EC, which is responsible for only 3% of total carbon (TC). From both the concentration data sets and the variation of the average monthly concentrations, the influence of the Arctic haze on EC and OC concentrations is evident. Summer may be interested by high concentration episodes mainly due to long-range transport (e.g., from wide wildfires in the Northern Hemisphere, as happened in 2015). The average ratio of EC/OC for the summer period is 0.05, ranging from 0.02 to 0.10, and indicates a clean environment with prevailing biogenic (or biomass burning) sources, as well as aged, highly oxidized aerosol from long-range transport. Contribution from ship emission is not evident, but this result may be due to the sampling time resolution. In Antarctica, a 1 year-around data set from December 2016 to February 2018 is shown, which does not present a clear seasonal trend. The OC median (and IQR) value is 78 (64–106) ng/m3; for EC, it is 0.9 (0.6–2.4) ng/m3, weighing for 3% on TC values. The EC/OC ratio mean value is 0.20, with a range of 0.06–0.35. Due to the low EC and OC concentrations in polar areas, correction for the blank is far more important than in campaigns carried out in other regions, largely affecting uncertainties in measured concentrations. Through the years, we have thus developed a new sampling strategy that is presented here for the first time: samplers were modified in order to collect a larger amount of particulates on a small surface, enhancing the capability of the analytical method since the thermo-optical analyzer is sensitive to carbonaceous aerosol areal density. Further, we have recently coupled such modified samplers with a sampling strategy that makes a more reliable blank correction of every single sample possible.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoon S, Ortiz SM, Clark AE, Barrett TE, Usenko S, Duvall RM, Ruiz LH, Bean JK, Faxon CB, Flynn JH, Lefer BL, Leong YJ, Griffin RJ, Sheesley RJ. Apportioned primary and secondary organic aerosol during pollution events of DISCOVER-AQ Houston. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 244:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117954. [PMID: 33414674 PMCID: PMC7784641 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers for high ozone (O3) and atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations is a pressing issue in urban air quality, as this understanding informs decisions for control and mitigation of these key pollutants. The Houston, TX metropolitan area is an ideal location for studying the intersection between O3 and atmospheric secondary organic carbon (SOC) production due to the diversity of source types (urban, industrial, and biogenic) and the on- and off-shore cycling of air masses over Galveston Bay, TX. Detailed characterization of filter-based samples collected during Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) Houston field experiment in September 2013 were used to investigate sources and composition of organic carbon (OC) and potential relationships between daily maximum 8 h average O3 and PM. The current study employed a novel combination of chemical mass balance modeling defining primary (i.e. POC) versus secondary (i.e. SOC) organic carbon and radiocarbon (14C) for apportionment of contemporary and fossil carbon. The apportioned sources include contemporary POC (biomass burning [BB], vegetative detritus), fossil POC (motor vehicle exhaust), biogenic SOC and fossil SOC. The filter-based results were then compared with real-time measurements by aerosol mass spectrometry. With these methods, a consistent urban background of contemporary carbon and motor vehicle exhaust was observed in the Houston metropolitan area. Real-time and filter-based characterization both showed that carbonaceous aerosols in Houston was highly impacted by SOC or oxidized OC, with much higher contributions from biogenic than fossil sources. However, fossil SOC concentration and fractional contribution had a stronger correlation with daily maximum 8 h average O3, peaking during high PM and O3 events. The results indicate that point source emissions processed by on- and off-shore wind cycles likely contribute to peak events for both PM and O3 in the greater Houston metropolitan area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adelaide E. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA
| | - Tate E. Barrett
- Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Rachelle M. Duvall
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Bean
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Cameron B. Faxon
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James H. Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry L. Lefer
- Earth Sciences Division, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Yu Jun Leong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qi L, Wang S. Sources of black carbon in the atmosphere and in snow in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:442-454. [PMID: 31323589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We systematically identify sources of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic, including BC in the troposphere, at surface and in snow, using tagged tracer technique implemented in a 3D global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. We validate modeled BC sources (fossil fuel combustion versus biomass burning) against carbon isotope measurements at Barrow (Alaska), Zeppelin (Norway), Abisko (Sweden), Alert (Canada) and Tiksi (Russia) in the Arctic. The model reproduces the observed annual mean fraction of biomass burning (fbb, %) at the five sites within 20% and the observed and modeled monthly fbb values agree within a factor of two. Model results suggest that fossil fuel combustion is the major source of BC in the troposphere (50-94%, vary with sub-regions), at surface (55-68%) and in snow (58-69%) in the Arctic as annual mean, but biomass burning dominates at certain altitudes (600-800 hPa) and during periods of time between April to September. The model shows that BC in the troposphere, in deposition and in snow in different Arctic sub-regions have distinctively different sources and source regions. We find that long-range transport of Asian emissions has a stronger influence on BC in the atmosphere than on BC deposition. In contrast, contributions from Russian and European emissions are larger for BC deposition than for BC in the atmosphere. Specifically, Asian fossil fuel combustion emissions dominate BC loading in all Arctic sub-regions in both winter (Oct.-Mar., 35-54%) and summer (Apr.