Lycopene Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis and Behavioral Disorders via Mediating Microbes-Gut-Brain Axis Balance

Combating depression with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)-derived polyphenols: Major phytochemicals, functional properties, and potential

Depression is a common mental condition with high prevalence and recurrence rates worldwide. The active polyphenols in Rosmarinus officinalis L. contain several pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective characteristics. However, the effects of rosemary polyphenols on depression have not been thoroughly studied. The anti-inflammatory activity and regulatory effects on gut microbiota of key rosemary polyphenols, as well as their impacts on depression, are the main emphasis of this research. We conclude that the anti-depressive effects of rosemary polyphenols are due to anti-inflammatory properties and bidirectional relationship with gut microbiota, including inhibiting inflammatory pathways and cytokines (reducing pro-inflammation cytokines, suppressing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasomes, and upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway), altering intestinal microbiota structure and metabolites (polyphenols-related microbial metabolites and biotransformation of polyphenols by microbiota). This paper provides a better understanding of the anti-depressive effects of polyphenols in Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Dietary methionine restriction ameliorates atherosclerosis by remodeling the gut microbiota in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice

Dietary methionine restriction (MR) has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, but the specific regulatory effects and mechanisms remain unclear. This research intends to investigate the effects of MR on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-choline diet and their mechanisms. ApoE-/- mice were fed a normal diet (0.86% methionine + 4.5% fat + 0% cholesterol + 0.2% choline), a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-choline diet (0.86% methionine + 20% fat + 1% cholesterol + 1% choline), or a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-choline + MR diet (0.17% methionine + 20% fat + 1% cholesterol + 1% choline) for 8 consecutive weeks. The results show that MR reduced body weight, fat mass, fat deposition in the liver and adipocytes, and plasma lipid levels; improved the morphological structure of the aorta; and reduced the aortic lesion area and lipid levels. In addition, MR downregulated aortic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, upregulated aortic anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and improved aortic oxidative stress. Moreover, metagenomic sequencing results suggested that MR improved the gut microbiota composition, particularly through increased relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, and changed the relative abundance of inflammation-, lipid metabolism-, and bile acid metabolism-related bacteria at the species level. Furthermore, MR promoted SCFA production and bile acid metabolism, and reduced cell adhesion molecules and foam cell formation in the aorta. Thus, our findings indicated that MR improved the gut microbiota composition, especially increased SCFA production, and ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation in the aorta, thereby preventing atherosclerosis.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment on antioxidant bioaccessibility from tomato juice and its modulation of gut microbiota

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing can positively impact food safety and quality. However, limited information is available regarding the effect of HHP treatment on the bioaccessibility of individual carotenoids and polyphenols from tomato juice in the small intestine and colon. HHP treatment (550 MPa, 10 min) significantly increased the cis-lycopene proportion in both the small intestine and colon and increased the bioaccessibility of total phenols in the colon. After 24 h of fermentation, the microbial community structure of the HHP-treated tomato juice was closer to that of fresh tomato juice. Additionally, the relative abundance of Enterobacterales, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia_Shigella was lower in the HHP-treated tomato juice in the fermentation system than in the thermally-treated (110 °C, 8.6 s) juice. Based on a healthy gut micro-ecology, the findings of this study provides a rationale for the processing of nutritionally healthy HHP-processed juice.

Oryzanol ameliorates MCD-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice via gut microbiota reprogramming and TLR4/NF-κB signaling suppression

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has emerged as a major global health concern that affects about a quarter of the global population. Recently, host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions have emerged as key mechanistic pathways in MASH development. Oryzanol (ORY), a rice bran bioactive compound, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. Here, we investigated the potential of ORY in alleviating MASH and its association with gut microbiota and MASH progression. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed normal chow diet or methionine-choline-deficient diet and received ORY supplementation at 300 mg/kg/day via gavage for 4 wk. Liver injury, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and TLR4/NF-κB signaling protein levels were assessed. In addition, changes in gut microbiota diversity and abundance across groups were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing. Our results demonstrated that ORY significantly reduced lipid accumulation and liver enzymes, ameliorated liver and ileum damage, and restored intestinal barrier function in MASH mice. Furthermore, ORY decreased plasma lipopolysaccharide levels, and inflammatory cytokines and downregulated TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein levels in the liver. ORY enhanced tight junction protein level (ZO-1, occludin) in the gut. Microbial analysis revealed that ORY positively impacted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance, promoted beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and inhibited harmful bacteria such as Mucispirillum, Bacteroides, and Colidextribacter. Notably, ORY increased Akkermansia abundance, potentially modulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. ORY exerted restorative and reversible effects on the pathophysiological damage within the gut-liver axis in MASH mice. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the modulation of the gut microbiota and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that oryzanol (ORY), a bioactive rice bran compound, alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in mice by reducing lipid accumulation and inflammation. ORY beneficial effects are associated to the modulation of gut microbiota, enhancing gut barrier integrity, and lowering endotoxemia and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest ORY potential in MASH prevention and treatment, highlighting its influence on gut-liver axis dynamics.

Inflammatory bowel disease and neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major entities of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These disorders are known for their relapsing disease course and severe gastrointestinal symptoms including pain, diarrhoea and bloody stool. Accumulating evidence suggests that IBD is not only restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and that disease processes are able to reach distant organs including the brain. In fact, up to 35 % of IBD patients also suffer from neuropsychiatric disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Emerging research in this area indicates that in many cases these neuropsychiatric disorders are a secondary condition as a consequence of the disturbed communication between the gut and the brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on IBD-associated neuropsychiatric disorders. We examine the role of different pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of CNS disorders highlighting altered neural, immunological, humoral and microbial communication. Finally, we discuss emerging therapies targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis to alleviate IBD and neuropsychiatric symptoms including faecal microbiota transplantation, psychobiotics, microbial metabolites and vagus nerve stimulation.

Lycopene improves cisplatin induced hepatointestinal injury in rats by modulating the microbe-gut-liver axis

Cisplatin (CIS) is a commonly used antitumor drug in clinics, but its application is limited due to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that the imbalance of intestinal flora is one of the important factors in the malignant development of diseases. Therefore, improving organ function by regulating intestinal flora may be an important strategy to prevent the side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Lycopene (LYC) is found in a wide range of red foods and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing effects. So the purpose of this study was to explore its effect on hepatointestinal injury caused by chemotherapy drugs. The results of this study showed that CIS could significantly restore body weight, diet, water intake, and AST, ALT and other physiological and biochemical indexes of rats. HE staining, projective electron microscopy and TUNEL results showed that LYC alleviated morphological and ultrastructural damage of the liver and intestine. Then, ELISA results showed that LYC can reduce cell apoptosis by increasing the antioxidant capacity and reducing inflammatory response. Secondly, 16sRNA and metabolome results showed that LYC enriched beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria), reduced harmful bacteria (E. coli, etc.), enhanced metabolic pathway changes such as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and alleviated organ damage caused by CIS. Finally, network pharmacology, molecular docking and immunohistochemistry showed that LYC could reduce CIS induced hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. In summary, LYC alleviates the toxic side effects of chemotherapy drugs by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and the intestinal microbiota-metabolite-liver axis.

Association between higher dietary lycopene intake and reduced depression risk among American adults: evidence from NHANES 2007-2016

Introduction

Although previous researches have suggested that certain dietary nutrients, such as carotenoids, have an effect on depression, epidemiological evidence on the relationship between lycopene and depression remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary lycopene intake and depression risk in American adults.

