1
|
Fu J, Fang T, Gao Y, Wang T, Jia Z, Guo D, Mao H. Emission characteristic, spatial distribution, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs) from light-duty gasoline and diesel vehicles based on on-road measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173390. [PMID: 38815831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust is the primary source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Real road tests using a portable vehicle measurement system on light-duty gasoline vehicles and light-duty diesel trucks were conducted to investigate gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) in vehicle exhaust with different emission standards, fuel types, and altitudes. The results showed that with the tightening of emission standards, the overall emission factors (EFs) of PACs decreased. Compared with China V diesel vehicles, the emissions of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs from China VI diesel vehicles were 75.1 %, 84.4 %, and 61.2 % lower, respectively. With a ∼100 m increase in altitude, the EFs of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs of diesel vehicles increased 1.88, 1.92, and 1.59 times due to incomplete combustion. In addition, the EFs of PAHs and OPAHs in gasoline vehicles were lower than those in diesel vehicles. In contrast, the proportion of PAHs with highly toxic components, such as dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and the EFs of gas-phase NPAHs in gasoline vehicles were higher than those in diesel vehicles. Furthermore, the emissions of 1,8-DNP from diesel vehicles cannot be disregarded. 1,8-DNP was the main gas-phase NPAHs emitted by China VI and China V diesel vehicles, accounting for 49.3 % and 26.0 %, respectively. Moreover, gas-phase PACs contributed more to the EFs than particle-phase PACs, whereas particle-phase PACs have greater toxic effects. Although the EFs of PAHs are more than 100 times those of NPAHs, the toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) of PAHs in diesel and gasoline vehicles were approximately 6.5 times and 35 times those of NPAHs. The spatial distribution characteristics revealed that PACs emissions were mainly concentrated in urban areas and highways, and the differences in the toxicity of PACs emissions between different cities depended on the proportion of diesel vehicles. The average TEQBaP of PAHs and NPAHs in Haidong, Haibei, Huangnan, Hainan, Guoluo, and Yushu was 8.42 μg/m3 and 0.36 μg/m3, respectively, while those of Xining and Haixi were 0.24-0.29 μg/m3 and 0.09-0.108 μg/m3 higher, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the emission characteristics, health risks, and spatial distribution of PACs from diesel and gasoline vehicle PACs in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yutong Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongping Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Park EH. Effects of chemical composition of ambient PM 2.5 measured in Seoul on potential health risks and generation of reactive oxygen species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124139. [PMID: 38734055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the health effects associated with the chemical species of ambient particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Seoul, focusing on identifying key chemical constituents and their sources. We employed two approaches to estimate health risks: (1) evaluating carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks using IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System) data from the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), and (2) quantifying the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) following exposure to PM2.5 in surrogate lung fluid (SLF). Our results show a significant impact on human health from certain elements (Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (DaeP, DahA, and BaP for carcinogenic risks; BaP and BeP for noncarcinogenic risks). Notably, Cr and BaP, which are influential in both risk assessment and ·OH generation, highlight their significant roles in human health impacts. However, other components (e.g., CPP, BaP, BghiP, BaA, CHR, PYR, FLT, Ca, Mg, and Cu), though contributors to ·OH generation, were not included in the EPA's health risk assessment, suggesting a need for a broader PM2.5 compositional analysis to more accurately determine exposure concentrations and assess inhalation risks. These components predominantly originate from anthropogenic sources, such as combustion, vehicles, and industrial activities, underscoring the significant health implications of the pollutants emitted from these sources. The study concluded that focusing solely on the mass reduction of PM2.5 may not suffice; a dual approach that reduces both mass concentration and chemical-specific health risks is imperative for effective public health protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Now at Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 67 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hao W, Liang B, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhao X, Peng C, Tian M, Yang F. Secondary formation of oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds under stagnant weather conditions: Drivers and seasonal variation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172487. [PMID: 38631623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe air pollution tends to occur under stagnant weather conditions. This study focused on the occurrence and formation of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) under stagnant weather conditions, in consideration of their adverse human health effect and ecological toxicity. The concentrations of PACs were higher under stagnant weather conditions than in other situations with averaged values of 46.0 ng/m3 versus 12.3-39.9 ng/m3 for total PACs. Secondary formation contributed to over half of the oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (OPAHs and NPAHs). Further analyses revealed different formation mechanisms for secondary OPAHs and NPAHs. Secondary production of OPAHs was sensitive to the variations of both temperature (T) and O3 concentration at T < 22 °C but sustained at a high level despite the fluctuation of temperature and O3 concentration at T > 22 °C. Elevated NO2 concentrations favored the formation of inorganic nitrogen-containing products over NPAHs under lower temperature and higher humidity. Stagnant weather events, accompanied by raised PAC levels occurred in all seasons, but their effects on secondary processes differed among seasons. The elevated temperature, lowered humidity, and increased NO2 level facilitated the secondary formation of OPAHs and/or NPAHs during the stagnant weather events in spring and summer. While under the temperature and humidity conditions in autumn and winter, increased NO2 levels during stagnant weather events promoted the production of secondary inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds over organic products. This study raised concern about the toxic organic pollutants in the atmosphere under stagnant weather conditions and revealed different formation mechanisms between secondary oxygenated and nitrated pollutants as well as among different seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Chongqing Academy of Eco-Environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abazari R, Sanati S, Bajaber MA, Javed MS, Junk PC, Nanjundan AK, Qian J, Dubal DP. Design and Advanced Manufacturing of NU-1000 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Future Perspectives for Environmental and Renewable Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306353. [PMID: 37997226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a relatively new family of materials that attract lots of attention thanks to their unique features such as hierarchical porosity, active metal centers, versatility of linkers/metal nodes, and large surface area. Among the extended list of MOFs, Zr-based-MOFs demonstrate comparably superior chemical and thermal stabilities, making them ideal candidates for energy and environmental applications. As a Zr-MOF, NU-1000 is first synthesized at Northwestern University. A comprehensive review of various approaches to the synthesis of NU-1000 MOFs for obtaining unique surface properties (e.g., diverse surface morphologies, large surface area, and particular pore size distribution) and their applications in the catalysis (electro-, and photo-catalysis), CO2 reduction, batteries, hydrogen storage, gas storage/separation, and other environmental fields are presented. The review further outlines the current challenges in the development of NU-1000 MOFs and their derivatives in practical applications, revealing areas for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abazari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Soheila Sanati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Majed A Bajaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Peter C Junk
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
- Schole of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deepak P Dubal
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry & Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhong L, Zhu B, Su W, Liang W, Wang H, Li T, Cao D, Ruan T, Chen J, Jiang G. Molecular characterization of diverse quinone analogs for discrimination of aerosol-bound persistent pyrolytic and photolytic radicals. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:612-620. [PMID: 38101961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-bound organic radicals, including environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), are key components that affect climate, air quality, and human health. While putative structures have been proposed, the molecular characteristics of EPFRs remain unknown. Here, we report a surrogate method to characterize EPFRs in real ambient samples using mass spectrometry. The method identifies chemically relevant oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OxPAH) that interconvert with oxygen-centered EPFR (OC-EPFR). We found OxPAH compounds most relevant to OC-EPFRs are structurally rich and diverse quinones, whose diversity is strongly associated with OC-EPFR levels. Both atmospheric oxidation and combustion contributed to OC-EPFR formation. Redundancy analysis and photochemical aging model show pyrolytic sources generated more oxidized OC-EPFRs than photolytic sources. Our study reveals the detailed molecular characteristics of OC-EPFRs and shows that oxidation states can be used to identify the origins of OC-EPFRs, offering a way to track the development and evolution of aerosol particles in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laijin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shahpoury P, Wnorowski A, Harner T, Saini A, Halappanavar S. A method for measuring the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cell culture media. