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Kong LJ, Cao XY, Sun NB, Min LJ, Duke SO, Wu HK, Zhang LQ, Liu XH. Isoxazoline: An Emerging Scaffold in Pesticide Discovery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:8678-8693. [PMID: 40176756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Isoxazolines are five-membered heterocycle compounds with a wide range of pharmacological and pesticidal activities. Numerous marketed pesticides contain an isoxazoline motif as a key skeleton. Isoxazoline compounds have relatively simple syntheses and wide biological activities against various weeds, bacteria, and other pests. In recent years, they have received increasing attention and are widely used in organic chemistry research, such as intermediate and catalyst ligands in organic synthesis. They also have excellent optoelectronic properties and are widely used in the field of materials. Hence, the exploration of isoxazoline derivatives remains an important research area in pesticide discovery. This review provides an up-to-date overview of isoxazoline heterocycle compounds utilized as pesticides and in pesticide discovery, highlighting their structure and biological properties. It summarizes relevant publications from the last 10 years, offering insights into the recent advancements in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Kong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na-Bo Sun
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Jing Min
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Hong-Ke Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Li-Qin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Hai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Jeschke P. The continuing significance of chiral agrochemicals. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2025; 81:1697-1716. [PMID: 39821341 PMCID: PMC11906909 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2024] [Revised: 12/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
Chemical crop protection is one of the most cost-effective methods for agriculture, as crop failures can be prevented, and sustainable growth can be enabled regardless of the seasons. Agricultural production must be significantly increased in the future to meet the food needs of a growing world population. However, the continued loss of established active ingredients due to consumer perceptions, changing needs of farmers and ever-changing regulatory requirements is higher than annually new active ingredients introduced to the market. The development of innovative active ingredients is therefore essential to continuously improve the selectivity, efficacy and favorable environmental profile of agrochemicals. Molecules with stereogenic centers can be considered here, as they often have different properties than non-chiral molecules. Natural products and their congeners are still a valuable source of inspiration for chiral agrochemicals. However, only a few novel chiral agrochemicals are currently produced on an industrial scale as pure stereoisomers or in enriched form. As of 2018, around 43% of the 35 chiral products introduced to the market (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides) contain one or more stereogenic centers in the molecule, and almost 69% of them have been marketed as racemic mixtures of enantiomers or stereoisomers. Surprisingly, the proportion of chiral agrochemicals is in the same order of magnitude as in the time frame from 2007 to 2017 with around 42%, respectively. This report therefore provides an overview of the continued importance of chiral agrochemicals brought to market in the last 6 years and describes the inherent related challenges of modern agrochemicals through the management of key aspects arising from innovative crop protection products. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jeschke
- Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryDuesseldorfGermany
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3
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Guo H, Xiao N, Wang Z, Liang Y, Liu X, Wang P, Liu D. The stereoselective bioactivity and mechanism of indoxacarb against Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2025; 81:2347-2354. [PMID: 39781645 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoxacarb, a type of chiral pesticide, is used to control Lepidoptera insects. Most studies had focused on the environmental behavior and selective toxicity of indoxacarb enantiomers, and the mechanism behind its selective biological activity against target organisms is not well understood. RESULTS Spodoptera frugiperda was selected as the target insect. The lethal concentrations (96 h) of indoxacarb enantiomers on S. frugiperda were 2.61 mg/kg (S-indoxacarb) and 463.52 mg/kg (R-indoxacarb). S-Indoxacarb resulted in stronger oxidative damage to S. frugiperda than R-indoxacarb, and catalase and malondialdehyde were upregulated by 40.46% and 68.64% respectively after treatment with S-indoxacarb. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase were activated by S-indoxacarb, increasing by 39.62% and 63.68% respectively. Decarbomethoxyllated JW062 (DCJW), a metabolite of indoxacarb, has insecticidal activity. The concentration of DCJW in the S-indoxacarb treatment group was 2.73 times that in the R-indoxacarb treatment group. Molecular docking results demonstrated that S-indoxacarb could spontaneously bind to metabolic enzymes and be metabolized. CONCLUSIONS Enantiomeric bioactivity of indoxacarb enantiomers against on S. frugiperda was observed. S-Indoxacarb demonstrated remarkable insecticidal efficacy. Upon ingestion by S. frugiperda, it induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, S-indoxacarb was metabolized to DCJW, which has a significant role in its insecticidal properties. The selective bioactivity of indoxacarb enantiomers in S. frugiperda might be attributed to the enantiomeric metabolites. These findings offer a new perspective on the selective mechanisms of chiral pesticides. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabo Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yang H, Yin X, Li Y. Discovery of Novel Isoxazoline Derivatives Containing Pyrazolamide Fragment as Insecticidal Candidates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:6580-6588. [PMID: 40053670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Lepidopteran species cause significant harm to agricultural yields and food quality. In this study, a series of innovative isoxazoline derivatives incorporating pyrazolamide moieties were carefully designed and synthesized as potential insecticidal agents. Among these, compound F16 demonstrated an LC50 value of 0.01 mg/L against Plutella xylostella, surpassing that of the lead compound fluxametamide (LC50 = 0.15 mg/L). Furthermore, F16 exhibited broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against Pyrausta nubilalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Chilo suppressalis, Aphis craccivora, and Sogatella furcifera. Notably, F16 possessed low toxicity against Danio rerio, whereas fluxametamide displayed moderate toxicity. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the potent insecticidal activity of F16 is likely mediated by its specific interactions with γ-GABA receptors primarily through the formation of hydrogen bonds with key residues. Density functional theory calculations and molecular electrostatic potentials were also performed to gain insights into the insecticidal behavior of F16. These findings suggest that F16 is a promising candidate for further investigation as a novel pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guangpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Fan J, Li P, Zhao F, Zheng L, Wang P, Liu D, Zhou Z, Liu X. Enantioseparation, bioactivity, environmental fate and toxicity of chiral triazole fungicide ipconazole in soil and earthworm. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 485:136921. [PMID: 39709815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Ipconazole (IPC) is a chiral triazole fungicide and commonly used for disease control in seeds. This study investigated the bioactivity and potential mechanism of ipconazole against pathogenic microorganisms at the chiral perspective. It explored the accumulation behavior of ipconazole enantiomers within the soil-earthworm system and evaluated its toxic effects on earthworms. Bioactivity evaluation revealed that the bioactivity order of ipconazole against three plant pathogens is (-)-1S,2 R,5S-IPC > rac-IPC > (+)-1R,2S,5R-IPC, and the bioactivity of (-)-1S,2 R,5S-IPC is 34.6-129.5 times higher than that of (+)-1R,2S,5R-IPC. Molecular docking found that (-)-1S,2 R,5S-IPC has a stronger binding affinity for the target protein CYP51 to cause activity differences. Accumulation and metabolism studies revealed that (-)-1S,2 R,5S-IPC is more persistent than that of (+)-1R,2S,5R-IPC, and ipconazole was primarily metabolized into hydroxylated ipconazole through hydroxylation in the soil-earthworm system. Toxicological evaluation found growth inhibitory effects and histopathological damage to earthworms at an exposure concentration of 1.5 mg kg-1 ipconazole. Further investigation indicated that these toxic effects of ipconazole were caused by inducing oxidative damage and influencing the functional gene expression of related growth. These research findings will further enhance the understanding of the activity and risks of ipconazole enantiomers, contributing to the safer use of ipconazole in the agricultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pengxi Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Lei Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Chen L, Jin S, Tang D. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship-Based Molecular Design through a Side Arm Strategy to Synthesize Phenylpyrazole Oxime Derivatives and Improve Their Insecticidal Activity and Photoself-Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:5585-5604. [PMID: 39995035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) serves as one of the most important and effective tools to guide molecular design for the development of new pesticides. According to the principle of structural splicing, only changing a small group may lead to a great increase in activity while maintaining the active center unchanged. Under the guidance of 3D-QSAR, three series of phenylpyrazole oxime fluorescent insecticides acting on the GABA receptor, namely, esters (POEs), ethers (POETs), and triazoles (POTs), were designed through a side arm strategy and synthesized by an ultrasonic bath reaction, which were fully characterized and crystal-analyzed. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that the insecticidal activities of POE12 and POT2 against Plutella xylostella were 4.2 and 2.7 times higher than that of fipronil and better than that of the isolated Mythimna separata. Through the trend of insecticidal activity, the introduction of an aryl ring and an electron-withdrawing group in the substituted functional group of the side arm can enhance the insecticidal activity. Reversed-phase HPLC also confirmed that POEs and POTs had good lipid solubility, which was beneficial to improve their fluidity in the cell membrane. Through molecular packing, molecular docking, and Hirshfeld surface, the intermolecular interaction brought by side arms of POEs, POETs, and POTs and the strong interaction with GABA receptors were preliminarily verified. Photophysical tests revealed that the introduction of the side arm expanded the conjugated system and improved its light absorption and fluorescence. Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight, it was found that they had photoself-degradation and could be retransformed into the parent fragment of phenylpyrazole, thereby improving its biological activity and reducing residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Lei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Lianqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei Province 443000, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wisconsin 53818, United States
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Dingguo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