Methods

Data from 18,664 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2016) were analyzed, with depression defined by a nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score ≥ 10. Dietary lycopene intake was estimated from the mean of two 24-h dietary recalls. Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were employed to assess the relationship.

Results

Depression prevalence was 8.98%, and adjusted analyses indicated that higher dietary lycopene intake was significantly associated with a reduced depression risk compared to the lowest quartile (ORs for the second, third, and fourth quartiles: 0.851 [95% CI, 0.737-0.982], 0.829 [95% CI, 0.716-0.960], and 0.807 [95% CI, 0.695-0.938], respectively). Additionally, a U-shaped relationship was observed, with a reduction in depression risk associated with dietary lycopene intake ranging from 0 to 10,072 μg/d (P-non-linear = 0.017).

Discussion

This study suggested that higher dietary lycopene intake may confer a protective effect against depression in American adults.

Exopolysaccharide of Levilactobacillus brevis M-10 Improved Physiological and Biochemical Indicators and Gut Microbiota in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a typical type of inflammatory bowel disease, which is often recurrent and directly related with colorectal cancer. Therefore, early prevention and treatment for UC is very necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to find efficient substances to treat the UC with less side effects than drugs. Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are important bioactive constituents of lactic acid bacteria. The study evaluated the effects of EPS1 produced by Levilactobacillus brevis M-10 on UC by determining the weight, the disease activity index (DAI) and the physiological and biochemical indexes. The pathological structures of colon were observed. The gut microbiota and the short-chain fatty acids were analyzed. The results demonstrated high dose (HD) of EPS1 (400 mg/kg-BW) that had the best effects on UC mice. The HD group restored body weight, decreased DAI and alleviated shortening of the length of the colon, recovered liver tissue, declined lipopolysaccharide, and myeloperoxidase. Also the HD group showed that the expression of tight junction proteins increased, IL-10 up-regulated, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α down-regulated, and the gut microbiota dysbiosis balanced. The HD group markedly elevated the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Unclassified-Lachnospiraceae, and Unclassified- Muribaculaceae. Acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid were significantly increased in the HD group (P < 0.05). The study could provide a theoretical basis and material support for the exploration of safe functional food in alleviating and preventing UC.

Supplementation with Lentil (Lens culinaris) Hull Soluble Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Sodium Dextran Sulfate-Induced Colitis and Behavioral Deficits via the Gut-Brain Axis

In this study, the impact of lentil hull soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) on colitis and behavioral deficits in mice was assessed. Structural characterizations of SDFs confirmed that cellulase-modified soluble dietary fiber exhibited better physicochemical properties: more porous microstructure; similar polysaccharide structure; more stable particle size distribution; higher crystallinity; better adsorption capacity; and lower viscosity. Additionally, we explored its potential cognitive benefits via the gut-brain axis by behavioral tests, histopathology, 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography and metabolomics analysis. The results showed that SDFs significantly improved inflammatory symptoms in colon and brain and cognitive behaviors. LSDF had better efficacy than HSDF. LSDF intervention decreased the harmful bacteria abundance (Bacteroides, Flexispira and Escherichia, etc.) and increased beneficial bacteria abundance (Aggregatibacter and Helicobacter, etc.). LSDF also affected brain metabolites through the sphingolipid metabolism. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between harmful bacteria with inflammatory factors (LPS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, etc.) and sphingolipid metabolites, while beneficial bacteria were positively correlated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), IL-10, and cognitive behavior. This study highlights the value of SDFs in future diet-based therapeutic strategies targeting gut-brain interactions.

Abdominal ultrasound stimulation alleviates DSS-induced colitis and behavioral disorders in mice by mediating the microbiota-gut-brain axis balance

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has the potential to induce neuroinflammation, which may increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. Ultrasound stimulation to the abdomen is a potential treatment for dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis. The present study aimed to investigate whether abdominal low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can alleviate DSS-induced neuroinflammation through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Male mice were fed DSS to induce ulcerative colitis. LIPUS stimulation was then applied to the abdomen at intensities of 0.5 and 1.0 ​W/cm2. Mouse biological samples were analyzed, and behavior was evaluated. [18F]FEPPA PET/CT imaging was employed to track and quantify inflammation in the abdomen and brain. Changes in the gut microbiota composition were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Abdominal LIPUS significantly inhibited the DSS-induced inflammatory response, repaired destroyed crypts, and partially preserved the epithelial barrier. [18F]FEPPA accumulation in the colitis-induced neuroinflammation in the abdomen and specific brain regions significantly decreased after LIPUS treatment. LIPUS maintained intestinal integrity by increasing zonula occludens and occludin levels, reduced lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and lipopolysaccharide levels in the serum, and improved behavioral dysfunctions. Moreover, LIPUS, at an intensity of 0.5 ​W/cm2, reshaped the gut microbiota in colitis-induced mice by increasing the relative abundance of the Firmicutes and decreasing the relative abundance of the Bacteroidota. Our findings demonstrated that abdominal LIPUS stimulation has the potential to be a novel therapeutic strategy to improve colitis-induced behavioral disorders through microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling.

Effects of Dietary Pretreatment with All-trans Lycopene on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Jejunal Inflammation: A Multi-Pathway Phenomenon

This study was conducted to investigate the effects and mechanisms of all-trans lycopene on intestinal health by establishing lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) jejunal inflammation model. Dietary lycopene supplementation enhanced serum and jejunum antioxidant capacity. Lycopene significantly reduced LPS-induced upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), suggesting that lycopene reduced the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by LPS challenge, and further protected mice from LPS induced jejunal inflammation. Furthermore, lycopene increased jejunal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression that was reduced by LPS challenge, and increased abundance of Rikenella, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Mucispirillum potentially associated with reducing gut inflammation. Overall, these results showed that pretreatment with lycopene can improve jejunal inflammation and ensure intestinal health in mice by improving antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, microorganisms potentially associated with anti-inflammatory effects and reducing the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway by LPS. We provided a new insight into lycopene prevented LPS-induced jejunal inflammation by corresponding alterations in serum metabolites and gut microbiota, improving antioxidant capacity and regulating the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice.

Mannuronate Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Experimental Colitis and Secondary Neurological Dysfunction by Manipulating the Gut-Brain Axis

Microbiota dysfunction induces intestinal disorders and neurological diseases. Mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), a kind of alginate oligosaccharide (AOS), specifically exert efficacy in shaping gut microbiota and relieving cognitive impairment. However, the key regulatory factors involved, such as the specific strains and metabolites as well as their regulatory mechanisms, remain unclear at present. This research investigates how MAOS specifically impact the gut-brain axis in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that pretreatment with MAOS significantly ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and secondary nerve injury. This preventive mechanism operates through the regulation of serum DOPC abundance and the gut-brain axis, achieved by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings underscore the crucial role of dietary MAOS in the prevention of colitis and neurological disorders, providing a rationale for the application of MAOS in disease prevention and functional food ingredients.