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141257. [PMID: 38244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are of particular concern for population health due to their abundance and toxicity via inhalation. Lung toxicity testing includes exposing lung epithelial cell lines to PAHs in a culture medium containing inorganic species, lipids, proteins, and other biochemicals where the cell response is influenced among others by the toxic chemical accessibility in the medium. While inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and other toxicants was previously studied in surrogate lung fluids, studies measuring bioaccessibility in cell culture media are rare. In this work, a method was developed to characterize PAH bioaccessibility in a culture medium used for mouse lung epithelial (FE1) cells. Further, the optimised method was tested using commercially available standard reference material of urban particulate matter (PM) as well as polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). The method provided a high precision and recovery of analytes, indicating no losses during sample processing and analysis. PAHs had non-linear concentration-responses, with the culture medium approaching saturation with PM concentration of 500 μg mL-1. The results showed that phenanthrene, a 3-ring PAH, was significantly more bioaccessible than ≥4-ring congeners in the culture medium (up to ∼2.5 folds; p < 0.05). Finally, using pre-deployed PUF-PAS from a residential and an industrial site, five PAHs were found in the culture medium, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. This work provides a proof of concept to enable future studies to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other airborne pollutants collected using PUF-PAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Andrzej Wnorowski
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nordberg K, Björk G, Abrahamsson K, Josefsson S, Lundin L. Historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, Swedish west coast as reflected in a high-resolution sediment record and compared to the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116014. [PMID: 38183834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, a relatively unexploited area, on the Swedish west coast. PACs encompass various compounds, including PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs. These compounds, have environmental implications due to their harmful properties. Using a high-resolution sediment record, PAC variations including standard PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs were investigated over the last approximately 170 years, comparing them with other European records. The sediment record reveals a significant increase in PAC levels during the 1940s-1950s, followed by peaks in the 1960s and 1970s, and a subsequent decrease in the 1980s. These trends align with industrial growth and evolving stronger environmental regulations in the region. The highest recorded concentration of PACs (1950-1970) reached levels comparable to present-day polluted urban environments. The study also compared PAH levels with EQS values. Results indicated that PAH levels exceeded EQS standards, potentially posing risks to sediment-dwelling organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Nordberg
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Björk
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Abrahamsson
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, PO Box 670, SE 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå Univ., Linneus väg 6, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Zhang X, Yan C, Zhou R, Li J, Liu S, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhu L, Jia H. Novel Insights into the Promoted Accumulation of Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Roots of Legume Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2058-2068. [PMID: 38230546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (sub-PAHs) are receiving increased attention due to their high toxicity and ubiquitous presence. However, the accumulation behaviors of sub-PAHs in crop roots remain unclear. In this study, the accumulation mechanism of sub-PAHs in crop roots was systematically disclosed by hydroponic experiments from the perspectives of utilization, uptake, and elimination. The obtained results showed an interesting phenomenon that despite not having the strongest hydrophobicity among the five sub-PAHs, nitro-PAHs (including 9-nitroanthracene and 1-nitropyrene) displayed the strongest accumulation potential in the roots of legume plants, including mung bean and soybean. The nitrogen-deficient experiments, inhibitor experiments, and transcriptomics analysis reveal that nitro-PAHs could be utilized by legumes as a nitrogen source, thus being significantly absorbed by active transport, which relies on amino acid transporters driven by H+-ATPase. Molecular docking simulation further demonstrates that the nitro group is a significant determinant of interaction with an amino acid transporter. Moreover, the depuration experiments indicate that the nitro-PAHs may enter the root cells, further slowing their elimination rates and enhancing the accumulation potential in legume roots. Our results shed light on a previously unappreciated mechanism for root accumulation of sub-PAHs, which may affect their biogeochemical processes in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenghe Yan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Run Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Siqian Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valduga AT, Gonçalves IL, Saorin Puton BM, de Lima Hennig B, Sousa de Brito E. Anthraquinone as emerging contaminant: technological, toxicological, regulatory and analytical aspects. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:11-21. [PMID: 38223676 PMCID: PMC10786786 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone (anthracene-9,10-dione) is a multifaceted chemical used in the paper industry, in the production of synthetic dyes, in crop protection against birds and is released from fossil fuels. Additionally, the anthraquinone scaffold, when substituted with sugars and hydroxyl groups is found in plants as metabolites. Because of these multiple applications, it is produced on a large scale worldwide. However, its toxicological aspects have gained interest, due to the low limits in the foods defined by legislation. Worrying levels of anthracene-9,10-dione have been detected in wastewater, atmospheric air, soil, food packaging and more recently, in actual foodstuffs. Recent investigations aiming to identify the anthracene-9,10-dione contamination sources in teas highlighted the packaging, leaves processing, anthracene metabolism, reactions between tea constituents and deposition from the environment. In this context, this review seeks to highlight the uses, sources, biological effects, analytical and regulatory aspects of anthracene-9,10-dione. Graphical Abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teresa Valduga
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Engineerng, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Bruna Maria Saorin Puton
- Graduate Program in Food Engineerng, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Bruna de Lima Hennig
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita 2270, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu Y, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang B, Gao M, Sun J, Shen Z, Qu L, Ho SSH, Cao J. Insight into personal exposure characteristics and health effects of PM 2.5 and PM 0.25-bound PAHs and their derivatives with different heating ways in the Fenwei Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122699. [PMID: 37802290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure (PE) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in particulate matter with two aerodynamic sizes of 2.5 and 0.25 μm (PM2.5 and PM0.25) from rural housewives was studied in the Fenwei Plain, China. A total of 15 households were divided into five different groups based on the type of solid fuel and heating device used, including biomass briquette-furnace (BBF), biomass-elevated Kang (BEK), outdoor lump coal-boiler (OLC), indoor briquette coal-stove (IBC), and electricity (ELE). The PE concentrations of the PAHs and biomarkers in urine collected from the participants were determined. The results showed that the PE concentrations of total quantified PAHs in the biomass group (i.e., BBF and BEK) were 2.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the coal groups (i.e., OLC and IBC) in PM2.5 and PM0.25, respectively. The housewives who used biomass as fuel suffered from higher potential health impacts than the coal fuel users. The incremental lifetime cancer risk for the PAHs in PM2.5 in the BBF and BEK groups exceeded the international safety threshold. Furthermore, the PE concentrations of oxygenated PAH (o-PAHs) in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in the biomass groups and the nitrated PAHs (n-PAHs) in PM0.25 in the coal groups showed strong correlations with the biomarkers. The results of this study proved the associations between exposure to the different classes of PAHs and health hazards. The findings could also serve as a guideline in establishing efficient measures for using solid fuels for cooking and household warming in northern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma G, Liu X, Wang J, Li M, Dong Z, Li X, Wang L, Han Y, Cao J. Characteristics and health risk assessment of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 in a rural village, in Northeast of China: impact of coal and biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9639-9652. [PMID: 37787830 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has health effects that may depend on its sources and chemical composition. In this study, characteristics of PM2.5 chemical composition and health risk assessment from Songyuan, China, were investigated during day and night in indoor and outdoor from February 4 to 19, 2021. Relative high concentrations of PM2.5 were obtained in indoor environment than outdoor, with 503.95 ± 209.62 μg/m3 during the day and 357.52 ± 232.81 μg/m3 at night for the indoor environment. Relatively high total carbon, organic carbons, elemental carbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) were obtained in indoor environment. However, the average concentrations of PAHs were higher during night (73.57 ± 43.09 ng/m3) in indoor and OPAHs during day (6.027 ± 2.960 ng/m3) in outdoor. They had different I/O distributions of these compounds during day and night. Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene was the dominant PAHs, and benzanthrone was the dominant OPAHs; this is different with the previous studies. The high indoor/outdoor ratios showed the indoor coal and biomass burning greatly affect the indoor pollutants. Average ILCR health risk assessment for PAHs was all higher than 10-6 for different age gender, suggesting there has potential cancer risk existed for populations living in the rural coal and biomass burning area Songyuan, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiuqun Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China.
