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Woo JH, Kim Y, Choi KC, Lee YM, Jang Y, Kim J, Klimont Z, Kim DG, Lee JB, Jin H, Hu H, Ahn YH. Development of a greenhouse gas - air pollution interactions and synergies model for Korea (GAINS-Korea). Sci Rep 2024; 14:3372. [PMID: 38336989 PMCID: PMC10858138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53632-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to create Greenhouse Gas - Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS)-Korea, an integrated model for evaluating climate and air quality policies in Korea, modeled after the international GAINS model. GAINS-Korea incorporates specific Korean data and enhances granularity for enabling local government-level analysis. The model includes source-receptor matrices used to simulate pollutant dispersion in Korea, generated through CAMx air quality modeling. GAINS-Korea's performance was evaluated by examining different scenarios for South Korea. The business as usual scenario projected emissions from 2010 to 2030, while the air quality scenario included policies to reduce air pollutants in line with air quality and greenhouse gas control plans. The maximum feasible reduction scenario incorporated more aggressive reduction technologies along with air quality measures. The developed model enabled the assessment of emission reduction effects by both greenhouse gas and air pollutant emission reduction policies across 17 local governments in Korea, including changes in PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm) concentration and associated benefits, such as reduced premature deaths. The model also provides a range of visualization tools for comparative analysis among different scenarios, making it a valuable resource for policy planning and evaluation, and supporting decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Woo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
- Department of Technology Fusion Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ki-Chul Choi
- Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong, 30147, Korea
| | - Yong-Mi Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Youjung Jang
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Dai-Gon Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Hyungah Jin
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Hyejung Hu
- Department of Technology Fusion Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
| | - Young-Hwan Ahn
- Department of Convergence of Climate and Environmental Studies, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Korea.
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Meng W, Kiesewetter G, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Rafaj P, Klimont Z, Tao S. Costs and Benefits of Household Fuel Policies and Alternative Strategies in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21662-21672. [PMID: 38079372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is still one of the most severe problems in northern China, especially in the Jing-Jin-Ji region around Beijing. In recent years, China has implemented many stringent policies to address the air quality issue, including promoting energy transition toward cleaner fuels in residential sectors. But until 2020, even in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, nearly half of the rural households still use solid fuels for heating. For residents who are not covered by the clean heating campaign, we analyze five potential mitigation strategies and evaluate their environmental effects as well as the associated health benefits and costs. We estimate that substitution with electricity or gas would reduce air pollution and premature mortality more strongly, while the relatively low investment costs of implementing clean coal or biomass pellet lead to a larger benefit-cost ratio, indicating higher cost efficiency. Hence, clean coal or biomass pellet could be transitional substitution options for the less developed or remote areas which cannot afford a total transition toward electricity or natural gas in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shu Tao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Huang L, Zhao B, Wang S, Chang X, Klimont Z, Huang G, Zheng H, Hao J. Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Full-Volatility Organic Compounds. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16435-16445. [PMID: 37853753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional global emission inventories classify primary organic emissions into nonvolatile organic carbon and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), excluding intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs, respectively), which are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols. This study establishes the first global anthropogenic full-volatility organic emission inventory with chemically speciated or volatility-binned emission factors. The emissions of extremely low/low-volatility organic compounds (xLVOCs), SVOCs, IVOCs, and VOCs in 2015 were 13.2, 10.1, 23.3, and 120.5 Mt, respectively. The full-volatility framework fills a gap of 18.5 Mt I/S/xLVOCs compared with the traditional framework. Volatile chemical products (VCPs), domestic combustion, and on-road transportation sources were dominant contributors to full-volatility emissions, accounting for 30, 30, and 12%, respectively. The VCP and on-road transportation sectors were the main contributors to IVOCs and VOCs. The key emitting regions included Africa, India, Southeast Asia, China, Europe, and the United States, among which China, Europe, and the United States emitted higher proportions of IVOCs and VOCs owing to the use of cleaner fuel in domestic combustion and more intense emissions from VCPs and on-road transportation activities. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of organic emissions on global air pollution and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyuyin Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Guanghan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Belis CA, Van Dingenen R, Klimont Z, Dentener F. Scenario analysis of PM 2.5 and ozone impacts on health, crops and climate with TM5-FASST: A case study in the Western Balkans. J Environ Manage 2022; 319:115738. [PMID: 35982558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Rita Van Dingenen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied System Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
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Shu Y, Hu J, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Tang W, Du J, Cofala J, Kiesewetter G, Sander R, Winiwarter W, Klimont Z, Borken-Kleefeld J, Amann M, Li H, He Y, Zhao J, Xie D. Analysis of the air pollution reduction and climate change mitigation effects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies on the "2+26" Cities in China. J Environ Manage 2022; 317:115455. [PMID: 35751259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
