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Zhang J, Han Y, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Lei D, Wilcke W. Sediment record of polycyclic aromatic compounds and black carbon over the last ~400 years in Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake, northeast China. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167438. [PMID: 37778557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fuel usage is an important catalyst for socio-economic development and human well-being. Human activities have resulted in significant increases in emissions from biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel (FF) combustion which have significantly adversely affected human, ecosystem, and planetary health in this era of the Anthropocene. Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake (SJLW), as a typical crater lake, uniquely receives atmospheric deposition from long-distance transport, and thus, its sediments reflect environmental change and human impacts on a broad scale. In this study, the concentrations and compositions of combustion products, including polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated (OPAHs) and nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives (AZAs)) and black carbon (BC and its constituents char and soot), in SJLW over the past 400 years were investigated. The results showed that the PACs and soot concentrations and fluxes in SJLW have rapidly increased since 1950. The concentrations of the total PACs increased ~4 times after the 1950s. Such a fast increase is consistent with the rapid industrialization after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which has further accelerated beginning with the implementation of the reform and opening up policy of the PRC in 1978. Moreover, the variations in the compositions of PACs, as well as the decrease in the char/soot ratio, demonstrate a transition in energy usage from BB to FF combustion. The decrease in the benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene ratio indicated an increase in local emissions (because of increasing industrialization in northeast China). The temporal profile of perylene concentrations, fluxes, and perylene/5-ring PAHs ratios strongly suggest that perylene mainly originated from non-pyrogenic sources. The records of PACs and BC in SJLW offer valuable perspectives on human impacts and provide important references for the start of the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Alvarez P, Velescu A, Pierick K, Homeier J, Wilcke W. Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio of Dissolved Organic Matter as a Tool To Identify Its Sources and Transformations in a Tropical Montane Forest in Ecuador. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14983-14993. [PMID: 37774105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) contributes to forest C cycling. We assessed temporal variability, sources, and transformations of DOM during four years in a tropical montane forest with the help of stable C isotope ratios (δ13C values). We measured δ13C values of DOM in rainfall (RF), throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), litter leachate (LL), soil solutions at the 0.15 and 0.30 m depths (SS15, SS30), and streamflow (ST) with TOC-IRMS. The δ13C values of DOM did not vary seasonally. We detected an event with a high δ13C value likely attributable to black carbon from local pasture fires. The mean δ13C values of DOM outside the event decreased in the order, RF (-26.0 ± 1.3‰) > TF (-28.7 ± 0.3‰) > SF (-29.2 ± 0.2‰) > LL (-29.6 ± 0.2‰) because of increasing leaching of C-isotopically light compounds. The higher δ13C values of DOM in SS15 (-27.8 ± 1.0‰), SS30 (-27.6 ± 1.1‰), and ST (-27.9 ± 1.1‰) than in the above-ground solutions suggested that roots and root exudates are major belowground DOM sources. Although in DOM the C/N ratios correlated with the δ13C values when all solutions were considered, this was not the case for SS15, SS30, and ST alone. Thus, the δ13C values of DOM provide an additional tool to assess the sources and turnover of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Loja, Reinaldo Espinoza Avenue s/n, 110103 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Pierick
- Spatial Structures and Digitization of Forests/Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Faculty of Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Merseburger S, Kessler A, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W. Equilibrium isotope fractionation factors of H exchange between steam and soil clay fractions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9499. [PMID: 36852507 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Steam equilibration overcomes the problem of the traditional measurements of H isotope compositions, which leave an arbitrary amount of adsorbed water in the sample, by controlling for the entire exchangeable H pool, including adsorbed water and hydroxyl-H. However, the use of steam equilibration to determine nonexchangeable stable H isotope compositions in environmental media (expressed as δ2 Hn values) by mathematically eliminating the influence of exchangeable H after sample equilibration with waters of known H-isotopic composition requires the knowledge of the equilibrium isotope fractionation factor between steam-H and exchangeable H of the sample (αex-w ), which is frequently unknown. METHODS We developed a new method to determine the αex-w values for clay minerals, topsoil clay fractions, and mica by manipulating the contributions of exchangeable H to the total H pool via different degrees of post-equilibration sample drying. We measured the δ2 H values of steam-equilibrated mineral and soil samples using elemental analyzer-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS The αex-w values of seven clay minerals ranged from 1.071 to 1.140, and those of 19 topsoil clay fractions ranged from 0.885 to 1.216. The αex-w value of USGS57 biotite, USGS58 muscovite, and of cellulose was 0.965, 0.871, and 1.175, respectively. The method did not work for kaolinite, because its small exchangeable H pool did not respond to the selected drying conditions. Structurally different mineral groups such as two- and three-layer clay minerals or mica showed systematically different αex-w values. The αex-w value of the topsoil clay fractions correlated with the soil clay content (r = 0.63, P = 0.004), the local mean annual temperature (r = 0.68, P = 0.001), and the δ2 H values of local precipitation (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), likely to reflect the different clay mineralogy under different weathering regimes. CONCLUSIONS Our new αex-w determination method yielded realistic results in line with the few previously published values for cellulose. The determined αex-w values were similar to the widely assumed values of 1.00-1.08 in the literature, suggesting that the adoption of one of these values in steam equilibration approaches is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merseburger
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arnim Kessler
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bandowe BAM, Shukurov N, Leimer S, Kersten M, Steinberger Y, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of an industrial area in semi-arid Uzbekistan: spatial distribution, relationship with trace metals and risk assessment. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:4847-4861. [PMID: 34041653 PMCID: PMC8528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition patterns, transport and fate of PAHs in semi-arid and arid soils such as in Central Asia are not well known. Such knowledge is required to manage the risk posed by these toxic chemicals to humans and ecosystems in these regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined the concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, 6 alkylated PAHs, and biphenyl in soils from 11 sampling locations (0-10, 10-20 cm soil depths) along a 20-km transect downwind from the Almalyk metal mining and metallurgical industrial complex (Almalyk MMC), Uzbekistan. The concentrations of Σ29 PAHs and Σ16 US-EPA PAHs were 41-2670 ng g-1 and 29-1940 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ29 PAHs occurred in the immediate vicinity of the copper smelting factory of the Almalyk MMC. The concentrations in topsoil decreased substantially to a value of ≤ 200 ng g-1 (considered as background concentration) at ≥ 2 km away from the factory. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAH mixtures at less contaminated sites and high molecular weight PAHs at the most contaminated site. The concentration of Σ16 US-EPA PAHs did not exceed the precautionary values set by the soil quality guidelines of, e.g., Switzerland and Germany. Similarly, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration in soils near the Almalyk MMC did not exceed the value set by the Canadian guidelines for the protection of humans from carcinogenic PAHs in soils. Consequently, the cancer risk due to exposure to PAHs in these soils can be considered as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Geology and Mineral Resources, Olimlar street 64, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100041
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Dantas de Paula M, Forrest M, Langan L, Bendix J, Homeier J, Velescu A, Wilcke W, Hickler T. Nutrient cycling drives plant community trait assembly and ecosystem functioning in a tropical mountain biodiversity hotspot. New Phytol 2021; 232:551-566. [PMID: 34228829 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Community trait assembly in highly diverse tropical rainforests is still poorly understood. Based on more than a decade of field measurements in a biodiversity hotspot of southern Ecuador, we implemented plant trait variation and improved soil organic matter dynamics in a widely used dynamic vegetation model (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator, LPJ-GUESS) to explore the main drivers of community assembly along an elevational gradient. In the model used here (LPJ-GUESS-NTD, where NTD stands for nutrient-trait dynamics), each plant individual can possess different trait combinations, and the community trait composition emerges via ecological sorting. Further model developments include plant growth limitation by phosphorous (P) and mycorrhizal nutrient uptake. The new model version reproduced the main observed community trait shift and related vegetation processes along the elevational gradient, but only if nutrient limitations to plant growth were activated. In turn, when traits were fixed, low productivity communities emerged due to reduced nutrient-use efficiency. Mycorrhizal nutrient uptake, when deactivated, reduced net primary production (NPP) by 61-72% along the gradient. Our results strongly suggest that the elevational temperature gradient drives community assembly and ecosystem functioning indirectly through its effect on soil nutrient dynamics and vegetation traits. This illustrates the importance of considering these processes to yield realistic model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Dantas de Paula
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Matthew Forrest
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Liam Langan
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Thomas Hickler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography, Geosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
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6
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Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Watson JG, Chow JC, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs, and azaarenes) in air from four climate zones of China: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning, and health risks. Sci Total Environ 2021; 786:147234. [PMID: 33971611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives [oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and azaarenes (AZAs)] are toxic and ubiquitous air pollutants. In this study, the concentrations of these PACs were determined in air obtained in spring and autumn of 2012 from urban and rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau, temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate zones in China. Average concentrations (gaseous + particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs, and ∑4AZAs were 928 ± 658, 54 ± 45, 5.3 ± 4.4, 14 ± 11 ng m-3 and 995 ± 635, 67 ± 38, 8.4 ± 6.1, 24 ± 16 ng m-3 in spring and autumn, respectively. Various C fractions and latitude correlated significantly with the concentrations and ratios of PACs. The slopes of the regression of gas-particle partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs on their sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL0), indicated both adsorption and absorption to total suspended particles (TSP) for PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in the four studied climatic zones. This result was further supported by comparing the fractions of PACs in TSP calculated from field data with those predicted by the Junge-Pankow adsorption and KOA absorption models. The concentration ratios of most OPAHs or NPAHs to their parent PAHs and of benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene were higher in autumn than in spring and increased with remoteness from point sources. This suggests enhanced secondary formation of PAH derivatives due to the elevated photochemical activity in autumn and longer ageing of air and associated transformation of PACs during their long-distance transport from source regions (urban sites) to rural sites. Lifetime lung cancer risk estimated from PACs ranged from 0.8 ± 0.6 to 3.1 ± 1.0 (×10-3), exceeding the value (10-5) recommended by the WHO. Gaseous PACs contributed substantially to the estimated cancer risks and their contributions increased with decreasing latitude in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - John G Watson