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Minrui Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee WR, Dangal P, Cormier S, Lomnicki S, Sly PD, Vilcins D. Household characteristics associated with environmentally persistent free radicals in house dust in two Australian locations. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.22.23297367. [PMID: 37961661 PMCID: PMC10635157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.22.23297367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The association between air pollution and adverse health outcomes has been extensively studied, and while oxidative stress in likely to be involved, the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Recent studies propose environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) as the missing connection between air pollution and detrimental health impacts. However, the indoor environment is rarely considered in EPFR research. We measured EPFRs in household dust from two locations in Australia and investigated household characteristics associated with EPFRs. Random forest models were built to identify important household characteristics through variable importance plots and the associations were analysed using Spearman's rho test. We found that age of house, type of garage, house outer wall material, heating method used in home, frequency of extractor fan use when cooking, traffic related air pollution, frequency of cleaning and major house renovation were important household characteristics associated with EPFRs in Australian homes. The direction of association between household characteristics and EPFRs differ between the locations. Hence, further research is warranted to determine the generalisability of our results.
Collapse
|
13
|
Peng B, Dong Q, Li F, Wang T, Qiu X, Zhu T. A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15314-15335. [PMID: 37703436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives constitute a significant class of emerging contaminants that have been ubiquitously detected in diverse environmental matrixes, with some even exhibiting higher toxicities than their corresponding parent PAHs. To date, compared with parent PAHs, fewer systematic summaries and reanalyses are available for PAH derivatives with great environmental concerns. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the chemical species, levels, biotransformation patterns, chemical analytical methods, internal exposure routes with representative biomarkers, and toxicity of PAH derivatives, primarily focusing on nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), halogenated PAHs (XPAHs), and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). A collection of 188 compounds from four categories, 44 NPAHs, 36 OPAHs, 56 APAHs, and 52 XPAHs, has been compiled from 114 studies that documented the environmental presence of PAH derivatives. These compounds exhibited weighted average air concentrations that varied from a lower limit of 0.019 pg/m3 to a higher threshold of 4060 pg/m3. Different analytical methods utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QQQ-MS), and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), that adopted untargeted strategies for the identification of PAH derivatives are also reviewed here. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of biotransformation patterns for each category is provided, including the likelihood of specific biotransformation reaction types. For the toxicity, we primarily summarized key metabolic activation pathways, which could result in the formation of reactive metabolites capable of covalently bonding with DNA and tissue proteins, and potential health outcomes such as carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity that might be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Finally, we pinpoint research challenges and emphasize the need for further studies on identifying PAH derivatives, tracking external exposure levels, evaluating internal exposure levels and associated toxicity, clarifying exposure routes, and considering mixture exposure effects. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of PAH derivatives' identification, environmental occurrence, human exposure, biotransformation, and toxicity, offering a valuable reference for guiding future research in this underexplored area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianli Dong
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qi A, Wang P, Lv J, Zhao T, Huang Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang M, Xiao Y, Yang L, Ji Y, Wang W. Distributions of PAHs, NPAHs, OPAHs, BrPAHs, and ClPAHs in air, bulk deposition, soil, and water in the Shandong Peninsula, China: Urban-rural gradient, interface exchange, and long-range transport. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115494. [PMID: 37742577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the movement of PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives through air, soil, and water is key to understanding the exchange and transport mechanisms of these pollutants in the environment and for ultimately improving environmental quality. PAHs and their derivatives, such as nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), brominated PAHs (BrPAHs) and chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), were analyzed in air, bulk deposition, soil, and water samples collected from urban, rural, field, and background sites on the eastern coast of China. The goal was to investigate and discuss their spatiotemporal variations, exchange fluxes, and transport potential. The concentrations of PAHs and their derivatives in the air and bulk deposition displayed distinct seasonal patterns, with higher concentrations observed during the winter and spring and lower concentrations during the summer and autumn. NPAHs exhibited the opposite trend. Significant urban-rural gradients were observed for most of the PAHs and their derivatives. According to the air-soil fugacity calculations, 2-3 ring PAHs, BrPAHs, and ClPAHs were found to volatilize from the soil into the air, while 4-7 ring PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs deposited from the air into the soil. The air-water fugacity of the PAHs and their derivatives indicated that surface water was an important source for the ambient atmosphere in Qingdao. The characteristic travel distances (CTDs) and persistence (Pov) for atmospheric transport were much lower than that for the water samples, which may be due to the longer half-lives of PAHs and their derivatives in water. NPAHs and ClPAHs with long transport distances and strong persistence in water could lead to a significant impact on marine pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianhua Lv
- Qingdao Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Qingdao Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu X, Wang X, Xue Q, Tian Y, Feng Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility and risk assessment for PM-bound organic components: Co-effects of component physicochemical properties, PM properties, and sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132291. [PMID: 37591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition in respiratory tracts of organic components in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are key factors for accurately estimating health risks and understanding human exposures. This study evaluated the in-vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in size-resolved PM from a Chinese megacity. The bioaccessibility ranged from 0.2% to 77.8% in the heating period (HP), and from 0.7% to 94.2% in the non-heating period (NHP). Result suggests that less hydrophobic organics might be more bioaccessible. Bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics in sizes > 0.65 µm was significantly inhibited by high carbon fractions, indicating the co-effects. Then, this is the first study to explore effects of sources on inhalation bioaccessibility of organics. Coal and biomass combustion in HP and traffic emission in NHP negatively correlated with bioaccessibility. Secondary particles also negatively correlated with bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer risk (HQ) for all measured components in PM10 were estimated after considering the bioaccessibility and deposition efficiencies and the HQ and ILCR were within the acceptable range. BaP and DEHP were strong contributors to HQ and ILCR, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holme JA, Vondráček J, Machala M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vogel CFA, Le Ferrec E, Sparfel L, Øvrevik J. Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) - The roles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115801. [PMID: 37696458 PMCID: PMC10543654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peng C, Zhang X, Li M, Lu Y, Liu C, Wang L. Source apportionment of microplastics in indoor dust: Two strategies based on shape and composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122178. [PMID: 37442328 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is widely distributed in the environment. However, methods for source apportionment of MPs are still lacking. In this study, the shape and size of 102,860 MPs in indoor dust from 39 cities of China were analyzed by laser direct infrared, and accordingly, a shape index (fshape) based on MP's aspect ratio was developed to assess the contribution of textiles release. In addition, a composition index (fcomp) based on the ratio of the mass concentration of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to polyamide (PA), which were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was proposed. The contribution of textile source and non-textile source to the indoor MPs were also estimated based on fcomp. It is estimated by fshape that 43% of MPs in indoor dust was released from textiles. Among the most abundant MPs in indoor dust, 98% of polyurethane, 94% of PA and 92% of PET come from the textile source, 76% of polypropylene and almost all of polyethylene come from the non-textile source. fcomp indicates that 83% of PET MPs comes from textile source, i.e., polyester. Considering the application proportion of PET in textile and non-textile industry, it is estimated that 59% of MPs in indoor dust comes from