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Zhao X, Li D, Deng L, Chen Y, Hu S, Zhang M, Wu D, Liu H, Liu Y. Enhanced hybrid capacitive performance for efficient and selective potassium extraction from wastewater: Insights from regulating electrode potential. WATER RESEARCH 2025; 281:123570. [PMID: 40174568 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogues hold great promise for directly extracting potassium resource from wastewater via hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI). However, there remain unresolved scientific issues regarding low efficiency and selectivity arising from asymmetric potential distribution induced by spontaneous charge matching. This work systematically investigated the underlying mechanisms for enhancing the storage capacity and specific affinity of representative Berlin Green towards K+ through precise regulation of insertion potential during HCDI operation. Empowered by controlling electrochemical intercalation behaviors, the compatibility between ionic and electronic kinetics was significantly enhanced. Impressive values of 160.12 mg/g, 61.27 %, and 0.07 kWh/mol were achieved under potentiostatic mode (0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for insertion capacity, charge efficiency, and energy consumption, respectively. These results significantly outperformed the optimal levels obtained under constant cell voltage (0.9 V), which were 128.52 mg/g, 47.50 %, and 0.12 kWh/mol, respectively. In both aqueous solution with binary components and urine, the results emphasized the potential of the synergy effect between lattice hindrance and insertion chemistry in promoting intercalation selectivity, with the highest selectivity coefficients of 28.35 (K+/Na+), 76.22 (K+/Ca2+) and 175.12 (K+/Mg2+), respectively. The presented concept-to-proof offers a versatile approach for the advancement of high-performance HCDI and paves the way towards its sustainable application in nutrient recycling from natural waters or wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Linghui Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shujie Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Di Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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2
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Ma J, Liang S, Yang X, Wang Y, Wang B, Gao W, Ye K, Maihaiti M, Iqbal J, Abdukayum A, Pan F. Design of Carbon Materials with Selective Ion Separation in Capacitive Deionisation and Their Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2025:e202402563. [PMID: 39853953 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202402563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel, cost-effective and environmentally friendly desalination technology that has garnered significant attention in recent years. Carbon materials, owing to their excellent properties, have become the preferred electrode materials for CDI. Given the significant differences between different ions, ion-selective performance has emerged as a critical aspect of CDI applications. However, comprehensive reviews on the selective ion separation capabilities of carbon materials for CDI remain scarce. This review examines the progress in developing carbon materials for ion-selective separation in CDI, focusing on regulatory mechanisms and representative materials. It also discusses the applications of selective CDI carbon materials in areas such as heavy metal removal, nutrient recovery, seawater desalination resourcing, and water softening. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects for advancing carbon materials in CDI are explored. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for utilising carbon materials in wastewater treatment and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuzhen Liang
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Wang
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Bingzheng Wang
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Kang Ye
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Mairemu Maihaiti
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Bahrain & Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abdukader Abdukayum
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
| | - Fanghui Pan
- Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials and Structural Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, P. R. China
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Kawai Y, Yamamoto Y, Kiyohara K. Selective adsorption of divalent and trivalent cations in porous electrodes. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:094701. [PMID: 39225524 DOI: 10.1063/5.0222272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The capacitive deionization technology uses the electrochemical adsorption of ions in porous electrodes to desalinate seawater or brackish water. Recently, capacitive deionization has gained significant attention as a technology for selective adsorption of ionic species from multicomponent aqueous electrolytes. To investigate the mechanism of selective adsorption at the molecular level, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous electrolytes and porous electrodes with different divalent or trivalent ions, electrode pore sizes, and applied voltages. We calculated the free energy barriers preventing ions from entering the pores of the electrode and the structure of the water molecules near the ions and the electrode surface under various conditions. Our results suggest that, when the pore and ion sizes are comparable, the steric and electrostatic interactions between the hydrated ions and electrode pores are comparable in magnitude. Moreover, the relative importance of the two interactions can be reversed by slight changes in the external conditions, such as the ion size, valence of the ions, electrode pore size, and applied voltage. Thus, by finely tuning the electrode pore size and the applied voltage, it may be possible to selectively adsorb a particular ionic species from a multicomponent electrolyte through capacitive deionization using a porous electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kenji Kiyohara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Zhu Y, Miller C, Lian B, Wang Y, Fletcher J, Zhou H, He Z, Lyu S, Purser M, Juracich P, Sweeney D, Waite TD. Brackish groundwater desalination by constant current membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI): Results of a long-term field trial in Central Australia. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121413. [PMID: 38489850 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
A long-term field trial of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) was conducted in a remote community in the Northern Territory of Australia, with the aim of producing safe palatable drinking water from groundwater that contains high concentrations of salt and hardness ions and other contaminants. This trial lasted for 1.5 years, which, to our knowledge, is one of the longest reported studies of pilot-scale MCDI field trials. The 8-module MCDI pilot unit reduced salt concentration to below the Australian Drinking Water Guideline value of 600 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration with a relatively high water recovery of 71.6 ± 8.7 %. During continuous constant current operation and electrode discharging at near zero volts, a rapid performance deterioration occurred that was primarily attributed to insufficient desorption of multivalent ions from the porous carbon electrodes. Performance could be temporarily recovered using chemical cleaning and modified operating procedures however these approaches could not fundamentally resolve the issue of insufficient electrode performance regeneration. Constant current discharging of the electrodes to a negative cell cut-off voltage was hence employed to enhance the stability and overall performance of the MCDI unit during the continuous operation. An increase in selectivity of monovalent ions over divalent ions was also attained by implementing negative voltage discharging. The energy consumption of an MCDI system with a capacity of 1000 m3/day was projected to be 0.40∼0.53 kWh/m3, which is comparable to the energy consumption of electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) systems of the same capacity. The relatively low maintenance requirements of the MCDI system rendered it the most cost-efficient water treatment technology for deployment in remote locations. The LCOW of an MCDI system with a capacity of 1000 m3/day was projected to be AU$1.059/m3 and AU$1.146/m3 under two operational modes, respectively. Further investigation of particular water-energy trade-offs amongst MCDI performance metrics is required to facilitate broader application of this promising water treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhu
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies (CTET), Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Miller
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies (CTET), Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhizhao He
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies (CTET), Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shunzhi Lyu
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies (CTET), Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Megan Purser
- Power and Water Corporation, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Peter Juracich
- Power and Water Corporation, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David Sweeney
- Power and Water Corporation, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies (CTET), Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
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5