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Oelmann Y, Lange M, Leimer S, Roscher C, Aburto F, Alt F, Bange N, Berner D, Boch S, Boeddinghaus RS, Buscot F, Dassen S, De Deyn G, Eisenhauer N, Gleixner G, Goldmann K, Hölzel N, Jochum M, Kandeler E, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Le Provost G, Manning P, Marhan S, Prati D, Schäfer D, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Schurig E, Wagg C, Wubet T, Wilcke W. Above- and belowground biodiversity jointly tighten the P cycle in agricultural grasslands. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4431. [PMID: 34290234 PMCID: PMC8295381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments showed that biodiversity increases grassland productivity and nutrient exploitation, potentially reducing fertiliser needs. Enhancing biodiversity could improve P-use efficiency of grasslands, which is beneficial given that rock-derived P fertilisers are expected to become scarce in the future. Here, we show in a biodiversity experiment that more diverse plant communities were able to exploit P resources more completely than less diverse ones. In the agricultural grasslands that we studied, management effects either overruled or modified the driving role of plant diversity observed in the biodiversity experiment. Nevertheless, we show that greater above- (plants) and belowground (mycorrhizal fungi) biodiversity contributed to tightening the P cycle in agricultural grasslands, as reduced management intensity and the associated increased biodiversity fostered the exploitation of P resources. Our results demonstrate that promoting a high above- and belowground biodiversity has ecological (biodiversity protection) and economical (fertiliser savings) benefits. Such win-win situations for farmers and biodiversity are crucial to convince farmers of the benefits of biodiversity and thus counteract global biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Oelmann
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Lange
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- grid.7892.40000 0001 0075 5874Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felipe Aburto
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663LISAB, Dep. Silvicultura, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabian Alt
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Bange
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Doreen Berner
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- grid.419754.a0000 0001 2259 5533WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Runa S. Boeddinghaus
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Halle, Germany
| | - Sigrid Dassen
- grid.418375.c0000 0001 1013 0288Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlinde De Deyn
- grid.418375.c0000 0001 1013 0288Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Department of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Halle, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentin H. Klaus
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Gaëtane Le Provost
- grid.507705.0Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- grid.507705.0Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Marhan
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Schäfer
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schurig
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Fredericton Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB Canada
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Community Ecology Department, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- grid.7892.40000 0001 0075 5874Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wilcke W, Bigalke M, Wei C, Han Y, Musa Bandowe BA. Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils. J Environ Qual 2021; 50:717-729. [PMID: 33825209 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N-47° S, 71° W-118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA-PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g-1 . We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA-PAH contamination levels >400 ng g-1 , there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, Univ. of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Key Lab. of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Dep. of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Wang L, Jin Y, Weiss DJ, Schleicher NJ, Wilcke W, Wu L, Guo Q, Chen J, O'Connor D, Hou D. Possible application of stable isotope compositions for the identification of metal sources in soil. J Hazard Mater 2021; 407:124812. [PMID: 33340973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals in soil are potentially harmful to humans and ecosystems. Stable isotope measurement may provide "fingerprint" information on the sources of metals. In light of the rapid progress in this emerging field, we present a state-of-the-art overview of how useful stable isotopes are in soil metal source identification. Distinct isotope signals in different sources are the key prerequisites for source apportionment. In this context, Zn and Cd isotopes are particularly helpful for the identification of combustion-related industrial sources, since high-temperature evaporation-condensation would largely fractionate the isotopes of both elements. The mass-independent fractionation of Hg isotopes during photochemical reactions allows for the identification of atmospheric sources. However, compared with traditionally used Sr and Pb isotopes for source tracking whose variations are due to the radiogenic processes, the biogeochemical low-temperature fractionation of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Tl isotopes renders much uncertainty, since large intra-source variations may overlap the distinct signatures of inter-source variations (i.e., blur the source signals). Stable isotope signatures of non-metallic elements can also aid in source identification in an indirect way. In fact, the soils are often contaminated with different elements. In this case, a combination of stable isotope analysis with mineralogical or statistical approaches would provide more accurate results. Furthermore, isotope-based source identification will also be helpful for comprehending the temporal changes of metal accumulation in soil systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dominik J Weiss
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, New York, USA
| | - Nina J Schleicher
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiubin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, GL7 1RS, United Kingdom
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Schneider T, Pongpiachan S, Ho SSH, Wei C, Wang Q, Xing L, Wilcke W. A 150-year record of black carbon (soot and char) and polycyclic aromatic compounds deposition in Lake Phayao, north Thailand. Environ Pollut 2021; 269:116148. [PMID: 33310199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the historical variation in the emissions and sources (biomass burning, BB vs. fossil fuel, FF combustion) of soot and char, the two components of black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) may help in assessing the environmental effects of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) in SE Asia. We therefore determined historical variations of the fluxes of soot, char, and PACs (24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and 4 azaarenes) in a dated sediment core (covering the past ∼150 years) of Phayao Lake in Thailand. The soot fluxes have been increasing in recent times, but at a far lower rate than previously estimated based on BC emission inventories. This may be associated with a decreasing BB contribution as indicated by the decreasing char fluxes from old to young sediments. The fluxes of high- and low-molecular-weight (HMW and LMW) PAHs, OPAHs, and azaarenes all sharply increased after ∼1980, while the ΣLMW-/ΣHMW-PAHs ratios decreased, further supporting the reduction in BB contribution at the expense of increasing FF combustion emissions. We also suggest that the separate record of char and soot, which has up to now not been done in aerosol studies, is useful to assess the environmental effects of ABC because of the different light-absorbing properties of these two BC components. Our results suggest that besides the establishment of improved FF combustion technology, BB must be further reduced in the SE Asian region in order to weaken the ABC haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Geosciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Social & Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Sereethai Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chong Wei
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Xing
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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van der Plas F, Schröder-Georgi T, Weigelt A, Barry K, Meyer S, Alzate A, Barnard RL, Buchmann N, de Kroon H, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Engels C, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Hildebrandt A, Koller-France E, Leimer S, Milcu A, Mommer L, Niklaus PA, Oelmann Y, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Schmid B, Schulze ED, Temperton V, Tscharntke T, Voigt W, Weisser W, Wilcke W, Wirth C. Plant traits alone are poor predictors of ecosystem properties and long-term ecosystem functioning. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1602-1611. [PMID: 33020598 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Earth is home to over 350,000 vascular plant species that differ in their traits in innumerable ways. A key challenge is to predict how natural or anthropogenically driven changes in the identity, abundance and diversity of co-occurring plant species drive important ecosystem-level properties such as biomass production or carbon storage. Here, we analyse the extent to which 42 different ecosystem properties can be predicted by 41 plant traits in 78 experimentally manipulated grassland plots over 10 years. Despite the unprecedented number of traits analysed, the average percentage of variation in ecosystem properties jointly explained was only moderate (32.6%) within individual years, and even much lower (12.7%) across years. Most other studies linking ecosystem properties to plant traits analysed no more than six traits and, when including only six traits in our analysis, the average percentage of variation explained in across-year levels of ecosystem properties dropped to 4.8%. Furthermore, we found on average only 12.2% overlap in significant predictors among ecosystem properties, indicating that a small set of key traits able to explain multiple ecosystem properties does not exist. Our results therefore suggest that there are specific limits to the extent to which traits per se can predict the long-term functional consequences of biodiversity change, so that data on additional drivers, such as interacting abiotic factors, may be required to improve predictions of ecosystem property levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schröder-Georgi
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Alzate
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Romain L Barnard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Hans de Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Hildebrandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Scheu
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Vicky Temperton
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Voigt
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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12
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Wilcke W, Velescu A, Leimer S, Blotevogel S, Alvarez P, Valarezo C. Total organic carbon concentrations in ecosystem solutions of a remote tropical montane forest respond to global environmental change. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6989-7005. [PMID: 32939921 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The response of organic carbon (C) concentrations in ecosystem solutions to environmental change affects the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from forests to surface and groundwaters. We determined the total organic C (TOC) concentrations (filtered <1-7 µm) and the ratios of TOC/dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in all major ecosystem solutions of a tropical montane forest from 1998 to 2013. The forest was located on the rim of the Amazon basin in Ecuador and experienced increasing numbers of days with >25°C, decreasing soil moisture, and rising nitrogen (N) deposition from the atmosphere during the study period. In rainfall, throughfall, mineral soil solutions (at the 0.15- and 0.30-m depths), and streamflow, TOC concentrations and fluxes decreased significantly from 1998 to 2013, while they increased in stemflow. TOC/DON ratios decreased significantly in rainfall, throughfall, soil solution at the 0.15-m depth, and streamflow. Based on Δ14 C values, the TOC in rainfall and mineral soil solutions was 1 year old and that of litter leachate was 10 years old. The pH in litter leachate decreased with time, that in mineral soil solutions increased, while those in the other ecosystem solutions did not change. Thus, reduced TOC solubility because of lower pH values cannot explain the negative trends in TOC concentrations in most ecosystem solutions. The increasing TOC concentrations and EC in stemflow pointed at an increased leaching of TOC and other ions from the bark. Our results suggest an accelerated degradation of DOM, particularly of young DOM, associated with the production of N-rich compounds simultaneously to changing climatic conditions and increasing N availability. Thus, environmental change increased the CO2 release to the atmosphere but reduced DOM export to surface and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Blotevogel