Lycopene attenuates D-galactose-induced memory and behavioral deficits by mediating microbiota-SCFAs-gut-brain axis balance in female CD-1 mice

Aging impairs cognitive function, whereas nutritional intervention can delay aging and age-related diseases. Lycopene (LYC), a naturally occurring carotenoid, posses multiple health-promoting properties, including neuroprotective function. Here, the effects of LYC on memory and behavioral deficits induced by D-galactose (D-gal) treatment and the relative contribution of LYC-derived gut microbiota in these process were investigated. Results demonstrated that LYC showed effective protection on D-gal induced cognitive deficit and neuronal damage. Moreover, LYC treatment has beneficial effects on gut barrier damage, microbiota dysbiosis and levels of SCFAs in D-gal-induced subacute aging mice. Next, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment was performed and increased SCFAs were observed in mice received stools from D-gal+LYC group when compared with D-gal-FMT group. Thus, we added SCFAs treatment served as a control group in order to evaluated whether the alterations of gut-brain axis could be attributed to LYC-reshaped gut microbiota and SCFAs. Results showed that recipient mice received SCFAs and stools from D-gal+LYC group have similar beneficial effects in improving gut and brain function, demonstrated as: improved intestinal health via elevating antioxidant enzymes contents, increasing the expressions of tight junctions proteins and protecting gut barrier, enhanced mice working memory capacity via alleviating hippocampal neurons impairment, improving synaptic function and enhancing mitochondrial function in the intestinal pseudo-aseptic mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that LYC-derived microbiome played a pivotal role in the regulation of cognitive functions during aging and enhanced SCFAs formation might be an important signaling molecule connecting gut microbiome and brain.

Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: Mechanistic Insights and the Promise of Gut-Brain Axis Therapies

Radiation therapy is widely recognized as an efficacious modality for treating neoplasms located within the craniofacial region. Nevertheless, this approach is not devoid of risks, predominantly concerning potential harm to the neural structures. Adverse effects may encompass focal cerebral necrosis, cognitive function compromise, cerebrovascular pathology, spinal cord injury, and detriment to the neural fibers constituting the brachial plexus. With increasing survival rates among oncology patients, evaluating post-treatment quality of life has become crucial in assessing the benefits of radiation therapy. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate therapeutic strategies to mitigate cerebral complications from radiation exposure. Current management of radiation-induced cerebral damage involves corticosteroids and bevacizumab, with preclinical research on antioxidants and thalidomide. Despite these efforts, an optimal treatment remains elusive. Recent studies suggest the gut microbiota's involvement in neurologic pathologies. This review aims to discuss the causes and existing treatments for radiation-induced cerebral injury and explore gut microbiota modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Natural products: Harnessing the power of gut microbiota for neurological health

BACKGROUND

Neurological diseases are the primary cause of disability and death and impose substantial financial burdens. However, existing treatments only relieve symptoms and may cause many adverse effects. Natural products are a promising source of neurological therapeutic agents due to their excellent neuroprotective effect and safety. The gut microbiota has an essential impact on maintaining brain homeostasis via the gut-brain axis. Multiple investigations show that natural products offer neuroprotective effects by regulating gut microbiota-driven signaling networks.

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to provide a systematic review of how natural products promote neurological health by harnessing the power of gut microbiota.

METHODS

The pre-January 1, 2024 literature was gathered from several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, utilizing appropriate keywords. The gathered publications underwent a review process and were classified based on their study content, specifically focusing on the impact of natural products on gut microbiota and neurological health.

RESULTS

Here, we review how natural products promote neurological health by regulating the gut microbiota-brain axis. Specifically, we focus on the following areas. (1) Altering microorganism community structure, including increasing α-diversity and altering β-diversity. (2) Regulating the population of certain bacteria, including enriching beneficial microorganisms Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, and inhibiting potentially hazardous microorganisms Bilophila, Klebsiella, and Helicobacter. (3) Regulating microbial neuroactive metabolites levels, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan and its derivatives, trimethylamine N-oxide, dopa/dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, we review how natural products promote neurological health by regulating intestinal barrier homeostasis.

CONCLUSION

Natural products promote neurological health by harnessing the power of gut microbiota. This review will contribute to understanding how natural products promote neurological health by orchestrating the gut microbiota-brain axis.

Multi-omics insights into beagle dog fed with a sucking-rewarded automatic feeding device

Background

Facilitating the development of the sucking function in early stages of preterm infants holds substantial potential for influencing their long-term outcomes. To this end, our team has devised a sucking-rewarded automatic feeding device specifically tailored for preterm infants. The present study is designed to investigate the impacts of this innovative device, utilizing a multi-omics profiling approach, on beagle dogs as a surrogate model.

Methods

This study involved seven-day-old male newborn beagle puppies, carefully selected and matched in terms of body weights. The participants were stratified into two groups: the experimental group (AFG, sucking-rewarded feeding group) and the control group (PFG). After a 14-day intervention period, fecal and blood samples were systematically collected from each dog. The collected samples were then subjected to distinct profiling analyses, encompassing the assessment of gut microbial composition, plasma metabolic profiles, and proteomic expression profiles.

Results

The gut microbial data showed a significant difference between the AFG and PFG groups based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (P = 0.048), and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly more abundant in the AFG group compared to the PFG group. The significantly different metabolites between the two groups were enriched in functional metabolic pathways related to amino acids, fatty acid metabolism, and the nervous system. Notably, neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid was significantly up-regulated in the AFG group. Moreover, the significantly different proteins between the two groups were enriched in GO terms related to oxygen transport, oxygen binding, iron ion binding, hemoglobin complex, and heme binding. Among them, proteins A0A8C0MTD2, P60524, P60529 were significantly up-regulated in the AFG group. Notably, Lactobacillus, L-glutamic acid, A0A8C0MTD2, P60524, and P60529 were correlated with each other through correlation analysis, these molecules play important roles in the neural function and neurodevelopment.

Conclusion

Our investigation elucidated discernible modifications in gut microbial composition, plasma metabolic profiles, and proteomic expression patterns in beagle dogs subjected to the sucking-rewarded automatic feeding device.

Oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside: A novel therapeutic agent against ulcerative colitis via anti-inflammatory, barrier-preservation, and gut microbiota-modulation

Ulcerative colitis (UC), an incurable and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease, presents a significant threat to health and highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (OAG) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid found in ginseng. In this study, we demonstrated that OAG exhibited remarkable anti-UC activity in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells and DSS-induced model mice. First, OAG alleviated the symptoms of UC by mitigating weight loss, reducing the DAI score, and increasing colon length. Second, the inflammatory response was inhibited after OAG intervention, evidenced decreases in the spleen coefficient, cytokine levels, and inflammatory cell infiltration in colon tissue. Thirdly, OAG also enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier function, as evidenced by elevated TEER values, increased expression of tight junction proteins, diminished bacterial translocation, and maintained intact ultrastructure of colonic mucosal cells. Notably, compared with 5-aminosalicylic acid, OAG demonstrated superior efficacy in enhancing mucosal barrier function. Fourth, OAG increased microbial diversity, promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria, reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria, and rebalanced the gut microbiome. Finally, the PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling pathways were identified as crucial mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of OAG against UC through multi-omics. In summary, we identified OAG as a novel therapeutic agent against UC, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, barrier-preserving, and gut microbiota-modulating effects, highlighting its promising potential as a candidate UC drug.

