1
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Gibouin F, Nalatamby D, Lidon P, Medina-Gonzalez Y. Molecular Rotors for In Situ Viscosity Mapping during Evaporation of Confined Fluid Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8066-8076. [PMID: 38316660 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Numerous formulation processes of materials involve a drying step, during which evaporation of a solvent from a multicomponent liquid mixture, often confined in a thin film or in a droplet, leads to concentration and assembly of nonvolatile compounds. While the basic phenomena ruling evaporation dynamics are known, precise modeling of practical situations is hindered by the lack of tools for local and time-resolved mapping of concentration fields in such confined systems. In this article, the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and of fluorescent molecular rotors is introduced as a versatile, in situ, and quantitative method to map viscosity and concentration fields in confined, evaporating liquids. More precisely, the cases of drying of a suspended liquid film and of a sessile droplet of mixtures of fructose and water are investigated. Measured viscosity and concentration fields allow characterization of drying dynamics, in agreement with simple modeling of the evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gibouin
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Dharshana Nalatamby
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Pierre Lidon
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Yaocihuatl Medina-Gonzalez
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
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2
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Martin CL, Flynn KR, Kim T, Nikolic SK, Deravi LF, Wilson DJ. Color-Changing Paints Enabled by Photoresponsive Combinations of Bio-Inspired Colorants and Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302652. [PMID: 37787152 PMCID: PMC10646264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern paints and coatings are designed for a variety of applications, ranging from fine art to extraterrestrial thermal control. These systems can be engineered to provide lasting color, but there are a limited number of materials that can undergo transient changes in their visual appearance in response to external stimuli without requirements for advanced fabrication strategies. The authors describe color-changing paint formulations that leverage the redox-dependent absorption profile of xanthommatin, a small-molecule colorant found throughout biology, and the electronic properties of titanium dioxide, a ubiquitous whitening agent in commercial coatings. This combination yields reversible photoreduction upon exposure to sunlight, shifting from the oxidized (yellow) form of xanthommatin, to the reduced (red) state. The extent of photoreduction is dependent on the loading density and size of titanium dioxide particles, generating changes in hue angle as large as 77% upon irradiation. These coatings can be blended with non-responsive supplemental colorants to expand the accessible color palette, and irradiated through masks to create transient, disappearing artwork. These formulations demonstrate energy-efficient photochromism using a simple combination of a redox-active dye and metal oxide semiconductor, highlighting the utility of these materials for the development of optically dynamic light-harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn R. Flynn
- Kostas Research Institute at Northeastern UniversityBurlingtonMA01803USA
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Skyler K. Nikolic
- Kostas Research Institute at Northeastern UniversityBurlingtonMA01803USA
| | - Leila F. Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Kostas Research Institute at Northeastern UniversityBurlingtonMA01803USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
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3
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Zhou Z, Crilley LR, Ditto JC, VandenBoer TC, Abbatt JPD. Chemical Fate of Oils on Indoor Surfaces: Ozonolysis and Peroxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15546-15557. [PMID: 37647222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated triglycerides found in food and skin oils are reactive in ambient air. However, the chemical fate of such compounds has not been well characterized in genuine indoor environments. Here, we monitored the aging of oil coatings on glass surfaces over a range of environmental conditions, using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Upon room air exposure (up to 17 ppb ozone), the characteristic ozonolysis products, secondary ozonides, were observed on surfaces near the cooking area of a commercial kitchen, along with condensed-phase aldehydes. In an office setting, ozonolysis is also the dominant degradation pathway for oil films exposed to air. However, for indoor enclosed spaces such as drawers, the depleted air flow makes lipid autoxidation more favorable after an induction period of a few days. Forming hydroperoxides as the major primary products, this radical-mediated peroxidation behavior is accelerated by indoor direct sunlight, but the initiation step in dark settings is still unclear. These results are in accord with radical measurements, indicating that indoor photooxidation facilitates radical formation on surfaces. Overall, many intermediate and end products observed are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may induce oxidative stress in human bodies. Given that these species can be widely found on both food and household surfaces, their toxicological properties are worth further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Triple Benefits of Cardanol as Chain Stopper, Flame Retardant and Reactive Diluent for Greener Alkyd Coating. ORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/org4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardanol, a waste from the food industry and widely produced (1 Mt/y), has been used as a chain stopper during the polycondensation of short oil alkyd resins in order to replace benzoic acid. Then, phosphorylated cardanol has been added in order to both reduce solvent content and bring flame-retardant (FR) properties to the alkyd resins. The renewable carbon content of the formulations has been increased up to 23%. The impact of the introduction of phosphorylated cardanol molecules on the drying time and flexibility has been studied as well as the thermal and flame-retardant properties by differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter. The most effective flame-retardant coating that was associated with excellent FR properties and excellent coating properties has been obtained with phosphate-cardanol added at 2%wt of P. Indeed, the film properties were closed to the classical alkyd resin, the solvent content was reduced by 50% and the pHRR decreased by 42% compared to the reference alkyd resin.