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Alvarez
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Valarezo
- Research Directorate, National University of Loja, Ciudadela Universitaria Guillermo Falconí, Loja, Ecuador
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13
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Felipe-Lucia MR, Soliveres S, Penone C, Fischer M, Ammer C, Boch S, Boeddinghaus RS, Bonkowski M, Buscot F, Fiore-Donno AM, Frank K, Goldmann K, Gossner MM, Hölzel N, Jochum M, Kandeler E, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Leimer S, Manning P, Oelmann Y, Saiz H, Schall P, Schloter M, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly EF, Stempfhuber B, Weisser WW, Wilcke W, Wubet T, Allan E. Land-use intensity alters networks between biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28140-28149. [PMID: 33093203 PMCID: PMC7668166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016210117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use intensification can increase provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber production, but it also drives changes in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity loss, which may ultimately compromise human wellbeing. To understand how changes in land-use intensity affect the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services, we built networks from correlations between the species richness of 16 trophic groups, 10 ecosystem functions, and 15 ecosystem services. We evaluated how the properties of these networks varied across land-use intensity gradients for 150 forests and 150 grasslands. Land-use intensity significantly affected network structure in both habitats. Changes in connectance were larger in forests, while changes in modularity and evenness were more evident in grasslands. Our results show that increasing land-use intensity leads to more homogeneous networks with less integration within modules in both habitats, driven by the belowground compartment in grasslands, while forest responses to land management were more complex. Land-use intensity strongly altered hub identity and module composition in both habitats, showing that the positive correlations of provisioning services with biodiversity and ecosystem functions found at low land-use intensity levels, decline at higher intensity levels. Our approach provides a comprehensive view of the relationships between multiple components of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ecosystem services and how they respond to land use. This can be used to identify overall changes in the ecosystem, to derive mechanistic hypotheses, and it can be readily applied to further global change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Felipe-Lucia
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Ecosystem Services, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Soliveres
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Caterina Penone
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Research Unit Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Runa S Boeddinghaus
- Department of Soil Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Frank
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Soil Ecology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Research Unit Forest Health and Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Department of Ecosystem Services, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Department of Soil Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Research Group Community Ecology and Macroecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugo Saiz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emily F Solly
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stempfhuber
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Ecosystem Services, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Jochum M, Fischer M, Isbell F, Roscher C, van der Plas F, Boch S, Boenisch G, Buchmann N, Catford JA, Cavender-Bares J, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Gleixner G, Hölzel N, Kattge J, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Lange M, Le Provost G, Meyer ST, Molina-Venegas R, Mommer L, Oelmann Y, Penone C, Prati D, Reich PB, Rindisbacher A, Schäfer D, Scheu S, Schmid B, Tilman D, Tscharntke T, Vogel A, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wilcke W, Manning P. The results of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1485-1494. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Lama S, Velescu A, Leimer S, Weigelt A, Chen H, Eisenhauer N, Scheu S, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W. Plant diversity influenced gross nitrogen mineralization, microbial ammonium consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in a grassland experiment. Oecologia 2020; 193:731-748. [PMID: 32737568 PMCID: PMC7406533 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gross rates of nitrogen (N) turnover inform about the total N release and consumption. We investigated how plant diversity affects gross N mineralization, microbial ammonium (NH4+) consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in grasslands via isotopic pool dilution. The field experiment included 74 plots with 1–16 plant species and 1–4 plant functional groups (legumes, grasses, tall herbs, small herbs). We determined soil pH, shoot height, root, shoot and microbial biomass, and C and N concentrations in soil, microbial biomass, roots and shoots. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that increasing plant species richness significantly decreased gross N mineralization and microbial NH4+ consumption rates via increased root C:N ratios. Root C:N ratios increased because of the replacement of legumes (low C:N ratios) by small herbs (high C:N ratios) and an increasing shoot height, which was positively related with root C:N ratios, with increasing species richness. However, in our SEM remained an unexplained direct negative path from species richness to both N turnover rates. The presence of legumes increased gross N mineralization, microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization rates likely because of improved N supply by N2 fixation. The positive effect of small herbs on microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization could be attributed to their increased rhizodeposition, stimulating microbial growth. Our results demonstrate that increasing root C:N ratios with increasing species richness slow down the N cycle but also that there must be additional, still unidentified processes behind the species richness effect potentially including changed microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Lama
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Knoke T, Paul C, Rammig A, Gosling E, Hildebrandt P, Härtl F, Peters T, Richter M, Diertl KH, Castro LM, Calvas B, Ochoa S, Valle-Carrión LA, Hamer U, Tischer A, Potthast K, Windhorst D, Homeier J, Wilcke W, Velescu A, Gerique A, Pohle P, Adams J, Breuer L, Mosandl R, Beck E, Weber M, Stimm B, Silva B, Verburg PH, Bendix J. Accounting for multiple ecosystem services in a simulation of land-use decisions: Does it reduce tropical deforestation? Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:2403-2420. [PMID: 31957121 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of tropical forests is among the primary causes of global environmental change. The loss of their important environmental services has prompted calls to integrate ecosystem services (ES) in addition to socio-economic objectives in decision-making. To test the effect of accounting for both ES and socio-economic objectives in land-use decisions, we develop a new dynamic approach to model deforestation scenarios for tropical mountain forests. We integrate multi-objective optimization of land allocation with an innovative approach to consider uncertainty spaces for each objective. These uncertainty spaces account for potential variability among decision-makers, who may have different expectations about the future. When optimizing only socio-economic objectives, the model continues the past trend in deforestation (1975-2015) in the projected land-use allocation (2015-2070). Based on indicators for biomass production, carbon storage, climate and water regulation, and soil quality, we show that considering multiple ES in addition to the socio-economic objectives has heterogeneous effects on land-use allocation. It saves some natural forest if the natural forest share is below 38%, and can stop deforestation once the natural forest share drops below 10%. For landscapes with high shares of forest (38%-80% in our study), accounting for multiple ES under high uncertainty of their indicators may, however, accelerate deforestation. For such multifunctional landscapes, two main effects prevail: (a) accelerated expansion of diversified non-natural areas to elevate the levels of the indicators and (b) increased landscape diversification to maintain multiple ES, reducing the proportion of natural forest. Only when accounting for vascular plant species richness as an explicit objective in the optimization, deforestation was consistently reduced. Aiming for multifunctional landscapes may therefore conflict with the aim of reducing deforestation, which we can quantify here for the first time. Our findings are relevant for identifying types of landscapes where this conflict may arise and to better align respective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knoke
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carola Paul
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Forest Economics and Sustainable Land-use Planning, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anja Rammig
- Professorship for Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Gosling
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patrick Hildebrandt
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Silviculture, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Fabian Härtl
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten Peters
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Richter
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Diertl
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luz Maria Castro
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Economics, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Baltazar Calvas
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Economics, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Quevedo, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Ochoa
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Economics, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Liz Anabelle Valle-Carrión
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Economics, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Ute Hamer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Potthast
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - David Windhorst
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andres Gerique
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Perdita Pohle
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Adams
- Department of Plant Physiology and Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Mosandl
- Institute of Silviculture, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Beck
- Department of Plant Physiology and Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Institute of Silviculture, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernd Stimm
- Institute of Silviculture, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Brenner Silva
