1
|
Chen T, Chen Y, Li Y, Liang M, Wu W, Wang Y. A Review on Multiple I-III-VI Quantum Dots: Preparation and Enhanced Luminescence Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5039. [PMID: 37512312 PMCID: PMC10384050 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
I-III-VI type QDs have unique optoelectronic properties such as low toxicity, tunable bandgaps, large Stokes shifts and a long photoluminescence lifetime, and their emission range can be continuously tuned in the visible to near-infrared light region by changing their chemical composition. Moreover, they can avoid the use of heavy metal elements such as Cd, Hg and Pb and highly toxic anions, i.e., Se, Te, P and As. These advantages make them promising candidates to replace traditional binary QDs in applications such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, bioimaging fields, etc. Compared with binary QDs, multiple QDs contain many different types of metal ions. Therefore, the problem of different reaction rates between the metal ions arises, causing more defects inside the crystal and poor fluorescence properties of QDs, which can be effectively improved by doping metal ions (Zn2+, Mn2+ and Cu+) or surface coating. In this review, the luminous mechanism of I-III-VI type QDs based on their structure and composition is introduced. Meanwhile, we focus on the various synthesis methods and improvement strategies like metal ion doping and surface coating from recent years. The primary applications in the field of optoelectronics are also summarized. Finally, a perspective on the challenges and future perspectives of I-III-VI type QDs is proposed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Materials Science & Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Institute of Materials Science & Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Youpeng Li
- Institute of Materials Science & Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Mengbiao Liang
- Institute of Materials Science & Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenkui Wu
- Institute of Materials Science & Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yude Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li T, Liu C, Li R, Huang X, Qi X, Mi X, Bai T, Xing S. Luminescent AgGaSe 2/ZnSe nanocrystals: rapid synthesis, color tunability, aqueous phase transfer, and bio-labeling application. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4554-4561. [PMID: 36938844 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique optoelectronic properties of I-III-VI2 nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted extensive attention. Herein, element Se in oleylamine reduced by alkythiol, which has been demonstrated to generate highly reactive alkylammonium selenide, was selected as the Se precursor by us to successfully synthesize high-quality tetragonal AgGaSe2 NCs via a facile colloidal method in just 2 minutes. Further, the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the as-synthesized AgGaSe2 NCs were systematically optimized through utilizing one Zn precursor to integrate shell coating and anionic/cationic alloying strategies into our reactive system, resulting in not only the obvious improvement of PL intensity but also tunable PL color from blue to red. Furthermore, the ligand exchange approach was adopted for the aqueous phase transfer of the oleophilic AgGaSe2/ZnSe NCs. Our data suggest that either metalated mercaptopropionic acid (Zn-MPA) short- or 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid long-chain ligand exchanged NCs all could maintain the original high crystallinity, present good water solubility, and retain up to nearly 95% and 70% of the initial PL intensity, respectively. Benefiting from the low cytotoxicity, the water-soluble AgGaSe2/ZnSe NCs can be applied as a fluorescent probe in cell imaging and signal labels for the fluoroimmunoassay of prostate-specific antigen, implying their potential in biological application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China. .,Department of Laboratory, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliate Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an 710018, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Ruyi Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohan Mi
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Tianyu Bai
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, P. R. China.