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5
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Wu L, Zhu W, Li Z, Li H, Xu J, Li S, Chen M. Urushiol modified epoxy acrylate as UV spray painting oriental lacquer ink. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1106-1114. [PMID: 36686956 PMCID: PMC9811650 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06685h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural "water-based" polymer composite material, oriental lacquer is often referred to as the "king of coatings" and is used as a coating in the defense industry, chemical industry, petroleum industry, metallurgy and mining industry, textile painting and dyeing industry, pharmaceutical industry, as well as the protection of ancient buildings and cultural relics. However, the development of modern industrialization is greatly hindered by the high viscosity of oriental lacquer, the difficulty of spraying, the long drying cycle, and the seriousness of allergenicity. Herein, based on the principle of oriental lacquer and the characteristics of prepolymer in ink, we developed a new prepolymer for modulating UV oriental lacquer ink and explored the feasibility of using it as a raw material for UV spray painting. In this study, lacquer phenol was extracted from oriental lacquer and modified with epoxy acrylate by a simple mechanical compounding method to obtain lacquer epoxy acrylate. Moreover, the UV spray painting oriental lacquer ink was also prepared by using it as the main film-forming substance. The orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the best formulation of UV spray painting oriental lacquer ink by using nozzle passability, viscosity and curing time as test indexes. Meanwhile, the film properties of UV spray painting oriental lacquer inks were also evaluated. The test results show that the UV spray painting oriental lacquer ink prepared with urushiol epoxy acrylate has better dispersion, excellent paint film performance, and solves the problem that oriental lacquer cannot be printed. This present work shows that urushiol epoxy acrylate as a new type of prepolymer has broad application prospects in the actual preparation of UV inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Wu
- Academy of Art, Jinling Institute of TechnologyNanjing 211199China
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhou 311300China
| | - Zequn Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhou 311300China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Jing Xu
- Academy of Art, Jinling Institute of TechnologyNanjing 211199China
| | - Song Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhou 311300China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
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6
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Denis M, Le Borgne D, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Totee C, Negrell C. Phosphorus Modified Cardanol: A Greener Route to Reduce VolaTile Organic Compounds and Impart Flame Retardant Properties to Alkyd Resin Coatings. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154880. [PMID: 35956832 PMCID: PMC9369946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphorylated cardanol molecules based on phosphonate (PO3CR) and phosphate (PO4CR) functions were synthetized. Those molecules have two main actions which are described in this article: the reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the development of flame retardant (FR) properties conferred on alkyd resins used as coatings for wood specimen. Phosphorylated cardanol compounds have been successfully grafted by covalent bonds to alkyd resins thanks to an auto-oxidative reaction. The impact of the introduction of PO3CR and PO4CR on the film properties such as drying time and flexibility has been studied and the thermal and flame retardant properties through differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter. These studies underscored an increase in the thermal stability and FR properties of the alkyd resins. In the cone calorimeter test, the lowest pHRR was obtained with 3 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol and exhibited a value of 170 KW.m−2, which represented a decrease of almost 46% compared to the POxCR-free alkyd resins. Moreover, a difference in the mode of action between phosphonate and phosphate compounds has been highlighted. The most effective coating which combined excellent FR properties and good coating properties has been obtained with 2 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol. Indeed, the film properties were closed to the POxCR-free alkyd resin and the pHRR decreased by 41% compared to the reference alkyd resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxinne Denis
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Damien Le Borgne
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France;
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Cédric Totee
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Claire Negrell