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Yin C, Chen Z, Chen W, Wang Z. Baseline Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua to Fluxametamide in China. INSECTS 2025; 16:267. [PMID: 40266778 PMCID: PMC11942862 DOI: 10.3390/insects16030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 02/23/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Fluxametamide, an innovative isoxazoline insecticide, acts as an antagonist of γ-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channels. Its distinct mode of action sets it apart, lacking known cross-resistance with current insecticides. This positions fluxametamide as a promising tool for addressing insecticide resistance in Lepidoptera, thysanoptera, coleoptera, and diptera pest insects. To develop and implement successful resistance management strategies, it is crucial to establish the baseline susceptibility to this insecticide before it is registered and widely used in China. In this study, we assessed the baseline susceptibility of two widespread lepidopteran pest species, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua, to fluxametamide. The insecticide exhibited remarkably high efficacy against populations of the two lepidopteran species sampled in their primary distribution areas in China. For P. xylostella and S. exigua, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) ranged between 0.040 and 0.247 mg/L, and 0.211 and 0.761 mg/L, respectively. Among populations, there was a relative low variability in susceptibility to fluxametamide, showing a 6.18-fold difference for P. xylostella and 3.61-fold for S. exigua. The suggested diagnostic concentrations for P. xylostella and S. exigua were 10 and 15 mg/L, respectively. Fluxametamide exhibited high toxicity to the selected resistant strains, which displayed strong resistance to abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and deltamethrin. No cross-resistance to fluxametamide was detected in the laboratory diamide-resistant strain. Our findings offer essential insights for crafting successful resistance management initiatives to maintain the effectiveness of fluxametamide against these significant pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yin
- School of Life Science, Wuchang Institute of Technology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Bioactive Polypeptide Diabetes Drugs, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Jiang B, Feng D, Shi J, Wu W, Dong Y, Ren H. Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activity of Isoxazoline Derivatives Incorporating an Acylhydrazine Moiety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:20974-20980. [PMID: 39283195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The long-term use of agricultural insecticides has led to the development of resistant strains. In this context, the isoxazoline structure has become an active area of pesticide research owing to its wide insecticidal spectrum, nontoxicity to mammals, and lack of cross-resistance with known insecticides. In the present study, based on the discovery of compound G22 in our previous work, a series of novel isoxazoline compounds containing acylhydrazine were designed and synthesized using a scaffold hopping strategy. The insecticidal activities of the target compounds were assessed, and compound L17 (LC50 = 0.489 mg/L) showed insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda superior to those of the commercial insecticides indoxacarb (LC50 = 3.14 mg/L) and fluralaner (LC50 = 0.659 mg/L). Theoretical calculations indicated that the introduction of acylhydrazine plays an important role in the biological activity of the target compounds. Furthermore, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and molecular docking results indicated that L17 may act on the GABA receptor of the target insect. These results indicated that L17 is a potential candidate compound for controlling S. frugiperda populations in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Di Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
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Ai J, Li J, Chang AK, Pei Y, Li H, Liu K, Li R, Xu L, Wang N, Liu Y, Su W, Liu W, Wang T, Jiang Z, Chen L, Liang X. Toxicokinetics and bioavailability of indoxacarb enantiomers and their new metabolites in rats. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106024. [PMID: 39084783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Indoxacarb is a chiral insecticide that consists of two enantiomers, S-(+)-indoxacarb and R-(-)-indoxacarb, of which only S-(+)-indoxacarb has insecticidal activity. Previous enantioselective toxicology studies of indoxacarb focused mostly on simple environmental model organisms. The lack of a toxicology evaluation of indoxacarb conducted in a mammalian system could mean that the extent of the potential health risk posed by the insecticide to humans is not adequately known. In this study, we reported on a new pair of enantiomers, S-IN-RM294 and R-IN-RM294, derived from the metabolic breakdown of S-(+)-indoxacarb and R-(-)-indoxacarb, respectively, in rats. The toxicokinetics of S-(+)-indoxacarb, R-(-)-indoxacarb, S-IN-RM294, and R-IN-RM294 in rats were evaluated to provide a more comprehensive risk assessment of these molecules. The bioavailability and excretion rates of both S-(+)-indoxacarb and R-(-)-indoxacarb were relatively low, which may be due to their faster metabolism and accumulation in the tissues. In addition, there were significant differences in the metabolism and distribution between the two indoxacarb enantiomers and their metabolites in vivo. S-(+)-Indoxacarb was found to be more easily metabolized in the blood compared with R-(-)-indoxacarb, as shown by the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between oral and intravenous administration. Analysis of their tissue distribution showed that S-(+)-indoxacarb was less likely to accumulate in most tissues. The results obtained for the two metabolites were consistent with those of the two parent compounds. S-IN-RM294 was more readily cleared from the blood and less likely to accumulate in the tissues compared with R-IN-RM294. Therefore, whether from the perspective of insecticidal activity or from the perspective of mammalian and environmental friendliness, the application of optically pure S-(+)-indoxacarb in agriculture may be a more efficient and safer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jianxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Alan Kueichieh Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Liuping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Wenbao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Li D, Cai X, Qi Y, Lu Y, Li X. Lethal, Sublethal, and Offspring Effects of Fluralaner and Dinotefuran on Three Species of Bactrocera Fruit Flies. INSECTS 2024; 15:440. [PMID: 38921155 PMCID: PMC11203614 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fruit flies cause substantial economic damage, and their management relies primarily on chemical insecticides. However, pesticide resistance has been reported in several fruit fly species, the mitigation of which is crucial to enhancing fruit fly control. Here, we assess the toxicity of a novel insecticide (fluralaner) and a common insecticide (dinotefuran) against three fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Bactrocera tau (Walker). Both pesticides exhibit robust lethal and sublethal effects against all three fruit fly species, with fluralaner being more potent. Fluralaner and dinotefuran suppress the reproductive capacities and survival rates of fruit flies. However, at the 50% lethal concentration, fluralaner stimulates the reproductive capacity of B. dorsalis and the survival rate of B. tau. Fluralaner also causes significant transgenerational effects, impacting the offspring hatching rate of B. cucurbitae and B. tau and reducing the proportion of female offspring. Thus, both pesticides exhibit high potential for controlling fruit flies. However, their application should be tailored according to species variations and the diverse effects they may induce. Collectively, the findings of this study outline the sublethal effects of two insecticides against fruit flies, helping to optimize their application to ensure the effective management of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.L.); (X.C.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xinlian Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.L.); (X.C.); (Y.Q.)
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11
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Zhang P, Yang F, Ran L, Yang C, Tang C, Ke X, Chen J, Xiao W, He L, Xu Z. Systemic evaluation of novel acaricide hexythiazox for bioactivity improvement and risk reduction at the enantiomer level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171907. [PMID: 38522548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Traditional risk assessments of chiral pesticides mainly depend on racemic form, which is often incomprehensive. This study conducted systemic investigations on the bioactivity, toxicity, and ecotoxicological effects of hexythiazox (HTZ) at the enantiomer level. The elution order and absolute configuration of HTZ enantiomers were determined. (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ exhibited 708 and 1719 times higher bioactivity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urticae eggs than (4S, 5S)-(-)-HTZ, respectively. Molecular docking indicated greater interactions between (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ and chitin synthase leading to higher bioactivity of (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ. However, (4S, 5S)-(-)-HTZ induced greater changes in protein and malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities than (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ in earthworms. Furthermore, integrated biomarker response results indicated (4S, 5S)-(-)-HTZ exhibited higher toxic effects on earthworms than (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ. Finally, significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in earthworms after exposure to (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ and (4S, 5S)-(-)-HTZ, respectively. These DEGs were mainly enriched in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and purine metabolism pathways in earthworms. Additionally, six metabolism pathways were also enriched, including pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, fatty acid degradation, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. These findings suggest that earthworms exhibited enantiomer-specific responses to (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ and (4S, 5S)-(-)-HTZ. This study provides systemic insight into the toxicity mechanism of HTZ at the enantiomer level and the potential to develop (4R, 5R)-(+)-HTZ as a high-efficiency and low-risk pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Furong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lulu Ran
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cancan Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Can Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaojiang Ke
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juanni Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Yao X, Liang C, Lv H, Liu W, Wang Q, Ding J, Li X, Wang J. Expanding the insight of ecological risk on the novel chiral pesticide mefentrifluconazole: Mechanism of enantioselective toxicity to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133585. [PMID: 38271877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Continued application of new chiral fungicide mefentrifluconazole (MFZ) increases its risk to soil ecosystem. However, the toxicity of MFZ enantiomers to soil fauna and whether stereoselectivity exists remains poorly elucidated. Based on multilevel toxicity endpoints and transcriptomics, we investigated the negative effects of racemic, R-(-)-, and S-(+)-MFZ on Eisenia fetida. After exposure to S-(+) configuration at 4 mg/kg for 28 day, its reactive oxygen species levels were elevated by 15.4% compared to R-(-) configuration, inducing enantiospecific oxidative stress and transcriptional aberrations. The S-(+) isomer induced more severe cell membrane damage and apoptosis than the R-(-) isomer, and notably, the selectivity of apoptosis is probably dominated by the mitochondrial pathway. Mechanistically, differential mitochondrial stress lies in: S-(+) isomer specifically up-regulated mitochondrial cellular component compared to R-(-) isomer and identified more serious mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, S-(+) conformation down-regulated biological processes associated with ATP synthesis and metabolism, with specific inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain complex I and IV activity resulting in more severe electron flow disturbances. These ultimately mediated enantioselective ontogenetic process disorders, which were supported at phenotypic (weight loss), genetic, and protein (reverse modulate TCTP and Sox2 expression) levels. Our findings offer an important reference for elucidating the enantioselective toxicological mechanism of MFZ in soil fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Chunliu Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Huijuan Lv
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jia Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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13