Experimental colitis is comorbid with social interaction deficits and anxiety-like behaviors in mice: mechanistic intuitions into neuroinflammation and Claudin 5 expression in the hippocampus

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is accompanied by psychiatric disorders, including Schizophrenic-like manifestations. Although incompletely illustrated, intestinal mucosal membrane damage and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability may have significant roles in psychiatric symptoms of IBD. This study aimed to investigate role of the Claudin-5 (CLDN5) (a regulator of the permeability of BBB) and neuroinflammatory response in the comorbid behavioral disorders in experimental colitis in mice. Acetic acid was used to induce colitis in mice. 7 days after induction of colitis, behaviors including social interaction and locomotor activity as well as anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated. Then, the colon was extracted for gross and microscopic evaluations. The expression of CLDN5, TNF-α, IL1β and IL23 was measured by RT-PCR in the colon and hippocampus. Histopathologic evaluations demonstrated mucosal, submucosal, and crypt-related damages in the colon. The negative and positive number of social interactions significantly increased in the colitis group. A considerable increase in locomotor activities (horizontal and vertical components) shown in the colitis group. Mice in colitis group spent less time in the central zone in the open field apparatus. Gene expressions of TNF-α, IL1β, and IL23 increased and CLDN5 decreased in the colitis group. The barrier function of the intestine and brain would be impaired, partially at least, following colitis (as we observed decrease in CLDN5 gene expression). Furthermore, we found that beside inflammatory response in the colon, a neuro-immune response triggered in the hippocampus following colitis. These alterations probably, mediated comorbid behavioral disorders in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice.

Chlorogenic Acid Enhances the Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway and Activating the Nrf2 Pathway

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the exact role of it in regulating intestinal health under oxidative stress is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary CGA supplementation on the intestinal health of weaned piglets under oxidative stress, and to explore its regulatory mechanism. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CGA (CGA). CGA reduced the diarrhea rate, increased the villus height in the jejunum, and decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Moreover, CGA increased the protein abundance of Claudin-1, Occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). In addition, CGA increased the mRNA expression of pBD2 in the jejunum, and pBD1 and pBD2 in the ileum (p < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CGA altered the ileal microbiota composition and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05). Consistently, the findings suggested that the enhancement of the intestinal barrier in piglets was associated with increased concentrations of T-AOC, IL-22, and sIgA in the serum and T-AOC, T-SOD, and sIgA in the jejunum, as well as T-AOC and CAT in the ileum caused by CGA (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, CGA decreased the concentrations of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the serum and jejunum and IL-1β and IL-6 in the ileum (p < 0.05). Importantly, this study found that CGA alleviated intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in the piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. These findings showed that CGA enhances the intestinal health of weaned piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Rice Protein Peptides Ameliorate DSS-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Behavior in Mice by Modulating Phenylalanine Metabolism and the BDNF/TRKB/CREB Pathway

Rice protein peptide (RPP) has been reported to alleviate the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, but its potential protective effect and fundamental neurobiological mechanisms against DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), coupled with depression and cognitive impairment, remain unclear. In this study, RPP treatment in DSS-induced mice inhibited decreases in body weight and colon length and improved intestinal barrier function and behavioral performance. RPP treatment enhanced phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in the brains of mice, and it upregulated metabolites such as l-dopa, phenylethylamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate. Additionally, RPP treatment enhanced the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by upregulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the phenylalanine and tyrosine contents in the brain were significantly negatively correlated with the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway and behavioral performance. In conclusion, this study suggested that RPP may serve as a unique nutritional strategy for preventing IBD and its associated cognitive impairment and depression symptoms.

Treatment with Gac Fruit Extract and Probiotics Reduces Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease Rats

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 850 million people worldwide, contributing to morbidity and mortality, particularly through cardiovascular disease (CVD). The altered composition in CKD patients leads to increased production and absorption of uremic toxins such as trimethylamine (TMA) and its oxidized form, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which are associated with cardiovascular risks. This study investigated the potential of supplementary interventions with high-carotenoid-content gac fruit extract and probiotics to mitigate serum TMAO by modulating the gut microbiota. We conducted an animal study involving 48 male Wistar rats, divided into six groups: the control, CKD control, and four treatment groups receiving gac fruit extract, carotenoid extract, or combinations with Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus casei as a standard probiotic. CKD was induced in rats using cisplatin and they were supplemented with choline to enhance TMA production. The measures included serum creatinine, TMAO levels, gut microbiota composition, and the expression of fecal TMA lyase and intestinal zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1). CKD rats showed increased TMA production and elevated serum levels of TMAO. Treatment with gac fruit extract and selective probiotics significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota by decreasing Actinobacteriota abundance and increasing the abundance of Bacteroides. This combination effectively promoted ZO-1 expression, reduced fecal TMA lyase, and subsequently lowered serum TMAO levels, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of these interventions. Our results highlight the benefits of gac fruit extract combined with probiotics for the effective reduction in serum TMAO levels in rats with CKD, supporting the further exploration of dietary and microbial interventions to improve outcomes in patients with CKD.

The effects of specific vegetable subtypes on constipation incidence in the general United States population

Background

While the intake of larger quantities of vegetables has been linked to a reduction in constipation risk, which vegetables in particular underlie this risk reduction remains incompletely understood. As such, the present study was developed to explore correlations between the intake of particular vegetable types and the risk of constipation.

Methods

This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected from 2005-2010. Classifications and intake assessments for different vegetables were assessed with the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED), while stool frequency or stool consistency was used to define constipation. Relationships between the intake of particular vegetable components and constipation were assessed through a weighted logistic regression approach. Subgroup and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analyses were further employed to explore associations between specific vegetable subtypes and constipation.

Results

This study included 13,860 eligible subjects, of whom 1,405 and 12,455 were respectively classified into the constipated and non-constipated groups. Following multivariate adjustment, the intake of non-starchy vegetables including orange, red, dark green, and other vegetables was found to be positively associated with a reduction in constipation risk. In contrast, constipation was unrelated to total starchy vegetable or potato intake. Tomatoes, in particular, were associated with a marked decrease in constipation risk (odds ratios: 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.71-0.91). These results were confirmed through RCS and subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

Non-starchy vegetables, particularly tomatoes, were found to be associated with a pronounced reduction in constipation risk, which was unaffected by the intake of potatoes or starchy vegetables.

Cutaneous Application of Capsaicin Cream Reduces Clinical Signs of Experimental Colitis and Repairs Intestinal Barrier Integrity by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Tight Junction Proteins

Capsaicin, a pungent compound in chili peppers, is described as having potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It is also described as a potential modulator of the immune system and intestinal microbiota. Oral or rectal administration of capsaicin has been studied to treat or prevent colitis. However, those vias are often not well accepted due to the burning sensation that capsaicin can cause. Our objective was to evaluate whether the application of capsaicin skin creams (0.075%) would be effective in improving inflammation and epithelial barrier function as well as the composition of the gut microbiota in a model of mild colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (1.5%). The results showed that the cutaneous application of capsaicin reversed weight loss and decreased colon shortening and diarrhea, all typical signs of colitis. There was also an improvement in the intestinal epithelial barrier, preserving proteins from tight junctions. We also evaluated the biodistribution of 99mtechnetium-radiolabeled capsaicin (99mTc-CAPS) applied to the back skin of the animals. We found significant concentrations of 99 mTc-Cap in the colon and small intestine after 2 and 4 h of administration. In addition, there was an increased expression of capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in the colon. Moreover, animals with colitis receiving cutaneous capsaicin presented a better short-chain fatty acid profile and increased levels of SIgA, suggesting increased microbiota diversity. In conclusion, our work opens avenues for further studies to better understand capsaicin's potential benefits and mechanisms in addressing colitis through cutaneous application.

New insights into the effects of serotonin on Parkinson's disease and depression through its role in the gastrointestinal tract

Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) co-pathologies. Although the central and enteric nervous systems (CNS and ENS, respectively) have been studied separately, there is increasing interest in factors that may contribute to conditions affecting both systems. There is compelling evidence that serotonin (5-HT) may play an important role in several gut-brain disorders. It is well known that 5-HT is essential for the development and functioning of the CNS. However, most of the body's 5-HT is produced in the GI tract. A deeper understanding of the specific effects of enteric 5-HT on gut-brain disorders may provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes current data focusing on the important role of 5-HT in ENS development and motility, with particular emphasis on novel aspects of 5-HT signaling in conditions where CNS and ENS comorbidities are common, such as Parkinson's disease and depressive disorders.