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Wang Y, Ge Y, Liu Z, Wang R, Chen Y, Qian H, Yin Z, Liu F, Zhu L, Yang W. Enhanced Selective Electrosorption of Nitrate from Wastewater by Controllably Doping Nitrogen into Porous Carbon with Micropores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6353-6362. [PMID: 38470331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The biological NO3- removal process might be accompanied by high CO2 emissions and operation costs. Capacitive deionization (CDI) has been widely studied as a very efficient method to purify water. Here, a porous carbon material with a tunable nitrogen configuration was developed. Characterization and density functional theory calculation show that nitrogenous functional groups have a higher NO3- binding energy than Cl-, SO42-, and H2PO4-. In addition, the selectivity of NO3- is improved after the introduction of micropores by using the pore template. The NO3- ion removal and selectivity of MN-C-12 are 4.57 and 3.46-5.42 times that of activated carbon (AC), respectively. The high NO3- selectivity and electrosorption properties of MN-C-12 (the highest N content and micropore area) are due to the synergistic effect of the affinity of nitrogen functional groups to NO3- and microporous ion screening. A CDI unit for the removal of nitrogen from municipal wastewater was constructed and applied to treat wastewater meeting higher discharge standards of A (N: 15 mg L-1) and B (N: 20 mg L-1) ((GB18918-2002), China). This work provides new insights into enhanced carbon materials for the selective electrosorption of wastewater by CDI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zifan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruoding Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanqi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhonglong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Nanjing Academy of Resources and Ecology Sciences, Nanjing 211500, China
| | - Weiben Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Sun X, Hao Z, Zhou X, Chen J, Zhang Y. Advanced capacitive deionization for ion selective separation: Insights into mechanism over a functional classification. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140601. [PMID: 37918536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diversity and variability of harmful ions in polluted water bodies, the selective removal and separation for specific ions is of great significance in water purification and resource processes. Capacitive deionization (CDI), an emerging desalination technology, shows great potential to selectively remove harmful ionic pollutants and further recover valuable ions because of the simple operation and low energy consumption. Researchers have done a lot of work to investigate ion selectivity utilizing CDI, including both theoretical and experimental studies. Nevertheless, in the investigation of selective mechanisms, phenomena where carbon materials exhibit entirely opposite selectivity require further analysis. Furthermore, there is a need to summarize the specific chemical reaction mechanisms, including the formation of hydrogen bonds, complexation reactions, and ligand exchanges, within selective electrodes, which have not been thoroughly examined in detail previously. In order to fill these gaps, in this review, we summarized the recent progress of CDI technologies for ion selective separation, and explored the selective separation mechanism of CDI from three aspects: selective physical adsorption, specific chemical reaction, and the utilization of selective barriers. Additionally, this review analyzes in detail the formation process of chemical bonds and ion conversion pathways when ions interact with electrode materials. Finally, some significant development prospects and challenges were offered for the future selective CDI systems. We believe the review will provide new insights for researchers in the field of ion selective separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zewei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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7
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He Y, Gong A, Osabutey A, Gao T, Haleem N, Yang X, Liang P. Emerging electro-driven technologies for phosphorus enrichment and recovery from wastewater: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120699. [PMID: 37820510 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of phosphorus from wastewater is a critical step in addressing the scarcity of phosphorus resources. Electro-driven technologies for phosphorus enrichment have gathered significant attention due to their inherent advantages, such as mild operating conditions, absence of secondary pollution, and potential integration with other technologies. This study presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the field of phosphorus enrichment, with a specific focus on capacitive deionization and electrodialysis technologies. It highlights the underlying principles and effectiveness of electro-driven techniques for phosphorus enrichment while systematically comparing energy consumption, enrichment rate, and concentration factor among different technologies. Furthermore, the study provides a thorough analysis of the capacity of various technologies to selectively enrich phosphorus and proposes several methods and strategies to enhance selectivity. These insights offer valuable guidance for advancing the future development of electrochemical techniques with enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in phosphorus enrichment from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ao Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Augustina Osabutey
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Tie Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Noor Haleem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Xufei Yang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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8
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Sahray Z, Shocron AN, Uwayid R, Diesendruck CE, Suss ME. Extreme Monovalent Ion Selectivity Via Capacitive Ion Exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120684. [PMID: 37864883 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology applied to brackish water desalination and ion selective separations. A typical CDI cell consists of two microporous carbon electrodes, where ions are stored in charged micropore via electrosorption into electric double layers. For typical feed waters containing mixtures of several cations and anions, some of which are polluting, models are needed to guide cell design for a target separation, given the complex electrosorption dynamics of each species. An emerging application for CDI is brackish water treatment for direct agricultural use, for which it is often important to selectively electrosorb monovalent Na+ cations over divalent Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. Recently, it was demonstrated that utilizing constant-voltage CDI cell charging with sulfonated cathodes and short charging times enabled monovalent-selective separations. Here, we utilize a one-dimensional transient CDI model for a flow-through electrode CDI cell to elucidate the mechanisms enabling such separations. We report the discovery that an asymmetric CDI cell with a chemically functionalized cathode induces electric charges in the pristine anode at 0 V cell voltage, which has important implications for monovalent cation selectivity. Leveraging our mechanistic understanding, with our model we uncover a novel operational regime we term "capacitive ion exchange", where the concentration of one ion species increases while competing species concentration decreases. This regime enables resin-less exchange of monovalent cations for divalent cations, with chemical-free electrical regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Sahray
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit N Shocron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rana Uwayid
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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9
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Li C, Zhang Y, Gong S, Zhang Y, Yan X, Xu H, Cui Z, Qi J, Wang H, Fan X, Peng W, Liu J. Strong interface coupling boosting hierarchical bismuth embedded carbon hybrid for high-performance capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:357-364. [PMID: 37301160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is regarded as a promising desalination technology owing to its low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the lack of high-performance electrode materials remains a challenge in CDI. Herein, the hierarchical bismuth-embedded carbon (Bi@C) hybrid with strong interface coupling was prepared through facile solvothermal and annealing strategy. The hierarchical structure with strong interface coupling between the bismuth and carbon matrix afforded abundant active sites for chloridion (Cl-) capture, improved electrons/ions transfer and the stability of the Bi@C hybrid. As a result of these advantages, the Bi@C hybrid showed a high salt adsorption capacity (75.3 mg/g under 1.2 V), salt adsorption rate and good stability, making it a promising electrode material for CDI. Furthermore, the desalination mechanism of the Bi@C hybrid was elucidated through various characterizations. Therefore, this work provides valuable insights for the design of high-performance bismuth-based electrode materials for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Siqi Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaoteng Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huiting Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zhijie Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Junjie Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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Liu Q, Li C, Fan J, Peng Y, Du R. Evaluation of sludge anaerobic fermentation driving partial denitrification capability: In view of kinetics and metagenomic mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163581. [PMID: 37086990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification (PD) provides a promising approach of efficient and stable nitrite (NO2--N) generation for annamox. In this study, the feasibility of short-term sludge anaerobic fermentation driving PD was evaluated. It was found that a higher NO2--N accumulation in nitrate (NO3--N) reduction was obtained with the 5-days fermented sludge compared to 8 and 15-days fermentation. Moreover, compared to acetate as carbon source, sludge fermentation products (SFPs) induced the higher NO2--N production with nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) nearly 100 %. Denitrification activity of fermented sludge were obviously improved with SFPs as electron donor. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Thauera was the dominant bacteria, which was assumed to be the key contributor to PD performance by harboring the highest narGHI and napAB but much lower nirS and nirK. Under the conditions of SFPs and fermented sludge, Thauera was speculated to have higher resistance than other denitrifiers attributed to versatile carbon metabolic capabilities utilizing SFPs with the significantly improved genes for metabolism of complex organic carbon via glycolysis after anaerobic fermentation. A novel integration of sludge fermentation driving PD and anammox for mainstream wastewater treatment and sidestream polishing was proposed to offer a promising application with reduced commercial carbon source consumption and waste sludge reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Cong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Jiarui Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