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Department of Environmental Geography, Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Gygax S, Gfeller L, Wilcke W, Mestrot A. Emerging investigator series: mercury mobility and methylmercury formation in a contaminated agricultural flood plain: influence of flooding and manure addition. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:2008-2019. [PMID: 31617529 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fate and the methylation of mercury (Hg) in the terrestrial environment are still poorly understood and although the main drivers of release and methylation of mercury in soils are known (low redox potential and microbial carbon availability) their interactions are not well understood. This is of concern since many agriculturally used floodplains, where the recurring flooding and agricultural practices (e.g. manure amendments) may have an impact on the fate and the biomethylation of Hg, are at the same time Hg-contaminated. In this study, we modified and validated existing methods to extract and analyze methylmercury (MeHg) by HPLC-ICP-MS in soils and we assessed the Hg and MeHg concentrations in three fields situated in a Hg polluted agricultural floodplain. Further, we incubated the top soil from the three studied fields for 11 days under flooded conditions in presence or absence of 2 mass% of cow manure, a common agricultural amendment in the area. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations ranged from <limit of detection (LOD, 0.012 mg kg-1) to 28.2 mg kg-1 and from 1.2 to 7.8 μg kg-1 respectively. Hg was released to the soil solution after 12 hours with a maximum between day 2 and day 7. MeHg levels in the soil solution were <LOD although it was found in the soil before and after the incubation. The addition of cow manure to saturated soils led to an increase in the MeHg concentrations of the soil solid phase by up to fivefold to a maximum of 26.4 ± 1.1 μg kg-1 (n = 3). Our study demonstrates that the combination of low redox potential because of flooding with common agricultural practices such as the amendment of manures enhances the formation of toxic MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gygax
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Musa Bandowe BA, Wei C, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs and azaarenes) in soils from China and their relationship with geographic location, land use and soil carbon fractions. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:1268-1276. [PMID: 31470489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of risks arising from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), particularly from the polar PACs [azaarenes (AZAs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)] requires us to understand the drivers of their spatial distribution. We determined the concentrations of 29 PAHs, 4 AZAs, 15 OPAHs and 11 NPAHs and their relationships with land use (urban vs. rural and forest vs. agriculture), climate (Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, temperate, sub tropical and tropical) and three C fractions (soil organic C, char, soot) in 36 mineral topsoils (0-5 cm) of China. The average concentrations±standard deviation of the Σ29PAHs, Σ16PAHs, Σ4AZAs, Σ15OPAHs and Σ11NPAHs were 352 ± 283, 206 ± 215, 5.7 ± 3.7, 108 ± 66.8 and 3.2 ± 3.4 ng g-1, respectively. PAH, OPAH, NPAH and AZA concentrations were frequently not correlated within or across the regions reflecting different sources and turnover of PAHs and their derivatives. Temperate urban soils showed the highest and tropical rural soils the lowest concentrations of PACs. Forest soils had higher PACs concentrations than agricultural soils. Longitude correlated positively with the ∑29PAHs concentrations, because of increasing emissions of PAHs from East to West. The tropical and plateau regions with the lowest PAH concentrations, were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) with LMW/high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs ratios >1, while the other two climatic regions with more industrial sites showed the opposite. Latitude correlated with NPAHs likely because of enhanced formation by photochemical reactions during transport in the atmosphere. The concentrations of the ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and their individual components were only occasionally correlated with those of carbon fractions (soil organic C, soot and char) suggesting a small role of soil C pool properties in driving PACs concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the strongest drivers of PACs concentrations are land use and distance to PAC emission sources followed by climate and size and properties of the soil organic C pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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19
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Morris EK, Morris DJP, Vogt S, Gleber SC, Bigalke M, Wilcke W, Rillig MC. Visualizing the dynamics of soil aggregation as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 2019; 13:1639-1646. [PMID: 30742058 PMCID: PMC6775962 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable soils provide valuable ecosystem services and mechanical soil stability is enhanced by the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Soil aggregation, which is the major driver of mechanical soil stability, is often treated as a static phenomenon, even though aggregate turnover is continually ongoing. In fact, some breakdown of macroaggregates is necessary to allow new aggregate formation and inclusion of new organic matter into microaggregates. We determined how aggregate turnover times were affected by AMF by tracking movement of rare earth elements (REE), applied as their immobile oxides, between aggregate size classes, and using X-ray fluorescence microscopy to spatially localize REEs in a sample of aggregates. Here we show that AMF increased large macroaggregate formation and slowed down disintegration of large and small macroaggregates. Microaggregate turnover was increased in the presence of AMF. Internal aggregate organization suggested that although formation of microaggregates by accretion of soil to particulate organic matter is common, it is not the only mechanism in operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Morris
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA.
- Institut für Biologie, Pflanzenökologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D J P Morris
- Department of Physics, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - S Vogt
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave., Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - S-C Gleber
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave., Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - W Wilcke
- Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Pflanzenökologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Imseng M, Wiggenhauser M, Müller M, Keller A, Frossard E, Wilcke W, Bigalke M. The Fate of Zn in Agricultural Soils: A Stable Isotope Approach to Anthropogenic Impact, Soil Formation, and Soil-Plant Cycling. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4140-4149. [PMID: 30767516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The supplementation of Zn to farm animal feed and the excretion via manure leads to an unintended Zn input to agricultural systems, which might compromise the long-term soil fertility. The Zn fluxes at three grassland sites in Switzerland were determined by a detailed analysis of relevant inputs (atmospheric deposition, manure, weathering) and outputs (seepage water, biomass harvest) during one hydrological year. The most important Zn input occurred through animal manure (1076-1857 g ha-1 yr-1) and Zn mass balances revealed net Zn accumulations (456-1478 g ha-1 yr-1). We used Zn stable isotopes to assess the importance of anthropogenic impacts and natural long-term processes on the Zn distribution in soils. Soil-plant cycling and parent material weathering were identified as the most important processes, over the entire period of soil formation (13 700 years), whereas the soil pH strongly affected the direction of Zn isotopic fractionation. Recent anthropogenic inputs of Zn only had a smaller influence compared to the natural processes of the past 13 700 years. However, this will probably change in the future, as Zn stocks in the 0-20 cm layer will increase by 22-68% in the next 100 years, if Zn inputs remain on the same level as today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography , University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences , ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33 , 8315 Lindau , Switzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) , Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191 , 8046 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) , Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191 , 8046 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences , ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33 , 8315 Lindau , Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography , University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
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Wiggenhauser M, Bigalke M, Imseng M, Keller A, Rehkämper M, Wilcke W, Frossard E. Using isotopes to trace freshly applied cadmium through mineral phosphorus fertilization in soil-fertilizer-plant systems. Sci Total Environ 2019; 648:779-786. [PMID: 30138877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Applications of mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizer can lead to cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soils and can increase Cd concentrations in edible crop parts. To determine the fate of freshly applied Cd, a Cd source tracing experiment was conducted in three soil-fertilizer-wheat systems by using a mineral P fertilizer labeled with the radio isotope 109Cd and by exploiting natural differences in Cd stable isotope compositions (δ114/110Cd). Source tracing with stable isotopes overestimated the proportion of Cd in plants derived from the P fertilizer, because the isotope ratios of the sources were not sufficiently distinct from those of the soils. Despite indistinguishable extractable Cd pools between control and treatments, the addition of P fertilizer resulted in a more negative apparent isotope fractionation between soil and wheat. Overall, the radio isotope approach provided more robust results and revealed that 6.5 to 15% of the Cd in the shoot derived from the fertilizer. From the introduced Cd, a maximum of 2.2% reached the wheat shoots, whilst 97.8% remained in the roots and soils. The low recoveries of the fertilizer derived Cd suggest that continuous P fertilizer application in the past decades can lead to a build-up of a residual Cd pool in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland; Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Dept. of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland
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Imseng M, Wiggenhauser M, Keller A, Müller M, Rehkämper M, Murphy K, Kreissig K, Frossard E, Wilcke W, Bigalke M. Towards an understanding of the Cd isotope fractionation during transfer from the soil to the cereal grain. Environ Pollut 2019; 244:834-844. [PMID: 30390457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cd in soils might be taken up by plants, enter the food chain and endanger human health. This study investigates the isotopic fractionation of major processes during the Cd transfer from soils to cereal grains. Thereto, soil, soil solution, wheat and barley plants (roots, straw and grains) were sampled in the field at three study sites during two vegetation periods. Cd concentrations and δ114/110Cd values were determined in all samples. The composition of the soil solution was analyzed and the speciation of the dissolved Cd was modelled. Isotopic fractionation between soils and soil solutions (Δ114/110Cd20-50cm-soil solution = -0.61 to -0.68‰) was nearly constant among the three soils. Cd isotope compositions in plants were heavier than in soils (Δ114/110Cd0-20cm-plants = -0.55 to -0.31‰) but lighter than in soil solutions (Δ114/110Cdsoil solution-plants = 0.06-0.36‰) and these differences correlated with Cd plant-uptake rates. In a conceptual model, desorption from soil, soil solution speciation, adsorption on root surfaces, diffusion, and plant uptake were identified as the responsible processes for the Cd isotope fractionation between soil, soil solution and plants whereas the first two processes dominated over the last three processes. Within plants, compartments with lower Cd concentrations were enriched in light isotopes which might be a consequence of Cd retention mechanisms, following a Rayleigh fractionation, in which barley cultivars were more efficient than wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Katy Murphy