City clusters play an important role in air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in China, primarily due to their high fossil energy consumption levels. The "2 + 26" Cities, i.e., Beijing, Tianjin and 26 other perfectures in northern China, has experienced serious air pollution in recent years. We employ the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model adapted to the "2 + 26" Cities (GAINS-JJJ) to evaluate the impacts of structural adjustments in four major sectors, industry, energy, transport and land use, under the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies (Three-Year Action Plan) on the emissions of both the major air pollutants and CO2 in the "2 + 26" Cities. The results indicate that the Three-Year Action Plan applied in the "2 + 26" Cities reduces the total emissions of primary fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), SO2, NOx, NH3 and CO2 by 17%, 25%, 21%, 3% and 1%, respectively, from 2017 to 2020. The emission reduction potentials vary widely across the 28 prefectures, which may be attributed to the differences in energy structure, industrial composition, and policy enforcement rate. Among the four sectors, adjustment of industrial structure attains the highest co-benefits of CO2 reduction and air pollution control due to its high CO2 reduction potential, while structural adjustments in energy and transport attain much lower co-benefits, despite their relatively high air pollutant emissions reductions, primarily resulting from an increase in the coal-electric load and associated carbon emissions caused by electric reform policies..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jingnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria; Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, 65-417, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Haisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Youjiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Deyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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6
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Qin Y, Zhou M, Pan D, Klimont Z, Gingerich DB, Mauzerall DL, Zhao L, He G, Bielicki JM. Environmental Consequences of Potential Strategies for China to Prepare for Natural Gas Import Disruptions. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1183-1193. [PMID: 34972261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide efforts to switch away from coal have increased the reliance on natural gas imports for countries with inadequate domestic production. In preparing for potential gas import disruptions, there have been limited attempts to quantify the environmental and human health impacts of different options and incorporate them into decision-making. Here, we analyze the air pollution, human health, carbon emissions, and water consumption impacts under a set of planning strategies to prepare for potentially fully disrupted natural gas imports in China. We find that, with China's current natural gas storage capacity, compensating for natural gas import disruptions using domestic fossil fuels (with the current average combustion technology) could lead up to 23,300 (95% CI: 22,100-24,500) excess premature deaths from air pollution, along with increased carbon emissions and aggravated water stress. Improving energy efficiency, more progressive electrification and decarbonization, cleaner fossil combustion, and expanding natural gas storage capacity can significantly reduce the number of excess premature deaths and may offer opportunities to reduce negative carbon and water impacts simultaneously. Our results highlight the importance for China to increase the domestic storage capacity in the short term, and more importantly, to promote a clean energy transition to avoid potentially substantial environmental consequences under intensifying geopolitical uncertainties in China. Therefore, mitigating potential negative environmental impacts related to insecure natural gas supply provides additional incentives for China to facilitate a clean and efficient energy system transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Da Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Daniel B Gingerich
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Denise L Mauzerall
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang He
- Department of Technology and Society, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Bielicki
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Gómez-Sanabria A, Kiesewetter G, Klimont Z, Schoepp W, Haberl H. Potential for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutants from circular waste management systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:106. [PMID: 35013164 PMCID: PMC8748894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly rising generation of municipal solid waste jeopardizes the environment and contributes to climate heating. Based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, we here develop a global systematic approach for evaluating the potentials to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from the implementation of circular municipal waste management systems. We contrast two sets of global scenarios until 2050, namely baseline and mitigation scenarios, and show that mitigation strategies in the sustainability-oriented scenario yields earlier, and major, co-benefits compared to scenarios in which inequalities are reduced but that are focused solely on technical solutions. The sustainability-oriented scenario leaves 386 Tg CO2eq/yr of GHG (CH4 and CO2) to be released while air pollutants from open burning can be eliminated, indicating that this source of ambient air pollution can be entirely eradicated before 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gómez-Sanabria
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schoepp
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Kanaya Y, Yamaji K, Miyakawa T, Taketani F, Zhu C, Choi Y, Ikeda K, Tanimoto H, Yamada D, Narita D, Kondo Y, Klimont Z. Dominance of the residential sector in Chinese black carbon emissions as identified from downwind atmospheric observations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23378. [PMID: 34916540 PMCID: PMC8677718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions of black carbon (BC) particles from anthropogenic and natural sources contribute to climate change and human health impacts. Therefore, they need to be accurately quantified to develop an effective mitigation strategy. Although the spread of the emission flux estimates for China have recently narrowed under the constraints of atmospheric observations, consensus has not been reached regarding the dominant emission sector. Here, we quantified the contribution of the residential sector, as 64% (44-82%) in 2019, using the response of the observed atmospheric concentration in the outflowing air during Feb-Mar 2020, with the prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic and restricted human activities over China. In detail, the BC emission fluxes, estimated after removing effects from meteorological variability, dropped only slightly (- 18%) during Feb-Mar 2020 from the levels in the previous year for selected air masses of Chinese origin, suggesting the contributions from the transport and industry sectors (36%) were smaller than the rest from the residential sector (64%). Carbon monoxide (CO) behaved differently, with larger emission reductions (- 35%) in the period Feb-Mar 2020, suggesting dominance of non-residential (i.e., transport and industry) sectors, which contributed 70% (48-100%) emission during 2019. The estimated BC/CO emission ratio for these sectors will help to further constrain bottom-up emission inventories. We comprehensively provide a clear scientific evidence supporting mitigation policies targeting reduction in residential BC emissions from China by demonstrating the economic feasibility using marginal abatement cost curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kanaya
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 6580002, Japan. .,Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan.