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Gao YC, Song X, Jia T, Zhao C, Yao G, Xu H. Discovery of new N-Phenylamide Isoxazoline derivatives with high insecticidal activity and reduced honeybee toxicity. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105843. [PMID: 38582603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Isoxazoline is a novel structure with strong potential for controlling agricultural insect pests, but its high toxicity to honeybees limits its development in agriculture. Herein, a series of N-phenylamide isoxazoline derivatives with low honeybee toxicity were designed and synthesized using the intermediate derivatization method. Bioassay results showed that these compounds exhibited good insecticidal activity. Compounds 3b and 3f showed significant insecticidal effects against Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella) with median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 0.06 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, comparable to that of fluralaner (LC50 = 0.02 mg/L) and exceeding that of commercial insecticide fluxametamide (LC50 = 0.52 mg/L). It is noteworthy that the acute honeybee toxicities of compounds 3b and 3f (LD50 = 1.43 and 1.63 μg/adult, respectively) were significantly reduced to 1/10 of that of fluralaner (LD50 = 0.14 μg/adult), and were adequate or lower than that of fluxametamide (LD50 = 1.14 μg/adult). Theoretical simulation using molecular docking indicates that compound 3b has similar binding modes with fluralaner and a similar optimal docking pose with fluxametamide when binding to the GABA receptor, which may contribute to its potent insecticidal activity and relatively low toxicity to honey bees. This study provides compounds 3b and 3f as potential new insecticide candidates and provides insights into the development of new isoxazoline insecticides exhibiting both high efficacy and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmin Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangkai Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu H, Wu Z, Du Y, Zhou Q, Chen L, Jin S. Design, One-Step Highly Selective Synthesis and Enhancing Insecticidal Activity and Photo-Self-Degradation of Phenylpyrazole Esterified Derivatives as GABA and nACh Receptor Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2347-2361. [PMID: 38231789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of novel insecticides with high activity and a unique mode of action on the GABA receptor, a series of phenylpyrazole esterified derivatives (PEs) were synthesized using an improved Pinner reaction with high selectivity. Lewis acid catalysis was employed in a one-step solvent-thermal method to convert the cyano group of fipronil into an ester unit. FeCl3 was found to exhibit the highest selectivity for PEs synthesis, yielding PEs at 96.4%, with the byproduct being phenylpyrazole amide (PE0) at 2.1%. Initial biological assays indicated superior insecticidal activity of the target compounds against Plutella xylostella and Mythimna separata compared to fipronil. Particularly, the smaller and shorter ester units, PE3, PE5, and PE8, demonstrated 2-2.5 times higher insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than fipronil. The higher activity of ester units compared to amide and acylhydrazone units can be attributed to the enhanced lipid solubility of PEs. Additionally, it may be due to the impact of PEs on the neurotransmitter nACh or the coordination of calcium and chloride ions with the ester's -C═O and -O- bonds, blocking the chloride ion channel. Hydrophobic parameters were confirmed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), indicating the enhanced lipophilicity conferred by the ester units of PEs. Molecular docking and CoMFA analysis preliminarily validated the strong interactions and structure-activity relationships between PEs and the GABA receptor and nACh receptor in P. xylostella. Furthermore, under simulated natural sunlight, PEs exhibited photodegradation capabilities, transforming back into fipronil parent fragments and enhancing their insecticidal activity. Moreover, PEs displayed excellent fluorescent properties, enabling self-detection of residues. These research findings provide new insights and directions for the development of efficient pesticides, with potential wide applications in the fields of medicine and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhongda Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanting Du
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lianqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Platteville, Platteville, Wisconsin 53818, United States
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Liu T, Ren X, Fang J, Yu Z, Wang X. Multiomics Sequencing and AlphaFold2 Analysis of the Stereoselective Behavior of Mefentrifluconazole for Bioactivity Improvement and Risk Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21348-21357. [PMID: 38051155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As the first isopropanol chiral triazole fungicide, mefentrifluconazole has broad prospects for application. In this study, the stereoselective stability, bioactivity, fate, and biotoxicity were systematically investigated. Our results indicated that the stability of mefentrifluconazole enantiomers differed between environmental media, and they were stable in water and sediment in the dark. The bactericidal activity of R-mefentrifluconazole against the four target pathogens was 4.6-43 times higher than that of S-mefentrifluconazole. In the water-sediment system, S-mefentrifluconazole dissipated faster than R-mefentrifluconazole in water; however, its accumulation capacity was higher than that of R-mefentrifluconazole in sediment and zebrafish. S-Mefentrifluconazole induced more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in zebrafish than did R-mefentrifluconazole. Multiomics sequencing results showed that S-mefentrifluconazole enhanced the antioxidant, detoxification, immune, and metabolic functions of zebrafish by interacting with related proteins. Based on AlphaFold2 modeling and molecular docking, mefentrifluconazole enantiomers had different binding modes with key target proteins in pathogens and zebrafish, which may be the main reason for the stereoselective differences in bioactivity and biotoxicity. Based on its excellent bioactivity and low biotoxicity, the R-enantiomer can be developed to improve the bioactivity and reduce the risk of mefentrifluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiangyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jianwei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zihan Yu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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16
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Xu Y, Wu Z, Wan Z, Du Y, Zhou Q, Chen L, Jin S. Design and One-Pot Ultrasound Synthesis of Inorganic Base-Promoted Fluorescent Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Fused Arylpyrazole Sulfonamide Skeletons to Enhance Phloem Mobility and Insecticidal Activity as GABA and nACh Receptors Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16331-16351. [PMID: 37871250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels are essential in living organisms, and sulfonamides have antibacterial effects and can be readily coordinated with metal ions with good biological activity. A series of fluorescent ligand-gated ion channel fused arylpyrazole sulfonamide skeletons (APSnM) were synthesized based on a one-pot ultrasound strategy promoted by an inorganic base. APSnM had a high fluorescence quantum yield and a large Stokes shift in ethanol solvent. The ligand bonded ions took on a different color from the ligand and can be used as a probe to detect their own residue on plant surfaces. Their hydrophobic parameters and the fluorescence distribution in Chinese cabbage leaves indicated that APSnM significantly increased the phloem mobility of the plant. The insecticidal activity of APS3Na was higher (LC50 = 7.2423 μg/mL) than that of fipronil (15.2312 μg/mL) against Plutella xylostella, and the mechanism of high insecticidal activity of APS3Na was simulated by molecular docking, which confirmed its strong interactions with the GABA and nACh receptors of Plutella xylostella. Analysis of the crystal structure of these ligand-gated ion channels further confirmed the consistency of their structure and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhongda Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zilou Wan
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanting Du
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lianqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443000, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville 53818, United States
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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17
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Yang S, Tang J, Li B, Yao G, Peng H, Pu C, Zhao C, Xu H. Rational Design of Insecticidal Isoxazolines Containing Sulfonamide or Sulfinamide Structure as Antagonists of GABA Receptors with Reduced Toxicities to Honeybee and Zebrafish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14211-14220. [PMID: 37737111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
To develop highly effective, nontarget organism-friendly insecticides based on the isoxazoline scaffold, we rationally designed and synthesized 25 isoxazoline derivatives containing sulfonamides and sulfinamides. Their insecticidal activities against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), and Spodoptera litura Fabricius (S. litura) were evaluated. The trifluoromethyl sulfinamide-containing compound 7w displayed excellent activities with LC50 values being 0.09, 0.84, 0.87, and 0.68 mg/L against P. xylostella, S. frugiperda, S. exigua, and S. litura, respectively, which were superior to fluxametamide (LC50 = 0.09, 1.24, 1.10, and 0.65 mg/L, respectively) and maintained at the same order of magnitude LC50 values as fluralaner (LC50 = 0.02, 0.17, 0.12, and 0.19 mg/L, respectively). Importantly, compound 7w showed a medium toxicity level of acute toxicity to honeybee (LD50 = 2.22 μg/adult), which is significantly lower than the fluralaner (high toxicity level, LD50 = 0.09 μg/adult). Acute toxicity experiments with zebrafish (Danio rerio) indicated that compound 7w was safe with the LC50 value being 42.4 mg/L (low toxicity level). Furthermore, electrophysiological experiments and molecular docking studies preliminarily verified that compound 7w acts on the insect GABA receptor, and the theoretical calculations explained that the sulfinamide structure may play an important role in exhibiting biological activities. The above results suggest that compound 7w could be employed as a potentially highly effective, environmentally friendly insecticide to control multiple agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangkai Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wang X, Diao Z, Liu Z, Qi P, Wang Z, Cang T, Chu Y, Zhao H, Zhang C, Xu H, Di S. Development of S-penthiopyrad for bioactivity improvement and risk reduction from the systemic evaluation at the enantiomeric level. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122012. [PMID: 37307862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of screening high-efficiency and low-risk green pesticides, a systematic study on fungicide penthiopyrad was conducted at the enantiomeric level. The bioactivity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad (median effective concentration (EC50), 0.035 mg/L) against Rhizoctonia solani was 988 times higher than R-(-)-penthiopyrad (EC50, 34.6 mg/L), which would reduce 75% usage of rac-penthiopyrad under the same efficacy. Furthermore, their antagonistic interaction (toxic unit (TUrac), 2.07) indicated the existence of R-(-)-penthiopyrad would reduce the fungicidal activity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad. AlphaFold2 modeling and molecular docking illustrated that S-(+)-penthiopyrad had the higher binding ability with the target protein than R-(-)-penthiopyrad, showing higher bioactivity. For model organism Danio rerio, S-(+)-penthiopyrad (median lethal concentrations (LC50), 3.02 mg/L) and R-(-)-penthiopyrad (LC50, 4.89 mg/L) were both less toxic than rac-penthiopyrad (LC50, 2.73 mg/L), and the existence of R-(-)-penthiopyrad could synergistically enhance the toxicity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad (TUrac, 0.73), using S-(+)-penthiopyrad would reduce at least 23% toxicity to fish. The enantioselective dissipation and residues of rac-penthiopyrad were tested in three kinds of fruits, and their dissipation half-lives ranged from 1.91 to 23.7 d. S-(+)-penthiopyrad was dissipated preferentially in grapes, which was R-(-)-penthiopyrad in pears. On the 60th d, the residue concentrations of rac-penthiopyrad in grapes were still higher than its maximum residue limit (MRL), but the initial concentrations were lower than their MRL values in watermelons and pears. Thus, more tests in different cultivars of grapes and planting environments should be encouraged. Based on the acute and chronic dietary intake risk assessments, the risks in the three fruits were all acceptable. In conclusion, S-(+)-penthiopyrad is a high-efficiency and low-risk alternative to rac-penthiopyrad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570100, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Tang Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China/ Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570100, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