| | - Shanghua Xing
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Nanoplatforms as Smart Carriers of Unsymmetrical Bisacridines for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010201. [PMID: 36678830 PMCID: PMC9861370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective therapy and controlled drug release at an intracellular level remain key challenges for effective cancer treatment. Here, we employed folic acid (FA) as a self-navigating molecule in nanoconjugates containing quantum dots (QDs) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for the delivery of antitumor unsymmetrical bisacridine compound (C-2028) to lung and prostate cancers as well as normal cells. The bisacridine derivative can form the inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin molecule, due to the presence of a planar fragment in its structure. The stability of such a complex is pH-dependent. The drug release profile at different pH values and the mechanism of C-2028 release from QDs-β-CD-FA nanoconjugates were investigated. Next, the intracellular fate of compounds and their influence on lysosomal content in the cells were also studied. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy studies proved that all investigated compounds were delivered to acidic organelles, the pH of which promoted an increased release of C-2028 from its nanoconjugates. Since the pH in normal cells is higher than in cancer cells, the release of C-2028 from its nanoconjugates is decreased in these cells. Additionally, we obtained the concentration profiles of C-2028 in the selected cells treated with unbound C-2028 or nanoconjugate by the HPLC analysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue X, Li Y, Li X, Huang X, Yuan C, Cai P, Zhang X, Hu C. Understanding on the roles of oriented-assembly-constructed defects in design of efficient AIS-based photocatalysts for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
5
|
Kuciakowski J, Stȩpień J, Żukrowski J, Lachowicz D, Żywczak A, Gajewska M, Przybylski M, Pollastri S, Olivi L, Sikora M, Kmita A. Thermal Decomposition Pathways of Zn xFe 3–xO 4 Nanoparticles in Different Atmospheres. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Kuciakowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Stȩpień
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Żukrowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Antoni Żywczak
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Przybylski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Simone Pollastri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Strada Statale 14−km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Luca Olivi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Strada Statale 14−km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Marcin Sikora
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Angelika Kmita
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hashemkhani M, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Yagci Acar H. One-Step Aqueous Synthesis of Anionic and Cationic AgInS 2 Quantum Dots and Their Utility in Improving the Efficacy of ALA-Based Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2846-2863. [PMID: 35104130 PMCID: PMC8895404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Silver–indium–sulfide
quantum dots (AIS QDs) have
potential applications in many areas, including biomedicine. Their
lack of regulated heavy metals, unlike many commercialized QDs, stands
out as an advantage, but the necessity for alloyed or core–shell
structures and related costly and sophisticated processes for the
production of stable and high quantum yield aqueous AIS QDs are the
current challenges. The present study demonstrates the one-step aqueous
synthesis of simple AgInS2 QD compositions utilizing for
the first time either a polyethyleneimine/2-mercaptopropionic acid
(AIS-PEI/2MPA) mixture or only 2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-2MPA)
as the stabilizing molecules, providing a AgInS2 portfolio
consisting of cationic and anionic AIS QDs, respectively, and tuneable
emission. Small AIS QDs with long-term stability and high quantum
yields (19–23%) were achieved at a molar ratio of Ag/In/S 1/10/10
in water without any dopant or a semiconductor shell. The theranostic
potential of these cationic and anionic AIS QDs was also evaluated
in vitro. Non-toxic doses were determined, and fluorescence imaging
potential was demonstrated. More importantly, these QDs were electrostatically
loaded with zwitterionic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug
to enhance the tumor availability of ALA and to improve ALA-induced
porphyrin photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is the first study investigating
the influence of nanoparticle charge on ALA binding, release, and
therapeutic efficacy. Surface charge was found to be more critical
in cellular internalization and dark toxicity rather than drug loading
and release. Both QDs provided enhanced ALA release at acidic pH but
protected the prodrug at physiological pH, which is critical for tumor
delivery of ALA, which suffers from low bioavailability. The PDT efficacy