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 6580002, Japan.,Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Taketani
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 6580002, Japan.,Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Yongjoo Choi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Kohei Ikeda
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanimoto
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamada
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0600809, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Kondo
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, 1908518, Japan
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Belis C, Van Dingenen R, Klimont Z, Dentener F. Impact of air pollution on health in South-East Europe. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Western Balkans (WB; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) is a region next to the European Union where the levels of air pollution are among the highest of Europe and transboundary pollution with neighbouring countries is frequent. The estimated PM2.5 average exposure index in the WB is above the exposure concentration obligation (20 µg/m3) of Directive EU/2008/50. In this study, the TM5-FAst Scenario Screening Tool (TM5-FASST) was used to estimate the trends of air quality impacts on health, from 2000 to 2050 in the WB. To that end, five ECLIPSE 6b emission scenarios with different assumptions on population growth, deployment of technologies and policies were compared. Mortality from PM2.5 and ozone were calculated using the integrated exposure-response model (IER) and a log-linear exposure-response function, respectively, in line with the Global Burden of Disease assessment for 2017. The implementation of the maximum feasible reduction (MFR) scenarios in the WB would lead to a decrease in the mortality associated with PM2.5 of 49% - 65% in 2050 compared to the current legislation baseline (CLE). On the contrary, no further control (NFC) scenarios would cause an increase in PM2.5 mortality of 16% - 21% in 2050 compared to the CLE. Furthermore, compared to the CLE baseline in 2050, lack of action would lead to an 11% - 21% increase in mortality in neighbouring countries, due to transboundary pollution originating in the WB region. As a whole, the study confirms that implementing the adopted policies would lead to a reduction of the air pollution impacts in the coming decades and provides estimates of the maximum benefits expected from ambitious policies and the impact of not implementing the currently adopted ones.
(* This designation is without prejudice to position on status and is in line with the UNSCR 1244/99 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Van Dingenen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Z Klimont
- International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - F Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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Fowler D, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal MR, Grennfelt P, Stevenson DS, Jowett A, Nemitz E, Coyle M, Liu X, Chang Y, Fuller GW, Sutton MA, Klimont Z, Unsworth MH, Vieno M. Correction to 'A chronology of global air quality'. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 379:20210113. [PMID: 34024135 PMCID: PMC8805597 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Cai W, Zhang C, Suen HP, Ai S, Bai Y, Bao J, Chen B, Cheng L, Cui X, Dai H, Di Q, Dong W, Dou D, Fan W, Fan X, Gao T, Geng Y, Guan D, Guo Y, Hu Y, Hua J, Huang C, Huang H, Huang J, Jiang T, Jiao K, Kiesewetter G, Klimont Z, Lampard P, Li C, Li Q, Li R, Li T, Lin B, Lin H, Liu H, Liu Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Liu Z, Lou S, Lu C, Luo Y, Ma W, McGushin A, Niu Y, Ren C, Ren Z, Ruan Z, Schöpp W, Su J, Tu Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Watts N, Xiao C, Xie Y, Xiong H, Xu M, Xu B, Xu L, Yang J, Yang L, Yu L, Yue Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Gong P. The 2020 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e64-e81. [PMID: 33278345 PMCID: PMC7966675 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hoi Ping Suen
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Ai
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhe Bao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Cui
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weicheng Fan
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Gao
- School of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Geng
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dabo Guan
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yafei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyi Hua
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kedi Jiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pete Lampard
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Chuanxi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Borong Lin
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yufu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhan Lou
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Alice McGushin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanlin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhehao Ren
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jing Su
- School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- People's Bank of China School of Finance, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nick Watts
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Congxi Xiao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mingfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianping Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Jiyao Zhao
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhao
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Peng Gong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Gómez-Sanabria A, Zusman E, Höglund-Isaksson L, Klimont Z, Lee SY, Akahoshi K, Farzaneh H. Sustainable wastewater management in Indonesia's fish processing industry: Bringing governance into scenario analysis. J Environ Manage 2020; 275:111241. [PMID: 32900543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The government of Indonesia has pledged to meet ambitious greenhouse gas mitigation goals in its Nationally Determined Contribution as well as reduce water pollution through its water management policies. A set of technologies could conceivably help achieving these goals simultaneously. However, the installation and widespread application of these technologies will require knowledge on how governance affects the implementation of existing policies as well as cooperation across sectors, administrative levels, and stakeholders. This paper integrates key governance variables--involving enforcement capacity, institutional coordination and multi-actor networks--into an analysis of the potential impacts on greenhouse gases and chemical oxygen demand in seven wastewater treatment scenarios for the fish processing industry in Indonesia. The analysis demonstrates that there is an increase of 24% in both CH4 and CO2 emissions between 2015 and 2030 in the business-as-usual scenario due to growth in production volumes. Interestingly, in scenarios focusing only on strengthening capacities to enforce national water policies, expected total greenhouse gas emissions are about five times higher than in the business-as-usual in 2030; this is due to growth in CH4 emissions during the handling and landfilling of sludge, as well as in CO2 generated from the electricity required for wastewater treatment. In the scenarios where there is significant cooperation across sectors, administrative levels, and stakeholders to integrate climate and water goals, both estimated chemical oxygen demand and CH4 emissions are considerably lower than in the business-as-usual and the national water policy scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gómez-Sanabria
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis - IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences - BOKU, Institute of Social Ecology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eric Zusman
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES, Hayama, Japan; Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis - IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - So-Young Lee
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES, Hayama, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Akahoshi
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES, Hayama, Japan.