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19
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Wang Z, Li Y, Tan Y, Li R, Zhou L, He Z, Barcelo D, Shi H, Wang M. Enantioselective uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of pydiflumetofen in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Insights from chiral profiling and molecular simulation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108139. [PMID: 37595535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Pydiflumetofen (PYD), a highly effective and broad-spectrum fungicide, is commonly employed for the control of fungal diseases. In this study, the uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of PYD by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were firstly investigated at a chiral level. The findings revealed that the residue concentration of R-PYD in wheat was higher than that of S-PYD, because of its higher uptake rate (k1 = 0.0421 h-1) and lower elimination rate (k2 = 0.0459 h-1). Additionally, R-PYD exhibited higher root bioconcentration factors and translocation factors compared with S-enantiomer, indicating R-PYD was more easily accumulating in roots and translocating to shoots. Furthermore, a total of 9 metabolites, including hydroxylated, demethylated, demethoxylated, dechlorinated, hydrolyzed, and glycosylated-conjugated products, were detected qualitatively in wheat roots or shoots. Symplastic pathway-mediated uptake, which predominantly relied on aquaporins and anion channels, was confirmed by root adsorption and inhibition experiments, without displaying any enantioselective effect. Molecular simulations demonstrated that R-PYD exhibited stronger binding affinity with TaLTP 1.1 with a lower grid score (-6.79 kcal/mol), whereas weaker interaction with the metabolic enzyme (CYP71C6v1) compared to the S-enantiomer. These findings highlight the significance of plant biomacromolecules in the enantioselective bioaccumulation and biotransformation processes. Importantly, a combination of experimental and theoretical evidence provide a comprehensive understanding of the fate of chiral pesticides in plants from an enantioselective perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuting Tan
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Han L, Fang K, You X, Li Y, Wang X, Wang J. Earthworms synergize with indigenous soil functional microorganisms to accelerate the preferential degradation of the highly toxic S-enantiomer of the fungicide imazalil in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131778. [PMID: 37290354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The roles of soil and earthworm gut microorganisms in the degradation of the chiral fungicide imazalil (IMA) enantiomers were systemically studied in soil-earthworm systems. S-IMA degraded slower than R-IMA in soil without earthworms. After the addition of earthworms, S-IMA degraded faster than R-IMA. Methylibium was the potential degradative bacterium likely related to the preferential degradation of R-IMA in soil. However, the addition of earthworms significantly decreased the relative abundance of Methylibium, especially in R-IMA-treated soil. Meanwhile, a new potential degradative bacterium Aeromonas first appeared in soil-earthworm systems. Compared with enantiomer-treated soil, the relative abundance of indigenous soil bacterium Kaistobacter significantly boomed in enantiomer-treated soil with earthworms. Interestingly, Kaistobacter in the earthworm gut also obviously increased after exposure to enantiomers, particularly in S-IMA-treated soil, which was associated with the significant increase in Kaistobacter in soil. More importantly, the relative abundances of Aeromonas and Kaistobacter in S-IMA-treated soil were obviously higher than those in R-IMA-treated soil after the addition of earthworms. Moreover, these two potential degradative bacteria were also potential bacterial hosts of the biodegradation genes p450 and bph. Collectively, gut microorganisms are important helpers in soil pollution remediation by participating in the preferential degradation of S-IMA mediated by indigenous soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Kuan Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Xiangwei You
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
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21
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Tong Z, Shen Y, Meng D, Yi X, Sun M, Dong X, Chu Y, Duan J. Ecological threat caused by malathion and its chiral metabolite in a honey bee-rape system: Stereoselective exposure risk and the mechanism revealed by proteome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162585. [PMID: 36870510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees play an important role in the ecological environment. Regrettably, a decline in honey bee colonies caused by chemical insecticides has occurred throughout the world. Potential stereoselective toxicity of chiral insecticides may be a hidden source of danger to bee colonies. In this study, the stereoselective exposure risk and mechanism of malathion and its chiral metabolite malaoxon were investigated. The absolute configurations were identified using an electron circular dichroism (ECD) model. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for chiral separation. In pollen, the initial residues of malathion and malaoxon enantiomers were 3571-3619 and 397-402 μg/kg, respectively, and R-malathion degraded relatively slowly. The oral LD50 values of R-malathion and S-malathion were 0.187 and 0.912 μg/bee with 5 times difference, respectively, and the malaoxon values were 0.633 and 0.766 μg/bee. The Pollen Hazard Quotient (PHQ) was used to evaluate exposure risk. R-malathion showed a higher risk. An analysis of the proteome, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and subcellular localization, indicated that energy metabolism and neurotransmitter transport were the main affected pathways. Our results provide a new scheme for the evaluation of the stereoselective exposure risk of chiral pesticides to honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - DanDan Meng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - XiaoTong Yi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - MingNa Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - JinSheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China.
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22
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Zhu H, Qin K, Zhang P, Wang H. Enantiomeric Separation and Degradation of Benoxacor Enantiomers in Horticultural Soil by Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108887. [PMID: 37240233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The separation of benoxacor enantiomers on six commercial chiral columns was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under normal-phase and reversed-phase conditions. The mobile phases included hexane/ethanol, hexane/isopropanol, acetonitrile/water, and methanol/water. The effects of the chiral stationary phases (CSPs), temperature, and mobile phase composition and ratio on the separation of benoxacor enantiomers were examined. Under normal-phase conditions, the two benoxacor enantiomers were completely separated on Chiralpak AD, Chiralpak IC, Lux Cellulose-1, and Lux Cellulose-3 columns and partially separated on a Lux Cellulose-2 column. Under reversed-phase conditions, benoxacor enantiomers were completely separated on a Lux Cellulose-3 column and partially separated on Chiralpak IC and Lux Cellulose-1 columns. Normal-phase HPLC performed better than reversed-phase HPLC for the separation of benoxacor enantiomers. As the column temperature increased from 10 °C to 4 °C, the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) results indicated that the resolution was strongly affected by the temperature and that the lowest temperature did not always produce the best resolution. An optimized separation method on the Lux Cellulose-3 column was used to investigate the stability of benoxacor enantiomers in solvents and the degradation of benoxacor enantiomers in three types of horticultural soil. Benoxacor enantiomers were stable, and degradation or racemization were not observed in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, hexane, or water (pH = 4.0, 7.0, and 9.0). In three horticultural soils, the degradation rate of S-benoxacor was faster than that of R-benoxacor, resulting in soil enrichment with R-benoxacor. The results of this study will help to improve the risk assessment of enantiomer levels of benoxacor in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kunrong Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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23
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Jiang B, Li F, Feng D, Wei W, Luo Y, He S, Dong Y, Hu D. Discovery of Novel Isoxazoline Compounds that Incorporate a para-Diamide Moiety as Potential Insecticidal Agents against Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5516-5524. [PMID: 37000156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a major migratory agricultural pest, which seriously impedes agricultural production around the world. To discover potent compounds against S. frugiperda, a number of novel isoxazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized and created on account of the identified lead compound F32 (4-(5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)-2-methyl-N-(3-propionamidophenyl)benzamide). Based on the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship of those compounds, the compound G22 (N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-4-(5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)-2-methylbenzamide) was developed. A bioassay showed that G22 is highly lethal to S. frugiperda (LC50 = 1.57 mg/L), a more effective control than insecticides fipronil (LC50 = 78.8 mg/L) and chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 1.60 mg/L). Field trials were also implemented to identify candidate agents. Furthermore, from the insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it is obvious that G22 could up-regulate the expression of GABA of insects, which showed a similar result to fipronil. The analysis of molecular docking exhibited that the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonds play key roles in the combination between G22 with GABA receptors. This study provides a potent isoxazoline candidate compound for the S. frugiperda control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Siqi He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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24
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Teng C, Li Y, Cang T, Xu H, Liu Z, Qi P, Wang Z, Zhao H, Di S, Wang X. Study on the enantioselective bioaccumulation and dissipation of uniconazole enantiomers in earthworm-soil microcosm through supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29432-29441. [PMID: 36417071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the enantioselective bioaccumulation and dissipation of uniconazole enantiomers in earthworm-soil microcosm were studied. A fast enantioseparation method of uniconazole through supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) was established. The CHIRALCEL OZ-3 column and a mixture of CO2 and methanol (80:20, v/v) were used within 1.0 min to separate uniconazole enantiomers. The recoveries of uniconazole enantiomers in earthworm and soil samples ranged from 83.3 to 113%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation values were lower than 11%. In earthworms, the bioaccumulation concentrations of uniconazole enantiomers increased with time and reached the maximum on the 7th day and then decreased. The elimination of uniconazole enantiomers in earthworms followed the first-order kinetics equation, and the elimination half-lives were approximately 7 days. In artificial soil, the dissipation of uniconazole enantiomers was slow, and the dissipation half-lives were both 25.7 days. No enantioselectivity occurred in the earthworm-soil microcosm. These results may reduce the uncertainty of environmental risk assessment for uniconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Teng
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China.