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11
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Chen X, Deng W, Miao L, Gao M, Ao T, Chen W, Ueyama T, Dai Q. Selectivity adsorption of sulfate by amino-modified activated carbon during capacitive deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1505-1517. [PMID: 34762018 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2005689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCapacitive deionization (CDI) is an environmentally friendly desalination technique with low energy consumption. However, unmodified carbon electrode materials have poor sulfate selectivity and adsorption capacity. In this work, to improve sulfate selectivity, we prepared activated carbon materials loaded with different amino contents by grafting amino groups via acid treatment for different times. In the competitive ion adsorption experiments, the sulfate selectivity of AC was only 0.64 and the amino-modified AC increased by 1.98-2.52 times due to the formation of stronger hydrogen bonds between the amino group and sulfate. AC-NH2-4 had the best selectivity and the sulfate selective coefficient was 2.25. The desorption of sulfate was 92.46% within one hour. In addition, the surface of the amino-modified activated carbon showed significantly improved electrochemical properties and better capacitance. The specific capacitance of amino-modified AC in different electrolyte solutions was consistent with the competitive adsorption results. The specific capacitance of amino-modified AC in Na2SO4 electrolyte solution was the highest. The modified electrode material also had the advantages of a higher adsorption capacity and excellent regeneration performance after continuous electric adsorption-desorption cycles. Therefore, it may have development potential to selectively adsorb sulfate in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Deng
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Miao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Qizhou Dai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Compton P, Dehkordi NR, Sarrouf S, Ehsan MF, Alshawabkeh AN. In-situ Electrochemical Synthesis of H 2O 2 for p-nitrophenol Degradation Utilizing a Flow-through Three-dimensional Activated Carbon Cathode with Regeneration Capabilities. Electrochim Acta 2023; 441:141798. [PMID: 36874445 PMCID: PMC9983606 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing ubiquity of recalcitrant organic contaminants in the aqueous environment poses risks to effective and efficient water treatment and reuse. A novel three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical flow-through reactor employing activated carbon (AC) encased in a stainless-steel (SS) mesh as a cathode is proposed for the removal and degradation of a model recalcitrant contaminant p-nitrophenol (PNP), a toxic compound that is not easily biodegradable or naturally photolyzed, can accumulate and lead to adverse environmental health outcomes, and is one of the more frequently detected pollutants in the environment. As a stable 3D electrode, granular AC supported by a SS mesh frame as a cathode is hypothesized to 1) electrogenerate H2O2 via a 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction on the AC surface, 2) initiate decomposition of this electrogenerated H2O2 to form hydroxyl radicals on catalytic sites of the AC surface 3) remove PNP molecules from the waste stream via adsorption, and 4) co-locate the PNP contaminant on the carbon surface to allow for oxidation by formed hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, this design is utilized to electrochemically regenerate the AC within the cathode that is significantly saturated with PNP to allow for environmentally friendly and economic reuse of this material. Under flow conditions with optimized parameters, the 3D AC electrode is nearly 20% more effective than traditional adsorption in removing PNP. 30 grams of AC within the 3D electrode can remove 100% of the PNP compound and 92% of TOC under flow. The carbon within the 3D cathode can be electrochemically regenerated in the proposed flow system and design thereby increasing the adsorptive capacity by 60%. Moreover, in combination with continuous electrochemical treatment, the total PNP removal is enhanced by 115% over adsorption. It is anticipated this platform holds great promises to eliminate analogous contaminants as well as mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Compton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazli Rafei Dehkordi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad Fahad Ehsan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Chu M, Tian W, Zhao J, Zou M, Lu Z, Zhang D, Jiang J. A comprehensive review of capacitive deionization technology with biochar-based electrodes: Biochar-based electrode preparation, deionization mechanism and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136024. [PMID: 35973487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed techniques for desalination and wastewater treatment are costly and unsustainable. Therefore, a cost-effective and sustainable approach is essential to achieve desalination through wastewater treatment. Capacitive deionization (CDI), an electrochemical desalination technology, has been developed as a novel water treatment technology with great potential. The electrode material is one of the key factors that promotes the development of CDI technology and broadens the scope of CDI applications. Biochar-based electrode materials have attracted increasing attention from researchers because of their advantages, such as environmentally friendly, economical, and renewable properties. This paper reviews the methods for preparing biochar-based electrode materials and elaborates on the mechanism of CDI ion storage. We then summarize the applications of CDI technology in water treatment, analyze the mechanism of pollutant removal and resource recovery, and discuss the applicability of different CDI configurations, including hybrid CDI systems. In addition, the paper notes that environmentally friendly green activators that facilitate the development of pore structure should be developed more often to avoid the adverse environmental impact. The development of ion-selective electrode materials should be enhanced and it is necessary to comprehensively assess the impact of heteroatoms on selective ion removal and CDI performance. Electrooxidation of organic pollutants should be further promoted to achieve organic degradation by extending to redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meile Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Zou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Dantong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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14
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Sulfonated polymer coating enhances selective removal of calcium in membrane capacitive deionization. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Zhou J, Saeidi N, Wick LY, Xie Y, Kopinke FD, Georgi A. Efficient removal of trifluoroacetic acid from water using surface-modified activated carbon and electro-assisted desorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129051. [PMID: 35580494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a very persistent, very mobile substance (vPvM) with potential toxicity, and causes increasing environmental concerns worldwide. Conventional wastewater treatment strategies are inefficient for selective TFA removal in the presence of inorganic anions. Here we show that surface defunctionalized activated carbon felt (DeACF) carrying anion exchange sites exhibits an outstanding adsorption efficiency towards TFA thanks to introduced electrostatic attraction and enhanced interactions between hydrophobic carbon surface and CF3 moieties (qmax = 30 mg/g, Kd = (840 ± 80) L/kg at cTFA = 3.4 mg/L in tap water). Flow-cell experiments demonstrated a strongly favored TFA uptake by DeACF from tap water over Cl- and SO42- but a remarkable co-adsorption of the inorganic water contaminant NO3-. Electro-assisted TFA desorption using 10 mM Na2SO4 as electrolyte and oxidized ACF as anode showed high recoveries of ≥ 87% at low cell voltages (< 1.1 V). Despite an initial decrease in TFA adsorption capacity (by 33%) caused by partial surface oxidation of DeACF after the 1st ad-/desorption cycle, the system stability was fully maintained over the next 4 cycles. Such electro-assisted 'trap&release' approach for TFA removal can be exploited for on-site regenerable adsorption units and as a pre-concentration step combined with degradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Zhou