| | - Hooman Farzaneh
- Inter/Transdisciplinary Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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13
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Ou J, Huang Z, Klimont Z, Jia G, Zhang S, Li C, Meng J, Mi Z, Zheng H, Shan Y, Louie PKK, Zheng J, Guan D. Role of export industries on ozone pollution and its precursors in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5492. [PMID: 33127894 PMCID: PMC7603491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20-30% and 6-15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839-30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Guanglin Jia
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Research Center for Eco-Envivronmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Heran Zheng
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yuli Shan
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747, AG, the Netherlands
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 5 Gloucester Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dabo Guan
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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14
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Amann M, Kiesewetter G, Schöpp W, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W, Cofala J, Rafaj P, Höglund-Isaksson L, Gomez-Sabriana A, Heyes C, Purohit P, Borken-Kleefeld J, Wagner F, Sander R, Fagerli H, Nyiri A, Cozzi L, Pavarini C. Reducing global air pollution: the scope for further policy interventions. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190331. [PMID: 32981437 PMCID: PMC7536039 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, energy and pollution control policies combined with structural changes in the economy decoupled emission trends from economic growth, increasingly also in the developing world. It is found that effective implementation of the presently decided national pollution control regulations should allow further economic growth without major deterioration of ambient air quality, but will not be enough to reduce pollution levels in many world regions. A combination of ambitious policies focusing on pollution controls, energy and climate, agricultural production systems and addressing human consumption habits could drastically improve air quality throughout the world. By 2040, mean population exposure to PM2.5 from anthropogenic sources could be reduced by about 75% relative to 2015 and brought well below the WHO guideline in large areas of the world. While the implementation of the proposed technical measures is likely to be technically feasible in the future, the transformative changes of current practices will require strong political will, supported by a full appreciation of the multiple benefits. Improved air quality would avoid a large share of the current 3-9 million cases of premature deaths annually. At the same time, the measures that deliver clean air would also significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and contribute to multiple UN sustainable development goals. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- e-mail:
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Chris Heyes
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pallav Purohit
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Fabian Wagner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hilde Fagerli
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no), Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes Nyiri
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no), Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Cozzi
- International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France
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15
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Fowler D, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal MR, Grennfelt P, Stevenson DS, Jowett A, Nemitz E, Coyle M, Lui X, Chang Y, Fuller GW, Sutton MA, Klimont Z, Unsworth MH, Vieno M. A chronology of global air quality. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190314. [PMID: 32981430 PMCID: PMC7536029 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates, ca 400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO2 and NOx) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO2 and NOx peaked, respectively, in ca 1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - John Burrows
- Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Alan Jowett
- The Boundary, Goodley Stock Road Crockham Hill, Kent, UK
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - Xuejun Lui
- Environmental Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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16
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Purohit P, Amann M, Kiesewetter G, Rafaj P, Chaturvedi V, Dholakia HH, Koti PN, Klimont Z, Borken-Kleefeld J, Gomez-Sanabria A, Schöpp W, Sander R. Mitigation pathways towards national ambient air quality standards in India. Environ Int 2019; 133:105147. [PMID: 31518932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter is a leading risk factor for environmental public health in India. While Indian authorities implemented several measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors over the last years, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration below the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3 across the country. This study explores pathways towards achieving the NAAQS in India in the context of the dynamics of social and economic development. In addition, to inform action at the subnational levels in India, we estimate the exposure to ambient air pollution in the current legislations and alternative policy scenarios based on simulations with the GAINS integrated assessment model. The analysis reveals that in many of the Indian States emission sources that are outside of their immediate jurisdictions make the dominating contributions to (population-weighted) ambient pollution levels of PM2.5. Consequently, most of the States cannot achieve significant improvements in their air quality and population exposure on their own without emission reductions in the surrounding regions, and any cost-effective strategy requires regionally coordinated approaches. Advanced technical emission control measures could provide NAAQS-compliant air quality for 60% of the Indian population. However, if combined with national sustainable development strategies, an additional 25% population will be provided with clean air, which appears to be a significant co-benefit on air quality (totaling 85%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Purohit
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Hem H Dholakia
- Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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17
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Bai Z, Winiwarter W, Klimont Z, Velthof G, Misselbrook T, Zhao Z, Jin X, Oenema O, Hu C, Ma L. Further Improvement of Air Quality in China Needs Clear Ammonia Mitigation Target. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10542-10544. [PMID: 31496221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) , Laxenburg A-2361 , Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering , University of Zielona Góra , Zielona Góra 65-417 , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) , Laxenburg A-2361 , Austria
| | - Gerard Velthof
- Wageningen Environmental Research , Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tom Misselbrook
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences , Rothamsted Research , North Wyke , Okehampton EX20 2SB , U.K
| | - Zhanqing Zhao
- School of Land Resources and Urban&Rural Planning , Hebei GEO University , Shijiazhuang 050031 , China
| | - Xinpeng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Oene Oenema
- Wageningen Environmental Research , Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