textile source, which is similar to the result obtained by fshape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mengxi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li CWY, Walters S, Müller JF, Orlando J, Brasseur GP. Contamination of tea leaves by anthraquinone: The atmosphere as a possible source. AMBIO 2023; 52:1373-1388. [PMID: 37115429 PMCID: PMC10272057 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anthraquinone in tea leaves has raised concerns due to a potential health risk associated with this species. This led the European Union to impose a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.02 mg/kg for anthraquinone in dried tea leaves. As atmospheric contamination has been identified as one of the possible sources of anthraquinone residue, this study investigates the contamination resulting from the deposition of atmospheric anthraquinone using a global chemical transport model that accounts for the emission, atmospheric transport, chemical transformation, and deposition of anthraquinone on the surface. The largest contribution to the global atmospheric budget of anthraquinone is from residential combustion followed by the secondary formation from oxidation of anthracene. Simulations suggest that atmospheric anthraquinone deposition could be a substantial source of the anthraquinone found on tea leaves in several tea-producing regions, especially near highly industrialized and populated areas of southern and eastern Asia. The high level of anthraquinone deposition in these areas may result in residues in tea products exceeding the EU MRL. Additional contamination could also result from local tea production operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy W. Y. Li
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stacy Walters
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Jean-François Müller
- Department “Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Constituents”, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Ringlaan 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Guy P. Brasseur
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Drventić I, Glumac M, Carev I, Kroflič A. Seasonality of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Derivatives in PM 2.5 from Ljubljana, Combustion Aerosol Source Apportionment, and Cytotoxicity of Selected Nitrated Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs). TOXICS 2023; 11:518. [PMID: 37368618 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a vector of many toxic pollutants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives. Especially harmful is the fine fraction (PM2.5), which penetrates deep into the lungs during inhalation and causes various diseases. Amongst PM2.5 components with toxic potential are nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), knowledge of which is still rudimentary. Three of the measured NPAHs (1-nitropyrene (1-nP), 9-nitroanthracene (9-nA), and 6-nitrochrysene (6-nC)) were detected in ambient PM2.5 from Ljubljana, Slovenia, along with thirteen non-nitrated PAHs. The highest concentrations of pollutants, which are closely linked with incomplete combustion, were observed in the cold part of the year, whereas the concentrations of NPAHs were roughly an order of magnitude lower than those of PAHs throughout the year. Further on, we have evaluated the toxicity of four NPAHs, including 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-nBaP), to the human kidney cell line, HEK293T. The most potent was 1-nP (IC50 = 28.7 µM), followed by the other three NPAHs, whose IC50 was above 400 or 800 µM. According to our cytotoxicity assessment, atmospheric 1-nP is the most harmful NPAH among the investigated ones. Despite low airborne concentrations of NPAHs in ambient air, they are generally considered harmful to human health. Therefore, systematic toxicological assessment of NPAHs at different trophic levels, starting with cytotoxicity testing, is necessary in order to accurately evaluate their threat and adopt appropriate abatement strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Drventić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateo Glumac
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Carev
- NAOS Institute of Life Science, 355 rue Pierre-Simon Laplace, 13290 Aix-en-Provence, France
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Science, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Baweja S, Antonelli E, Hussain S, Fernández-Ramos A, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL, Sanz ME. Revealing Internal Rotation and 14N Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling in the Atmospheric Pollutant 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol: Interplay of Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052153. [PMID: 36903397 PMCID: PMC10004196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and interactions of oxygenated aromatic molecules are of atmospheric interest due to their toxicity and as precursors of aerosols. Here, we present the analysis of 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol (4MNP) using chirped pulse and Fabry-Pérot Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. The rotational, centrifugal distortion, and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the lowest-energy conformer of 4MNP were determined as well as the barrier to methyl internal rotation. The latter has a value of 106.4456(8) cm-1, significantly larger than those from related molecules with only one hydroxyl or nitro substituent in the same para or meta positions, respectively, as 4MNP. Our results serve as a basis to understand the interactions of 4MNP with atmospheric molecules and the influence of the electronic environment on methyl internal rotation barrier heights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Baweja
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Eleonore Antonelli
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Safia Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Física and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
| | - M. Eugenia Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baumann K, Wietzoreck M, Shahpoury P, Filippi A, Hildmann S, Lelieveld S, Berkemeier T, Tong H, Pöschl U, Lammel G. Is the oxidative potential of components of fine particulate matter surface-mediated? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16749-16755. [PMID: 36550248 PMCID: PMC9908692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active substances in fine particulate matter (PM) contribute to inhalation health risks through their potential to generate reactive oxygen species in epithelial lung lining fluid (ELF). The ELF's air-liquid interface (ALI) can play an important role in the phase transfer and multi-phase reactions of redox-active PM constituents. We investigated the influence of interfacial processes and properties by scrubbing of coated nano-particles with simulated ELF in a nebulizing mist chamber. Weakly water-soluble redox-active organics abundant in ambient fine PM were reproducibly loaded into ELF via ALI mixing. The resulting oxidative potential (OP) of selected quinones and other PAH derivatives were found to exceed the OP resulting from bulk mixing of the same amounts of redox-active substances and ELF. Our results indicate that the OP of PM components depends not only on the PM substance properties but also on the ELF interface properties and uptake mechanisms. OP measurements based on bulk mixing of phases may not represent the effective OP in the human lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Baumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Picarro Inc, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hildmann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Y, He Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Tao S, Liu W. Source identification and ecological risks of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river surface sediment-pore water systems: Effects of multiple factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159921. [PMID: 36343826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) have shown higher health and ecological risks than the corresponding parent PAHs (PPAHs) from laboratory studies, their variations in freshwater system, especially in surface sediment and pore water, remain inadequate understanding. In this study, we revealed the coexistence, ecological risk, and multiple factors affecting variations and sources of PPAHs and SPAHs (nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs)) in the surface sediment-pore water system from a typical urban river in Northern China. The concentration ranges of Σ26PPAHs, Σ10NPAHs, and Σ4OPAHs in the surface sediments were 153.0-5367.4, not detected (N.D.)-105.4, and 42.2-1177.0 ng·g-1 dry weight, and fell within 0.6-38.8, N.D.-297.9, and N.D.-212.6 ng·mL-1 in the pore waters. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) coupled with the partitioning around medoids (PAM) elucidated spatiotemporal the variations in PAHs, emphasizing the impacts of industrial activities and sewage discharges. Besides the geochemical and hydrochemical conditions, SPAHs were affected by the potential secondary formation, especially during the wet season. The method comparisons indicated the advantages of principal component analysis-multivariate linear regression (PCA-MLR) and n-alkanes model on source identification. PAHs mainly originated from fossil fuel combustion and vehicular exhaust. The top risk quotient (RQ) values for PAHs occurred in the urban and industrial sections. A majority of the surface sediment samples emerged with low to moderate exposure risks, while all the pore water samples showed high exposure risks. The RQs of OPAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those of PPAHs. The results suggested the secondary formation of SPAHs as an important role in ecological risks of PAHs in the urban river system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - HuiJuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Y, Chen J, Qin W, Yu Q, Xin K, Ai J, Huang H, Liu X. Gas-PM 2.5 partitioning, health risks, and sources of atmospheric PAHs in a northern China city: Impact of domestic heating. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120156. [PMID: 36096260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal variation, gas-particle partitioning, health risks, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a northern basin city of China in winter, 2020. The mean concentrations of particulate and gaseous PAHs were 87.90 ng m-3 and 69.65 ng m-3, respectively, and their concentrations were considerably enhanced during the domestic heating period. The relationship between the gas-particle partitioning coefficient of PAHs (KP) and subcooled liquid vapor pressure of PAHs (PL0) indicated organic absorption as the mechanism for this partitioning. However, the dual sorption model confirmed adsorption onto elemental carbon (EC). The health risks indicated by several equivalent parameters showed an important health effect of PAHs, especially of particulate PAHs bound onto PM2.5 during the heating period. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were also studied as an auxiliary parameter to evaluate the health impact of PAHs. According to the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and PMF model results, petroleum volatilization and coal combustion were the dominant sources of particulate PAHs during the non-heating and heating periods, respectively. The source apportionment results can help efficiently control PAHs and their health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Phan A, Stamatakis M, Koh CA, Striolo A. Wetting Properties of Clathrate Hydrates in the Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Evidence of Ion-Specific Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8200-8206. [PMID: 36006399 PMCID: PMC9442800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted remarkable multidisciplinary attention due to their intriguing π-π stacking configurations, showing enormous opportunity for their use in a variety of advanced applications. To secure progress, detailed knowledge on PAHs' interfacial properties is required. Employing molecular dynamics, we probe the wetting properties of brine droplets (KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2) on sII methane-ethane hydrate surfaces immersed in various oil solvents. Our simulations show synergistic effects due to the presence of PAHs compounded by ion-specific effects. Our analysis reveals phenomenological correlations between the wetting properties and a combination of the binding free-energy difference and entropy changes upon oil solvation for PAHs at oil/brine and oil/hydrate interfaces. The detailed thermodynamic analysis conducted upon the interactions between PAHs and various interfaces identifies molecular-level mechanisms responsible for wettability alterations, which could be applicable for advancing applications in optics, microfluidics, biotechnology, medicine, as well as hydrate management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phan
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United
Kingdom
| | - Michail Stamatakis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Koh
- Center
for Hydrate Research, Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alberto Striolo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D, Demaria G, Russo M, Scotto F, Trentini A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in urban aerosol: levels, chemical profiles, and contribution to PM 2.5 oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54391-54406. [PMID: 35297001 PMCID: PMC9356935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones, a subgroup of oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), were measured in PM2.5 samples collected during warm (May-June 2019) and cold (February-March 2020) seasons in the city of Bologna, Italy. Total PAHs concentration was nearly double in winter (6.58 ± 1.03 ng m-3) compared with spring (3.16 ± 0.53 ng m-3), following the trend of the PM2.5 mass concentration. Molecular diagnostic ratios suggested that, together with traffic, biomass burning was the dominant emission source contributing to the peaks of concentration of PM2.5 registered in the cold season. Quinone level was constant in both seasons, being 1.44 ± 0.24 ng m-3, that may be related to the increased secondary formation during warm season, as confirmed by the higher Σoxy-PAHs/ΣPAHs ratio in spring than in winter. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM2.5 samples was assessed using acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays. The obtained responses showed a strong seasonality, with higher volume-normalized (OPV) values in winter than in spring, i.e., OPVDTT: 0.32 ± 0.15 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 nmol min-1 m-3 and OPVAA: 0.72 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.28 ± 0.21 nmol min-1 m-3. Both OPVDTT and OPVAA responses were significantly associated with total PAHs, as a general descriptor of redox-active PAH derivatives, associated with co-emission from burning sources or secondary atmospheric oxidation of parent PAHs. Otherwise, only winter OPVDTT responses showed a significant correlation with total Ʃoxy-PAHs concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Demaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mara Russo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiana Scotto
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang T, Kong S, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Niu X, Huang S, Xu H, Ho KF, Cao J. A comprehensive evaluation of PM 2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107344. [PMID: 35709581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum of 52 PAHs) ranged from 19.42 ± 7.68 to 65.40 ± 29.84 ng m-3, with significantly higher levels in northern cities (Harbin [HB], Beijing [BJ], and Xi'an [XA]) than southern ones (Wuhan [WH], Chengdu [CD] and Guangzhou [GZ]). Source apportionment of ∑PAHs was conducted by the PMF model and results showed coal combustion and traffic emissions were the two dominant sources, which dominated ∑PAHs in northern and southern cities, respectively. Biomass burning was also characterized as a crucial source of ∑PAHs and showed extremely high contributions in XA (42.5%). Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the source-depend TEQ (total BaP equivalent) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were firstly reported in these cities. The results highlighted the contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to both TEQ and ILCR, which were underestimated by ∑PAHs source apportionment. Secondary organic aerosol-derived PAHs were demonstrated to increase the TEQ compared with the fresh PAHs and three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and O3 concentrations were characterized by multiple linear regression as the principal factors influencing secondary reactions of PAHs in winter. This study provides accurate human health-orientated results and potential control measures to mitigate the toxicity of secondary formed PAHs, and significantly decrease the uncertainty level of traditional methods. The results also revealed great progress in air pollution control by the Chinese government in the past 20 years, but still a long way to go to formulate strict emission control strategies from both environmental and human health-protective perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, 650 Xinsongjiang Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qin J, Zhang L, Qin Y, Shi S, Li J, Gao Y, Tan J, Wang X. pH-Dependent Chemical Transformations of Humic-Like Substances and Further Cognitions Revealed by Optical Methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7578-7587. [PMID: 35650515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are macromolecular complex groups in water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). pH is a crucial factor that influences the chemical transformations of HULIS in atmospheric particles, but this has been rarely investigated, especially under varying pH conditions. This study attempted to unveil the chemical transformation mechanisms of HULIS under a range of pH conditions using optical methods. The pH-dependent light absorption and fluorescence properties of HULIS were comprehensively analyzed; the acidity coefficient (pKa) of HULIS in relation to chemical structures was determined, and the hypothetical chemical transformation mechanisms of HULIS with increasing pH were analyzed by optical characterizations. The results suggested that pH greatly impacted the light absorption and fluorescence efficiencies of HULIS in both winter and summer seasons, and pKa was an important inflection point. The pKa of HULIS ranged from 3.5 to 8.0 in winter and 6.4 to 10.0 in summer. The acidic/basic groups were identified as -OH or -NH2 substituted quinolines, carboxylic aromatics, and pyridines. The pH-sensitive species accounted for about 6% and 21% of HULIS-C (carbon concentrations of HULIS) in winter and summer, respectively. The varying optical spectra with increasing pH might result from charge transfer or complex reactions with HULIS deprotonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingnan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Besis A, Gallou D, Avgenikou A, Serafeim E, Samara C. Size-dependent in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs - Implications to inhalation risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119045. [PMID: 35217141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Size segregated samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.95, 0.95-1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-7.2 and > 7.2 μm) of atmospheric particulate matter (APM) were collected at a traffic site in the urban agglomeration of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during the cold and the warm period of 2020. The solvent-extractable organic matter was analyzed for selected organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their nitro- and oxy-derivarives (NPAHs and OPAHs, respectively). Mean concentrations of ∑16PAHs, ∑6NPAHs and ∑10OPAHs associated to total suspended particles (TSP) were 18 ng m-3, 0.2 ng m-3 and 0.9 ng m-3, respectively, in the cold period exhibiting significant decrease (6.4, 0.2 and 0.09 ng m-3, respectively) in the warm period. The major amount of all compounds was found to be associated with the alveolar particle size fraction <0.49 μm. The inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs was measured in vitro using two simulated lung fluids (SLFs), the Gamble's solution (GS) and the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). With both SLFs, the derived bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) followed the order PAHs > OPAHs > NPAHs. Although no clear dependence of bioaccessibility on particle size was obtained, increased bioaccessibility of PAHs and PAH derivatives in coarse particles (>7.2 μm) was evident. Bioaccessibility was found to be strongly related to the logKOW and the water solubility of individual compounds hindering limited mobilization of the most hydrophobic and less water-soluble compounds from APM to SLFs. The lifetime cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to bioaccessible PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs was estimated and compared to those calculated from the particulate concentrations of organic contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Domniki Gallou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Avgenikou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Serafeim