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Navid Saeidi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yanlin Xie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Deng W, Chen Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Gao M, Chen F, Chen W, Ao T. Regulation, quantification and application of the effect of functional groups on anion selectivity in capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118927. [PMID: 35933818 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) has been widely studied as a highly efficient method for the removal of charged pollutants in sewage. However, the control of ion selectivity has always been challenging, limiting the application of this approach. In this article, the regulation of different acid/base functional group distributions on the selectivity of four anions are comprehensively discussed. The effects are quantified through simulations and statistical analysis. Finally, optimized CDI is used for the simultaneous denitrification and dephosphorization of municipal wastewater. The results show that carboxyl groups significantly promote the selectivity of dihydrogen phosphate and that amino groups promote the selectivity of sulfate and dihydrogen phosphate. Density functional theory is used to calculate the influence of the functional groups on the anion adsorption energy. Compared with other anions, the energy released is improved when carboxyl groups are included in the adsorption of dihydrogen phosphate. The increase in the released energy is highest when amino groups participate in the adsorption of sulfate and is second-highest when they participate in the adsorption of dihydrogen phosphate. Statistical analysis shows that the valence and hydration energy of the anion and the effect of the functional groups on anion adsorption are significantly related to anion adsorption (P < 0.05), and the correlation coefficient of the model is 0.7253. A CDI stack for the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen under high background ion concentrations is constructed and applied, and it is shown that the treated wastewater meets higher discharge standards. Moreover, the method reaches nearly 80% water production under optimized operating modes. This study reveals the importance of functional groups in ion-selective regulation and provides a potential method for high-standard wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenYang Deng
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610103, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - XiaoHong Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - FangFang Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China
| | - WenQing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - TianQi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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18
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ZIF-8 derived carbon with confined sub-nanometer pores for electrochemically selective separation of chloride ions. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Gao F, Li X, Shi W, Wang Z. Highly Selective Recovery of Phosphorus from Wastewater via Capacitive Deionization Enabled by Ferrocene-polyaniline-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31962-31972. [PMID: 35802538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology for the recovery of nutrients from wastewater, a selective recovery of phosphate from the wastewater containing high concentrations of competing ions is still a huge challenge. Herein, we reported a ferrocene-polyaniline-functionalized carbon nanotube (Fc-PANI/CNT) electrode prepared through amidation reaction and chemical oxidation polymerization, aiming for a highly selective recovery of phosphorus from wastewater. The Fc-PANI/CNT electrode with a unique structure and high conductivity could efficiently adsorb phosphate ions from complex synthetic wastewater with a nearly 100% selectivity, mainly because the integration of ferrocene and an amide bond in Fc-PANI resulted in an enhanced charge transfer (Faradaic reactions) and a strong hydrogen bonding interaction with phosphate ions in its oxidized state. Density functional theory calculations showed that the binding energies of the oxidized Fc-PANI with HPO42- and H2PO4- were much greater than those of the oxidized Fc-PANI with other competing anions. The affinity of Fc-PANI/CNTs with phosphate can be controlled electrochemically based on the synergetic effects of Faradaic reactions and hydrogen bonding, enabling a selective recovery of phosphate through charging/discharging cycles. The phosphate adsorption capacity reached up to 35 mg PO43- g-1 in a NaCl/Na2SO4/NaNO3/NaH2PO4 complex mixture at 1.2 V, outperforming most of the other reported CDI systems. The Fc-PANI/CNT electrode also exhibited a decent regeneration ability and durability during repeated CDI tests, demonstrating a great potential for the application of selective recovery and enrichment of phosphate from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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20
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Sun J, Zhang C, Song Z, Waite TD. Boron Removal from Reverse Osmosis Permeate Using an Electrosorption Process: Feasibility, Kinetics, and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10391-10401. [PMID: 35766603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boron is present in the form of boric acid (B(OH)3 or H3BO3) in seawater, geothermal waters, and some industrial wastewaters but is toxic at elevated concentrations to both plants and humans. Effective removal of boron from solutions at circumneutral pH by existing technologies such as reverse osmosis is constrained by high energy consumption and low removal efficiency. In this work, we present an asymmetric, membrane-containing flow-by electrosorption system for boron removal. Upon charging, the catholyte pH rapidly increases to above ∼10.7 as a result of water electrolysis and other Faradaic reactions with resultant deprotonation of boric acid to form B(OH)4- and subsequent removal from solution by electrosorption to the anode. Results also show that the asymmetric flow-by electrosorption system is capable of treating feed streams with high concentrations of boron and RO permeate containing multiple competing ionic species. On the basis of the experimental results obtained, a mathematical model has been developed that adequately describes the kinetics and mechanism of boron removal by the asymmetric electrosorption system. Overall, this study not only provides new insights into boron removal mechanisms by electrosorption but also opens up a new pathway to eliminate amphoteric pollutants from contaminated source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zhao Song
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing 214206, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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21
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Shocron A, Atlas I, Suss M. Predicting ion selectivity in water purification by capacitive deionization: electric double layer models. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Chen J, Zuo K, Li Y, Huang X, Hu J, Yang Y, Wang W, Chen L, Jain A, Verduzco R, Li X, Li Q. Eggshell membrane derived nitrogen rich porous carbon for selective electrosorption of nitrate from water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118351. [PMID: 35390703 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) is a ubiquitous contaminant in water and wastewater. Conventional treatment processes such as adsorption and membrane separation suffer from low selectivity for NO3- removal, causing high energy consumption and adsorbents usage. In this study, we demonstrate selective removal of NO3- in an electrosorption process by a thin, porous carbonized eggshell membrane (CESM) derived from eggshell bio-waste. The CESM possesses an interconnected hierarchical pore structure with pore size ranging from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. When utilized as the anode in an electrosorption process, the CESM exhibited strong selectivity for NO3- over Cl-, SO42-, and H2PO4-. Adsorption of NO3- by the CESM reached 2.4 × 10-3 mmol/m2, almost two orders of magnitude higher than that by activated carbon (AC). More importantly, the CESM achieved NO3-/Cl- selectivity of 7.79 at an applied voltage of 1.2 V, the highest NO3-/Cl- selectivity reported to date. The high selectivity led to a five-fold reduction in energy consumption for NO3- removal compared to electrosorption using conventional AC electrodes. Density function theory calculation suggests that the high NO3- selectivity of CESM is attributed to its rich nitrogen-containing functional groups, which possess higher binding energy with NO3- compared to Cl-, SO42-, and H2PO4-. These results suggest that nitrogen-rich biomaterials are good precursors for NO3- selective electrodes; similar chemistry can also be used in other materials to achieve NO3- selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Kuichang Zuo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education; College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS 362, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Huang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education; College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Amit Jain
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS 362, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS 362, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education; College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS 362, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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Abstract
Severe freshwater shortages and global pollution make selective removal of target ions from solutions of great significance for water purification and resource recovery. Capacitive deionization (CDI) removes charged ions and molecules from water by applying a low applied electric field across the electrodes and has received much attention due to its lower energy consumption and sustainability. Its application field has been expanding in the past few years. In this paper, we report an overview of the current status of selective ion removal in CDI. This paper also discusses the prospects of selective CDI, including desalination, water softening, heavy metal removal and recovery, nutrient removal, and other common ion removal techniques. The insights from this review will inform the implementation of CDI technology.