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18
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Liu J, Kiesewetter G, Klimont Z, Cofala J, Heyes C, Schöpp W, Zhu T, Cao G, Gomez Sanabria A, Sander R, Guo F, Zhang Q, Nguyen B, Bertok I, Rafaj P, Amann M. Mitigation pathways of air pollution from residential emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China. Environ Int 2019; 125:236-244. [PMID: 30731373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most harmful consequences of China's rapid economic development and urbanization. Particularly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) regions, particulate matter concentrations have consistently exceeded the national air quality standards. Over the last years, China implemented ambitious measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors, with notable success during the 11th and 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) periods. However, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient PM2.5 concentration below the National Air Quality Standard of 35 μg m-3 across the BTH region within the next 15 years. We find that a comprehensive mitigation strategy for the residential sector in the BTH region would deliver substantial air quality benefits. Beyond the already planned expansion of district heating and natural gas distribution in urban centers and the foreseen curtailment of coal use for households, such a strategy would redirect some natural gas from power generation units towards the residential sector. Rural households would replace biomass for cooking by liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, and substitute coal for heating by briquettes. Jointly, these measures could reduce the primary PM2.5 and SO2 emissions by 28% and 11%, respectively, and the population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations by 13%, i.e., from 68 μg m-3 to 59 μg m-3. We estimate that such a strategy would reduce premature deaths attributable to ambient and indoor air pollution by almost one third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Chris Heyes
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guiying Cao
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Adriana Gomez Sanabria
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Fei Guo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Binh Nguyen
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Imrich Bertok
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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19
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Winiger P, Barrett TE, Sheesley RJ, Huang L, Sharma S, Barrie LA, Yttri KE, Evangeliou N, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Charkin A, Shakhova N, Holmstrand H, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö. Source apportionment of circum-Arctic atmospheric black carbon from isotopes and modeling. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau8052. [PMID: 30788434 PMCID: PMC6374108 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) contributes to Arctic climate warming, yet source attributions are inaccurate due to lacking observational constraints and uncertainties in emission inventories. Year-round, isotope-constrained observations reveal strong seasonal variations in BC sources with a consistent and synchronous pattern at all Arctic sites. These sources were dominated by emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the winter and by biomass burning in the summer. The annual mean source of BC to the circum-Arctic was 39 ± 10% from biomass burning. Comparison of transport-model predictions with the observations showed good agreement for BC concentrations, with larger discrepancies for (fossil/biomass burning) sources. The accuracy of simulated BC concentration, but not of origin, points to misallocations of emissions in the emission inventories. The consistency in seasonal source contributions of BC throughout the Arctic provides strong justification for targeted emission reductions to limit the impact of BC on climate warming in the Arctic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Winiger
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. E. Barrett
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - R. J. Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - L. Huang
- Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - S. Sharma
- Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - L. A. Barrie
- Department of Geosciences and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. E. Yttri
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - N. Evangeliou
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - S. Eckhardt
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A. Stohl
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Z. Klimont
- IIASA—International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - C. Heyes
- IIASA—International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - I. P. Semiletov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - O. V. Dudarev
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A. Charkin
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - N. Shakhova
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 43 A Lenina Ave., 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - H. Holmstrand
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Andersson
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- ACES—Department of Applied Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Aas W, Mortier A, Bowersox V, Cherian R, Faluvegi G, Fagerli H, Hand J, Klimont Z, Galy-Lacaux C, Lehmann CMB, Myhre CL, Myhre G, Olivié D, Sato K, Quaas J, Rao PSP, Schulz M, Shindell D, Skeie RB, Stein A, Takemura T, Tsyro S, Vet R, Xu X. Global and regional trends of atmospheric sulfur. Sci Rep 2019; 9:953. [PMID: 30700755 PMCID: PMC6353995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound changes in global SO2 emissions over the last decades have affected atmospheric composition on a regional and global scale with large impact on air quality, atmospheric deposition and the radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols. Reproduction of historical atmospheric pollution levels based on global aerosol models and emission changes is crucial to prove that such models are able to predict future scenarios. Here, we analyze consistency of trends in observations of sulfur components in air and precipitation from major regional networks and estimates from six different global aerosol models from 1990 until 2015. There are large interregional differences in the sulfur trends consistently captured by the models and observations, especially for North America and Europe. Europe had the largest reductions in sulfur emissions in the first part of the period while the highest reduction came later in North America and East Asia. The uncertainties in both the emissions and the representativity of the observations are larger in Asia. However, emissions from East Asia clearly increased from 2000 to 2005 followed by a decrease, while in India a steady increase over the whole period has been observed and modelled. The agreement between a bottom-up approach, which uses emissions and process-based chemical transport models, with independent observations gives an improved confidence in the understanding of the atmospheric sulfur budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Aas
- NILU -Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
| | | | | | - Ribu Cherian
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Greg Faluvegi
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Jenny Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Corinne Galy-Lacaux
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Olivié
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata, Japan
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P S P Rao
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | | | - Drew Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ragnhild B Skeie