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Vogel A, Ebeling A, Gleixner G, Roscher C, Scheu S, Ciobanu M, Koller-France E, Lange M, Lochner A, Meyer ST, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W, Schmid B, Eisenhauer N. A new experimental approach to test why biodiversity effects strengthen as ecosystems age. ADV ECOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Plas F, Allan E, Fischer M, Alt F, Arndt H, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Böhm S, Hölzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris K, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer HM, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly EF, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffan‐Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Manning P. Towards the development of general rules describing landscape heterogeneity–multifunctionality relationships. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bandowe BAM, Bigalke M, Kobza J, Wilcke W. Sources and fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs and azaarenes) in forest soil profiles opposite of an aluminium plant. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:83-95. [PMID: 29475116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) in forest soils. We sampled all horizons of forest soils from five locations at increasing distances from an Al plant in Slovakia, and determined their polycyclic aromatic compound (PACs) concentrations. The ∑29PAHs concentrations were highest in the Oa and lowest in the Oi horizon, while the ∑14OPAHs and ∑4AZAs concentrations did not show a consistent vertical distribution among the organic horizons. The concentration ratios of PAHs and OPAHs between deeper O horizons and their overlying horizon (enrichment factors) were positively correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) at several locations. This is attributed to the slower degradation of the more hydrophobic PACs during organic matter decomposition. PACs concentrations decreased from the organic layer to the mineral horizons. The concentrations of ∑29PAHs (2400-17,000 ng g-1), ∑14OPAHs (430-2900 ng g-1) and ∑4AZAs (27-280 ng g-1) in the mineral A horizon generally decreased with increasing distance from the Al plant. In the A horizons, the concentrations of ∑29PAHs were correlated with those of ∑14OPAHs (r = 0.95, p = 0.02) and ∑4AZAs (r = 0.93, p = 0.02) suggesting that bioturbation was the main transport process of PACs from the organic layer into the mineral soil. At each location, the concentrations of PACs generally decreased with increasing depth of the mineral soil. Enrichment factors of PAHs in the mineral horizons were not correlated with KOW, pointing at colloid-assisted transport and bioturbation. The enrichment factors of OPAHs (in mineral horizons) at a site were negatively correlated with their KOW values indicating that these compounds were leached in dissolved form. Compared to a study 13 years before, the concentrations of PAHs had decreased in the O horizons but increased in the A and B horizons because of soil-internal redistribution after emissions had been reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Organic Geochemistry Unit (OGU), School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Kobza
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute (SSCRI) Bratislava, Regional working place Banská Bystrica, Mládežnícka 36, 97404 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wiggenhauser M, Bigalke M, Imseng M, Keller A, Archer C, Wilcke W, Frossard E. Zinc isotope fractionation during grain filling of wheat and a comparison of zinc and cadmium isotope ratios in identical soil-plant systems. New Phytol 2018; 219:195-205. [PMID: 29696652 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of zinc (Zn) from shoot to grain contributes significantly to Zn grain concentrations and thereby to food quality. On the other hand, strong accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in grain is detrimental for food quality. Zinc concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in wheat shoots (Triticum aestivum) at different growth stages to elucidate Zn pathways and processes in the shoot during grain filling. Zinc mass significantly decreased while heavy Zn isotopes accumulated in straw during grain filling (Δ66 Znfull maturity-flowering = 0.21-0.31‰). Three quarters of the Zn mass in the shoot moved to the grains, which were enriched in light Zn isotopes relative to the straw (Δ66 Zngrain-straw -0.21 to -0.31‰). Light Zn isotopes accumulated in phloem sinks while heavy isotopes were retained in phloem sources likely because of apoplastic retention and compartmentalization. Unlike for Zn, an accumulation of heavy Cd isotopes in grains has previously been shown. The opposing isotope fractionation of Zn and Cd might be caused by distinct affinities of Zn and Cd to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur ligands. Thus, combined Zn and Cd isotope analysis provides a novel tool to study biochemical processes that separate these elements in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich 11, Switzerland
| | - Corey Archer
- Department of Earth Science, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 6980, D-76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
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Imseng M, Wiggenhauser M, Keller A, Müller M, Rehkämper M, Murphy K, Kreissig K, Frossard E, Wilcke W, Bigalke M. Fate of Cd in Agricultural Soils: A Stable Isotope Approach to Anthropogenic Impact, Soil Formation, and Soil-Plant Cycling. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:1919-1928. [PMID: 29308892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of mineral phosphate (P) fertilizers leads to an unintended Cd input into agricultural systems, which might affect soil fertility and quality of crops. The Cd fluxes at three arable sites in Switzerland were determined by a detailed analysis of all inputs (atmospheric deposition, mineral P fertilizers, manure, and weathering) and outputs (seepage water, wheat and barley harvest) during one hydrological year. The most important inputs were mineral P fertilizers (0.49 to 0.57 g Cd ha-1 yr-1) and manure (0.20 to 0.91 g Cd ha-1 yr-1). Mass balances revealed net Cd losses for cultivation of wheat (-0.01 to -0.49 g Cd ha-1 yr-1) but net accumulations for that of barley (+0.18 to +0.71 g Cd ha-1 yr-1). To trace Cd sources and redistribution processes in the soils, we used natural variations in the Cd stable isotope compositions. Cadmium in seepage water (δ114/110Cd = 0.39 to 0.79‰) and plant harvest (0.27 to 0.94‰) was isotopically heavier than in soil (-0.21 to 0.14‰). Consequently, parent material weathering shifted bulk soil isotope compositions to lighter signals following a Rayleigh fractionation process (ε ≈ 0.16). Furthermore, soil-plant cycling extracted isotopically heavy Cd from the subsoil and moved it to the topsoil. These long-term processes and not anthropogenic inputs determined the Cd distribution in our soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Katy Murphy
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Soliveres S, Manning P, Prati D, Gossner MM, Alt F, Arndt H, Baumgartner V, Binkenstein J, Birkhofer K, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Boch S, Böhm S, Börschig C, Buscot F, Diekötter T, Heinze J, Hölzel N, Jung K, Klaus VH, Klein AM, Kleinebecker T, Klemmer S, Krauss J, Lange M, Morris EK, Müller J, Oelmann Y, Overmann J, Pašalić E, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer HM, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Sikorski J, Socher SA, Solly EF, Sonnemann I, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Türke M, Venter P, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Wolters V, Wubet T, Wurst S, Fischer M, Allan E. Locally rare species influence grassland ecosystem multifunctionality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0269. [PMID: 27114572 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Species diversity promotes the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality). However, the relative functional importance of rare and common species in driving the biodiversity-multifunctionality relationship remains unknown. We studied the relationship between the diversity of rare and common species (according to their local abundances and across nine different trophic groups), and multifunctionality indices derived from 14 ecosystem functions on 150 grasslands across a land-use intensity (LUI) gradient. The diversity of above- and below-ground rare species had opposite effects, with rare above-ground species being associated with high levels of multifunctionality, probably because their effects on different functions did not trade off against each other. Conversely, common species were only related to average, not high, levels of multifunctionality, and their functional effects declined with LUI. Apart from the community-level effects of diversity, we found significant positive associations between the abundance of individual species and multifunctionality in 6% of the species tested. Species-specific functional effects were best predicted by their response to LUI: species that declined in abundance with land use intensification were those associated with higher levels of multifunctionality. Our results highlight the importance of rare species for ecosystem multifunctionality and help guiding future conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Soliveres
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Peter Manning
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt 60325, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Fabian Alt
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, Tuebingen 72070, Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baumgartner
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Julia Binkenstein
- Institute for Biology 1, Albert Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Blaser
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Böhm
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Carmen Börschig
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Francois Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Tim Diekötter
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Sandra Klemmer
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Markus Lange
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - E Kathryn Morris
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA Institut für Biologie Funktionelle Biodiversität, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, Tuebingen 72070, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Esther Pašalić
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Swen C Renner
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie Funktionelle Biodiversität, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, Freiburg i. Br 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim 85758, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmitt
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Stephanie A Socher
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Universität Salzburg, Kapitelgasse, Salzburg 4-65020, Austria
| | - Emily F Solly
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Ilja Sonnemann
- Institut für Biologie Funktionelle Biodiversität, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sorkau
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, Tuebingen 72070, Germany
| | - Juliane Steckel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Barbara Stempfhuber
- Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim 85758, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Paul Venter
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Christiane N Weiner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Michael Werner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Volkmar Wolters
- Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Institute of Biology, Functional Biodiversity, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt 60325, Germany
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern 3013, Switzerland
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Weisser WW, Roscher C, Meyer ST, Ebeling A, Luo G, Allan E, Beßler H, Barnard RL, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Engels C, Fischer C, Fischer M, Gessler A, Gleixner G, Halle S, Hildebrandt A, Hillebrand H, de Kroon H, Lange M, Leimer S, Le Roux X, Milcu A, Mommer L, Niklaus PA, Oelmann Y, Proulx R, Roy J, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Tscharntke T, Wachendorf M, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Wilcke W, Wirth C, Schulze ED, Schmid B, Eisenhauer N. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meyer ST, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Hertzog L, Hillebrand H, Milcu A, Pompe S, Abbas M, Bessler H, Buchmann N, De Luca E, Engels C, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Hudewenz A, Klein A, Kroon H, Leimer S, Loranger H, Mommer L, Oelmann Y, Ravenek JM, Roscher C, Rottstock T, Scherber C, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Schmid B, Schulze E, Staudler A, Strecker T, Temperton V, Tscharntke T, Vogel A, Voigt W, Weigelt A, Wilcke W, Weisser WW. Effects of biodiversity strengthen over time as ecosystem functioning declines at low and increases at high biodiversity. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wiggenhauser M, Bigalke M, Imseng M, Müller M, Keller A, Murphy K, Kreissig K, Rehkämper M, Wilcke W, Frossard E. Cadmium Isotope Fractionation in Soil-Wheat Systems. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9223-31. [PMID: 27485095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of stable metal isotope ratios constitute a novel tool in order to improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes in soil-plant systems. In this study, we used such measurements to assess Cd uptake and transport in wheat grown on three agricultural soils under controlled conditions. Isotope ratios of Cd were determined in the bulk C and A horizons, in the Ca(NO3)2-extractable Cd soil pool, and in roots, straw, and grains. The Ca(NO3)2-extractable Cd was isotopically heavier than the Cd in the bulk A horizon (Δ(114/110)Cdextract-Ahorizon = 0.16 to 0.45‰). The wheat plants were slightly enriched in light isotopes relative to the Ca(NO3)2-extractable Cd or showed no significant difference (Δ(114/110)Cdwheat-extract = -0.21 to 0.03‰). Among the plant parts, Cd isotopes were markedly fractionated: straw was isotopically heavier than roots (Δ(114/110)Cdstraw-root = 0.21 to 0.41‰), and grains were heavier than straw (Δ(114/110)Cdgrain-straw = 0.10 to 0.51‰). We suggest that the enrichment of heavy isotopes in the wheat grains was caused by mechanisms avoiding the accumulation of Cd in grains, such as the chelation of light Cd isotopes by thiol-containing peptides in roots and straw. These results demonstrate that Cd isotopes are significantly and systematically fractionated in soil-wheat systems, and the fractionation patterns provide information on the biogeochemical processes in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern , Hallerstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katy Murphy