-Sep., 34-56%). For BC deposition, Siberian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in Russia both in winter (62%) and summer (44%), and European fossil fuel emissions dominate in Ny-Ålesund (44% in winter) and Tromsø (71% in winter and 46% in summer). For BC deposition in the North American sector, Asian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in winter (25-38%) and North American biomass burning emissions (38-72%) dominate in summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Makshtas A, Shonija N, Manousakas M, Saraga D, Uttal T, Eleftheriadis K. East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:924-938. [PMID: 30577143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Arctic pollution is hampered by a lack of aerosol studies in Northern Siberia. Black carbon observations were carried out at the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi, a coast of Laptev sea, from September 2014 to September 2016. Aerosol sampling was accompanied by physico-chemical characterization. BC climatology showed a seasonal variation with highest concentrations from January to March (up to 450ng/m3) and lowest ones for June and September (about 20ng/m3). Stagnant weather and stable atmosphere stratification resulted in accumulation of pollution, in dependence on the wind direction and air mass transportation. Carbon fractions, functionalities, ions, and elements are associated to marine, biogenic, and continental sources. In September low OC, aliphatic, carbonyls, amines, and hydroxyls characterize background aerosols. Na+/Cl- ratio much higher than in sea-salt indicates a strong Cl depletion. Increased OC, aromatic, carbonyls, and nitrocompounds as well as waste burning markers K+, Cl-, and PO42- confirm impacts from Tiksi landfill burns. BC pollution episodes are differentiated through increased EBC and sulfates, related to gas flaring, industrial and residential emissions transported from Western Siberia while the increase of carbonyls, hydroxyl, and aromatic indicate emissions sources from Yakutia and Tiksi urban area. Arctic Haze aerosols are characterized by increased concentrations of SO42- in comparison with OC, much higher abundance of oxygenated compounds with respect to alkanes of anthropogenic origin. In summer rich organic chemistry indicates impacts of biogenic, local urban, and shipping sources as well as secondary aerosol formation influenced by emissions from low latitude Siberia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - A Makshtas
- Arctic Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
| | - N Shonija
- Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - D Saraga
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - T Uttal
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Winiger P, Barrett TE, Sheesley RJ, Huang L, Sharma S, Barrie LA, Yttri KE, Evangeliou N, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Charkin A, Shakhova N, Holmstrand H, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö. Source apportionment of circum-Arctic atmospheric black carbon from isotopes and modeling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8052. [PMID: 30788434 PMCID: PMC6374108 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) contributes to Arctic climate warming, yet source attributions are inaccurate due to lacking observational constraints and uncertainties in emission inventories. Year-round, isotope-constrained observations reveal strong seasonal variations in BC sources with a consistent and synchronous pattern at all Arctic sites. These sources were dominated by emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the winter and by biomass burning in the summer. The annual mean source of BC to the circum-Arctic was 39 ± 10% from biomass burning. Comparison of transport-model predictions with the observations showed good agreement for BC concentrations, with larger discrepancies for (fossil/biomass burning) sources. The accuracy of simulated BC concentration, but not of origin, points to misallocations of emissions in the emission inventories. The consistency in seasonal source contributions of BC throughout the Arctic provides strong justification for targeted emission reductions to limit the impact of BC on climate warming in the Arctic and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Winiger
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. E. Barrett
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - R. J. Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - L. Huang
- Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - S. Sharma
- Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - L. A. Barrie
- Department of Geosciences and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. E. Yttri
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - N. Evangeliou
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - S. Eckhardt
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A. Stohl
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Z. Klimont
- IIASA—International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - C. Heyes
- IIASA—International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - I. P. Semiletov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - O. V. Dudarev
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A. Charkin
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - N. Shakhova
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - H. Holmstrand
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Andersson
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang F, Lin T, Li Y, Guo Z, Rose NL. Comparison of PM 2.5 carbonaceous pollutants between an urban site in Shanghai and a background site in a coastal East China Sea island in summer: concentration, composition and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:833-842. [PMID: 28513752 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine paired samples of atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were collected concurrently from an urban site in Shanghai, China and a background site in Huaniao Island (HNI) in the coastal East China Sea (ECS) between July 21 and 29, 2011. The samples were analyzed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes (20 species, C14-C33), hopanes (10 species, C29-C32), and steranes (12 species, C27-C29). These two sites, approximately 66 km apart, are both on the pathway of land-based pollutants as they are transported to the ECS by seasonal winds. As expected, concentrations in Shanghai were higher (average: 8.4 and 67.8 ng m-3 for the 16 PAHs and n-alkanes, respectively) than those in HNI (average: 1.8 and 8.5 ng m-3, respectively). The dominant contributor to the 16 PAHs in Shanghai was 5-6-ring PAHs (60.0%), whereas 2-3-ring PAHs contributed the most (72.5%) in HNI. Plant waxes contributed 45.7% and 25.9% of the n-alkanes in Shanghai and HNI, respectively, implying a relatively greater contribution from petroleum residues to the n-alkanes in HNI. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the compositions of hopanes and steranes highlighted a prominent contribution from traffic emissions to carbonaceous PM2.5 aerosols. This study provides comprehensive details about the sources, formation, and transport of pollutants from eastern China to the coastal ECS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Charkin A, Shakhova N, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Gustafsson Ö. Siberian Arctic black carbon sources constrained by model and observation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1054-E1061. [PMID: 28137854 PMCID: PMC5320976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) in haze and deposited on snow and ice can have strong effects on the radiative balance of the Arctic. There is a geographic bias in Arctic BC studies toward the Atlantic sector, with lack of observational constraints for the extensive Russian Siberian Arctic, spanning nearly half of the circum-Arctic. Here, 2 y of observations at Tiksi (East Siberian Arctic) establish a strong seasonality in both BC concentrations (8 ng⋅m-3 to 302 ng⋅m-3) and dual-isotope-constrained sources (19 to 73% contribution from biomass burning). Comparisons between observations and a dispersion model, coupled to an anthropogenic emissions inventory and a fire emissions inventory, give mixed results. In the European Arctic, this model has proven to simulate BC concentrations and source contributions well. However, the model is less successful in reproducing BC concentrations and sources for the Russian Arctic. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that, in contrast to earlier studies, contributions from gas flaring (6%), power plants (9%), and open fires (12%) are relatively small, with the major sources instead being domestic (35%) and transport (38%). The observation-based evaluation of reported emissions identifies errors in spatial allocation of BC sources in the inventory and highlights the importance of improving emission distribution and source attribution, to develop reliable mitigation strategies for efficient reduction of BC impact on the Russian Arctic, one of the fastest-warming regions on Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Igor P Semiletov
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V Dudarev
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Charkin
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Shakhova
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Chris Heyes
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheesley RJ, Nallathamby PD, Surratt JD, Lee A, Lewandowski M, Offenberg JH, Jaoui M, Kleindienst TE. Constraints on primary and secondary particulate carbon sources using chemical tracer and 14C methods during CalNex-Bakersfield. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2017; 166:204-214. [PMID: 29681757 PMCID: PMC5906818 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates primary and secondary sources of organic carbon for Bakersfield, CA, USA as part of the 2010 CalNex study. The method used here involves integrated sampling that is designed to allow for detailed and specific chemical analysis of particulate matter (PM) in the Bakersfield airshed. To achieve this objective, filter samples were taken during thirty-four 23-hr periods between 19 May and 26 June 2010 and analyzed for organic tracers by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Contributions to organic carbon (OC) were determined by two organic tracer-based techniques: primary OC by chemical mass balance and secondary OC by a mass fraction method. Radiocarbon (14C) measurements of the total organic carbon were also made to determine the split between the modern and fossil carbon and thereby constrain unknown sources of OC not accounted for by either tracer-based attribution technique. From the analysis, OC contributions from four primary sources and four secondary sources were determined, which comprised three sources of modern carbon and five sources of fossil carbon. The major primary sources of OC were from vegetative detritus (9.8%), diesel (2.3%), gasoline (<1.0%), and lubricating oil impacted motor vehicle exhaust (30%); measured secondary sources resulted from isoprene (1.5%), α-pinene (<1.0%), toluene (<1.0%), and naphthalene (<1.0%, as an upper limit) contributions. The average observed organic carbon (OC) was 6.42 ± 2.33 μgC m-3. The 14C derived apportionment indicated that modern and fossil components were nearly equivalent on average; however, the fossil contribution ranged from 32-66% over the five week campaign. With the fossil primary and secondary sources aggregated, only 25% of the fossil organic carbon could not be attributed. Whereas, nearly 80% of the modern carbon could not be attributed to primary and secondary sources accessible to this analysis, which included tracers of biomass burning, vegetative detritus and secondary biogenic carbon. The results of the current study contributes source-based evaluation of the carbonaceous aerosol at CalNex Bakersfield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anita Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Gustafsson Ö. The sources of atmospheric black carbon at a European gateway to the Arctic. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12776. [PMID: 27627859 PMCID: PMC5027618 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel contribute to Arctic climate warming. Models-seeking to advise mitigation policy-are challenged in reproducing observations of seasonally varying BC concentrations in the Arctic air. Here we compare year-round observations of BC and its δ(13)C/Δ(14)C-diagnosed sources in Arctic Scandinavia, with tailored simulations from an atmospheric transport model. The model predictions for this European gateway to the Arctic are greatly improved when the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources is amended by satellite-derived estimates of BC emissions from fires. Both BC concentrations (R(2)=0.89, P<0.05) and source contributions (R(2)=0.77, P<0.05) are accurately mimicked and linked to predominantly European emissions. This improved model skill allows for more accurate assessment of sources and effects of BC in the Arctic, and a more credible scientific underpinning of policy efforts aimed at efficiently reducing BC emissions reaching the European Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - S Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - A Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Composition and Sources of Particulate Matter Measured near Houston, TX: Anthropogenic-Biogenic Interactions. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|