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Robert Vet
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
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21
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Venkataraman C, Brauer M, Tibrewal K, Sadavarte P, Ma Q, Cohen A, Chaliyakunnel S, Frostad J, Klimont Z, Martin RV, Millet DB, Philip S, Walker K, Wang S. Source influence on emission pathways and ambient PM 2.5 pollution over India (2015-2050). Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:8017-8039. [PMID: 33679902 PMCID: PMC7935015 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
India is currently experiencing degraded air quality, and future economic development will lead to challenges for air quality management. Scenarios of sectoral emissions of fine particulate matter and its precursors were developed and evaluated for 2015-2050, under specific pathways of diffusion of cleaner and more energy-efficient technologies. The impacts of individual source sectors on PM2.5 concentrations were assessed through systematic simulations of spatially and temporally resolved particulate matter concentrations, using the GEOS-Chem model, followed by population-weighted aggregation to national and state levels. We find that PM2.5 pollution is a pan-India problem, with a regional character, and is not limited to urban areas or megacities. Under present-day emissions, levels in most states exceeded the national PM2.5 annual standard (40 μg m-3). Sources related to human activities were responsible for the largest proportion of the present-day population exposure to PM2.5 in India. About 60 % of India's mean population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations come from anthropogenic source sectors, while the remainder are from "other" sources, windblown dust and extra-regional sources. Leading contributors are residential biomass combustion, power plant and industrial coal combustion and anthropogenic dust (including coal fly ash, fugitive road dust and waste burning). Transportation, brick production and distributed diesel were other contributors to PM2.5. Future evolution of emissions under regulations set at current levels and promulgated levels caused further deterioration of air quality in 2030 and 2050. Under an ambitious prospective policy scenario, promoting very large shifts away from traditional biomass technologies and coal-based electricity generation, significant reductions in PM2.5 levels are achievable in 2030 and 2050. Effective mitigation of future air pollution in India requires adoption of aggressive prospective regulation, currently not formulated, for a three-pronged switch away from (i) biomass-fuelled traditional technologies, (ii) industrial coal-burning and (iii) open burning of agricultural residue. Future air pollution is dominated by industrial process emissions, reflecting larger expansion in industrial, rather than residential energy demand. However, even under the most active reductions envisioned, the 2050 mean exposure, excluding any impact from windblown mineral dust, is estimated to be nearly 3 times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kushal Tibrewal
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Berliner Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qiao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Joseph Frostad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Charkin A, Shakhova N, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Gustafsson Ö. Siberian Arctic black carbon sources constrained by model and observation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1054-E1061. [PMID: 28137854 PMCID: PMC5320976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) in haze and deposited on snow and ice can have strong effects on the radiative balance of the Arctic. There is a geographic bias in Arctic BC studies toward the Atlantic sector, with lack of observational constraints for the extensive Russian Siberian Arctic, spanning nearly half of the circum-Arctic. Here, 2 y of observations at Tiksi (East Siberian Arctic) establish a strong seasonality in both BC concentrations (8 ng⋅m-3 to 302 ng⋅m-3) and dual-isotope-constrained sources (19 to 73% contribution from biomass burning). Comparisons between observations and a dispersion model, coupled to an anthropogenic emissions inventory and a fire emissions inventory, give mixed results. In the European Arctic, this model has proven to simulate BC concentrations and source contributions well. However, the model is less successful in reproducing BC concentrations and sources for the Russian Arctic. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that, in contrast to earlier studies, contributions from gas flaring (6%), power plants (9%), and open fires (12%) are relatively small, with the major sources instead being domestic (35%) and transport (38%). The observation-based evaluation of reported emissions identifies errors in spatial allocation of BC sources in the inventory and highlights the importance of improving emission distribution and source attribution, to develop reliable mitigation strategies for efficient reduction of BC impact on the Russian Arctic, one of the fastest-warming regions on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Igor P Semiletov
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V Dudarev
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Charkin
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Shakhova
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
- Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Chris Heyes
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
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23
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Likhvar VN, Pascal M, Markakis K, Colette A, Hauglustaine D, Valari M, Klimont Z, Medina S, Kinney P. A multi-scale health impact assessment of air pollution over the 21st century. Sci Total Environ 2015; 514:439-49. [PMID: 25687670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone and PM₂.₅ are current risk factors for premature death all over the globe. In coming decades, substantial improvements in public health may be achieved by reducing air pollution. To better understand the potential of emissions policies, studies are needed that assess possible future health impacts under alternative assumptions about future emissions and climate across multiple spatial scales. METHOD We used consistent climate-air-quality-health modeling framework across three geographical scales (World, Europe and Ile-de-France) to assess future (2030-2050) health impacts of ozone and PM₂.₅ under two emissions scenarios (Current Legislation Emissions, CLE, and Maximum Feasible Reductions, MFR). RESULTS Consistently across the scales, we found more reductions in deaths under MFR scenario compared to CLE. 1.5 [95% CI: 0.4, 2.4] million CV deaths could be delayed each year in 2030 compared to 2010 under MFR scenario, 84% of which would occur in Asia, especially in China. In Europe, the benefits under MFR scenario (219000 CV deaths) are noticeably larger than those under CLE (109,000 CV deaths). In Ile-de-France, under MFR more than 2830 annual CV deaths associated with PM₂.₅ changes could be delayed in 2050 compared to 2010. In Paris, ozone-related respiratory mortality should increase under both scenarios. CONCLUSION Multi-scale HIAs can illustrate the difference in direct consequences of costly mitigation policies and provide results that may help decision-makers choose between different policy alternatives at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Likhvar
- LSCE, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEN Saclay-Orme des Merisiers-Bat. 712, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Mathilde Pascal
- InVS, French Institut of Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire), 12 rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cédex, France.