Neuroimmune response and oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex mediate seizure susceptibility in experimental colitis in male mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses have a vital role in the pathophysiology of IBD as well as seizure. IBD is associated with extraintestinal manifestations. This study aimed to explore the relationship between colitis and susceptibility to seizures, with a focus on the roles of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice. Forty male Naval Medical Research Institute mice were divided into four groups: control, colitis, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and colitis + PTZ. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid, and seizures were induced by intravenous injection of PTZ 7 days postcolitis induction. Following the measurement of latency to seizure, the mice were killed, and their colons and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were dissected. Gene expression of inflammatory markers including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, NOD-like receptor protein 3, and toll-like receptor 4, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrite levels were measured in the colon and PFC. Histopathological evaluations were performed on the colon samples. Data were analyzed by t-test or one-way variance analysis. Colitis decreased latency to seizure, increased gene expression of inflammatory markers, and altered levels of MDA, nitrite, and TAC in both the colon and PFC. Simultaneous induction of colitis and seizure exacerbated the neuroimmune response and oxidative stress in the PFC and colon. Results concluded that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the PFC at least partially mediate the comorbid decrease in seizure latency in mice with colitis.

Ameliorated Effects of Fucoidan on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis and Accompanying Anxiety and Depressive Behaviors in Aged C57BL/6 Mice

Fucoidan has shown better effects on the improvement of acute ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the specific mechanisms by which fucoidan improves UC-related behavioral disorders in aged mice, especially its effect on the gut-brain axis, remain to be further explored. C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 months were gavaged with 400 or 100 mg/kg bw day fucoidan for five consecutive weeks, with UC being induced by ad libitum to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution in the fifth week. The results showed that fucoidan ameliorated UC and accompanying anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors with downregulated expressions of (NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1 (Caspase-1) and interlekin-1β (IL-1β), and elevated mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and postsynaptic-density protein 95 (Psd-95) in cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, fucoidan improved the permeability of intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier and restored the abnormal structure of the gut microbiota with a significantly decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota (F/B) and obviously increased abundance of Akkermansia. As a diet-derived bioactive ingredient, fucoidan might be a better alternative for the prevention of UC and accompanying anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors.

Microencapsule delivery systems of functional substances for precision nutrition

Microencapsulation, a typical core-shell structure technology, encapsulates functional active ingredients for protection, controlled release, and targeted delivery. In precise nutrition, the focus is on utilizing microcapsule delivery systems for personalized dietary supplements and disease intervention. This chapter outlines the morphological structure of microcapsules, common wall materials, and preparation techniques. It discusses the characteristics of different hydrophilic and lipophilic functional factors and their function as dietary supplements. The role of microencapsulation on the controlled release, odor masking, and enhanced bioavailability of functional factors is explored. Additionally, the application of microcapsule delivery systems in nutritional interventions for diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholic/fatty liver disease, diabetes, and cancer is introduced in detail. Lastly, the chapter proposes the future developments of anticipation in responsive wall materials for precise nutrition interventions, including both challenges and opportunities.

Polysaccharides extracted from larvae of Lucilia sericata ameliorated ulcerative colitis by regulating the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota

Pest management technology has been a promising bioconversion method for waste resource utilization. Unlike many pests that consume waste, the larvae of Lucilia sericata, also known as maggots, have many outstanding advantages as following: with their strong adaption to environment and not easily infected and exhibiting a medicinal nutritional value. Herein, the potential efficacies of maggot polysaccharides (MP), as well as their underlying mechanisms, were explored in Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice and TNF-α-elicited Caco-2 cells. We extracted two bioactive polysaccharides from maggots, MP-80 and MP-L, whose molecular weights were 4.25 × 103 and 2.28 × 103 g/mol, respectively. MP-80 and MP-L contained nine sugar residues: 1,4-α-Arap, 1,3-β-Galp, 1,4,6-β-Galp, 1,6-α-Glcp, 1-α-Glcp, 1,4-β-Glcp, 1-β-Xylp, 1,2-α-Manp, and 1-β-Manp. We demonstrated that MP-80 and MP-L significantly ameliorated DSS-induced symptoms and histopathological damage. Immuno-analysis revealed that compared with MP-L, MP-80 could better restore intestinal barrier and reduced inflammation by suppressing NLRP3/NF-κB pathways, which might be attributed to its enriched galactose fraction. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that MP-80 and MP-L both improved the dysbiosis and diversity of gut microbiota and acted on multiple microbial functions. Our study sheds new light on the possibility of using maggot polysaccharides as an alternative therapy for colitis.

Raspberry Ketone Prevents LPS-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice by Inhibiting TLR-4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway via the Gut-Brain Axis

SCOPE

Depression, a prevalent mental disorder, has significantly impacted the lives of 350 million people, yet it holds promise for amelioration through food-derived phenolics. Raspberries, renowned globally for their delectable flavor, harbor a phenolic compound known as raspberry ketone (RK). However, the impact of RK on depressive symptoms remains ambiguous. This study aims to investigate the impact of RK on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressed mice and elucidates its potential mechanisms, focusing on the gut-brain axis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Through behavioral tests, RK exerts a notable preventive effect on LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. RK proves capable of attenuating gut inflammation, repairing gut barrier impairment, modulating the composition of the gut microbiome (Muribaculaceae, Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae, and Akkermansia), and promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, RK alleviates neuroinflammation by suppressing the TLR-4/NF-κB pathway and bolsters synaptic function by elevating levels of neurotrophic factors and synapse-associated proteins.

CONCLUSION

The current study provides compelling evidence that RK effectively inhibits the TLR-4/NF-κB pathway via the gut-brain axis, leading to the improvement of LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. This study addresses the research gap in understanding the antidepressant effects of RK and illuminates the potential of utilizing RK as a functional food for preventing depression.

Anxiolytic effects of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 on a mouse model of colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory inflammatory bowel disease, which is known to cause psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression at a high rate in addition to peripheral inflammatory symptoms. However, the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders remains mostly unknown. While prior research revealed that the Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) suppressed UC-like symptoms and accompanying depressive-like behaviors, observed in a UC model using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), whether it has an anxiolytic effect remains unclear. Therefore, we examined whether EF-2001 attenuates DSS-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Treatment with 2% DSS for seven days induced UC-like symptoms and anxiety-like behavior through the hole-board test, increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and corticosterone concentration, and p-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and decreased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit (NR) 2A and NR2B expression levels in the PFC. Interestingly, these changes were reversed by EF-2001 administration. Further, EF-2001 administration enhanced CAMKII/CREB/BDNF-Drebrin pathways in the PFC of DSS-treated mice, and labeling of p-GR, p-CAMKII, and p-CREB showed colocalization with neurons. EF-2001 attenuated anxiety-like behavior by reducing serum LPS and corticosterone levels linked to the improvement of UC symptoms and by facilitating the CAMKII/CREB/BDNF-Drebrin pathways in the PFC. Our findings suggest a close relationship between UC and anxiety.