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China.
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25
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An X, Pan X, Li R, Dong F, Zhu W, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y. Comprehensive evaluation of novel fungicide benzovindiflupyr at the enantiomeric level: Bioactivity, toxicity, mechanism, and dissipation behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160535. [PMID: 36574547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Racemates in the environment can lead to inaccurate risk assessment. To obtain the enantiomeric level information of benzovindiflupyr for accurate risk assessment, the absolute configuration of benzovindiflupyr was first confirmed, and the enantioseparation method was developed by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The enantioselectivity for bioactivity and toxicity was investigated, and the mechanism was explored by molecular docking and detecting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and content of succinate acid. 1S,4R-(-)-benzovindiflupyr was identified as the most active against the six targeted phytopathogens, which showed higher 1.7-54.5 times than 1R,4S-(+)-benzovindiflupyr. Additionally, 1S,4R-(-)-benzovindiflupyr (LD50: 21.54 μg L-1) was 103.7 times more toxic than 1R,4S-(+)-benzovindiflupyr against Daphnia magna. 1S,4R-(-)-benzovindiflupyr had a stronger affinity for SDH and significantly inhibited SDH activity, resulting in an increase in succinate acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while its downstream products, fumaric and L-malic acid were significantly reduced. Moreover, the dissipation behavior of benzovindiflupyr on three vegetables was evaluated. 1S,4R-(-)-benzovindiflupyr was preferentially degraded in tomato, but opposite in leaves. The enantioselectivity in pepper and cucumber leaves was the same as in tomato, while there was no enantioselectivity in pepper and cucumber. The study provides a basis for accurate risk assessment and the development of high-effective and low-risk fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Zhang C, Yuan H, Hu Y, Li X, Gao Y, Ma Z, Lei P. Structural Diversity Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activity Analysis of Ester-Containing Isoxazoline Derivatives Acting on the GABA Receptor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3184-3191. [PMID: 36757129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore insecticides targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, two series of novel isoxazoline derivatives containing sulfonic and carboxylic esters were designed and synthesized. Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella, Mythimna separata, and Aedes aegypti larvae and their structure-activity relationship were investigated. The sulfonate-containing isoxazoline derivatives (10k-q) exhibited promising insecticidal activities against the three insect larvae. Compound 10o displayed excellent activities with LC50 values of 8.32, 5.23, and 0.35 μg/mL at 48 h against P. xylostella, M. separata, and A. aegypti larvae, respectively, which were better than or similar to those of avermectin. Furthermore, compound 10o exhibited a faster insecticidal effect than avermectin against M. separata. The mode of action of 10o was preliminarily verified by molecular docking, theoretical calculations, and measurement of glutamate decarboxylase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities. Compound 10o is a novel insecticidal candidate acting on GABA receptors, which could guide the discovery of isoxazoline insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hanxiao Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuge Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Jiang B, Feng D, Li F, Luo Y, He S, Dong Y, Hu D. Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Isoxazoline Compounds That Contain Meta-diamides against Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1091-1099. [PMID: 36599080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major migratory pest around the entire world that causes severe damage to agriculture. We designed and synthesized a series of novel isoxazoline derivatives based on the previously discovered active compound H13 to find new and effective candidates against S. frugiperda. Most of them showed excellent insecticidal activity. In addition, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model was established, and compound F32 was designed and synthesized based on the results. The bioassay result showed that compound F32 exhibited excellent activity against S. frugiperda (LC50 = 3.46 mg/L), which was substantially better than that of the positive control fipronil (LC50 = 78.8 mg/L). Furthermore, an insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that F32 can upregulate the content of GABA in insects in a manner similar to that of fipronil. Molecular docking showed that the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen-bond interactions are vital factors between the binding of F32 and receptors. All of these results suggest that compound F32 could be employed as a novel isoxazoline lead compound to control S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Di Feng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Siqi He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
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Huang Q, Jia Z, Wu S, Liu F, Wang Y, Song G, Chang X, Zhao C. The acute toxicity, mechanism, bioconcentration and elimination of fluxametamide on zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120808. [PMID: 36464115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluxametamide is a completely novel and the first isoxazoline insecticide used to control agricultural pests and has high insecticidal properties. To expand its usage in the paddy field, its potential toxicological effects on fish are necessary to make clear. In this study, the acute toxicity, bioconcentration and elimination of fluxametamide to zebrafish Danio rerio, and the action mode of it on the heteromeric Drα1β2Sγ2 and Drα1β2S GABA receptor was respectively determined by HPLC and two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Fluxametamide exhibited high toxicity to D. rerio, whereas slightly inhibited the GABA-stimulated current of Drα1β2Sγ2 or Drα1β2S. It showed high bioconcentration level in D. rerio at 0.0314 mg L-1 and 0.157 mg L-1, with bioconcentration factors at steady state of 1491.55 and 2875.28, respectively. The concentration of fluxametamide in D. rerio rapidly decreased from 47.84 ± 0.12 to 9.77 ± 1.13 mg kg-1 in 0.0314 mg L-1 or from 393.19 ± 0.46 to 46.93 ± 2.88 mg kg-1 in 0.157 mg L-1 within 10 days, and steadily kept at a low level after 18 days. In conclusion, fluxametamide has highly acute toxicity to D. rerio, and might induce high bioconcentration in a short time. As we know, this is the first report to provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the potential risk of fluxametamide on fish, and guidance for the application of fluxametamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Zhongqiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
| | - Feifan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Genmiao Song
- Shangyu Nutrichem Co., Ltd, No.9 Weijiu Rd., Hangzhou Bay Shangyu Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou, 312369, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, PR China.
| | - Chunqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Wang ZJ, Wang NM, Yu QT, Xue CB. Sublethal effects of an indoxacarb enantiomer insecticide on Plutella xylostella caterpillar and Chrysoperla sinica predator. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114400. [PMID: 36508809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella (L.) is a migratory species and an important insect pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, and Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder) is a predaceous insect of agricultural and forest pests in the field. Indoxacarb has two enantiomers: (+)-S-indoxacarb and (-)-R-indoxacarb. This study was conducted to clarify the selective toxicity and sublethal effects of both enantiomers on P. xylostella and C. sinica. The (+)-S-indoxacarb isomer had greater acute toxicity to P. xylostella and C. sinica, while (-)-R-indoxacarb had less toxicity to P. xylostella and low toxicity to C. sinica. Lethal concentration 25 % (LC25) of (+)-S-indoxacarb had significant effects on the development, population, and fecundity of P. xylostella and C. sinica. The LC25 concentration of (-)-R-indoxacarb had a significant effect on the oviposition of P. xylostella. The field recommended concentration of (-)-R-indoxacarb significantly affected the pupal stage, adult survival rate, oviposition, and larval survival rate of C. sinica. Both enantiomers could significantly affect the search efficiency, successful attack rate, prey handling time, and maximum predation of C. sinica larvae, and the effects of (+)-S-indoxacarb alone were greater than those of (-)-R-indoxacarb. This study provided evidence of the different selective toxicity, sublethal effects of indoxacarb enantiomers on P. xylostella and C. sinica, which of the results could provide a basis for more rational use of indoxacarb in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Nian-Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qi-Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao-Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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30
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Mermans C, Dermauw W, Geibel S, Van Leeuwen T. Activity, selection response and molecular mode of action of the isoxazoline afoxolaner in Tetranychus urticae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:183-193. [PMID: 36116012 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afoxolaner is a novel representative of the isoxazolines, a class of ectoparasiticides which has been commercialized for the control of tick and flea infestations in dogs. In this study, the biological efficacy of afoxolaner against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae was evaluated. Furthermore, as isoxazolines are known inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channels (GABACls), the molecular mode of action of afoxolaner on T. urticae GABACls (TuRdls) was studied using functional expression in Xenopus oocytes followed by two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) electrophysiology, and results were compared with inhibition by fluralaner, fipronil and endosulfan. To examine the influence of known GABACl resistance mutations, H301A, I305T and A350T substitutions in TuRdl1 and a S301A substitution in TuRdl2 were introduced. RESULTS Bioasassays revealed excellent efficacy of afoxolaner against all developmental stages and no cross-resistance was found in a panel of strains resistant to most currently used acaricides. Laboratory selection over a period of 3 years did not result in resistance. TEVC revealed clear antagonistic activity of afoxolaner and fluralaner for all homomeric TuRdl1/2/3 channels. The introduction of single, double or triple mutations to TuRdl1 and TuRdl2 did not lower channel sensitivity. By contrast, both endosulfan and fipronil had minimal antagonistic activities against TuRdl1/2/3, and channels carrying single mutations, whereas the sensitivity of double and triple TuRdl1 mutants was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that afoxolaner is a potent antagonist of GABACls of T. urticae and has a powerful mode of action to control spider mites. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mermans
- Department of Plants and Crops | Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops | Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sven Geibel
- CropScience Division, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops | Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Jiao B, Zuo H, Dong F, Wu X, Pan X, Xu J. Photodegradation of enestroburin in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, isomerization, transformation products identification and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157725. [PMID: 35914604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enestroburin is the first strobilurin fungicide developed by China and has been widely used to control fungal disease for 15 years. Investigation of its photolytic behaviour is essential for the comprehensive evaluation of its ecological risk. The effects of solution pH, humic acid (HA) and Fe(III) ions on photolysis were studied. The direct photolysis rates of enestroburin in the acidic solution (pH = 4) was faster than that in the basic (pH = 7) or neutral condition (pH = 9). HA and Fe3+ ions inhibited photolysis by the light screening effect. The photolysis of enestroburin was very fast due to the generation of photo-isomers. Seven isomeric products of enestroburin were observed using SFC-MS/MS, and the reaction mechanism for photo-induced isomers was proposed. The reaction occurred on three double bonds, including tautomerism of enol ether and oxonium and the triplet energy transfer of the CC and CN double bond. 12 transformation products (TPs) were identified by screening suspect compounds and non-target compounds, and one product (M-381) was synthesized for confirmation and quantification. A probable transformation mechanism was suggested based on the identified TPs and DFT calculations. The main transformation reactions included hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Finally, the toxicities of the identified TPs and parent compound to aquatic organisms were predicted using ECOSAR software, and the toxicities of enestroburin and M-381 to daphnia magna were tested in the laboratory. The toxicity classification proposed by ECOSAR is reliable to a certain extent. Enestroburin and 2 TPs (M-313 and M-327) were classified as "very toxic", which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Meng Z, Cui J, Li R, Sun W, Bao X, Wang J, Zhou Z, Zhu W, Chen X. Systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level: A new strategy for the development of highly effective and less harmful pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157294. [PMID: 35839878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, pesticides have been used in large quantities, and they pose potential risks to organisms across various environments. Reducing the use of pesticides and their environmental risks has been an active research focus and difficult issue worldwide. As a class of pesticides with special structures, chiral pesticides generally exhibit enantioselectivity differences in biological activity, ecotoxicity, and environmental behavior. At present, replacing the racemates of chiral pesticides by identifying and developing their individual enantiomers with high efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics is an effective strategy to reduce the use of pesticides and their environmental risks. In this study, we review the stereoselective behaviors of chiral pesticide, including their environmental behavior, stereoselective biological activity, and ecotoxicity. In addition, we emphasize that the systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level is a promising novel strategy for developing highly effective and less harmful pesticides, which will provide important data support and an empirical basis for reducing pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiajia Cui
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Landscape Research Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Zhang P, Yang F, Shi L, Yang C, Chen Q, Hu X, Zhang Z, Qian K, Xu Z, He L. Enantiomer-Specific Study of Fenpropathrin in Soil-Earthworm Microcosms: Enantioselective Bioactivity, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13152-13164. [PMID: 36194681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantiomer-specific bioactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of fenpropathrin (FEN) enantiomers were investigated in soil-earthworm microcosms. The bioactivity order was S-FEN > rac-FEN > R-FEN for Spodoptera litura and Conogethes punctiferalis. Moreover, S-FEN was 12.0 and 32.2 times more toxic than rac-FEN and R-FEN to earthworms, respectively. S-FEN degraded faster than R-FEN with the enrichment of R-FEN in the soil environment. Furthermore, the peak-shaped accumulation curves for FEN enantiomers were observed, and R-FEN was preferentially bioaccumulated by earthworms. As compared to R-FEN, S-FEN induced greater changes in the activities of detoxification enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde content, which suggested that earthworms exhibited enantioselective defense responses to S-FEN and R-FEN. Integrated biomarker response results indicated that S-FEN exhibited higher toxic effects on earthworms than R-FEN. Finally, molecular simulation revealed that the greater interaction forces between S-FEN and sodium channel protein could be the primary reason for the enantioselective bioactivity and toxicity of FEN enantiomers. This study comprehensively highlights the enantiomer-specific bioactivity, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and mechanism of FEN in soil-earthworm microcosms at the enantiomer level. Our findings will contribute to a better risk assessment of FEN in the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Cancan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
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Fang K, Fang J, Han L, Yin J, Liu T, Wang X. Systematic evaluation of chiral fungicide penflufen for the bioactivity improvement and input reduction using alphafold2 models and transcriptome sequencing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129729. [PMID: 35963089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional risk assessment of pesticide concludes at the racemic level, which is often incomprehensive. In this study, systematic studies on environmental stability, bioactivity, and ecotoxicological effects of fungicide penflufen were carried out at the enantiomeric level. The single-enantiomer of penflufen was successfully separated and prepared, and their stability was verified in different environmental matrices. Meanwhile, bioactivity test indicated that S-(+)-penflufen had increased bioactivity with its bioactivities against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium moniliforme being factors of 7.8, 1.8, and 4.7, respectively greater than those of R-(-)-penflufen. Molecular docking results showed the strong hydrogen bond interactions with Leu300, enantiomer-specific hydrophobic interactions with Cys299, Arg91, and His93, and the greater binding energy between S-(+)-penflufen and succinate dehydrogenase of Rhizoctonia solani caused the selective bioactivity. Additionally, two enantiomers showed low acute toxicity whereas selective sub-chronic toxicity to earthworms. In sub-chronic toxicity test, the accumulated enantiomers caused abnormalities in intestinal tract structure, enzyme activities, and gene expression of earthworms, especially in the S-(+)-penflufen treatment. The selective interactions between penflufen enantiomers and key proteins were elucidated using molecular docking, which may be the main reason of stereoselective subchronic toxicity. S-(+)-penflufen has high bioactivity and low acute risk, it has great potential for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianwei Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Jijie Yin
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China.
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China.
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An Innovative Chiral UPLC-MS/MS Method for Enantioselective Determination and Dissipation in Soil of Fenpropidin Enantiomers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196530. [PMID: 36235065 PMCID: PMC9572594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a chiral piperidine fungicide, fenpropidin has been widely used to control plant diseases. However, there are rare studies that have investigated fenpropidin at the enantiomer level. In this study, the single-factor analysis combined with a Box-Behnken design was used to obtain the optimal enantio-separation parameters of the fenpropidin enantiomers on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of two fenpropidin enantiomers was confirmed for the first time using electron circular dichroism and optical activity. On the Lux cellulose-3 column, S-(-)-fenpropidin flowed out before R-(+)-fenpropidin. The enantio-separation mechanism was revealed by molecular docking. A modified QuEChERS method was developed for the trace determination of the fenpropidin enantiomers in seven food and environmental substrates. The average recoveries were 71.5-106.1% with the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of 0.3-8.9% and 0.5-8.0%. The method was successfully verified by enantioselective dissipation of fenpropidin in soil under the field. R-(+)-fenpropidin dissipated faster than S-(-)-fenpropidin, and the half-lives were 19.8 d and 22.4 d. This study established a brand-new effective chiral analysis method for the fenpropidin enantiomers, providing a basis for accurate residue monitoring and the risk assessment of fenpropidin.