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Alunni Cardinali M, Cartechini L, Paolantoni M, Miliani C, Fioretto D, Pensabene Buemi L, Comez L, Rosi F. Microscale mechanochemical characterization of drying oil films by in situ correlative Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4221. [PMID: 35767625 PMCID: PMC9242584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Correlative Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopy (BRaMS) is applied for the in situ monitoring of the chemical and physical changes of linseed oil during polymerization. The viscoelastic properties of the drying oil throughout the phase transition were determined by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and joined to the Raman spectroscopic information about the chemical process responsible for the oil hardening. A comparative study was then performed on an oil mock-up containing ZnO, one of the most common white pigments used in cultural heritage. The intriguing outcomes open new research perspectives for a deeper comprehension of the processes leading to the conversion of a fluid binder into a dry adhering film. The description of both chemical and structural properties of the polymeric network and their evolution are the basis for a better understanding of oil painting degradation. Last, as a feasibility test, BRaMS was applied to study a precious microfragment from J. Pollock's masterpiece Alchemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Alunni Cardinali
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 6 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Cartechini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-SCITEC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Elce di Sotto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 6 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- Institute of Heritage Science-ISPC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Comez
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-SCITEC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Elce di Sotto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
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8
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Bootsma J, Browne WR, Flapper J, de Bruin B. Photoactive Fe Catalyst for Light-Triggered Alkyd Paint Curing. JACS AU 2022; 2:531-540. [PMID: 35253002 PMCID: PMC8889616 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we show that the photoactive complexes [(Cp)Fe(arene)]+ (Cp = cyclopentadienyl; arene = C6H6, C6H5Me) act as latent catalysts that allow for photochemical control over the onset of alkyd paint curing, without the need for antiskinning agents such as the volatile 2-butanone oxime normally used to prevent curing during paint storage. The highly soluble neutral complexes [(Cp)Fe(Ch)] and [(Cp)Fe(Ch')] (Ch = cyclohexadienyl, Ch' = methylcyclohexadienyl) readily convert to the photoactive complexes [(Cp)Fe(arene)]+ upon oxidation in alkyd, allowing the latter to be dosed in a wide range of concentrations. Infrared and Raman studies show similar spectral changes of the alkyd paint matrix as have been observed in alkyd curing mediated by well-known, industrially applied cobalt- and manganese-based catalyst Co(neodecanoate)2 and [(Me3TACN)2Mn2(μ-OOCR)3](OOCR). The [(Cp)Fe(Ch)]/[(Cp)Fe(arene)]+ system performs equally well as these cobalt- and manganese-based catalysts in terms of drying time and outperform the manganese catalyst by showing a hardness development (increase) similar to that of the cobalt-based catalyst. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance and light-activity studies, we propose that photolysis of [(Cp)Fe(arene)]+ generates short-lived active FeII species, explaining the desired latency. The [(Cp)Fe(Ch)]/[(Cp)Fe(arene)]+ alkyd curing systems presented herein are unique examples of intrinsically latent paint curing catalysts that (1) are based on an abundant and harmless transition metal (Fe), (2) do not require any antiskinning agents, and (3) show favorable performance in terms of drying times and hardness development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bootsma
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry group, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo
Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Vannoni L, Pizzimenti S, Caroti G, La Nasa J, Duce C, Bonaduce I. Disclosing the chemistry of oil curing by mass spectrometry using methyl linoleate as a model binder. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Jheng LC, Hsu CY, Yeh HY. Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Imidazoline Quaternized Polystyrene Copolymers for Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:901. [PMID: 34832132 PMCID: PMC8623886 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline is a five-membered heterocycle derived by the partial reduction of one double bond of the imidazole ring. This work prepared new anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on imidazoline quaternized polystyrene copolymers bearing N-b-hydroxyethyl oleyl imidazolinium pendent groups to evaluate the application potential for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). For comparison, an imidazole quaternized polystyrene copolymer was also synthesized. The polymer chemical structure was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and TGA. In addition, the essential properties of membranes, including ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and hydroxide conductivity, were measured. The alkaline stabilities of imidazolium-based and imidazolinium-based AEMs were compared by means of the changes in the TGA thermograms, FTIR spectra, and hydroxide conductivity during the alkaline treatment in 1 M KOH at 60 °C for 144 h. The results showed that the imidazolinium-based AEMs exhibited relatively lower hydroxide conductivity (5.77 mS/cm at 70 °C) but much better alkaline stability compared with the imidazolium-based AEM. The imidazolinium-based AEM (PSVBImn-50) retained 92% of its hydroxide conductivity after the alkaline treatment. Besides, the fuel cell performance of the imidazolium-based and imidazolinium-based AEMs was examined by single-cell tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Jheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.Y.)