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland
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Schaller J, Roscher C, Hillebrand H, Weigelt A, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W, Ebeling A, Weisser WW. Plant diversity and functional groups affect Si and Ca pools in aboveground biomass of grassland systems. Oecologia 2016; 182:277-86. [PMID: 27164912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant diversity is an important driver of nitrogen and phosphorus stocks in aboveground plant biomass of grassland ecosystems, but plant diversity effects on other elements also important for plant growth are less understood. We tested whether plant species richness, functional group richness or the presence/absence of particular plant functional groups influences the Si and Ca concentrations (mmol g(-1)) and stocks (mmol m(-2)) in aboveground plant biomass in a large grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). In the experiment including 60 temperate grassland species, plant diversity was manipulated as sown species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16) and richness and identity of plant functional groups (1-4; grasses, small herbs, tall herbs, legumes). We found positive species richness effects on Si as well as Ca stocks that were attributable to increased biomass production. The presence of particular functional groups was the most important factor explaining variation in aboveground Si and Ca stocks (mmol m(-2)). Grass presence increased the Si stocks by 140 % and legume presence increased the Ca stock by 230 %. Both the presence of specific plant functional groups and species diversity altered Si and Ca stocks, whereas Si and Ca concentration were affected mostly by the presence of specific plant functional groups. However, we found a negative effect of species diversity on Si and Ca accumulation, by calculating the deviation between mixtures and mixture biomass proportions, but in monoculture concentrations. These changes may in turn affect ecosystem processes such as plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schaller
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737, Tharandt, Germany. .,Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04138, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von Ossietzky University, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tuebingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
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Han YM, Wei C, Huang RJ, Bandowe BAM, Ho SSH, Cao JJ, Jin ZD, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, An ZS, Wilcke W. Reconstruction of atmospheric soot history in inland regions from lake sediments over the past 150 years. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19151. [PMID: 26750586 PMCID: PMC4707497 DOI: 10.1038/srep19151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reconstruction of atmospheric black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot) is still constrained for inland areas. Here we determined and compared the past 150-yr records of BC and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments from two representative lakes, Huguangyan (HGY) and Chaohu (CH), in eastern China. HGY only receives atmospheric deposition while CH is influenced by riverine input. BC, char, and soot have similar vertical concentration profiles as PACs in both lakes. Abrupt increases in concentrations and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of soot have mainly occurred since ~1950, the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when energy usage changed to more fossil fuel contributions reflected by the variations in the concentration ratios of char/soot and individual PACs. In HGY, soot MARs increased by ~7.7 times in the period 1980–2012 relative to the period 1850–1950. Similar increases (~6.7 times) were observed in CH. The increase in soot MARs is also in line with the emission inventory records in the literature and the fact that the submicrometer-sized soot particles can be dispersed regionally. The study provides an alternative method to reconstruct the atmospheric soot history in populated inland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - C Wei
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,SCDRC, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - R-J Huang
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S S H Ho
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - J J Cao
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z D Jin
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - B Q Xu
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - S P Gao
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - X X Tie
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z S An
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - W Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hacker N, Ebeling A, Gessler A, Gleixner G, González Macé O, de Kroon H, Lange M, Mommer L, Eisenhauer N, Ravenek J, Scheu S, Weigelt A, Wagg C, Wilcke W, Oelmann Y. Plant diversity shapes microbe-rhizosphere effects on P mobilisation from organic matter in soil. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1356-65. [PMID: 26415778 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant species richness (PSR) increases nutrient uptake which depletes bioavailable nutrient pools in soil. No such relationship between plant uptake and availability in soil was found for phosphorus (P). We explored PSR effects on P mobilisation [phosphatase activity (PA)] in soil. PA increased with PSR. The positive PSR effect was not solely due to an increase in Corg concentrations because PSR remained significant if related to PA:Corg . An increase in PA per unit Corg increases the probability of the temporal and spatial match between substrate, enzyme and microorganism potentially serving as an adaption to competition. Carbon use efficiency of microorganisms (Cmic :Corg ) increased with increasing PSR while enzyme exudation efficiency (PA:Cmic ) remained constant. These findings suggest the need for efficient C rather than P cycling underlying the relationship between PSR and PA. Our results indicate that the coupling between C and P cycling in soil becomes tighter with increasing PSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hacker
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, Tübingen, 72070, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Odette González Macé
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyedaalseweg 135, AJ Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Lange
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology group, Wageningen University, PObox 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Janneke Ravenek
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyedaalseweg 135, AJ Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, Tübingen, 72070, Germany
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Guiz J, Hillebrand H, Borer ET, Abbas M, Ebeling A, Weigelt A, Oelmann Y, Fornara D, Wilcke W, Temperton VM, Weisser WW. Long-term effects of plant diversity and composition on plant stoichiometry. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Guiz
- Inst. for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Univ. Oldenburg; Schleusenstrasse 1 DE-26382 Wilhemshaven Germany
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Inst. for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Univ. Oldenburg; Schleusenstrasse 1 DE-26382 Wilhemshaven Germany
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Univ. of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Maike Abbas
- Inst. for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Univ. Oldenburg; Schleusenstrasse 1 DE-26382 Wilhemshaven Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Inst. of Ecology, FSU Jena; Dornburger str. 159 DE-07743 Jena Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Inst. of Biology I, Univ. of Leipzig; Johannisalle 21-23 DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, Univ. of Tübingen; Rümelinstrasse 19-23 DE-72070 Tübingen Germany
| | - Dario Fornara
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI); Newforge Lane, Belfast UK
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Inst. of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT); Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1 DE-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Vicky M. Temperton
- Inst. of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2 Plant Sciences); Jülich Forschungszentrum DE-52428 Jülich Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Dept of Ecology and Ecosystem management; Technische Univ. München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 DE- 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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36
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Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in urban road dusts from Xi'an, Central China. Chemosphere 2015; 134:512-520. [PMID: 25543159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dusts are carriers of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are therefore considered to be a major source of contamination of other environmental compartments and a source of exposure to PACs for urban populations. We determined the occurrence, composition pattern and sources of several PACs (29 alkyl- and parent-PAHs, 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 4 azaarenes (AZAs), and 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs)) in twenty urban road dusts and six suburban surface soils (0-5cm) from Xi'an, central China. The average concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, and ∑11NPAHs were 15767, 673, 4754, and 885 n gg(-1) in road dusts and 2067, 784, 854, and 118 ng g(-1) in surface soils, respectively. The concentrations of most individual PACs were higher in street dusts than suburban soils, particularly for PACs with molecular weight>192 g mol(-1). The enrichment factors of individual PACs were significantly positively correlated with log KOA and log KOW, indicating an increasing deposition and co-sorption of the PACs in urban dusts with decreasing volatility and increasing hydrophobicity. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual and sum of PACs, carbon fractions (soot and char), and source-characteristic PACs (combustion-derived PAHs and retene, etc.), indicated that PAHs, OPAHs and AZAs were mostly directly emitted from combustion activities and had similar post-emission fates, but NPAHs were possibly more intensely photolyzed after deposition as well as being emitted from vehicle exhaust sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) resulting from exposure to urban dust bound-PACs was higher than 10(-6), indicating a non-negligible cancer risk to residents of Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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37
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Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Böhm S, Grassein F, Hölzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris EK, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer M, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly E, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffen-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Fischer M. Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:834-843. [PMID: 26096863 PMCID: PMC4744976 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Global change, especially land‐use intensification, affects human well‐being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component of global change effects on multifunctionality in real‐world ecosystems, as in experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 ecosystem services on 150 agricultural grasslands differing in land‐use intensity. We also introduce five multifunctionality measures in which ecosystem services were weighted according to realistic land‐use objectives. We found that indirect land‐use effects, i.e. those mediated by biodiversity loss and by changes to functional composition, were as strong as direct effects on average. Their strength varied with land‐use objectives and regional context. Biodiversity loss explained indirect effects in a region of intermediate productivity and was most damaging when land‐use objectives favoured supporting and cultural services. In contrast, functional composition shifts, towards fast‐growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning services in more inherently unproductive grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pete Manning
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Alt
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Binkenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaser
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Böhm
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabrice Grassein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - E Kathryn Morris
- Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Swen C Renner