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Kozaki D, Tanihata S, Sago Y, Fujiwara T, Mori M, Yamamoto A. Implementation of a conductivity cell electrode as an ion chromatography detector. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:957-961. [PMID: 35136894 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01974k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This technical note illustrates the possibility of using a conductivity cell electrode (CCE) as an ion chromatography (IC) detector to extend the application fields of this analytical technique. A conventional non-suppressed IC system consists of an eluent delivery pump, a separation column, column oven, and conductivity detector (CD). In this study, the conventional CD, which is one of the expensive parts of the instrument, is replaced with a relatively inexpensive CCE, leading to comparable peak resolution, detection sensitivity, and relative standard deviation. The separation effectiveness was retained and the developed IC-CCE system was successfully applied to the simultaneous separation of inorganic anions (SO42-, Cl-, and NO3-) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) in three natural mineral water samples, with good accordance between the monitored values obtained using the CCE and CD. The commercially available CCE is potentially suitable for application as an IC detector for monitoring ionic components with overall IC cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Souma Tanihata
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Sago
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C1-222, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Masanobu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Atushi Yamamoto
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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25
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Uwayid R, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Gilron J, Elimelech M, Suss ME. Perfect divalent cation selectivity with capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117959. [PMID: 34942526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging membraneless water desalination technology based on storing ions in charged electrodes by electrosorption. Due to unique selectivity mechanisms, CDI has been investigated towards ion-selective separations such as water softening, nutrient recovery, and production of irrigation water. Especially promising is the use of activated microporous carbon electrodes due to their low cost and wide availability at commercial scales. We show here, both theoretically and experimentally, that sulfonated activated carbon electrodes enable the first demonstration of perfect divalent cation selectivity in CDI, where we define "perfect" as significant removal of the divalent cation with zero removal of the competing monovalent cation. For example, for a feedwater of 15 mM NaCl and 3 mM CaCl2, and charging from 0.4 V to 1.2 V, we show our cell can remove 127 μmol per gram carbon of divalent Ca2+, while slightly expelling competing monovalent Na+ (-13.2 μmol/g). This separation can be achieved with excellent efficiency, as we show both theoretically and experimentally a calcium charge efficiency above unity, and an experimental energy consumption of less than 0.1 kWh/m3. We further demonstrate a low-infrastructure technique to measure cation selectivity, using ion-selective electrodes and the extended Onsager-Fuoss model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Uwayid
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eric N Guyes
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit N Shocron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Liu D, Xu S, Cai Y, Wang Y, Guo J, Li Y. A coupling technology of capacitive deionization and carbon-supported petal-like VS2 composite for effective and selective adsorption of lead (II) ions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shih YJ, Lin PY, Wu ZL. Catalytic oxidation and deionization of nitrite and nitrate ions using mesoporous carbon-supported nano-flaky cobalt and nickel oxyhydroxides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 611:265-277. [PMID: 34953459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The composite electrode of NiCo oxide supported by porous carbon was synthesized for nitrite oxidation and nitrate electro-sorption. The crystal structure and chemical state of the Co and Ni oxyhydroxides which were precipitated on loofah-derived activated carbon (AC) using hypochlorite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and BET surface area. The voltammetry showed that the redox couple of Co(II)/Co(III) and Ni(II)/Ni(III) as the mediator catalytically transferred the electrons of NO2-/NO3-; the Ni site had a relatively high transfer coefficient and diffusive current, while the Co site was better in the capacitive removal of the nitrite and nitrate compounds. A batch electrolysis of nitrite ions was operated under constant anodic potential mode (0 to + 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) to assess the performance of the composite electrodes. The adsorption capacity of NiCo/AC (Ni = 5% and Co = 5% on AC by weight) was 23.5 mg-N g-1, which was twice that of AC substrate (7.5 mg-N g-1), based on a multilayer adsorption model. The steady-state kinetics of the consecutive reaction were derived to determine the rate steps of the electrochemical oxidation of NO2- and adsorption of NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Lun Wu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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29
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Pastushok O, Ramasamy DL, Sillanpää M, Repo E. Enhanced ammonium removal and recovery from municipal wastewater by asymmetric CDI cell equipped with oxygen functionalized carbon electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Several harmful or valuable ionic species present in seawater, brackish water, and wastewater are amphoteric, weak acids or weak bases, and, thus, their properties depend on local water pH. Effective removal of these species can be challenging for conventional membrane technologies, necessitating chemical dosing of the feedwater to adjust pH. A prominent example is boron, which is considered toxic in high concentrations and often requires additional membrane passes to remove during seawater desalination. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging membraneless technique for water treatment and desalination, based on electrosorption of salt ions into charging microporous electrodes. CDI cells show strong internally generated pH variations during operation, and, thus, CDI can potentially remove pH-dependent species without chemical dosing. However, development of this technique is inhibited by the complexities inherent to the coupling of pH dynamics and ion properties in a charging CDI cell. Here, we present a theoretical framework predicting the electrosorption of pH-dependent species in flow-through electrode CDI cells. We demonstrate that such a model enables insight into factors affecting species electrosorption and conclude that important design rules for such systems are highly counterintuitive. For example, we show both theoretically and experimentally that for boron removal, the anode should be placed upstream and the cathode downstream, an electrode order that runs counter to the accepted wisdom in the CDI field. Overall, we show that to achieve target separations relying on coupled, complex phenomena, such as in the removal of amphoteric species, a theoretical CDI model is essential.