of the ALA-loaded AIS QDs was tested in 2D monolayers and 3D constructs
of HT29 and SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The
incorporation of ALA delivery by the AIS QDs, which on their own do
not cause phototoxicity, elicited significant cell death due to enhanced
light-induced ROS generation and apoptotic/necrotic cell death, reducing
the IC50 for ALA dramatically to about 0.1 and 0.01 mM in anionic
and cationic AIS QDs, respectively. Combined with simple synthetic
methods, the strong intracellular photoluminescence of AIS QDs, good
biocompatibility of especially the anionic AIS QDs, and the ability
to act as drug carriers for effective PDT signify that the AIS QDs,
in particular AIS-2MPA, are highly promising theranostic QDs. Use of the ALA-loaded cationic and anionic
AIS QDs for visible
light PDT coupled with QD-based optical imaging in the medical imaging
window was studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Koç University, KUYTAM, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kowalik P, Bujak P, Penkala M, Maroń AM, Ostrowski A, Kmita A, Gajewska M, Lisowski W, Sobczak JW, Pron A. Indium(II) Chloride as a Precursor in the Synthesis of Ternary (Ag-In-S) and Quaternary (Ag-In-Zn-S) Nanocrystals. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:809-825. [PMID: 35095188 PMCID: PMC8794001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new indium precursor, namely, indium(II) chloride, was tested as a precursor in the synthesis of ternary Ag-In-S and quaternary Ag-In-Zn-S nanocrystals. This new precursor, being in fact a dimer of Cl2In-InCl2 chemical structure, is significantly more reactive than InCl3, typically used in the preparation of these types of nanocrystals. This was evidenced by carrying out comparative syntheses under the same reaction conditions using these two indium precursors in combination with the same silver (AgNO3) and zinc (zinc stearate) precursors. In particular, the use of indium(II) chloride in combination with low concentrations of the zinc precursor yielded spherical-shaped (D = 3.7-6.2 nm) Ag-In-Zn-S nanocrystals, whereas for higher concentrations of this precursor, rodlike nanoparticles (L = 9-10 nm) were obtained. In all cases, the resulting nanocrystals were enriched in indium (In/Ag = 1.5-10.3). Enhanced indium precursor conversion and formation of anisotropic, longitudinal nanoparticles were closely related to the presence of thiocarboxylic acid type of ligands in the reaction mixture. These ligands were generated in situ and subsequently bound to surfacial In(III) cations in the growing nanocrystals. The use of the new precursor of enhanced reactivity facilitated precise tuning of the photoluminescence color of the resulting nanocrystals in the spectral range from ca. 730 to 530 nm with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) varying from 20 to 40%. The fabricated Ag-In-S and Ag-In-Zn-S nanocrystals exhibited the longest, reported to date, photoluminescence lifetimes of ∼9.4 and ∼1.4 μs, respectively. It was also demonstrated for the first time that ternary (Ag-In-S) and quaternary (Ag-In-Zn-S) nanocrystals could be applied as efficient photocatalysts, active under visible light (green) illumination, in the reaction of aldehydes reduction to alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kowalik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bujak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Penkala
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna M. Maroń
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ostrowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Kmita
- Academic
Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- Academic
Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Lisowski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz W. Sobczak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao N, Jing J, Zhao H, Liu Y, Yang C, Gao M, Chen B, Zhang R, Zhang X. Defective Ag-In-S/ZnS quantum dots: an oxygen-derived free radical scavenger for mitigating macrophage inflammation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8971-8979. [PMID: 34643636 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01681d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of inflammatory diseases including allergy, heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Nanomaterial-mediated antioxidant therapy is regarded as a promising strategy to treat oxidative stress-mediated inflammation. Herein, defective Ag-In-S/ZnS quantum dots (AIS/ZnS QDs) with oxygen-derived radical-scavenging capabilities are developed. Owing to their intrinsic defects and abundant surface functional groups, these quantum dots exhibit excellent oxygen-derived free radical removal efficiency in vitro. In macrophages, AIS/ZnS QDs can eliminate intracellular excessive ROS stimulated by either H2O2 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus can effectively protect macrophages against ROS-induced oxidative injury. Moreover, in the model of LPS-triggered macrophage inflammation, they exhibit benign anti-inflammatory ability by inhibiting the expression of related proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6). These findings indicate that AIS/ZnS QDs hold great potential for the treatment of ROS-related inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Hengzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yazhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Mengxu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Bingkun Chen