In vitro digestion properties of Laiyang pear residue polysaccharides and it counteracts DSS-induced gut injury in mice via modulating gut inflammation, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier

The aim of this study was to explore the dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties of Laiyang pear residue polysaccharide (LPP) during in vitro digestion, as well as its protective effect on the intestines. Monosaccharide composition and molecular weight analysis showed that there was no significant change in LPP during the oral digestion stage. However, during the gastric and intestinal digestion stages, the glycosidic bonds of LPP were broken, leading to the dissociation of large molecular aggregates and a significant increase in reducing sugar content (CR) accompanied by a decrease in molecular weight. In addition, LPP exerted the intestinal protective ability via inhibiting gut inflammation, improving intestinal barrier, and regulating intestinal flora in DSS-induced mice. Specifically, LPP mitigated DSS-induced intestinal pathological damage of mice via enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and upregulating expressions of TJ proteins, and suppressed inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling axis. Furthermore, LPP decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and altered the diversity and the composition of gut microbiota in DSS-induced mice. Therefore, LPP had the potential to be a functional food that improved gut microbiota environment to enhance health and prevent diseases, such as a prebiotic.

S/O/W Emulsion with CAPE Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating NF-κB Pathway, Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome in C57BL/6 Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has attracted much attention worldwide due to its prevalence. In this study, the effect of a solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion with Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, a polyphenolic active ingredient in propolis) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice was evaluated. The results showed that CAPE-emulsion could significantly alleviate DSS-induced colitis through its effects on colon length, reduction in the disease activity index (DAI), and colon histopathology. The results of ELISA and Western blot analysis showed that CAPE-emulsion can down-regulate the excessive inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue and inhibit the expression of p65 in the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, CAPE-emulsion promoted short-chain fatty acids production in DSS-induced colitis mice. High-throughput sequencing results revealed that CAPE-emulsion regulates the imbalance of gut microbiota by enhancing diversity, restoring the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Odoribacter), and suppressing the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as Afipia, Sphingomonas). The results of fecal metabolome showed that CAPE-emulsion restored the DSS-induced metabolic disorder by affecting metabolic pathways related to inflammation and cholesterol metabolism. These research results provide a scientific basis for the use of CPAE-emulsions for the development of functional foods for treating IBD.

The Lactobacillus plantarum P-8 Probiotic Microcapsule Prevents DSS-Induced Colitis through Improving Intestinal Integrity and Reducing Colonic Inflammation in Mice

Probiotics, recognized as beneficial and active microorganisms, often face challenges in maintaining their functionality under harsh conditions such as exposure to stomach acid and bile salts. In this investigation, we developed probiotic microcapsules and assessed their protective effects and underlying mechanisms in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis using male C57BL/6J mice. The administration of the probiotic microcapsules significantly mitigated body weight loss, prevented colon length shortening, decreased the disease activity index scores, and reduced histopathological scores in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Concurrently, the microencapsulated probiotics preserved intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating the expressions of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, as well as the mucus layer component MUC-2. Moreover, the treatment with probiotic microcapsules suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in the context of DSS-induced colitis. In conclusion, these findings support the utilization of probiotic microcapsules as a potential functional food ingredient to maintain the permeability of the intestinal barrier and alleviate colonic inflammation in UC.

Lycopene Ameliorated DSS-Induced Colitis by Improving Epithelial Barrier Functions and Inhibiting the Escherichia coli Adhesion in Mice

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Blocking the adhesion of E. coli to intestinal epithelial cells appears to be useful for attenuating inflammatory bowel disease. Lycopene has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to test the intervention effect of lycopene on colitis in mice and to investigate the possible mechanism through which lycopene affects the adhesion of E. coli to intestinal epithelial cells. Lycopene (12 mg/kg BW) attenuated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, decreased the proportion of E. coli, and activated the NLR family pyrin domain containing 12 and inactivated nuclear factor kappa B pathways. Furthermore, lycopene inhibited the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to Caco-2 cells by blocking the interaction between E. coli O157:H7 and integrin β1. Lycopene ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving epithelial barrier functions and inhibiting E. coli adhesion. Overall, these results show that lycopene may be a promising component for the prevention and treatment of colitis.

Protective Effect of the Polyphenol Ligustroside on Colitis Induced with Dextran Sulfate Sodium in Mice

Dietary polyphenols are reported to alleviate colitis by interacting with gut microbiota which plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. As a type of dietary polyphenol, whether ligustroside (Lig) could alleviate colitis has not been explored yet. Here, we aimed to determine if supplementation of ligustroside could improve colitis. We explored the influence of ligustroside intake with different dosages on colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Compared to the DSS group, supplementation of ligustroside could reduce body weight (BW) loss, decrease disease activity indices (DAI), and relieve colon damage in colitis mice. Furthermore, ligustroside intake with 2 mg/kg could decrease proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in serum and increase immunoglobulin content and antioxidant enzymes in colon tissue. In addition, supplementation of ligustroside (2 mg/kg) could reduce mucus secretion and prevent cell apoptosis. Also, changes were revealed in the bacterial community composition, microbiota functional profiles, and intestinal metabolite composition following ligustroside supplementation with 2 mg/kg using 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted lipidomics analysis. In conclusion, the results showed that ligustroside was very effective in preventing colitis through reduction in inflammation and the enhancement of the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, supplementation with ligustroside altered the gut microbiota and lipid composition of colitis mice.

Dietary inulin alleviated constipation induced depression and anxiety-like behaviors: Involvement of gut microbiota and microbial metabolite short-chain fatty acid

Chronic constipation has been associated with depression-like behavior. Previous study identified the crucial role of gut microbiota in the development of constipation and depression. Dietary inulin (INU) could regulate gut microbiota. Whether INU treatment could ameliorate constipation induced depression was not clear. For this purpose, male CD-1 mice were administered diphenoxylate (20 mg/kg body weight/day) to induce constipation. We found that INU (10 % in standard diet) alleviated the diphenoxylate-induced constipation, manifested as the increase weight and moisture content of feces. Furthermore, the associated depression and anxiety-like behavior disorders were improved by inhibiting neuro-inflammation and preventing synaptic ultrastructure damage under INU treatment. Moreover, INU pretreatment improved the diphenoxylate-induced gut barrier damage by upregulating tight junction protein expression. INU also reshaped gut microbiota in constipation mice by increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacteria and downregulating the abundance of Muribacalum and Melaminabacteria. The effects of INU on diphenoxylate-induced depression were abolished by gut microbiota depletion via antibiotic treatment. In addition, INU increased the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces contents. Meanwhile, supplementation of SCFAs could also partly improve diphenoxylate-induced depression. In conclusion, INU intake was a potential nutritional intervention strategy to prevent constipation induced depression via microbiota-gut-SCFAs axis.