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Singh P, Sharma A, Kumar S. Naphthalimide‐Hydroxyquinoline Conjugates for Discriminative Detection of Nitro Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Medium and Soil Sample. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143001 pb.) India
| | - Ananay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143001 pb.) India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemistry UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143001 pb.) India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu S, Yang Z, Wang F, Jin X, Kengara F, Xi K, Fang W, Yang W, Zhang Y. Effect of γ-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles on the composition of montmorillonite and its sorption capacity for pyrene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151893. [PMID: 34826487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fe content and distribution on montmorillonite would probably enhance its sorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants. Thus, Fe modified montmorillonites with different ratios of FeSO4·7H2O and Ca-montmorillonite were prepared. The results indicated that γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were not only generated at the montmorillonite surfaces, but that the γ-Fe2O3 also extended the edges of montmorillonite surfaces. The sorption capacities for pyrene were enhanced and even reached 834.79 μg g-1 with increase in ferrous iron content, but were then suppressed due to aggregation of γ-Fe2O3 on montmorillonite surfaces. Furthermore, pyrene was directly observed on γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite surfaces with a lattice spacing parameter of approximately 0.27 nm, indicating that a new phase that mainly contained pyrene was generated during the sorption process. Additionally, after regenerating the γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite composites, they could be reused for at least 5 cycles. It is therefore proposed that the prepared γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite could be exploited as a potential green composite for remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in soil and sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixi Wu
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fredrick Kengara
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet University College, P.O. Box 701, 20400 Bomet, Kenya
| | - Kai Xi
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wenwen Fang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Weiben Yang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hrdina AI, Kohale IN, Kaushal S, Kelly J, Selin NE, Engelward BP, Kroll JH. The Parallel Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Body and in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:25004. [PMID: 35225689 PMCID: PMC8884122 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from combustion sources are known to be mutagenic, with more potent species also being carcinogenic. Previous studies show that PAHs can undergo complex transformations both in the body and in the atmosphere, yet these transformation processes are generally investigated separately. OBJECTIVES Drawing from the literature in atmospheric chemistry and toxicology, we highlight the parallel transformations of PAHs that occur in the atmosphere and the body and discuss implications for public health. We also examine key uncertainties related to the toxicity of atmospheric oxidation products of PAHs and explore critical areas for future research. DISCUSSION We focus on a key mode of toxicity for PAHs, in which metabolic processes (driven by cytochrome P450 enzymes), leads to the formation of oxidized PAHs that can damage DNA. Such species can also be formed abiotically in the atmosphere from natural oxidation processes, potentially augmenting PAH toxicity by skipping the necessary metabolic steps that activate their mutagenicity. Despite the large body of literature related to these two general pathways, the extent to which atmospheric oxidation affects a PAH's overall toxicity remains highly uncertain. Combining knowledge and promoting collaboration across both fields can help identify key oxidation pathways and the resulting products that impact public health. CONCLUSIONS Cross-disciplinary research, in which toxicology studies evaluate atmospheric oxidation products and their mixtures, and atmospheric measurements examine the formation of compounds that are known to be most toxic. Close collaboration between research communities can help narrow down which PAHs, and which PAH degradation products, should be targeted when assessing public health risks. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9984.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy I.H. Hrdina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ishwar N. Kohale
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simran Kaushal
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Kelly
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vuong QT, Son JM, Thang PQ, Ohura T, Choi SD. Application of gas chromatographic retention times to determine physicochemical properties of nitrated, oxygenated, and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118644. [PMID: 34875266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are receiving attention because of their high toxicity compared with parent PAHs. However, the experimental data of their physicochemical properties has been limited. This study proposed the gas chromatographic retention time (GC-RT) technique as an effective alternative one to determine octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) for 11 NPAHs, 10 OPAHs, and 19 parent PAHs. The slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions between temperature versus KOA and PL were provided and can be used to estimate KOA and PL for the 40 targeted compounds at any temperature. The internal energies of phase transfer (ΔUOA) and enthalpies of vaporization (ΔHL) for all targeted compounds were also calculated using the GC-RT technique. High-molecular-weight compounds may release or absorb higher heat energy to transform between different phases. NPAHs and OPAHs had a non-ideal solution behavior with activity in octanol (γoct) in the range of 19-53 and 18-1,078, respectively, which is larger than the unity threshold. A comparison among four groups of PAH derivatives showed that a functional group (nitro-, oxygen-, chloro-, and bromo-) in PAH derivatives increased γoct for corresponding parent PAHs by tens (mono-group) to hundreds of times (di-group). This study suggests that the GC-RT method is applicable for indirectly measuring the physicochemical properties of various groups of organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Quang Thang
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen X, Li H, Kong X, Cheng X, Li C, He H, Selvaraj KK, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Evaluating the adsorption performance of Tenax TA® in different containers: An isolation tool to study the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs in spiked soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150429. [PMID: 34844299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The improved in vitro gastrointestinal simulation methods, with the addition of the adsorption sink, are considered as a promising tool for predicting the bioaccessibility of contaminants. However, the problem associated with the recovery of the adsorption sink from the complex matrix needs more understand. Although previous studies tried to solve this shortcoming by using the containers (a vessel to hold the adsorption sink), there is no systematic comparison study on the impact of containers on bioaccessibility till now, especially for nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs). In order to understand the problem, commonly used containers in previous studies (dialysis bags and stainless-steel screen) were selected and deployed in the Fed Organic Estimation Human Simulation Test (FOREhST) method to compare the effects of these containers on the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs desorbed from the five different types of soils into the gastrointestinal fluid (GIF). Results showed that in order to maintain a constant sorptive gradient for the high molecular weight (MW) nitro-PAHs, 0.25 g of Tenax TA® were required in FOREhST. Compared with Tenax TA® encapsulated in dialysis bag (Tenax-EDBG), the use of Tenax TA® encapsulated in dissolution basket (Tenax-EDBT) significantly increased the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs in the soil from 5.6-31.4% to 17.2-70.6%, due to the better diffusion performance. The bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs by FOREhST extraction with Tenax-EDBT showed a significant negative correlation with soil total organic carbon (TOC), whereas a weak correlation with pH. This study provides the researchers with a more standardized in vitro method to quantify the bioaccessibility of PAHs and their derivatives in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangcheng Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China.