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rubo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hoisang W, Uematsu T, Torimoto T, Kuwabata S. Luminescent Quaternary Ag(In xGa 1-x)S 2/GaS y Core/Shell Quantum Dots Prepared Using Dithiocarbamate Compounds and Photoluminescence Recovery via Post Treatment. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13101-13109. [PMID: 34410714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-free quantum dots (QDs) consisting of silver-indium-gallium-sulfide (AIGS) quaternary semiconductors were successfully synthesized using a metal-dithiocarbamate complex with sufficiently high reactivity to produce metal sulfides. The introduction of a gallium diethyldithiocarbamate precursor decreased the reaction temperature to produce active intermediates, which were subsequently converted into AIGS QDs at 150 °C with silver and indium acetates. Because of the low reaction temperature, AIGS QDs with a tetragonal crystal phase were produced selectively, which favorably generated band-edge emission whose full width at half-maximum is smaller than 40 nm after they were coated with gallium sulfide (GaSy) shells. The compositional indium/gallium ratio was varied by changing the mixing ratio of the precursors used for the synthesis of the AIGS core, and the band-edge photoluminescence (PL) generated from the AIGS/GaSy core/shell QDs was blue-shifted with an increase in the gallium content in the core. Consequently, a pure green emission centered at 518 nm was obtained with a PL quantum yield as high as 68%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Watcharaporn Hoisang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Uematsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Torimoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kowalik P, Bujak P, Penkala M, Pron A. Organic-to-Aqueous Phase Transfer of Alloyed AgInS 2-ZnS Nanocrystals Using Simple Hydrophilic Ligands: Comparison of 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid, Dihydrolipoic Acid and Cysteine. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040843. [PMID: 33806242 PMCID: PMC8066034 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of primary hydrophobic ligands for hydrophilic ones was studied for two types of alloyed AgInS2-ZnS nanocrystals differing in composition and by consequence exhibiting two different emission colors: red (R) and green (G). Three simple hydrophilic ligands were tested, namely, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid and cysteine. In all cases, stable aqueous colloidal dispersions were obtained. Detailed characterization of the nanocrystal surface before and after the ligand exchange by NMR spectroscopy unequivocally showed that the exchange process was the most efficient in the case of dihydrolipoic acid, leading to the complete removal of the primary ligands with a relatively small photoluminescence quantum yield drop from 68% to 40% for nanocrystals of the R type and from 48% to 28% for the G ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kowalik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Str., PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Penkala
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kowalik P, Mucha SG, Matczyszyn K, Bujak P, Mazur LM, Ostrowski A, Kmita A, Gajewska M, Pron A. Heterogeneity induced dual luminescence properties of AgInS 2 and AgInS 2–ZnS alloyed nanocrystals. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the PL spectra of heterogeneous nanocrystals (In2S3–AgInS2 and In2S3–AgInS2–ZnS) two distinctly different peaks could be found at 430 and 710–515 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kowalik
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Sebastian G. Mucha
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C)
- UMR5221
- University of Montpellier
- CNRS
- 34095 Montpellier
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | - Piotr Bujak
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Leszek M. Mazur
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Ostrowski
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Angelika Kmita
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- 30-059 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- 30-059 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Adam Pron