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31
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Mamaril GSS, de Luna MDG, Bindumadhavan K, Ong DC, Pimentel JAI, Doong RA. Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped 3-dimensional reduced graphene oxide architectures as high-performance electrode material for capacitive deionization of copper ions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Li Y, Ma J, Waite TD, Hoffmann MR, Wang Z. Development of a Mechanically Flexible 2D-MXene Membrane Cathode for Selective Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrate to N 2: Mechanisms and Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10695-10703. [PMID: 34132087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of water resources by nitrate is a major problem. Herein, we report a mechanically flexible 2D-MXene (Ti3C2Tx) membrane with multilayered nanofluidic channels for a selective electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas (N2). At a low applied potential of -0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl), the MXene electrochemical membrane was found to exhibit high selectivity for NO3- reduction to N2 (82.8%) due to a relatively low desorption energy barrier for the release of adsorbed N2 (*N2) compared to that for the adsorbed NH3 (*NH3) based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Long-term use of the MXene membrane for treating 10 mg-NO3-N L-1 in water was found to have a high faradic efficiency of 72.6% for NO3- reduction to N2 at a very low electrical cost of 0.28 kWh m-3. Results of theoretical calculations and experimental results showed that defects on the MXene nanosheet surfaces played an important role in achieving high activity, primarily at the low-coordinated Ti sites. Water flowing through the MXene nanosheets facilitated the mass transfer of nitrate onto the low-coordinated Ti sites with this enhancement of particular importance under cathodic polarization of the MXene membrane. This study provides insight into the tailoring of nanoengineered materials for practical application in water treatment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- California Institute of Technology, The Linde-Robinson Laboratory, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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33
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Mao M, Yan T, Shen J, Zhang J, Zhang D. Selective Capacitive Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater over Lewis Base Sites of S-Doped Fe-N-C Cathodes via an Electro-Adsorption Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7665-7673. [PMID: 33983021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of toxic heavy metals is becoming an increasingly important issue in environmental remediation because these metals are harmful to the ecological environment and human health. Highly efficient selective removal of heavy metal ions is a huge challenge for wastewater purification. Here, highly efficient selective capacitive removal (SCR) of heavy metal ions from complex wastewater over Lewis base sites of S-doped Fe-N-C cathodes was originally performed via an electro-adsorption process. The SCR efficiency of heavy metal ions can reach 99% in a binary mixed solution [NaCl (100 ppm) and metal nitrate (10 ppm)]. Even the SCR efficiency of heavy metal ions in a mixed solution containing NaCl (100 ppm) and multicomponent metal nitrates (10 ppm for each) can approach 99%. Meanwhile, the electrode also demonstrated excellent cycle performance. It has been demonstrated that the doping of S can not only enhance the activity of Fe-N sites and improve the removal ability of heavy metal ions but also combine with heavy metal ions by forming covalent bonds of S- clusters on Lewis bases. This work demonstrates a prospective way for the selective removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlin Mao
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jianping Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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34
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Oyarzun DI, Zhan C, Hawks SA, Cerón MR, Kuo HA, Loeb CK, Aydin F, Pham TA, Stadermann M, Campbell PG. Unraveling the Ion Adsorption Kinetics in Microporous Carbon Electrodes: A Multiscale Quantum-Continuum Simulation and Experimental Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23567-23574. [PMID: 33979129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sorption in porous carbon electrodes is crucial to many environmental and energy technologies, such as capacitive deionization (CDI), supercapacitor energy storage, and activated carbon filters. In each of these examples, a practical model that can describe ion electrosorption kinetics is highly desirable for accelerating material design. Here, we proposed a multiscale model to study the ion electrosorption kinetics in porous carbon electrodes by combining quantum mechanical simulations with continuum approaches. Our model integrates the Butler-Volmer (BV) equation for sorption kinetics and a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) formulation with atomistic calculations of ion hydration and ion-pore interactions based on density functional theory (DFT). We validated our model experimentally by using ion mixtures in a flow-through electrode CDI device and developed an in-line UV absorption system to provide unprecedented resolution of individual ions in the separation process. We showed that the multiscale model captures unexpected experimental phenomena that cannot be explained by the traditional ion electrosorption theory. The proposed multiscale framework provides a viable approach for modeling separation processes in systems where pore sizes and ion hydration effects strongly influence the sorption kinetics, which can be leveraged to explore possible strategies for improving carbon-based and, more broadly, pore-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego I Oyarzun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Steven A Hawks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maira R Cerón
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Helen A Kuo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Colin K Loeb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Patrick G Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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35
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Surface characterization of mesoporous biomass activated carbon modified by thermal chemical vapor deposition and adsorptive mechanism of nitrate ions in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Mao M, Yan T, Shen J, Zhang J, Zhang D. Capacitive Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater via an Electro-Adsorption and Electro-Reaction Coupling Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3333-3340. [PMID: 33605148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals widely exist in wastewater, which is a serious threat to human health or water environment. Highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is a major challenge to wastewater treatment. In this work, capacitive removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater via an electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process was originally demonstrated. The removal efficiency of heavy metal ions in the binary-component solutions containing metal nitrate (10 mg/L) and NaCl (100 mg/L) can reach 99%. Even the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions can be close to 99% in the multi-component solution containing all the seven metal nitrates (10 mg/L for each) and 100 mg/L NaCl. Meanwhile, the electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process maintained excellent regeneration ability even after 20 cycles. Furthermore, the heavy metal ions removal mechanism was proven to be the pseudocapacitive intercalation of heavy metal ions into the layered structure of the employed W18O49/graphene in the electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process. This work demonstrates great potential for general applicability to wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jianping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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37
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Zhang C, Wang M, Xiao W, Ma J, Sun J, Mo H, Waite TD. Phosphate selective recovery by magnetic iron oxide impregnated carbon flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116653. [PMID: 33232816 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of phosphorus (P) from wastewaters is a worthy goal considering the potential environmental and economic benefits. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), which employs flowable carbon electrodes instead of the static electrodes used in conventional CDI, has been demonstrated to be a promising P recovery technology. FCDI outperforms CDI and other competitive technologies in a number of aspects including (i) large salt adsorption capacity and (ii) extremely high water recovery rate. In this study, magnetic (Fe3O4 impregnated) activated carbon particles were prepared and applied as FCDI electrodes. The magnetic carbon electrodes were found to have a strong affinity towards P, facilitating the selective adsorption of P to the magnetic particles through a ligand exhange mechanism. Continuous operation of the FCDI system could be achieved with only three minutes required to separate the electrode particles from the brine stream on application of an external magnetic field. A P-rich stream was produced on regeneration of the exhausted magnetic electrodes using alkali solution. We envision that the use of magnetic carbon enhanced flow-electrodes will pave the way for efficient operation of FCDI as well as the preferential recovery of P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wei Xiao
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China.