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tian M, Liang B, Zhang L, Hu H, Yang F, Peng C, Chen Y, Jiang C, Wang J. Measurement of size-segregated airborne particulate bound polycyclic aromatic compounds and assessment of their human health impacts - A case study in a megacity of southwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131339. [PMID: 34198059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle size distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is one of the important factors controlling human exposure to PACs in air. In this study, size-segregated airborne particle samples were collected in a megacity in southwest China to analyze PACs concentrations and evaluate related health risks. Annual average concentrations of Σ19PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 17.4 ng/m3) and Σ10OPAHs (oxygenated PAHs, 15.3 ng/m3) were one order of magnitude higher than those of Σ9MPAHs (methyl PAHs, 0.97 ng/m3) and Σ27NPAHs (nitrated PAHs, 1.54 ng/m3). More than 55% of PACs masses were associated with fine particles (aerodynamic diameter Dae < 2.1 μm). Inhalation exposure assessment showed that less than 60% of particulate bound PACs could deposit in the respiratory tract, which implies that the traditional model using ambient concentration of PACs would overestimate the inhalation risk. On the other hand, incremental lifetime cancer risks from dermal absorption (ILCRderm) were comparable to those from inhalation (ILCRinh) exposure despite the much lower daily dermal absorption dose than the daily inhalation dose, which implies that the health impact might be underestimated if only considering inhalation exposure. Cancer risks from inhalation exposure were mainly attributed to fine particles while those from dermal exposure were mostly associated with coarse particles. Although neither ILCRderm nor ILCRinh exceeded the threshold value of 10-6 set by USEPA, the total ILCR exceeded this criterion, manifesting potential health risks from exposure to airborne particulate PACs in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Huilin Hu
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Changtan Jiang
- Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Degrendele C, Kanduč T, Kocman D, Lammel G, Cambelová A, Dos Santos SG, Horvat M, Kukučka P, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Mikeš O, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Saňka O, Maggos T, Sarigiannis D, Klánová J. NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148528. [PMID: 34328964 PMCID: PMC8434474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m-3 for Σ9NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m-3 for Σ11OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27-47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Saul Garcia Dos Santos
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Saňka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece; University School of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kitanovski Z, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Lammel G. Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59131-59140. [PMID: 32529617 PMCID: PMC8541976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m-3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m-3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Watson JG, Chow JC, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs, and azaarenes) in air from four climate zones of China: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning, and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147234. [PMID: 33971611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives [oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and azaarenes (AZAs)] are toxic and ubiquitous air pollutants. In this study, the concentrations of these PACs were determined in air obtained in spring and autumn of 2012 from urban and rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau, temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate zones in China. Average concentrations (gaseous + particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs, and ∑4AZAs were 928 ± 658, 54 ± 45, 5.3 ± 4.4, 14 ± 11 ng m-3 and 995 ± 635, 67 ± 38, 8.4 ± 6.1, 24 ± 16 ng m-3 in spring and autumn, respectively. Various C fractions and latitude correlated significantly with the concentrations and ratios of PACs. The slopes of the regression of gas-particle partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs on their sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL0), indicated both adsorption and absorption to total suspended particles (TSP) for PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in the four studied climatic zones. This result was further supported by comparing the fractions of PACs in TSP calculated from field data with those predicted by the Junge-Pankow adsorption and KOA absorption models. The concentration ratios of most OPAHs or NPAHs to their parent PAHs and of benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene were higher in autumn than in spring and increased with remoteness from point sources. This suggests enhanced secondary formation of PAH derivatives due to the elevated photochemical activity in autumn and longer ageing of air and associated transformation of PACs during their long-distance transport from source regions (urban sites) to rural sites. Lifetime lung cancer risk estimated from PACs ranged from 0.8 ± 0.6 to 3.1 ± 1.0 (×10-3), exceeding the value (10-5) recommended by the WHO. Gaseous PACs contributed substantially to the estimated cancer risks and their contributions increased with decreasing latitude in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - John G Watson
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen X, Cheng X, Meng H, Selvaraj KK, Li H, He H, Du W, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145585. [PMID: 33607432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility/bioavailability (bioac-bioav) is an important criterion in the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in the restoration of contaminated sites. Although, the bioac-bioav concept is widely employed in PAH risk assessment for both humans and wildlife, their growth and integration in risk assessment models are seldom discussed. Consequently, the relevant literature listed on Web of Science (WOS)™ was retrieved and analyzed using the bibliometric software Citespace in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Due to the limitations of the literature search software, we manually searched the articles about PAHs bioac-bioav that were published before 2000. This stage focuses on research on the distribution coefficient of PAHs between different environmental phases and laid the foundation for the adsorption-desorption of PAHs in subsequent studies of the bioac-bioav of PAHs. The research progress on PAH bioac-bioav from 2000 to the present was evaluated using the Citespace software based on country- and discipline-wise publication volumes and research hotspots. The development stages of PAH bioac-bioav after 2000 were divided into four time segments. The first three segments (2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015) focused on the degradation of PAHs and their in vivo (bioavailability)-in vitro (bioaccessibility) evaluation method and risk assessment. Meanwhile, the current (2016-present) research focuses on the establishment of analytical methods for assessing PAH derivatives at environmental concentrations and the optimization of various in vitro digestion methods, including chemical optimization (sorptive sink) and biological optimization (Caco-2 cell). The contents are aimed at supplying researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PAH bioac-bioav.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kumar Krishna Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, PR China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nežiková B, Degrendele C, Bandowe BAM, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Kukučka P, Martiník J, Mayer L, Prokeš R, Přibylová P, Klánová J, Lammel G. Three years of atmospheric concentrations of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen heterocycles at a central European background site. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128738. [PMID: 33121801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs, OPAHs) are abundant in the atmosphere and contribute significantly to the health risk associated with inhalation of polluted air. Despite the health hazard they pose, NPAHs and OPAHs were rarely included in monitoring. The aim of this study is to provide the first multi-year temporal trends of the concentrations, composition pattern and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in air from a site representative of background air quality conditions in central Europe. Samples were collected every second week at a rural background site in the Czech Republic during 2015-2017. Concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 160 pg m-3 for Σ17NPAHs, from 32 to 2600 pg m-3 for Σ10OPAHs and from 5.1 to 4300 pg m-3 for Σ2O-heterocycles. The average particulate mass fraction (θ) ranged from 0.01 ± 0.02 (2-nitronaphthalene) to 0.83 ± 0.22 (1-nitropyrene) for individual NPAHs and from <0.01 ± 0.01 (dibenzofuran) to 0.96 ± 0.08 (6H-benzo (c,d)pyren-6-one) for individual OPAHs and O-heterocycles. The multiyear variations showed downward trends for a number of targeted compounds. This suggests that on-going emission reductions of PAHs are effective also for co-emitted NPAHs and OPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin A M Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Martiník