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Center at the National Zoological Park, Front Royal, 1500 Remount Road, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Plant Ecology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schaefer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85758, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmitt
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Emily Solly
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sorkau
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Steckel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffen-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Stempfhuber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Panama
| | - Christiane N Weiner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Werner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.,Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany
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38
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Han YM, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Wilcke W, Cao JJ, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, Li GH, Jin ZD, An ZS. Elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic compounds in a 150-year sediment core from Lake Qinghai, Tibetan Plateau, China: influence of regional and local sources and transport pathways. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4176-4183. [PMID: 25732352 DOI: 10.1021/es504568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are potential proxies for the reconstruction of change in human activities and the origin of air masses in historic times. In this study, the historic deposition of char and soot (the two subtypes of EC) and PACs in a 150-year sediment core from different topographic subbasins of Lake Qinghai on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were reconstructed. The objective was to explore how the variations in the concentrations of EC and PACs, in the ratios of char to soot and of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) to parent PAHs, and in the composition of the PAC mixtures reflect historical changes in climate and human activity and the origin of air masses arriving at the QTP. The deposition fluxes of soot in the different subbasins were similar, averaging 0.18 (range of 0.15-0.25) and 0.16 (0.13-0.23) g m(-2) year(-1), respectively, but they varied for char (averaging 0.11 and 0.22 g m(-2) year(-1), respectively), suggesting ubiquitous atmospheric deposition of soot and local river inputs of char. The different vertical distributions of the char/soot ratios in the different subbasins can be interpreted in terms of the different transport mechanisms of char and soot. An abrupt increase in soot concentrations since 1980 coincides with results from the QTP ice cores that were interpreted to be indicative of soot transport from South Asia. Similar concentration patterns of PAHs with soot and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene (9,10-AQ/ANT) ratios all >2.0 suggest regional PAC sources. Increasing PAH/soot ratios and decreasing 9,10-AQ/ANT ratios since the beginning of the 1970s indicate increasing local emissions. The historical trends of these diagnostic ratios indicate an increase in the fossil-fuel contribution since the beginning of the 1970s. The increase of perylene concentrations with increasing core depth and the ratio of perylene to its penta-aromatic isomers indicate that perylene originates mainly from in situ biogenic diagenesis. We demonstrate that the concentrations of EC, char, soot, and PACs in sediments can be used to reconstruct local, regional, and remote sources and transport pathways of pollutants to the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
- §Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | | | - B A M Bandowe
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - W Wilcke
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
- ⊥Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - B Q Xu
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S P Gao
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Z S An
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
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Wei C, Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Cao J, Huang RJ, Ni H, Tian J, Wilcke W. Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China. Sci Total Environ 2015; 505:814-822. [PMID: 25461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
29 parent- and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) in both the gaseous and particulate phases, as well as the particulate-bound carbon fractions (organic carbon, elemental carbon, char, and soot) in ambient air sampled in March and September 2012 from an urban site in Xi'an, central China were extracted and analyzed. The average concentrations (gaseous+particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and ∑4AZAs were 1267.0 ± 307.5, 113.8 ± 46.1, 11.8 ± 4.8 and 26.5 ± 11.8 ng m(-3) in March and 784.7 ± 165.1, 67.2 ± 9.8, 9.0 ± 1.5 and 21.6 ± 5.1 ng m(-3) in September, respectively. Concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs and ∑11NPAHs in particulates were significantly correlated with those of the carbon fractions (OC, EC, char and soot). Both absorption into organic matter in particles and adsorption onto the surface of particles were important for PAHs and OPAHs in both sampling periods, with more absorption occurring in September, while absorption was always the most important process for NPAHs. The total carcinogenic risk of PAHs plus the NPAHs was higher in March. Gaseous compounds, which were not considered in most previous studies, contributed 29 to 44% of the total health risk in March and September, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | | | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Han YM, Bandowe BAM, Wei C, Cao JJ, Wilcke W, Wang GH, Ni HY, Jin ZD, An ZS, Yan BZ. Stronger association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with soot than with char in soils and sediments. Chemosphere 2015; 119:1335-1345. [PMID: 24656973 PMCID: PMC4756480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with organic matter and carbonaceous materials is critical for a better understanding of their environmental transport, fate, and toxicological effects. Extensive studies have been done with regard to the relationship of PAHs with total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental carbon (EC) in different environmental matrices. The relationship between PAHs and the two subtypes of EC, char (combustion residues) and soot (produced via gas-to-particle conversion) also has been tested in field and laboratory experiments using reference materials. However, a direct comparison of associations of PAHs between with char and with soot in real environmental matrices has to our knowledge not yet been reported because of a lack of methodology to differentiate them. In this study, char and soot were measured using the IMPROVE method to test their associations with 12 EPA priority PAHs measured in topsoil samples (N=22, top 10 cm) collected from the Guanzhong Plain and in surface sediment samples (N=32, top 5 cm) from the Wei River (central China). In both soils and sediments, ∑12PAHs were more strongly associated with soot than with char, mainly due to the fact that soot and PAHs were produced in the same gas phase during combustion, had a strong affinity for each other, and were transported and deposited together, while char, the combustion residue, was transported differently to PAHs due to its large particle size. Stronger correlations between PAHs and the different carbon fractions (TOC, soot, and char) in sediments than in soils were observed, which is associated with the redistribution of PAHs among the organic matter pools in water because of the processes during soil erosion and sedimentation in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - C Wei
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J J Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - W Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - G H Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - H Y Ni
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Z D Jin
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Z S An
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - B Z Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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Camenzind T, Hempel S, Homeier J, Horn S, Velescu A, Wilcke W, Rillig MC. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions impact arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance and molecular diversity in a tropical montane forest. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:3646-3659. [PMID: 24764217 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen (N) depositions expected in the future endanger the diversity and stability of ecosystems primarily limited by N, but also often co-limited by other nutrients like phosphorus (P). In this context a nutrient manipulation experiment (NUMEX) was set up in a tropical montane rainforest in southern Ecuador, an area identified as biodiversity hotspot. We examined impacts of elevated N and P availability on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a group of obligate biotrophic plant symbionts with an important role in soil nutrient cycles. We tested the hypothesis that increased nutrient availability will reduce AMF abundance, reduce species richness and shift the AMF community toward lineages previously shown to be favored by fertilized conditions. NUMEX was designed as a full factorial randomized block design. Soil cores were taken after 2 years of nutrient additions in plots located at 2000 m above sea level. Roots were extracted and intraradical AMF abundance determined microscopically; the AMF community was analyzed by 454-pyrosequencing targeting the large subunit rDNA. We identified 74 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a large proportion of Diversisporales. N additions provoked a significant decrease in intraradical abundance, whereas AMF richness was reduced significantly by N and P additions, with the strongest effect in the combined treatment (39% fewer OTUs), mainly influencing rare species. We identified a differential effect on phylogenetic groups, with Diversisporales richness mainly reduced by N additions in contrast to Glomerales highly significantly affected solely by P. Regarding AMF community structure, we observed a compositional shift when analyzing presence/absence data following P additions. In conclusion, N and P additions in this ecosystem affect AMF abundance, but especially AMF species richness; these changes might influence plant community composition and productivity and by that various ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Camenzind
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, Berlin, D-14195, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, D-14195, Germany
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Bandowe BAM, Lueso MG, Wilcke W. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azaarenes in urban soils: a comparison of a tropical city (Bangkok) with two temperate cities (Bratislava and Gothenburg). Chemosphere 2014; 107:407-414. [PMID: 24529396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions in the tropics favor the formation of polar polycyclic aromatic compound (polar PACs, such as oxygenated PAHs [OPAHs] and azaarenes [AZAs]), but little is known about these hazardous compounds in tropical soils. The objectives of this work were to determine (i) the level of contamination of soils (0-5 and 5-10 cm layers) from the tropical metropolis of Bangkok (Thailand) with OPAHs and AZAs and (ii) the influence of urban emission sources and soil properties on the distribution of PACs. We hypothesized that the higher solar insolation and microbial activity in the tropics than in the temperate zone will lead to enhanced secondary formation of OPAHs. Hence, OPAH to related parent-PAH ratios will be higher in the tropical soils of Bangkok than in temperate soils of Bratislava and Gothenburg. The concentrations of ∑15OPAHs (range: 12-269 ng g(-1)) and ∑4AZAs (0.1-31 ng g(-1)) measured in soils of Bangkok were lower than those in several cities of the industrialized temperate zone. The ∑15OPAHs (r=0.86, p<0.01) and ∑4AZAs (r=0.67, p<0.01) correlated significantly with those of ∑20PAHs highlighting similar sources and related fate. The octanol-water partition coefficient did not explain the transport to the subsoil, indicating soil mixing as the reason for the polar PAC load of the lower soil layer. Data on PAC concentrations in soils of Bratislava and Gothenburg were taken from published literature. The individual OPAH to parent-PAH ratios in soils of Bangkok were mostly higher than those of Bratislava and Gothenburg (e.g. 9-fluorenone/fluorene concentration ratio was 12.2 ± 6.7, 5.6 ± 2.4, and 0.7 ± 02 in Bangkok, Bratislava and Gothenburg soils, respectively) supporting the view that tropical environmental conditions and higher microbial activity likely lead to higher OPAH to parent-PAH ratios in tropical than in temperate soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Gómez Lueso