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Wang Z, Tan Y, Li Y, Duan J, Wu Q, Li R, Shi H, Wang M. Comprehensive study of pydiflumetofen in Danio rerio: Enantioselective insight into the toxic mechanism and fate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107406. [PMID: 35850082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pydiflumetofen (PYD) is primarily used to control fungal disease. The potential risks posed by PYD enantiomers to the aquatic ecosystem are currently unclear. In this study, the enantioselective toxicity and fate of PYD in Danio rerio were investigated, and the enantioselective toxic mechanism and metabolic pathway were explored. The acute toxicity of R-PYD was 10.7-14.7-fold than that of S-PYD against Danio rerio embryos, larvae, and adults. Meanwhile, R-PYD presented a stronger effect on embryo hatching and abnormalities, adult tissue damage and oxidative stress. R-PYD inhibited the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity more than S-PYD because of its better interaction with SDH with a lower binding free energy (-59.35 kcal/mol), explaining the mechanism of enantioselective toxicity. Remarkable enantioselectivity was observed in uptake, distribution, and elimination. R-PYD showed preferential uptake with the higher uptake rate constants and slow metabolism with a longer half-life, resulting in the bioaccumulation of R-PYD with higher BCFk (7.37 at 0.05 mg/L and 14.69 at 0.2 mg/L). Besides, muscle is an important tissue for PYD accumulation, existing potential food risk. Eleven PYD metabolites were qualitatively identified, and the metabolic pathway was proposed, including hydroxylation, N-demethylation, demethoxylation, hydrolysation (phase Ⅰ), and acetylation and glucuronidation (phase Ⅱ). The predicted toxicity of the metabolite indicated that several highly toxic metabolites need to be considered in the future. This study provides a new perspective for evaluating the ecological and human health risks of chiral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuting Tan
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Tong Z, Yang T, Sun M, Dong X, Chu Y, Meng D, Wang M, Gao T, Duan J. Systemic assessment of the chiral insecticide pyriproxyfen in a citrus nectar source system: Stereoselective degradation, biological effect and exposure risk. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3012-3018. [PMID: 35426212 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balancing the safety and efficiency of chiral pesticides can help protect pollinators. We evaluated the stereoselective behavior, bioactivity, toxicity and exposure risk of the chiral insecticide pyriproxyfen in a citrus nectar system. RESULTS Density functional theory (DFT) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) were applied for absolute configuration appraisal and chiral analysis validation, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 72.3% to 100.5% with an relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 1.2% to 9.7%. In a field trial, we determined insecticide half-lives in citrus leaves and flowers, which were 7.0 and 8.6 days for R-(+)-pyriproxyfen, and 11.7 and 14.7 days for S-(-)-pyriproxyfen, respectively. We found that the bioactivity of R-(+)-pyriproxyfen was 3.39 and 2.37 times higher than S-(-)-pyriproxyfen against Unaspis yanonensis and Diaphorina citri nymphs, respectively. S-(-)-pyriproxyfen had 3.8 times higher acute toxicity than R-(+)-pyriproxyfen on Apis mellifera L., and its exposure risk was moderate based on the hazard quotient. CONCLUSION The phenomenon of stereoselective degradation and biological effect demonstrated that the high-risk stereoisomer of S-(-)-pyriproxyfen degraded more slowly than R-(+)-pyriproxyfen, but R-(+)-pyriproxyfen with better efficiency for target. Therefore, an increased duration of R-(+)-pyriproxyfen activity on citrus was beneficial for efficacy. Our results could guide the scientific application and evaluation of chiral pesticides on nectar plants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Tingmi Yang
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Tongchun Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
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Huang J, Bao M, Li J, Chen H, Xu D, Chen Z, Wen Y. Enantioselective Response of Wheat Seedlings to Imazethapyr: From the Perspective of Fe and the Secondary Metabolite DIMBOA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5516-5525. [PMID: 35476430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The responses of trace elements and secondary metabolites to stress can reflect plant adaptation to the environment. If and how the imperative trace element Fe and the defensive secondary metabolite 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) mediate the toxicity of chiral herbicides to nontarget plants remains inconclusive. We found that the herbicidal-active imazethapyr enantiomer [(R)-IM] stimulated heme oxygenase-1 activity, triggered the release of the catalytic product Fe2+, increased reactive oxygen species production, decreased the DIMBOA content, and increased the DIMBOA-Fe content. XAFS analyses and in vitro Fenton assays demonstrated that DIMBOA could relieve phytotoxicity by chelating excessive Fe3+ to restore Fe homeostasis. The free radical scavenging ability of the chelate of DIMBOA and Fe was also involved. This work refines the dual role of DIMBOA and Fe in mediating the enantioselective phytotoxicity of chiral herbicides, which provides a new direction for improving the herbicide resistance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Manxin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Huang SS, Zhu BB, Wang KH, Yu M, Wang ZW, Li Y, Liu YX, Zhang PL, Li SJ, Li YL, Liu AL, Wang QM. Design, synthesis, and insecticidal and fungicidal activities of quaternary ammonium salt derivatives of a triazolyphenyl isoxazoline insecticide. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2011-2021. [PMID: 35118797 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect pests seriously decrease the yield and quality of agricultural crops. Resistance to commonly used insecticides is increasingly undermining their effectiveness, and therefore the development of agents with novel modes of action is desirable. Isoxazolines are a new class of insecticides that act on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) gated chloride channels. In this work, we used the highly active 4-triazolyphenyl isoxazoline DP-9 as a parent structure to design and synthesize a series of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) derivatives, and we systematically evaluated their insecticidal and antifungal activities. RESULTS Many of the synthesized QASs exhibit insecticidal activities equivalent to or higher than that of DP-9. In particular, compounds I-31 (93%, 0.00005 mg/L) and I-34 (80%, 0.00001 mg/L) showed insecticidal activities against diamondback moth larvae that were 2-10 times higher than those of fluralaner (70%, 0.0001 mg/L) and DP-9 (80%, 0.0001 mg/L), in addition to showing excellent activities against oriental armyworm, fall armyworm, cotton bollworm, corn borer, and mosquito larvae. Furthermore, all of the synthesized compounds also showed broad-spectrum fungicidal activities. CONCLUSION The insecticidal activities of QAS derivatives of DP-9 were the same as or better than the activity of DP-9. Compounds I-31 and I-34 showed better insecticidal activities against diamondback moth larvae than fluralaner and DP-9, and thus are promising new candidates for insecticide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin-Bing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Wen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhang
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Shou-Jun Li
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Ya-Ling Li
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Ai-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Qing-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Wang Z, Li R, Wu Q, Duan J, Tan Y, Sun X, Chen R, Shi H, Wang M. Enantioselective Metabolic Mechanism and Metabolism Pathway of Pydiflumetofen in Rat Liver Microsomes: In Vitro and In Silico Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2520-2528. [PMID: 35184556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pydiflumetofen (PYD) has been used worldwide. However, the enantioselective fate of PYD within mammals is not clear. Thus, the enantioselective metabolism and its potential mechanisms of PYD were explored via in vitro and in silico. Consistent results were observed between metabolism and enzyme kinetics experiments, with S-PYD metabolizing faster than R-PYD in rat liver microsomes. Moreover, CYP3A1 and carboxylesterase 1 were found to be major enzymes participating in the metabolism of PYD. Based on the computational results, S-PYD bound with CYP3A1 and carboxylesterase 1 more tightly with lower binding free energy than R-PYD, explaining the mechanism of enantioselective metabolism. Nine phase I metabolites of PYD were identified, and metabolic pathways of PYD were speculated. This study is the first to clarify the metabolism of PYD in mammals, and further research to evaluate the toxicological implications of these metabolites will help in assessing the risk of PYD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuting Tan
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rou Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jeschke
- Bayer AG Research & Development, Crop Science Pest Control Chemistry Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
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Zhang H, Yang G, Bao Z, Jin Y, Wang J, Chen J, Qian M. Stereoselective effects of fungicide difenoconazole and its four stereoisomers on gut barrier, microbiota, and glucolipid metabolism in male mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150454. [PMID: 34818760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a commonly used triazole fungicide that consists of four stereoisomers [(2S,4S)-, (2S,4R)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-isomers] with different bioactivity. For example, the toxicity of the (2R,4S)-isomer to fish is approximately seven times higher than that of the (2S,4S)-isomer. However, the stereoselective toxic effects of difenoconazole stereoisomers on mammals have received little attention. In the present study, adult male mice were orally treated with a mixture of the four stereoisomers or each stereoisomer individually (0, 30, or 100 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 28 days. Pathological staining of the liver sections showed that the (2R,4R)-isomer caused lipid droplet accumulation. The mixture or each individual stereoisomers decreased the levels of amino acids and acyl-carnitine in serum. Moreover, the (2S,4R)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-isomers affected intestinal permeability, causing decreases in mucus secretion and tight junction protein expression in colon. Analysis of the gut microbiota composition showed that the stereoisomers caused decreases of OTU numbers and observed species at different levels. Interestingly, difenoconazole and its four stereoisomers reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Taking the findings together, 2R-difenoconazole with strong bioactivity against pathogenic fungi also had significant effects in mammals, disrupting hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal permeability, and gut microbiota. It is concluded that the health risks of the four difenoconazole stereoisomers to mammals should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhiwei Bao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Zhejiang Medicine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Alexandrino DAM, Almeida CMR, Mucha AP, Carvalho MF. Revisiting pesticide pollution: The case of fluorinated pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118315. [PMID: 34634397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated pesticides acquired a significant market share in the agrochemical sector due to the surge of new fluoroorganic ingredients approved in the last two decades. This growing trend has not been accompanied by a comprehensive scientific and regulatory framework entailing all their potential negative impacts for the environment, especially when considering the hazardous properties that may result from the incorporation of fluorine into organic molecules. This review aims to address the safe/hazardous dichotomy associated with fluorinated pesticides by providing an updated outlook on their relevancy in the agrochemical sector and how it leads to their role as environmental pollutants. Specifically, the environmental fate and distribution of these pesticides in the ecosystems is discussed, while also analysing their potential to act as toxic substances for non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana P Mucha