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- LMD, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL Laboratoire CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
| | - Augustin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, BP2 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Didier Hauglustaine
- LSCE, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEN Saclay-Orme des Merisiers-Bat. 712, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Myrto Valari
- LMD, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL Laboratoire CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- IIASA, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Sylvia Medina
- InVS, French Institut of Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire), 12 rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cédex, France.
| | - Patrick Kinney
- Columbia University in the City of New York, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1104E, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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24
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Chafe ZA, Brauer M, Klimont Z, Van Dingenen R, Mehta S, Rao S, Riahi K, Dentener F, Smith KR. Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122:1314-20. [PMID: 25192243 PMCID: PMC4256045 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 2.8 billion people cook with solid fuels. Research has focused on the health impacts of indoor exposure to fine particulate pollution. Here, for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project (GBD 2010), we evaluated the impact of household cooking with solid fuels on regional population-weighted ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm) pollution (APM2.5). OBJECTIVES We estimated the proportion and concentrations of APM2.5 attributable to household cooking with solid fuels (PM2.5-cook) for the years 1990, 2005, and 2010 in 170 countries, and associated ill health. METHODS We used an energy supply-driven emissions model (GAINS; Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) and source-receptor model (TM5-FASST) to estimate the proportion of APM2.5 produced by households and the proportion of household PM2.5 emissions from cooking with solid fuels. We estimated health effects using GBD 2010 data on ill health from APM2.5 exposure. RESULTS In 2010, household cooking with solid fuels accounted for 12% of APM2.5 globally, varying from 0% of APM2.5 in five higher-income regions to 37% (2.8 μg/m3 of 6.9 μg/m3 total) in southern sub-Saharan Africa. PM2.5-cook constituted > 10% of APM2.5 in seven regions housing 4.4 billion people. South Asia showed the highest regional concentration of APM2.5 from household cooking (8.6 μg/m3). On the basis of GBD 2010, we estimate that exposure to APM2.5 from cooking with solid fuels caused the loss of 370,000 lives and 9.9 million disability-adjusted life years globally in 2010. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 emissions from household cooking constitute an important portion of APM2.5 concentrations in many places, including India and China. Efforts to improve ambient air quality will be hindered if household cooking conditions are not addressed.
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25
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Van Grinsven HJM, Holland M, Jacobsen BH, Klimont Z, Sutton MA, Jaap Willems W. Costs and benefits of nitrogen for Europe and implications for mitigation. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:3571-3579. [PMID: 23473305 DOI: 10.1021/es303804g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis can be used to provide guidance for emerging policy priorities in reducing nitrogen (N) pollution. This paper provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of costs and benefits of the various flows of N on human health, ecosystems and climate stability in order to identify major options for mitigation. The social cost of impacts of N in the EU27 in 2008 was estimated between €75-485 billion per year. A cost share of around 60% is related to emissions to air. The share of total impacts on human health is about 45% and may reflect the higher willingness to pay for human health than for ecosystems or climate stability. Air pollution by nitrogen also generates social benefits for climate by present cooling effects of N containing aerosol and C-sequestration driven by N deposition, amounting to an estimated net benefit of about €5 billion/yr. The economic benefit of N in primary agricultural production ranges between €20-80 billion/yr and is lower than the annual cost of pollution by agricultural N which is in the range of €35-230 billion/yr. Internalizing these environmental costs would lower the optimum annual N-fertilization rate in Northwestern Europe by about 50 kg/ha. Acknowledging the large uncertainties and conceptual issues of our cost-benefit estimates, the results support the priority for further reduction of NH3 and NOx emissions from transport and agriculture beyond commitments recently agreed in revision of the Gothenburg Protocol.
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Reis S, Grennfelt P, Klimont Z, Amann M, ApSimon H, Hettelingh JP, Holland M, LeGall AC, Maas R, Posch M, Spranger T, Sutton MA, Williams M. Atmospheric science. From acid rain to climate change. Science 2012. [PMID: 23197517 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Reis
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK.