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11
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Matušková E, Vinklárek J, Honzíček J. Effect of Accelerators on the Curing of Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Kinetic Model for Room Temperature Curing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Matušková
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Vinklárek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honzíček
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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12
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Nardelli F, Martini F, Lee J, Lluvears-Tenorio A, La Nasa J, Duce C, Ormsby B, Geppi M, Bonaduce I. The stability of paintings and the molecular structure of the oil paint polymeric network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14202. [PMID: 34244532 PMCID: PMC8270892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular-level understanding of the structure of the polymeric network formed upon the curing of air-drying artists' oil paints still represents a challenge. In this study we used a set of analytical methodologies classically employed for the characterisation of a paint film-based on infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-in combination with solid state NMR (SSNMR), to characterise model paint layers which present different behaviours towards surface cleaning with water, a commonly applied procedure in art conservation. The study demonstrates, with the fundamental contribution of SSNMR, a relationship between the painting stability and the chemical structure of the polymeric network. In particular, it is demonstrated for the first time that a low degree of cross-linking in combination with a high degree of oxidation of the polymeric network render the oil paint layer sensitive to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Judith Lee
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Anna Lluvears-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bronwyn Ormsby
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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13
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Navrátil P, Pekař L, Matušů R, Song M, Gao Q, Kandala SS, Kadlčík O. Experimental Investigation and Control of a Hot-Air Tunnel with Improved Performance and Energy Saving. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16194-16215. [PMID: 34179665 PMCID: PMC8223437 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper is focused on the identification, control design, and experimental verification of a two-input two-output hot-air laboratory apparatus representing a small-scale version of appliances widely used in the industry. A decentralized multivariable controller design is proposed, satisfying control-loop decoupling and measurable disturbance rejection. The proposed inverted or equivalent noninverted decoupling controllers serve for the rejection of cross-interactions in controlled loops, whereas open-loop antidisturbance members satisfy the absolute invariance to the disturbances. Explicit controller-structure design formulae are derived, and their equivalence to other decoupling schemes is proven. Three tuning rules are used to set primary controller parameters, which are further discretized. All the control responses are simulated in the Matlab/Simulink environment. In the experimental part, two data-acquisition, communication, and control interfaces are set up. Namely, a programmable logic controller and a computer equipped with the peripheral component interconnect card commonly used in industrial practice are implemented. A simple supervisory control and data acquisition human-machine interface via the Control Web environment is developed. The laboratory experiments prove better temperature control performance measured by integral criteria by 35.3%, less energy consumption by up to 6%, and control effort of mechanical actuator parts by up to 17.1% for our method compared to the coupled or disturbance-ignoring design in practice. It was also observed that the use of a programmable logic controller gives better performance measures for both temperature and air-flow control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Navrátil
- Department
of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 760 05 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Libor Pekař
- Department
of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 760 05 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Radek Matušů
- Centre
for Security, Information and Advanced Technologies (CEBIA−Tech),
Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata
University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 760
05, 760 01 Zlín, Czech
Republic
| | - Mengjie Song
- Department
of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Engine East Building 125, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingbin Gao
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Schenzhen, Xili University Town, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shanti S. Kandala
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University
of Calgary, Energy, Environment
and Experiential Learning Building, 750 Campus Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4H9, Canada
| | - Ondřej Kadlčík
- TEAZ
s.r.o., tř. Tomáše
Bati č. p. 1658, Otrokovice 765 02, Czech Republic
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14
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Helmet Phthalocyaninato Iron Complex as a Primary Drier for Alkyd Paints. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051220. [PMID: 33807590 PMCID: PMC7961973 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the catalytic performance of an iron(III) complex bearing a phthalocyaninato-like ligand in two solvent-borne and two high-solid alkyd binders. Standardized mechanical tests revealed strong activity, which appeared in particular cases at concentrations about one order of magnitude lower than in the case of cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, widespread used in paint-producing industry. The effect of the iron(III) compound on autoxidation process, responsible for alkyd curing, was quantified by kinetic measurements by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and compared with several primary driers. Effect of the drier concentration on coloration of transparent coatings was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy.