- Soil Science Group, Geographic Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Soil Science Group, Geographic Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Lange M, Habekost M, Eisenhauer N, Roscher C, Bessler H, Engels C, Oelmann Y, Scheu S, Wilcke W, Schulze ED, Gleixner G. Biotic and abiotic properties mediating plant diversity effects on soil microbial communities in an experimental grassland. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96182. [PMID: 24816860 PMCID: PMC4015938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity drives changes in the soil microbial community which may result in alterations in ecosystem functions. However, the governing factors between the composition of soil microbial communities and plant diversity are not well understood. We investigated the impact of plant diversity (plant species richness and functional group richness) and plant functional group identity on soil microbial biomass and soil microbial community structure in experimental grassland ecosystems. Total microbial biomass and community structure were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The diversity gradient covered 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 plant species and 1, 2, 3 and 4 plant functional groups (grasses, legumes, small herbs and tall herbs). In May 2007, soil samples were taken from experimental plots and from nearby fields and meadows. Beside soil texture, plant species richness was the main driver of soil microbial biomass. Structural equation modeling revealed that the positive plant diversity effect was mainly mediated by higher leaf area index resulting in higher soil moisture in the top soil layer. The fungal-to-bacterial biomass ratio was positively affected by plant functional group richness and negatively by the presence of legumes. Bacteria were more closely related to abiotic differences caused by plant diversity, while fungi were more affected by plant-derived organic matter inputs. We found diverse plant communities promoted faster transition of soil microbial communities typical for arable land towards grassland communities. Although some mechanisms underlying the plant diversity effect on soil microorganisms could be identified, future studies have to determine plant traits shaping soil microbial community structure. We suspect differences in root traits among different plant communities, such as root turnover rates and chemical composition of root exudates, to structure soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lange
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich- Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle, Germany
| | - Holger Bessler
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Engels
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology/Geography, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Soil Science Group, Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lundstedt S, Bandowe B, Wilcke W, Boll E, Christensen J, Vila J, Grifoll M, Faure P, Biache C, Lorgeoux C, Larsson M, Frech Irgum K, Ivarsson P, Ricci M. First intercomparison study on the analysis of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds (N-PACs) in contaminated soil. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bandowe BAM, Bigalke M, Boamah L, Nyarko E, Saalia FK, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and oxygenated PAHs) and trace metals in fish species from Ghana (West Africa): bioaccumulation and health risk assessment. Environ Int 2014; 65:135-46. [PMID: 24486971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the concentrations of 28 PAHs, 15 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and 11 trace metals/metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in muscle and gut+gill tissues of demersal fishes (Drapane africana, Cynoglossus senegalensis and Pomadasys peroteti) from three locations along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea (Ghana). The concentrations of ∑28PAHs in muscle tissues averaged 192ngg(-1) dw (range: 71-481ngg(-1) dw) and were not statistically different between locations. The concentrations of ∑28 PAHs were higher in guts+gills than in muscles. The PAH composition pattern was dominated by low molecular weight compounds (naphthalene, alkyl-naphthalenes and phenanthrene). All fish tissues had benzo[a]pyrene concentrations lower than the EU limit for food safety. Excess cancer risk from consumption of some fish was higher than the guideline value of 1×10(-6). The concentrations of ∑15 OPAHs in fish muscles averaged 422ngg(-1) dw (range: 28-1715ngg(-1)dw). The ∑15 OPAHs/∑16 US-EPA PAHs concentration ratio was >1 in 68% of the fish muscles and 100% of guts+gills. The log-transformed concentrations of PAHs and OPAHs in muscles, guts+gills were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with their octanol-water partitioning coefficients, strongly suggesting that equilibrium partitioning from water/sediment into fish tissue was the main mechanism of bioaccumulation. The trace metal concentrations in the fish tissues were in the medium range when compared to fish from other parts of the world. The concentrations of some trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were higher in guts+gills than in muscle tissues. The target hazard quotients for metals were<1 and did not indicate a danger to the local population. We conclude that the health risk arising from the consumption of the studied fish (due to their PAHs and trace metals content) is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Linda Boamah
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 209, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elvis Nyarko
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Firibu Kwesi Saalia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 134, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Wilcke W, Bandowe BAM, Lueso MG, Ruppenthal M, Del Valle H, Oelmann Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives (oxygenated PAHs, azaarenes) in soils along a climosequence in Argentina. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:317-25. [PMID: 24374593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of soil properties and climate on concentrations of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) in topsoil and subsoil at 20 sites along a 2100-km north (N)-south (S) transect in Argentina. The concentrations of Σ29PAHs, Σ15OPAHs and Σ4AZAs ranged 2.4-38 ng g(-1), 0.05-124 ng g(-1) and not detected to 0.97 ng g(-1), respectively. With decreasing anthropogenic influence from N to S, low molecular weight PAHs increasingly dominated. The octanol-water partitioning coefficients correlated significantly with the subsoil to topsoil concentration ratios of most compounds suggesting leaching as the main transport process. Organic C concentrations correlated significantly with those of many compounds typical for atmosphere-soil partitioning. Lighter OPAHs were mainly detected in the S suggesting biological sources and heavier OPAHs in the N suggesting a closer association with parent-PAHs. Decreasing alkyl-naphthalene/naphthalene and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANQ)/anthracene ratios from N to S indicated that 9,10-ANQ might have originated from low-temperature combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maria Gomez Lueso
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ruppenthal
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hector Del Valle
- Ecología Terrestre, Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2825, U9120ACF Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H, Huang RJ, Ho K, Cao J, Hoffmann T, Wilcke W. PM₂.₅-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:77-87. [PMID: 24361780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in air particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and variation in concentrations and sources of PM2.5-bound PACs [Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs] sampled from the atmosphere of a typical Chinese megacity (Xi'an), to study the influence of meteorological conditions on PACs and to estimate the lifetime excess cancer risk to the residents of Xi'an (from inhalation of PM2.5-bound PACs). To achieve these objectives, we sampled 24-h PM2.5 aerosols (once in every 6 days, from 5 July 2008 to 8 August 2009) from the atmosphere of Xi'an and measured the concentrations of PACs in them. The PM2.5-bound concentrations of Σcarbonyl-OPAHs, ∑hydroxyl+carboxyl-OPAHs, Σnitro-PAHs and Σalkyl+parent-PAHs ranged between 5-22, 0.2-13, 0.3-7, and 7-387 ng m(-3), respectively, being markedly higher than in most western cities. This represented a range of 0.01-0.4% and 0.002-0.06% of the mass of organic C in PM2.5 and the total mass of PM2.5, respectively. The sums of the concentrations of each compound group had winter-to-summer ratios ranging from 3 to 8 and most individual OPAHs and nitro-PAHs had higher concentrations in winter than in summer, suggesting a dominant influence of emissions from household heating and winter meteorological conditions. Ambient temperature, air pressure, and wind speed explained a large part of the temporal variation in PACs concentrations. The lifetime excess cancer risk from inhalation (attributable to selected PAHs and nitro-PAHs) was six fold higher in winter (averaging 1450 persons per million residents of Xi'an) than in summer. Our results call for the development of emission control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kinfai Ho
- School of Public Health & Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Wilcke W, Kiesewetter M, Bandowe BAM. Microbial formation and degradation of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in soil during short-term incubation. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:385-90. [PMID: 24100048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether OPAHs were formed during 19-wk incubation of a fertile soil at optimum moisture in the dark. The soil had initial mean (±s.e., n = 3) concentrations of 22 ± 1.7 (Σ28PAHs) and 4.2 ± 0.34 μg g(-1) (Σ14OPAHs). After 19 wk, individual PAH and OPAH concentrations had decreased by up to 14 and 37%, respectively. Decreases in % of initial concentrations were positively correlated with their KOW values for PAHs (r = 0.48, p = 0.022) and 9 OPAHs (r = 0.78, p = 0.013) but negatively, albeit not significantly, for 5 OPAHs (r = -0.75, p = 0.145) suggesting net formation of some OPAHs. The latter was supported by significantly increasing 1-indanone/fluorene ratios while the other OPAH to parent-PAH ratios remained constant or tended to increase. We conclude that OPAHs are formed in soils during microbial turnover of PAHs in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Abbas M, Ebeling A, Oelmann Y, Ptacnik R, Roscher C, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wilcke W, Hillebrand H. Biodiversity effects on plant stoichiometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58179. [PMID: 23483990 PMCID: PMC3587429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate, the issue of multifunctionality of species communities has recently become a major focus. Elemental stoichiometry is related to a variety of processes reflecting multiple plant responses to the biotic and abiotic environment. It can thus be expected that the diversity of a plant assemblage alters community level plant tissue chemistry. We explored elemental stoichiometry in aboveground plant tissue (ratios of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and its relationship to plant diversity in a 5-year study in a large grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). Species richness and functional group richness affected community stoichiometry, especially by increasing C:P and N:P ratios. The primacy of either species or functional group richness effects depended on the sequence of testing these terms, indicating that both aspects of richness were congruent and complementary to expected strong effects of legume presence and grass presence on plant chemical composition. Legumes and grasses had antagonistic effects on C:N (-27.7% in the presence of legumes, +32.7% in the presence of grasses). In addition to diversity effects on mean ratios, higher species richness consistently decreased the variance of chemical composition for all elemental ratios. The diversity effects on plant stoichiometry has several non-exclusive explanations: The reduction in variance can reflect a statistical averaging effect of species with different chemical composition or a optimization of nutrient uptake at high diversity, leading to converging ratios at high diversity. The shifts in mean ratios potentially reflect higher allocation to stem tissue as plants grew taller at higher richness. By showing a first link between plant diversity and stoichiometry in a multiyear experiment, our results indicate that losing plant species from grassland ecosystems will lead to less reliable chemical composition of forage for herbivorous consumers and belowground litter input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
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Allan E, Weisser WW, Fischer M, Schulze ED, Weigelt A, Roscher C, Baade J, Barnard RL, Beßler H, Buchmann N, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Engels C, Fergus AJF, Gleixner G, Gubsch M, Halle S, Klein AM, Kertscher I, Kuu A, Lange M, Le Roux X, Meyer ST, Migunova VD, Milcu A, Niklaus PA, Oelmann Y, Pašalić E, Petermann JS, Poly F, Rottstock T, Sabais ACW, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Steinbeiss S, Schwichtenberg G, Temperton V, Tscharntke T, Voigt W, Wilcke W, Wirth C, Schmid B. A comparison of the strength of biodiversity effects across multiple functions. Oecologia 2013; 173:223-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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