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludovic Mayer
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shahpoury P, Zhang ZW, Arangio A, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Harner T, Nenes A. The influence of chemical composition, aerosol acidity, and metal dissolution on the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter and redox potential of the lung lining fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 148:106343. [PMID: 33454608 PMCID: PMC7868889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental health risk and it contributes to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and excess mortality worldwide. The adverse health effects have been associated with the inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and induction of respiratory oxidative stress. In this work, we quantified the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 from several Canadian cities (Toronto, Hamilton, Montreal, Vancouver) using a recently developed bioanalytical method which measures the oxidation of lung antioxidants, glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid, the formation of glutathione disulfide and cystine, and the related redox potential (RP) in a simulated epithelial lining fluid (SELF). We evaluated the application of empirical SELF RP as a new metric for aerosol OP. We further investigated how PM2.5 chemical composition and OP are related across various emission source sectors and whether these features are linked to specific properties of aerosol aqueous phase, such as pH and metal-ligand complexation. The OP indicators including SELF RP were strongly correlated among each other, indicating that the empirical RP could be used as a reliable metric in future studies. OP based on ascorbic acid showed dependency on the emission source sectors, most likely due to variation in the solubility of Fe. Traffic emissions resulted in the highest OP, followed by industrial emissions and resuspended crustal matter. OP presented low correlation with PM2.5 concentrations, low-moderate correlation with the aerosol organic matter, and moderate-strong association with black carbon and transition metals across the sites. We did not find strong association between the concentration of biomass burning tracers and OP. Copper was the only metal that showed high association with OP across all sites, whereas the correlation with other metals, such as iron, manganese, and titanium, showed clear dependency on the source sectors. The aerosol pH correlated negatively with ambient temperature and positively with biomass burning tracers and the levels of nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol liquid water content. The solubility of Fe was associated with sulfate and aerosol pH at most sites, suggesting the involvement of proton-mediated dissolution pathway, while this was not visible at the site influenced by industrial emission, most likely due to the abundance of pyrogenic Fe. The effect of metal-ligand complexation on the solubility of transition metals, in particular Fe, was clearly observed at all sites, whereas a combined effect with aerosol pH, and a subsequent impact on OP, was only seen at the traffic site in Toronto. The enhanced solubility of Fe due to proton- and ligand-mediated dissolution pathways and subsequent formation of reactive oxygen species may in part explain the health effects of PM2.5 seen in previous epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Zheng Wei Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Arangio
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valbona Celo
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
44
|
Wilson J, Octaviani M, Bandowe BAM, Wietzoreck M, Zetzsch C, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T, Lammel G. Modeling the Formation, Degradation, and Spatiotemporal Distribution of 2-Nitrofluoranthene and 2-Nitropyrene in the Global Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14224-14234. [PMID: 33112146 PMCID: PMC7676291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common atmospheric pollutants and known to cause adverse health effects. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are formed in combustion activities and by nitration of PAHs in the atmosphere and may be equally or more toxic, but their spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is not well characterized. Using the global EMAC model with atmospheric chemistry and surface compartments coupled, we investigate the formation, abundance, and fate of two secondarily formed NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR). The default reactivity scenario, the model with the simplest interpretation of parameters from the literature, tends to overestimate both absolute concentrations and NPAH/PAH ratios at observational sites. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that NO2-dependent NPAH formation leads to better agreement between measured and predicted NPAH concentrations and that photodegradation is the most important loss process of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR. The highest concentrations of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR are found in regions with strong PAH emissions, but because of continued secondary formation from the PAH precursors, these two NPAHs are predicted to be spread across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Wilson
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mega Octaviani
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Bayreuth
Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nováková Z, Novák J, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Smutná M, Wietzoreck M, Lammel G, Hilscherová K. Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105634. [PMID: 32446144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution, which represents a major environmental risk to human health, comprises a complex mixture of compounds where only little is known about its specific toxicities. OBJECTIVES This study examined the specific toxicities associated with ambient air pollutant mixtures with respect to gas/particle partitioning, particulate matter (PM) size, pollutant polarity and bioaccessibility from PM, and evaluated the contribution of PAHs and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives (OPAHs, NPAHs). METHODS Air samples (gas phase, PM10 and size-segregated PM), were collected at urban (in winter and summer) and background (winter) sites in the Czech Republic. The total and bioaccessible concentrations were addressed using organic solvent extraction and simulated lung fluid extraction, respectively. Organic extracts were also further fractionated according to polarity. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity, anti-/estrogenicity, anti-/androgenicity, thyroid receptor (TR)-mediated activity and cytotoxicity for bronchial cells were determined by human cell-based in vitro bioassays. The contribution of studied compounds to observed effects was assessed by both modelling and reconstructing the mixtures. RESULTS Significant effects were detected in the sub-micrometre size fraction of PM (estrogenicity, androgenicity, TR- and AhR-mediated activities) and in the gas phase (TR-mediated activity, antiandrogenicity). Compounds interacting with TR showed high bioaccessibility to simulated lung fluid. Relatively lower bioaccessibility was observed for estrogenicity and AhR-mediated activity. However, the toxicity testing of reconstructed mixtures revealed that the targeted pollutants are not the main contributors, except for urban PM air pollution in winter, where they accounted for 5-88% of several effects detected in the original complex environmental samples. DISCUSSION Studied toxicities were mostly driven by polar compounds largely attributed to the easily inhalable PM1, which is of high relevance for human health risk assessment. Except of parent PAHs in some cases, the targeted compounds contributed to the detected effects mostly to a relatively low extent implying huge data gaps in terms of endocrine disruptive potencies of targeted substances and the significance of other polar compounds present in ambient air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nováková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Smutná
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|