Structural elucidation of a highly branched α-D-glucan from Huangjiu and its hepatoprotective activity via gut microbiome regulation and intestinal barrier repairment

Polysaccharides in Huangjiu, a traditional fermented food, are expected to be potentially effective ingredients in protecting against alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Elucidating their precise structural and functional characteristics is essential for in-depth understanding of structure-activity relationships of hepatoprotective polysaccharides. Herein, a major polysaccharide component HJPS1-2 was purified from Huangjiu with an average molecular weight of 3.49 kDa. Structural analyses inferred that HJPS1-2 backbone was composed of (1 → 4)-linked α-D-Glcp and a single α(1 → 6)-D-Glcp-α(1 → 6)-D-Glcp branched unit for every three α(1 → 4)-D-Glcp. An ALD mouse model was further established to clarify the underlying effect of HJPS1-2 on ALD alleviation. Biochemical detection and histopathological assessment revealed that HJPS1-2 intervention remarkably improved ethanol-induced hepatic dysfunction and steatosis. HJPS1-2 treatment ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis of ALD mice in a dose-dependent manner, mainly manifested as restoration of microbial diversities, community structure and bacterial interaction patterns. Compared with ethanol group, the strikingly elevated intestinal short-chain fatty acids' levels and enhanced intestinal barrier function after HJPS1-2 intake might contribute to reduced serum and liver lipopolysaccharide levels and subsequently suppressed release of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating ALD. Collectively, this research supports the potential of food-derived polysaccharides to hinder the early formation and progression of ALD through maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

Gastrointestinal Issues in Depression, Anxiety, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review on Pathways and Clinical Targets Implications

INTRODUCTION

Multiple illnesses commonly involve both the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) simultaneously. Consistent evidence suggests that neurological disorders impair GI tract function and worsen the symptomatology and pathophysiology of digestive disorders. On the other hand, it has been proposed that early functional changes in the GI tract contribute to the genesis of several CNS illnesses. Additionally, the role played by the gut in these diseases can be seen as a paradigm for how the gut and the brain interact.

METHODS

We mentioned significant GI symptoms and discussed how the GI tract affects central nervous system illnesses, including depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease in this study. We also explored potential pathophysiological underpinnings and novel targets for the creation of future therapies targeted at gut-brain connections.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

In this situation, modulating the gut microbiota through the administration of fecal microbiota transplants or probiotics may represent a new therapeutic option for this population, not only to treat GI problems but also behavioral problems, given the role that dysbiosis and leaky gut play in many neurological disorders.

CONCLUSION

Accurate diagnosis and treatment of co-existing illnesses also require coordination between psychiatrists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, and other specialties, as well as a thorough history and thorough physical examination.

Liquiritin apioside alleviates colonic inflammation and accompanying depression-like symptoms in colitis by gut metabolites and the balance of Th17/Treg

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a significant global health concern that can lead to depression in affected patients. Liquiritin apioside (LA) possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism in IBD has not been extensively studied.

PURPOSE

This study elucidates the pivotal role of LA in alleviating inflammation by regulating gut metabiota-derived metabolites and evaluating its regulative effects on promoting a balance of Th17/Treg cells in colitis mice.

METHODS

To evaluate the effect of LA on IBD,16S rRNA gene sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis were used to identify the changes of intestinal bacteria and their metabolites. Cytokines levels were determined by ELISA and qPCR, while immune cell ratios were evaluated via flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that LA treatment ameliorated general states of DSS-induced colitis mice and their accompanying depressive behaviors. Moreover, LA restricted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and revised the imbalanced Treg/Th17 differentiation, while promoting SCFAs production in inflamed colon tissues. Fecal microbiota transplantation from LA-fed mice also corrected the imbalanced Treg/Th17 differentiation, indicating that LA-mediated restoration of the colonic Treg/Th17 balance mainly depends on the changes in gut metabolites.

CONCLUSION

These results provide scientific evidence explaining the apparent paradox of low bioavailability and high bioactivity in polyphenols, and suggesting that LA could be used as a potential dietary supplement for the prevention and improvement of IBD.

Inhibition of STAT-mediated cytokine responses to chemically-induced colitis prevents inflammation-associated neurobehavioral impairments

Depression can be associated with chronic systemic inflammation, and production of peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway have been implicated in pathogenesis of depression. However, the mechanistic bases for these comorbidities are not yet well understood. As tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which convert tryptophan to kynurenine, are rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway, we screened TDO or IDO inhibitors for effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse macrophage cell line. The TDO inhibitor 680C91 attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6. Surprisingly, this effect was TDO-independent, as it occurred even in peritoneal macrophages from TDO knockout mice. Instead, the anti-inflammatory effects of 680C91 were mediated through the suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT) signaling. Furthermore, 680C91 suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and STAT signaling in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, 680C91 effectively attenuated acute phase colon cytokine responses in male mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Interestingly, this treatment also prevented the development of anxiodepressive-like neurobehaviors in DSS-treated mice during the recovery phase. The ability of 680C91 to prevent anxiodepressive-like behavior in response to chemically-induced colitis appeared to be due to rescue of attenuated dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, inhibition of STAT-mediated, but TDO-independent proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages can prevent inflammation-associated anxiety and depression. Identification of molecular mechanisms involved may facilitate the development of new treatments for gastrointestinal-neuropsychiatric comorbidity.

Erythritol aggravates gut inflammation and anxiety-like behavioral disorders induced by acute dextran sulfate sodium administration in mice

Erythritol is a widely used sugar substitute in food and beverages with beneficial and detrimental roles in obesity and cardiovascular diseases, respectively; however, its influence on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and related behavioral disorders is not well understood. Here, we found that erythritol exacerbated gut inflammation by promoting macrophage infiltration and inducing M1 macrophage polarization, thus increasing gut leakage during colitis triggered by acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Increased gut permeability can cause neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavioral disorders. In conclusion, our results revealed a negative role for erythritol in gut inflammation and anxiety-like behavioral disorders induced by erythritol administration in a mouse model of acute colitis, suggesting that erythritol intake control may be necessary for IBD treatment.

The potential modulation of gut microbiota and oxidative stress by dietary carotenoid pigments

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating the response to immune checkpoint therapy, therefore modulation of the microbiome with bioactive molecules like carotenoids might be a very effective strategy to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This review highlights the bio-functional effect of carotenoids on Gut Microbiota modulation based on a bibliographic search of the different databases. The methodology given in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) has been employed for developing this review using papers published over two decades considering keywords related to carotenoids and gut microbiota. Moreover, studies related to the health-promoting properties of carotenoids and their utilization in the modulation of gut microbiota have been presented. Results showed that there can be quantitative changes in intestinal bacteria as a function of the type of carotenoid. Due to the dependency on several factors, gut microbiota continues to be a broad and complex study subject. Carotenoids are promising in the modulation of Gut Microbiota, which favored the appearance of beneficial bacteria, resulting in the protection of villi and intestinal permeability. In conclusion, it can be stated that carotenoids may help to protect the integrity of the intestinal epithelium from pathogens and activate immune cells.

Role of the gut-microbiota-metabolite-brain axis in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury

Brain injury, a common complication in preterm infants, includes the destruction of the key structural and functional connections of the brain and causes neurodevelopmental disorders; it has high morbidity and mortality rates. The exact mechanism underlying brain injury in preterm infants is unclear. Intestinal flora plays a vital role in brain development and the maturation of the immune system in infants; however, detailed understanding of the gut microbiota-metabolite-brain axis in preterm infants is lacking. In this review, we summarise the key mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota contribute to neurodevelopment and brain injury in preterm infants, with special emphasis on the influence of microorganisms and their metabolites on the regulation of neurocognitive development and neurodevelopmental risks related to preterm birth, infection and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). This review provides support for the development and application of novel therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal bacteria transplantation targeting at brain injury in preterm infants.

Association between dietary carotenoids intake and chronic constipation in American men and women adults: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Dietary carotenoids have been proven to improve intestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer, yet little is known about the link between dietary carotenoids and constipation. This study aims to examine the relationship between dietary carotenoids intake and constipation, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010.

METHODS

A total of 11,722 participants were enrolled. Chronic constipation was defined as type 1 (separate hard lumps, like nuts) and type 2 (sausage-like, but lumpy) in the Bristol stool form scale (BSFS). Carotenoids intake was obtained from the average of two 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires (if only one 24-hour was available, we used it) and divided into quartiles (Q). The prevalence of constipation was calculated across men and women individuals. The relationship between dietary carotenoids intake and constipation in men and women was assessed with weighted logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting after adjusting confounders, with results displayed as weighted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The model was further stratified by age, race, and HEI 2015 scores (with median as cutoff) among men and women.