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Mejri A, Herlem G, Picaud F. From Behavior of Water on Hydrophobic Graphene Surfaces to Ultra-Confinement of Water in Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:306. [PMID: 33504024 PMCID: PMC7911377 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years and with the achievement of nanotechnologies, the development of experiments based on carbon nanotubes has allowed to increase the ionic permeability and/or selectivity in nanodevices. However, this new technology opens the way to many questionable observations, to which theoretical work can answer using several approximations. One of them concerns the appearance of a negative charge on the carbon surface, when the latter is apparently neutral. Using first-principles density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics, we develop here several simulations on different systems in order to understand the reactivity of the carbon surface in low or ultra-high confinement. According to our calculations, there is high affinity of the carbon atom to the hydrogen ion in every situation, and to a lesser extent for the hydroxyl ion. The latter can only occur when the first hydrogen attack has been achieved. As a consequence, the functionalization of the carbon surface in the presence of an aqueous medium is activated by its protonation, then allowing the reactivity of the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabien Picaud
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Imagerie et Thérapeutiques, EA4662, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.M.); (G.H.)
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Liu X, Shanbhag S, Natesakhawat S, Whitacre JF, Mauter MS. Performance Loss of Activated Carbon Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization: Mechanisms and Material Property Predictors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15516-15526. [PMID: 33205957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the material property origins of performance decay in carbon electrodes is critical to maximizing the longevity of capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. This study investigates the cycling stability of electrodes fabricated from six commercial and two post-processed activated carbons. We find that the capacity decay rate of electrodes in half cells is positively correlated with the specific surface area and total surface acidity of the activated carbons. We also demonstrate that half-cell cycling stability is consistent with full cell desalination performance durability. Additionally, our results suggest that increase in internal resistance and physical pore blockage resulting from extensive cycling may be important mechanisms for the specific capacitance decay of activated carbon electrodes in this study. Our findings provide crucial guidelines for selecting activated carbon electrodes for stable CDI performance over long-term operation and insight into appropriate parameters for electrode performance and longevity in models assessing the techno-economic viability of CDI. Finally, our half-cell cycling protocol also offers a method for evaluating the stability of new electrode materials without preparing large, freestanding electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Sneha Shanbhag
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sittichai Natesakhawat
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jay F Whitacre
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meagan S Mauter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Amikam G, Gendel Y. Separation and hydrogenation of nitrate ions by micro-scale capacitive-faradaic fuel cells (CFFCs). Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Aydin F, Cerón MR, Hawks SA, Oyarzun DI, Zhan C, Pham TA, Stadermann M, Campbell PG. Selectivity of nitrate and chloride ions in microporous carbons: the role of anisotropic hydration and applied potentials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20292-20299. [PMID: 33001104 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding ion transport in porous carbons is critical for a wide range of technologies, including supercapacitors and capacitive deionization for water desalination, yet many details remain poorly understood. For instance, an atomistic understanding of how ion selectivity is influenced by the molecular shape of ions, morphology of the micropores and applied voltages is largely lacking. In this work, we combined molecular dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling methods to elucidate the mechanism of nitrate and chloride selectivity in subnanometer graphene slit-pores. We show that nitrate is preferentially adsorbed over chloride in the slit-like micropores. This preferential adsorption was found to stem from the weaker hydration energy and unique anisotropy of the ion solvation of nitrate. Beside the effects of ion dehydration, we found that applied potential plays an important role in determining the ion selectivity, leading to a lower selectivity of nitrate over chloride at a high applied potential. We conclude that the measured ion selectivity results from a complex interplay between voltage, confinement, and specific ion effects-including ion shape and local hydration structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Aydin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Maira R Cerón
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Steven A Hawks
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Diego I Oyarzun
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Patrick G Campbell
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Cerón MR, Aydin F, Hawks SA, Oyarzun DI, Loeb CK, Deinhart A, Zhan C, Pham TA, Stadermann M, Campbell PG. Cation Selectivity in Capacitive Deionization: Elucidating the Role of Pore Size, Electrode Potential, and Ion Dehydration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42644-42652. [PMID: 32869974 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising water desalination technology that is applicable to the treatment of low-salinity brackish waters and the selective removal of ionic contaminants. In this work, we show that by making a small change in the synthetic procedure of hierarchical carbon aerogel monolith (HCAM) electrodes, we can adjust the pore-size distribution and tailor the selectivity, effectively switching between selective adsorption of calcium or sodium ions. Ion selectivity was measured for a mixture of 5 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM CaCl2. For the low activated flow-through CDI (fteCDI) cell, we observed extremely high sodium selectivity over calcium (SNa/Ca ≫ 10, no Ca2+ adsorbed) at all of the applied potentials, while for the highly activated fteCDI cell, we observed a selectivity value of 6.6 ± 0.8 at 0.6 V for calcium over sodium that decreased to 2.2 ± 0.03 at 1.2 V. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the loss in Ca2+ selectivity over Na+ at high applied voltages could be due to a competition between ion-pore electrostatic interactions and volume exclusion ("crowding") effects. Interestingly, we also find with these simulations that the relative sizes of the ions change due to changes in hydration at a higher voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira R Cerón
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Steven A Hawks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Diego I Oyarzun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Colin K Loeb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Amanda Deinhart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Patrick G Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Xu Y, Zhou H, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhao H. Selective Pseudocapacitive Deionization of Calcium Ions in Copper Hexacyanoferrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41437-41445. [PMID: 32820894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the capacitive deionization (CDI) technology has gradually become a promising technology for hard water treatment. Up to now, most of the work for water softening in CDI was severely limited by the inferior selectivity and electrosorption performances of carbon-based electrodes in spite of combining Ca2+-selective ion-exchange resin or membranes. Pseudocapacitive electrode materials that selectively interact with specific ions by Faradic redox reactions or ion (de)intercalation offer an alternative strategy for highly selective electrosorption of Ca2+ from water because of brilliant ion adsorption capacity. Here, we first used copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) as a pseudocapacitive electrode to methodically study the selective pseudocapacitive deionization of Ca2+ over Na+ and Mg2+. Using the hybrid CDI cell consisting of a CuHCF cathode and an activated carbon anode without any ion-exchange membrane, the outstanding Ca2+ electrosorption capacity of 42.8 mg·g-1 and superior selectivity &(Ca2+/Na+) of 3.05 at a molar ratio of 10:1 were obtained at 1.4 V, surpassing