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Anenberg SC, Schwartz J, Shindell D, Amann M, Faluvegi G, Klimont Z, Janssens-Maenhout G, Pozzoli L, Van Dingenen R, Vignati E, Emberson L, Muller NZ, West JJ, Williams M, Demkine V, Hicks WK, Kuylenstierna J, Raes F, Ramanathan V. Global air quality and health co-benefits of mitigating near-term climate change through methane and black carbon emission controls. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:831-9. [PMID: 22418651 PMCID: PMC3385429 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC), a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM(2.5)), are associated with premature mortality and they disrupt global and regional climate. OBJECTIVES We examined the air quality and health benefits of 14 specific emission control measures targeting BC and methane, an ozone precursor, that were selected because of their potential to reduce the rate of climate change over the next 20-40 years. METHODS We simulated the impacts of mitigation measures on outdoor concentrations of PM(2.5) and ozone using two composition-climate models, and calculated associated changes in premature PM(2.5)- and ozone-related deaths using epidemiologically derived concentration-response functions. RESULTS We estimated that, for PM(2.5) and ozone, respectively, fully implementing these measures could reduce global population-weighted average surface concentrations by 23-34% and 7-17% and avoid 0.6-4.4 and 0.04-0.52 million annual premature deaths globally in 2030. More than 80% of the health benefits are estimated to occur in Asia. We estimated that BC mitigation measures would achieve approximately 98% of the deaths that would be avoided if all BC and methane mitigation measures were implemented, due to reduced BC and associated reductions of nonmethane ozone precursor and organic carbon emissions as well as stronger mortality relationships for PM(2.5) relative to ozone. Although subject to large uncertainty, these estimates and conclusions are not strongly dependent on assumptions for the concentration-response function. CONCLUSIONS In addition to climate benefits, our findings indicate that the methane and BC emission control measures would have substantial co-benefits for air quality and public health worldwide, potentially reversing trends of increasing air pollution concentrations and mortality in Africa and South, West, and Central Asia. These projected benefits are independent of carbon dioxide mitigation measures. Benefits of BC measures are underestimated because we did not account for benefits from reduced indoor exposures and because outdoor exposure estimates were limited by model spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Anenberg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Shindell D, Kuylenstierna JCI, Vignati E, van Dingenen R, Amann M, Klimont Z, Anenberg SC, Muller N, Janssens-Maenhout G, Raes F, Schwartz J, Faluvegi G, Pozzoli L, Kupiainen K, Höglund-Isaksson L, Emberson L, Streets D, Ramanathan V, Hicks K, Oanh NTK, Milly G, Williams M, Demkine V, Fowler D. Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science 2012; 335:183-9. [PMID: 22246768 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Shindell
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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Velthof GL, Oudendag D, Witzke HP, Asman WAH, Klimont Z, Oenema O. Integrated assessment of nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27 using MITERRA-EUROPE. J Environ Qual 2009; 38:402-17. [PMID: 19202011 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The high N inputs to agricultural systems in many regions in 27 member states of the European Union (EU-27) result in N leaching to groundwater and surface water and emissions of ammonia (NH(3)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), nitric oxide (NO), and dinitrogen (N(2)) to the atmosphere. Measures taken to decreasing these emissions often focus at one specific pollutant, but may have both antagonistic and synergistic effects on other N emissions. The model MITERRA-EUROPE was developed to assess the effects and interactions of policies and measures in agriculture on N losses and P balances at a regional level in EU-27. MITERRA-EUROPE is partly based on the existing models CAPRI and GAINS, supplemented with a N leaching module and a module with sets of measures. Calculations for the year 2000 show that denitrification is the largest N loss pathway in European agriculture (on average 44 kg N ha(-1) agricultural land), followed by NH(3) volatilization (17 kg N ha(-1)), N leaching (16 kg N ha(-1)) and emissions of N(2)O (2 kg N ha(-1)) and NO(X) (2 kg N ha(-1)). However, losses between regions in the EU-27 vary strongly. Some of the measures implemented to abate NH(3) emission may increase N(2)O emissions and N leaching. Balanced N fertilization has the potential of creating synergistic effects by simultaneously decreasing N leaching and NH(3) and N(2)O emissions. MITERRA-EUROPE is the first model that quantitatively assesses the possible synergistic and antagonistic effects of N emission abatement measures in a uniform way in EU-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Velthof
- Alterra, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Simpson D, Yttri KE, Klimont Z, Kupiainen K, Caseiro A, Gelencsér A, Pio C, Puxbaum H, Legrand M. Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Streets DG, Bond TC, Carmichael GR, Fernandes SD, Fu Q, He D, Klimont Z, Nelson SM, Tsai NY, Wang MQ, Woo JH, Yarber KF. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1579] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Streets
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - T. C. Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - S. D. Fernandes
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - Q. Fu
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - D. He
- The Energy Foundation; Beijing China
- Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - Z. Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; Laxenburg Austria
| | - S. M. Nelson
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - N. Y. Tsai
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - M. Q. Wang
- Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - J.-H. Woo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - K. F. Yarber
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
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