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kowalik P, Bujak P, Wróbel Z, Penkala M, Kotwica K, Maroń A, Pron A. From Red to Green Luminescence via Surface Functionalization. Effect of 2-(5-Mercaptothien-2-yl)-8-(thien-2-yl)-5-hexylthieno[3,4- c]pyrrole-4,6-dione Ligands on the Photoluminescence of Alloyed Ag-In-Zn-S Nanocrystals. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14594-14604. [PMID: 32941018 PMCID: PMC7586334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A semiconducting molecule containing a thiol anchor group, namely 2-(5-mercaptothien-2-yl)-8-(thien-2-yl)-5-hexylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (abbreviated as D-A-D-SH), was designed, synthesized, and used as a ligand in nonstoichiometric quaternary nanocrystals of composition Ag1.0In3.1Zn1.0S4.0(S6.1) to give an inorganic/organic hybrid. Detailed NMR studies indicate that D-A-D-SH ligands are present in two coordination spheres in the organic part of the hybrid: (i) inner in which the ligand molecules form direct bonds with the nanocrystal surface and (ii) outer in which the ligand molecules do not form direct bonds with the inorganic core. Exchange of the initial ligands (stearic acid and 1-aminooctadecane) for D-A-D-SH induces a distinct change of the photoluminescence. Efficient red luminescence of nanocrystals capped with initial ligands (λmax = 720 nm, quantum yield = 67%) is totally quenched and green luminescence characteristic of the ligand appears (λmax = 508 nm, quantum yield = 10%). This change of the photoluminescence mechanism can be clarified by a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations. It can be demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry that new states appear in the hybrid as a consequence of D-A-D-SH binding to the nanocrystals surface. These states are located below the nanocrystal LUMO and above its HOMO, respectively. They are concurrent to deeper donor and acceptor states governing the red luminescence. As a result, energy transfer from the nanocrystal HOMO and LUMO levels to the ligand states takes place, leading to effective quenching of the red luminescence and appearance of the green one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kowalik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Str., PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wróbel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Penkala
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Kotwica
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He K, Liang X, Wei T, Liu N, Wang Y, Zou L, Bai C, Yao Y, Wu T, Kong L, Zhang T, Xue Y, Tang M. A metabolomics study: CdTe/ZnS quantum dots induce polarization in mice microglia. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125629. [PMID: 31927360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a metabolomic analysis was used to reveal the neurotoxicity of the CdTe/ZnS QDs via microglia polarization. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was applied to uncover the metabonomic changes in microglia (BV-2 cell line) after exposure to 1.25 μM CdTe/ZnS QDs. 11 annotated metabolic pathways (KEGG database) were significantly changed in all exposed groups (3 h, 6 h, 12 h), 3 of them were related to glucose metabolism. The results of the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer indicated that the CdTe/ZnS QDs increased the glycolysis level of microglia by 86% and inhibited the aerobic respiration level by 54% in a non-hypoxic environment. In vivo study, 3 h after the injection of CdTe/ZnS QDs (2.5 mM) through the tail vein in mice, the concentration of the CdTe/ZnS QDs in hippocampus reached the peak (1.25 μM). The polarization level of microglia (Iba-1 immunofluorescence) increased 2.7 times. In vitro study, the levels of the extracellular TNF-α, IL-1β and NO of BV-2 cells were all increased significantly after a 6 h or 12 h exposure. According to the results of the Cell Counting Kit-8, after a 6 h or 12 h exposure to the CdTe/ZnS QDs, the exposed microglia could significantly decrease the number of neurons (HT-22 cell line). This study proved that CdTe/ZnS QDs could polarize microglia in the brain and cause secondary inflammatory damage to neurons. There are potential risks in the application of the CdTe/ZnS QDs in brain tissue imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linyue Zou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changcun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mrad M, Ben Chaabane T, Rinnert H, Lavinia B, Jasniewski J, Medjahdi G, Schneider R. Aqueous Synthesis for Highly Emissive 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid-Capped AIZS Quantum Dots. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6220-6231. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Mrad
- Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR 18 ES11 Laboratoire des composés hétéro-organiques et des matériaux nanostructurés, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Tahar Ben Chaabane
- Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR 18 ES11 Laboratoire des composés hétéro-organiques et des matériaux nanostructurés, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Hervé Rinnert
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Balan Lavinia