RESULTS

The total weighted prevalence of chronic constipation in this study was 8.08%, 11.11% in women and 5.18% in men. After multivariable adjustment, compared with the lowest intake, participants with the highest dietary lycopene intake (ORQ4 vs. Q1= 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.84, p for trend = 0.01) and total lycopene intake (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34-0.80, p for trend = 0.01) were negatively associated with the risk of chronic constipation in men, whereas increased dietary α-carotene intake reduced the risk of chronic constipation in women (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.98, p for trend = 0.04). Smoothing curve fitting further supported these results and provided evidence of dose-response effects. No association was found between other types of carotenoids and chronic constipation in men and women.

CONCLUSIONS

Increasing lycopene intake may improve bowel function in men while increased α-carotene intake may reduce the risk of chronic constipation in women. Further studies are essential to explore the role that the intake of carotenoids plays in chronic constipation.

Oral polyphenol-armored nanomedicine for targeted modulation of gut microbiota-brain interactions in colitis

Developing oral nanomedicines that suppress intestinal inflammation while modulating gut microbiota and brain interactions is essential for effectively treating inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we report an oral polyphenol-armored nanomedicine based on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-small interfering RNA and gallic acid-mediated graphene quantum dot (GAGQD)-encapsulated bovine serum albumin nanoparticle, with a chitosan and tannin acid (CHI/TA) multilayer. Referred to "armor," the CHI/TA multilayer resists the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and adheres to inflamed colon sites in a targeted manner. TA provides antioxidative stress and prebiotic activities that modulate the diverse gut microbiota. Moreover, GAGQD protected TNF-α-siRNA delivery. Unexpectedly, the armored nanomedicine suppressed hyperactive immune responses and modulated bacterial gut microbiota homeostasis in a mouse model of acute colitis. Notably, the armored nanomedicine alleviated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in mice with colitis. This armor strategy sheds light on the effect of oral nanomedicines on bacterial gut microbiome-brain interactions.

Oyster polysaccharides relieve DSS-induced colitis via anti-inflammatory and maintaining the physiological hypoxia

Oyster polysaccharides (OPS) possess potent anti-inflammatory properties and mediate gut microbiome. The research aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of OPS on attenuating colitis. OPS administration decreased the disease activity index and suppressed the increase in colon length. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results displayed that OPS restored the DSS-induced histopathological damage. After oral administration of OPS, myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in colitis mice were inhibited, while IL-10 was elevated. Western blotting results revealed that OPS improved the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin). Additionally, OPS stabilized the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and prevented the levels of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides). OPS activated barrier-protective genes (intestinal trefoil factor) via mediating HIF-1α. These results indicated that OPS alleviated DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting inflammation and regulating HIF-1α. OPS would be a potential candidate to alleviate DSS-induced colitis.

Brexpiprazole prevents colitis-induced depressive-like behavior through myelination in the prefrontal cortex

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher rates of psychiatric pathology including depression. The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice exhibit IBD- and depressive-like phenotypes. A disturbed intestinal environment causes a decrease in serotonin and abnormal myelination in the brain, along with depressive-like behavior in rodents. However, the involvement of these factors in DSS-induced depressive-like behavior in mice remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether myelin proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampi were altered in DSS-treated mice, along with the changes in the serotonergic system in the PFC by western blotting and HPLC. The effects of brexpiprazole (Brx), a serotonin modulator, on DSS-induced depressive-like behavior using the tail-suspension test were evaluated. Subsequently, we investigated Brx's effects on the levels of myelin, nodal proteins, and neurotrophic molecules in the PFC with western blotting, and examined the altered node of Ranvier formation by immunohistochemistry. DSS-treated mice showed a reduction in myelin and nodal proteins, dysfunction of the serotonergic system, and impaired formation of the nodes of Ranvier in the PFC. Brx administration prevented the DSS-induced depressive-like behavior and demyelination in the PFC. However, the Brx-mediated effects were inhibited by the selective 5-HT_1A antagonist, WAY100635, or the selective TrkB antagonist, ANA-12. Brx decreased the phosphorylation of ERK, CREB, and TrkB along with the expression of BDNF in the PFC of DSS-treated mice. Moreover, the effects of Brx were blocked by WAY100635. These findings indicated that myelination regulated by the activation of the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF-TrkB pathway in the PFC may be involved in mediating the antidepressant effects of Brx.

Sea buckthorn polysaccharide ameliorates high-fat diet induced mice neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction via regulating gut dysbiosis

Currently, definitive treatment for neurodegenerative diseases without side effects has not been developed, therefore, exploring natural polysaccharides with neuroprotection to prevent the occurrences and progressions of cognitive dysfunctions has important significance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide (SBP) on high-fat diet (HFD) induced mice cognitive dysfunctions and attempted to explore its biological mechanisms. Behavior tests (Y-maze and Barnes maze) suggested that SBP effectively alleviated the HFD induced behavioral disorders, which was in accordance with the inhibition of neuroinflammation via suppressing the NF-κB pathway and amelioration of synaptic dysfunction via upregulating CREB/BDNF/TrkB pathway in mice brain. Furthermore, SBP alleviated the gut barrier impairment, inflammatory responses, and lipopolysaccharide invasion into blood circulation via regulating the gut microbiome structure, especially correcting the reduction of Ileibacterium and increase of Lactobacillus, Dubosiella, Olsenella, Helicobacter, and Ruminiclostridium_9 in HFD mice. Therefore, the reversal effects of SBP on gut dysbiosis might be the important reason for its positive effects on cognitive dysfunction induced by HFD in mice.

Ingestion of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents depression-like behavior and brain neural activity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis in colitis mice

Large preclinical evidence suggested that colitis was one of the risk factors for depression and probiotics were effective therapeutic agents to prevent the disease. The effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 on colitis-related depression-like behavior and its possible mechanisms were investigated. One week of DSS exposure led to the following changes in male C57BL/6N mice: a reduction in the movement distance from 2218 to 1299 cm, time in central areas from 23.6 s to 11.5 s, and time in the bright box from 217 s to 103 s, which were restored to 1816 cm, 18.4 s, and 181 s, respectively, with preadministration of Fmb14 for 8 weeks. All improvements provided by Fmb14 indicated a remarkable protective effect on depression-like behavior. Fmb14 first worked to repair intestinal barrier damage and the inflammatory response in the colon through ZO1 and Ocln enhancement and IL-1β, NF-κB and IL-6 reduction, respectively. Second, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota was modulated by Fmb14, including reduction of Akkermansia (18.9% to 5.4%), Mucispirillum (0.6% to 0.1%) and Bifidobacterium (0.32% to 0.03%). Fmb14 supplementation ameliorates the brain inflammatory response via IL-18 and NF-κB reduction and improves the blood-brain barrier via increased levels of ZO1 and Ocln. Moreover, brain activity was facilitated by an increase in BDNF and dopamine and the downregulation of GABA in the Fmb14 group. As a consequence of the modulatory effect on the dysfunction of neurotransmitters and neuroinflammation, Fmb14 prevents neurodegeneration by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and Nissl edema. In addition, the correlation analysis further demonstrated the preventative effect of Fmb14 on depression-like behavior through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Together, these findings demonstrated the important role of Fmb14 in biological signal transduction over the microbiota-gut-brain axis to improve mood disorders.