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 790, 4150-171, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Guo D, He R, Su W, Liang Z, Zhang W, Fan J. Enantioselective analyses of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in rat liver microsomes through chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chirality 2021; 34:126-133. [PMID: 34736290 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chiral analysis method was established for determination of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in rat liver microsomes. Effects of polysaccharide chiral stationary phases and basic additives on chiral separations of two analytes were discussed in detail. Amylose tris(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-coated chiral stationary phase showed the best separation performance for them with acetonitrile-diethylamine-ethanol-diethylamine mixture (90:0.1:10:0.1, v/v/v/v) among four chiral stationary phases. Then, multiple reaction monitoring mode was selected as the data acquisition for determination of two pairs of enantiomers. The proposed LC-MS/MS chiral analysis method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Good linearity with correlation coefficient over 0.998 was obtained in the concentration range of 0.05-5 μM. Limits of quantification for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers were 5.0 and 1.0 nM, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 81.14% to 111.09%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation were less than 6.5%. Moreover, concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in rat liver microsomes were determined through the proposed LC-MS/MS analysis method. After incubated with rat liver microsomes for 10 min, the enantiomeric factor of hydroxychloroquine decreased from 0.50 to 0.45 (p < 0.001). In brief, our developed determination method for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers through LC-MS/MS spectrometry showed the characteristics of high-efficiency, fast speed, and very low detection limit, and would be greatly beneficial for screening and quantitation of them in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Su
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Guo D, He R, Su W, Zheng C, Zhang W, Fan J. Stereochemistry of chiral pesticide uniconazole and enantioselective metabolism in rat liver microsomes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104964. [PMID: 34802514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, stereochemistry of uniconazole enantiomers and their metabolism behaviors in rat liver microsomes have been researched. Significance analysis has been applied in data processing. Absolute configurations of uniconazole enantiomers were identified through vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy. According to their elution order from the chiral column using the CO2-methanol (80:20, v/v) mixture, two eluted fractions were determined to be (R)-uniconazole and (S)-uniconazole, respectively. A high-efficient and sensitive LC-MS/MS chiral analysis method was established for investigating the metabolism of uniconazole enantiomers in rat liver microsomes. The metabolic half-life of (R)-uniconazole (38.7 min) in rat liver microsomes was half that of (S)-enantiomer (74.5 min), and maximum velocity of metabolism, Michaelis constant of metabolism as well as the intrinsic metabolic clearance of (R)-uniconazole were significantly higher than (S)-enantiomer (p < 0.05), which indicated that (R)-uniconazole was preferentially metabolized in rat liver microsomes. By the virtue of molecular docking, (R)-uniconazole exhibited a higher binding affinity to cytochrome CYP2D2 than (S)-enantiomer, which corroborated well with the metabolism results. This work will shed light on the risk assessment of uniconazole toward human health and the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenxia Su
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Di S, Wang Z, Cang T, Xie Y, Zhao H, Qi P, Wang X, Xu H, Wang X. Enantioselective toxicity and mechanism of chiral fungicide penflufen based on experiments and computational chemistry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112534. [PMID: 34311429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Penflufen fungicide is widely used as a racemate, which has potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms, while its enantioselective toxicity data is limited. This study aimed to differentiate the enantioselective toxicity difference of penflufen enantiomers, and illuminate the enantioselective mechanism from the insight of enantiomer-protein specific binding. The semipreparative separation and absolute configuration of penflufen enantiomers were conducted. The acute toxicity of S-(+)-penflufen was 54 times higher than R-(-)-penflufen to Danio rerio, and the coexistence of R-(-)-penflufen could increase the exposure risk of S-(+)-penflufen. For chronic toxicity, after low-dose long-term exposure, rac-penflufen and S-(+)-penflufen inducted more serious oxidative stress than R-(-)-penflufen in D. rerio, and inhibited the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity significantly. For target phytopathogen, the toxicity difference of S-(+)-penflufen and R-(-)-penflufen was up to 148 times for Rhizoctonia solani. Based on the toxic unit analysis, the toxic interactions of antagonistic effect and concentration addition were found between penflufen enantiomers, indicating the coexistence of R-(-)-penflufen could increase overuse and environmental risks. Computational chemistry was used to illuminate the enantioselectivity mechanism, and the lower binding energy between the active site of SDH and S-(+)-penflufen contributed to the higher toxicity. The higher target toxicity might be due to the hydrophobic pocket of CybL in R. solani was more benefited to S-(+)-penflufen binding SDH than Botrytis cinerea. These results could be helpful for further understanding the potential risk of chiral penflufen in the environment, demonstrating the importance of understanding the enantioselective difference of chiral pesticides, and providing a new insight for analyzing the enantioselective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yunye Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Wang Z, Li R, Zhang J, Liu S, He Z, Wang M. Evaluation of exploitive potential for higher bioactivity and lower residue risk enantiomer of chiral fungicide pydiflumetofen. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3419-3426. [PMID: 33797181 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pydiflumetofen, as a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) chiral fungicide, has been used in crop production because of its broad-spectrum and high-efficiency antifungal activity. However, little is known about pydiflumetofen at the chiral level. The stereoselective bioactivity and degradation of pydiflumetofen enantiomers were therefore investigated. RESULTS Pydiflumetofen presented effective bioactivity against the eight tested phytopathogens, and its enantiomers showed significant differences in activity. The bioactivity of R-pydiflumetofen was 9.0-958.8 times higher than that of the S enantiomer. Treatment with R-pydiflumetofen increased the cell membrane permeability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and decreased exopolysaccharide and oxalic acid production more than treatment with S-pydiflumetofen. Furthermore, R-pydflumetofen exhibited better inhibitory activity against the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme of S. sclerotiorum than S-pydiflumetofen by 584-fold. According to homology modeling and molecular docking studies, the binding affinities of the R and S enantiomers were -7.0 and -5.3 kcal mol-1 , respectively. Additionally, the degradation half-lives of S- and R-pydiflumetofen in three vegetables (cucumber, eggplant, and cowpea) under field conditions were 2.56-3.12 days and 2.48-2.76 days, respectively, which reveals that R-pydiflumetofen degrades faster than S-pydiflumetofen. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained, R-pydiflumetofen not only exhibited a higher bactericidal activity, but also posed fewer residual risks in the environment. The mechanism of the stereoselective bioactivity was correlated with the stereoselective inhibition activity of the target enzyme and affected the cell membrane permeability and the production of exopolysaccharide and oxalic acid. This research could provide a foundation for the systematic evaluation of pydiflumetofen from an enantiomeric view. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiling Liu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Synthetic approaches to the 2015-2018 new agrochemicals. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116162. [PMID: 33895705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the synthesis of 33 agrochemicals that received an international standardization organization (ISO) name between January 2015 and December 2018 is described. The aim is to showcase the broad range and scope of reactions, reagents and intermediates used to discover and produce the latest active ingredients addressing the crop protection industry's needs.
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Cheng Z, Wang Y, Qiao B, Zhang Q, Sun H. Insights into mechanisms involved in the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of phthalate esters in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144945. [PMID: 33736326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the uptake and translocation mechanisms of phthalate esters (PAEs) and their primary mono esters metabolites (mPAEs), and the mechanisms of PAEs metabolism in plants were elucidated. The objectives of this study were to: (i) elucidate the fractionation of PAEs and mPAEs in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) by hydroponic experiment, (ii) investigate the PAEs and mPAEs uptake mechanisms in root by inhibitor experiments, (iii) explain the molecular mechanisms of PAE interactions with the plant macromolecules by proteomics analysis and molecular docking, and (iv) reveal the involvement of carboxylesterase in the plant metabolism of PAEs. The results demonstrated that both the apoplastic and symplastic pathways contributed to the uptake of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) by vacuum-infiltration-centrifugation method. The energy-dependent active process was involved for the uptake of DnBP, DEHP, MnBP, and MEHP. The passive uptake pathways of anion mPAEs and neutral PAEs differ. Aquaporins contributed to the uptake of anion MnBP and MEHP, and slow-type anion channel was also responsible for the uptake of anion MEHP. Molecular interactions of PAEs and macromolecules were further characterized by proteomic analysis and molecular docking. PAEs were transferred via non-specific lipid transfer protein by binding hydroponic amino acid residues. The carboxylesterase enzyme was attributed to the metabolism of PAEs to form mPAEs by using crude enzyme extract and commercial pure enzyme. This study provides both experimental and theoretical evidence for uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of PAEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Pan X, Dong F, Liu N, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Development of RS-pyrisoxazole for reduction of pesticide inputs: A new insight from systemic evaluation of pyrisoxazole at the stereoisomeric level. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124359. [PMID: 33158653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrisoxazole is a chiral fungicide that is routinely applied to agricultural plant protection, but the potential environmental risk may be under- or over-estimated because the risk induced by stereoisomers have never been evaluated individually. Thus, we carried out a systemic evaluation of pyrisoxazole at the stereoisomeric level, including absolute configuration, stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity, and stereoselective dissipation behavior. There were 99.0-3545.3 fold difference in bioactivity toward six target pathogens (e.g., Alternaria solani) and 1.3-4.0 times difference in toxicity against aquatic organisms (Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna) between the best and worst stereoisomer. There appeared to be no significant stereoselective dissipation in all three kinds of soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Stereoselective dissipation in buffer solution and river water only observed between diastereomers rather than between enantiomers. In addition, photolysis played a central role in the dissipation of pyrisoxazole in river water. RS-pyrisoxazole was 2.2- to 6.9-times more bioactive and 1.2- to 2.1-times more toxic than Rac-pyrisoxazole, and what is more, RS-pyrisoxazole degraded faster than other stereoisomers in river water. The result implicated that developing pure RS-pyrisoxazole as commercial product could reduce the input of inactive isomer on the basis of guaranteeing the efficacy against the target pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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