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15
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16
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Charamzová I, Honzíček J, Kalenda P, Vinklárek J, Císařová I. Dimeric Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex Bearing 1,10-Phenanthroline. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774520070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Appavoo D, Amarnath N, Lochab B. Cardanol and Eugenol Sourced Sustainable Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Enhanced Stability of Renewable Polybenzoxazines. Front Chem 2020; 8:711. [PMID: 33195009 PMCID: PMC7554585 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin bonds participate in co-reaction with the benzoxazine functionality of the monomer and are one of the strategies used to affect the crosslink density of a polybenzoxazine network. In general, the double bond incorporation in starting material is usually catalyzed by expensive, rare earth metals affecting the sustainability of the reaction. The natural abundance of feedstocks with inherent double bonds may be a powerful platform for the development of novel greener structures, with potential applications in polymers. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a biobased non-halogen flame retardant, consisting of naturally occurring phenols, eugenol (E), and cardanol (C). The presence of a covalently linked phosphazene (P) core allowed the synthesis of hexa-functional flame retardant molecules, abbreviated as EP and CP. The chemical structures of the synthesized EP and CP were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 31P NMR), and single crystal XRD (only in the case of EP). Their polymerization with cardanol sourced tri-oxazine benzoxazine monomer, C-trisapm, was followed by FTIR, NMR, and DSC studies. The thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the hybrid phosphazene-benzoxazine copolymers was determined by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning, and smoke density analyses. SEM images of the char residues of the polymers with or without the addition of reactive phosphazene molecules confirmed the intumescent flame retarding mechanism. Current work highlights the utility of sustainable origin non-halogen flame retardant (FR) molecules and their utility in polybenzoxazine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divambal Appavoo
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
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18
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Abstract
The effect of modification of benzoylferrocene periphery on catalytic activity toward drying of alkyd resins has been investigated by the combination of experimental techniques. A series of substituted ferrocenes have been synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic tools including X-ray diffraction analysis on single crystals. The electrochemical behavior of the ferrocene derivatives has been elucidated by cyclic voltammetry and rotation disk voltammetry. The activity toward room temperature curing of alkyd resin has been evaluated by standard mechanical tests on coated plates, which enabled to establish a structure/catalytic activity relationship. Fast drying of test coatings has been observed for formulations of (3-methoxybenzoyl) ferrocene. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in combination with attenuated total reflectance sampling technique enabled to reveal the kinetic origin of the improved performance for this ferrocene derivative.
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19
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Performance of Manganese(III) Acetylacetonate in Solvent-Borne and High-Solid Alkyd Formulations. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030642. [PMID: 32024059 PMCID: PMC7041375 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a strong drying activity of manganese(III) acetylacetonate. It is documented on several solvent-borne and high-solid alkyd binders. Solubility problems, which often appear upon application of new primary driers, were overcome by use of dimethyl sulfoxide. Interestingly, intense coloration of the drier does not influence the transparent paint films due to in situ reduction to manganese(II) as evidenced by colorimetric measurements. Kinetics of the autoxidation process was investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. For selected formulation, the effect of film thickness on through drying was estimated by infrared spectroscopy using attenuated total reflection sampling technique.
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20
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The Evolution of Catalysis for Alkyd Coatings: Responding to Impending Cobalt Reclassification with Very Active Iron and Manganese Catalysts, Using Polydentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoxidation processes to achieve curing of alkyd resins in paints, inks, and coatings are ubiquitous in many applications. Cobalt soaps have been employed for these applications for many decades and most of the paint and ink alkyd resin formulations have been optimized to achieve optimal benefits of the cobalt soaps. However, cobalt soaps are under increased scrutiny because of likely reclassification as carcinogenic under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restrictions of Chemicals) legislation in Europe. This is critical, since such coatings are available for regular human contact. Alternative manganese- and iron-based siccatives have been developed to address this need for over a decade. They often show very high curing activity depending on the organic ligands bound to the metal centers. Recently, new classes of catalysts and modes of application have been published or patented to create safe paints, whilst delivering performance benefits via their unique reaction mechanisms. Besides the use of well-defined, preformed catalysts, paint formulations have also been developed with mixtures of metal soaps and ligands that form active species in-situ. The change from Co-soaps to Mn- and Fe-based siccatives meant that important coating issues related to radical-based curing, such as skinning, had to be rethought. In this paper we will review the new catalyst technologies and their performance and modes of action, as well as new compounds developed to provide anti-skinning benefits.
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