- CEMHTI-UPR 3079 CNRS, Site Haute Température, 1D avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pilch J, Matysiak-Brynda E, Kowalczyk A, Bujak P, Mazerska Z, Nowicka AM, Augustin E. New Unsymmetrical Bisacridine Derivatives Noncovalently Attached to Quaternary Quantum Dots Improve Cancer Therapy by Enhancing Cytotoxicity toward Cancer Cells and Protecting Normal Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17276-17289. [PMID: 32208730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles for the controlled drug delivery to cells has emerged as a good alternative to traditional systemic delivery. Quantum dots (QDs) offer potentially invaluable societal benefits such as drug targeting and in vivo biomedical imaging. In contrast, QDs may also pose risks to human health and the environment under certain conditions. Here, we demonstrated that a unique combination of nanocrystals core components (Ag-In-Zn-S) would eliminate the toxicity problem and increase their biomedical applications. The alloyed quaternary nanocrystals Ag-In-Zn-S (QDgreen, Ag1.0In1.2Zn5.6S9.4; QDred, Ag1.0In1.0Zn1.0S3.5) were used to transport new unsymmetrical bisacridine derivatives (UAs, C-2028 and C-2045) into lung H460 and colon HCT116 cancer cells for improving the cytotoxic and antitumor action of these compounds. UAs were coupled with QD through physical adsorption. The obtained results clearly indicate that the synthesized nanoconjugates exhibited higher cytotoxic activity than unbound compounds, especially toward lung H460 cancer cells. Importantly, unsymmetrical bisacridines noncovalently attached to QD strongly protect normal cells from the drug action. It is worth pointing out that QDgreen or QDred without UAs did not influence the growth of cancer and normal cells, which is consistent with in vivo results. In noncellular systems, at pH 5.5 and 4.0, which relates to the conditions of endosomes and lysosomes, the UAs were released from QD-UAs nanoconjugates. An increase of total lysosomes content was observed in H460 cells treated with QDs-UAs which can affect the release of the UAs from the conjugates. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses revealed that QD-UAs nanoconjugates enter H460 cells more efficiently than to HCT116 and normal cells, which may be the reason for their higher cytotoxicity against lung cancer. Summarizing, the noncovalent attachment of UAs to QDs increases the therapeutic efficiency of UAs by improving cytotoxicity toward lung H460 cancer cells and having protecting effects on normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pilch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Matysiak-Brynda
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Mazerska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scarfiello R, Cesari A, Altamura D, Masi S, Nobile C, Balzano F, Giannini C, Grillo V, Tavabi AH, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Uccello-Barretta G, Cozzoli PD, Rizzo A. Mechanistic insight into the formation of colloidal WS 2 nanoflakes in hot alkylamine media. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2772-2782. [PMID: 36132722 PMCID: PMC9418938 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00279k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing convenient and reliable synthetic methodologies for solution processable 2D layered ultrathin nanostructures with lateral size control is one of the major challenges for practical applications. In this study, a rational understanding a long-chain amphiphilic surfactant assisted non-hydrolytic synthesis that is able to generate dimension-controllable 2D-WS2 nanocrystal flakes in a single-step protocol is proposed. The evolution of the starting soft organic-inorganic lamellar template into ultrathin few-layer 2D-WS2 nanostructures with lateral size modulation over a range between 3 and 30 nm is monitored. The initial formation of WS2 nanoseeds occurs in a self-assembled sacrificial precursor source, acting as a template, where larger two-dimensional nanostructures can grow without undergoing significant thickness variation. Overall, the chemical nature and steric hindrance of the alkylamines are essential to modulate the reactivity of such WS2 nanoclusters, which correlate with the lateral size of the resulting nanoflakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Scarfiello
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Andrea Cesari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Davide Altamura
- IC CNR, Institute of Crystallography via Amendola 122/O I-70126 Bari Italy
| | - Sofia Masi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Concetta Nobile
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- IC CNR, Institute of Crystallography via Amendola 122/O I-70126 Bari Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grillo
- Centro S3, CNR Istituto Nanoscienze via Campi 213/A 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Amir H Tavabi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Julich Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Julich Germany
| | - Gloria Uccello-Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - P Davide Cozzoli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento via per Arnesano Lecce 73100 Italy
- UdR INSTM di Lecce, Università del Salento c/o, Campus Ecotekne, via Arnesano 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| |
Collapse
|