those of the reported carbon-based electrodes. Finally, electrochemical measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided an in-depth understanding of the selective pseudocapacitive deionization of Ca2+ ions in a CuHCF electrode. Our study would be helpful for developing high-efficiency selective electrosorption of target charged ions by intrinsic properties of pseudocapacitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Sahin S, Dykstra JE, Zuilhof H, Zornitta RL, de Smet LC. Modification of Cation-Exchange Membranes with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers to Tune Ion Selectivity in Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34746-34754. [PMID: 32589009 PMCID: PMC7404204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a desalination technique that can be applied for the separation of target ions from water streams. For instance, mono- and divalent cation selectivities were studied by other research groups in the context of water softening. Another focus is on removing Na+ from recirculated irrigation water (IW) in greenhouses, aiming to maintain nutrients. This is important as an excess of Na+ has toxic effects on plant growth by decreasing the uptake of other nutrients. In this study, we investigated the selective separation of sodium (Na+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in MCDI using a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) on a standard grade cation-exchange membrane (Neosepta, CMX). Alternating layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were coated on a CMX membrane (CMX-PEM) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. The layer formation was examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and static water contact angle measurements (SWA) for each layer. For each membrane, i.e., the CMX-PEM membrane, CMX membrane, and for a special-grade cation-exchange membrane (Neosepta, CIMS), the Na+/Mg2+ selectivity was investigated by performing MCDI experiments, and selectivity values of 2.8 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.04, and 0.4 ± 0.1 were found, respectively, over up to 40 cycles. These selectivity values indicate flexible switching from a Mg2+-selective membrane to a Na+-selective membrane by straightforward modification with a PEM. We anticipate that our modular functionalization method may facilitate the further development of ion-selective membranes and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Sahin
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke E. Dykstra
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael L. Zornitta
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- . Tel: +31-317484810
| | - Louis C.P.M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- . Tel: +31-317481268
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Zhu Y, Zhang G, Xu C, Wang L. Interconnected Graphene Hollow Shells for High-Performance Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29706-29716. [PMID: 32502337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology for distributed and energy-efficient water desalination. The development of high-performance capacitive electrodes is critical for enhancing CDI properties and scaling up its applications. Herein, a three-dimensional graphene porous architecture with high CDI performance is successfully constructed by assembling intentionally designed incomplete graphene-based spherical hollow shells. Small graphene oxide (GO) sheets are purposely adopted to prepare sphere shells by wrapping the surface of polystyrene sphere templates. Because the small-sized GO sheets cannot enwrap the spherical templates seamlessly, a unique graphene hollow shell structure with integrally interconnected feature forms upon removal of the templates. Compared to control samples with typical isolated pore structure (3DGA-C) prepared with commonly used large-sized GO sheets, such open and interconnected porous architectures (3DGA-OP) greatly increase their accessibility of specific surface area and pore volume, enabling superior electrochemical performance. The optimized CDI capacities of 3DGA-OP electrodes reach up to 14.4 mg·g-1 in NaCl aqueous of 500 mg·L-1 at 1.2 V, which is about 2 times the 3DGA-C ones (6.7 mg·g-1) and exceeds the CDI values of most reported pure graphene electrodes under the same experimental conditions. This strategy of improving the open interconnectivity between pores illuminates new avenues for developing high performance CDI porous electrodes assembled from two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Gujia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Wang L, Liang Y, Zhang L. Enhancing Performance of Capacitive Deionization with Polyelectrolyte-Infiltrated Electrodes: Theory and Experimental Validation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5874-5883. [PMID: 32216292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The energy efficiency of capacitive deionization (CDI) with porous carbon electrodes is limited by the high ionic resistance of the macropores in the electrodes. In this study, we demonstrate a facile approach to improve the energy efficiency by filling the macropores with ion-conductive polyelectrolytes, which is termed polyelectrolyte-infiltrated CDI (pie-CDI or πCDI). In πCDI, the filled polyelectrolyte effectively turns the macropores into a charged ion-selective layer and thus increases the conductivity of macropores. We show experimentally that πCDI can save up to half of the energy consumption compared to membrane CDI, achieving identical desalination during the charging step. The energy consumption can be even lower if the process is operated at a smaller average salt adsorption rate. Further energy breakdown analysis based on a theoretical model confirms that the improved energy efficiency is largely attributed to the increased conductivity in the macropores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Yuanzhe Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Jin W, Hu M. Cobalt oxide, sulfide and phosphide-decorated carbon felt for the capacitive deionization of lead ions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Li B, Zheng T, Ran S, Sun M, Shang J, Hu H, Lee PH, Boles ST. Performance Recovery in Degraded Carbon-Based Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1848-1856. [PMID: 31886659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Limitations of capacitive deionization (CDI) and future commercialization efforts are intrinsically bound to electrode stability. In this work, thermal treatments are explored to understand their ability to regenerate aged CDI electrodes. We demonstrate that a relatively low thermal treatment temperature of ∼500 °C can sufficiently recover the lost salt adsorption capacity of degraded electrodes. Furthermore, a systematic study of electrode replacement clarifies that the desalination ability loss and regeneration for a CDI cell are isolated to the aged anode, as expected. Characterizations of surface functionalities support that the acidic oxygen-containing functional groups formed in situ during cycling undergo thermal decomposition during treatment. The modified Donnan model quantitatively confirms that the surface charges originate from the formation/decomposition of functional groups. Accordingly, the lost pore volume and the increased resistance are recovered during thermal treatments, while the surface morphologies and pore structure of the electrodes are well-preserved. Therefore, thermal treatment can be applied practically to extend the lifetime of aged electrodes. This study also offers insights into strategies for minimizing electrode degradation or in situ regeneration such that the technology gains momentum for future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Tianye Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Sijia Ran
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tak Chee Avenue , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tak Chee Avenue , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Science , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , China
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Steven T Boles
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
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Aydin F, Zhan C, Ritt C, Epsztein R, Elimelech M, Schwegler E, Pham TA. Similarities and differences between potassium and ammonium ions in liquid water: a first-principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2540-2548. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding ion solvation in liquid water is critical in optimizing materials for a wide variety of emerging technologies, including water desalination and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Aydin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore
- USA
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore
- USA
| | - Cody Ritt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Razi Epsztein
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
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