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Zhang Q, Zhang W, Cui R, Zhang Y, Niu D. Synthesis of 2,4-diarylated pyrimidines enabled by Ni-catalyzed C–sulfone bond activation. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01935c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The readily available pyrimidinyl sulfones, in which the C–S bond is cleaved selectively, could serve as electrophiles in the Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to prepare 2,4-diarylated pyrimidines under mild conditions with a broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Shizishan Road No. 4, Jinjiang district, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoyan Cui
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Toviwek B, Riley J, Mutter N, Anderson M, Webster L, Hallyburton I, Gleeson D, Read KD, Gleeson MP. Preparation, biological evaluation and QSAR analysis of urea substituted 2,4-diamino-pyrimidine anti-malarials. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1587-1604. [PMID: 36561069 PMCID: PMC9749952 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of twenty six new phenylurea substituted 2,4-diamino-pyrimidines against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) 3D7 are reported. Compounds were prepared to improve both anti-malarial activity and selectivity of the series previously reported by our group. Additional properties have been determined to assess their potential as anti-malarial leads including; HepG2 cytotoxicity, solubility, permeability, and lipophilicity, as well as in vitro stability in human and rat microsomes. We also assess their inhibition profile against a diverse set of 10 human kinases. Molecular docking, cheminformatics and bioinformatics analyses were also undertaken. Compounds 40 demonstrated the best anti-malarial activity at Pf 3D7 (0.09 μM), good selectivity with respect to mammalian cytotoxicity (SI = 54) and low microsomal clearance. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analyses point to lipophilicity being a key driver of improved anti-malarial activity. The most active compounds in the series suffered from high lipophilicity, poor aqueous solubility and low permeability. The results provide useful information to guide further chemistry iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borvornwat Toviwek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 0900 Thailand
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - Nicole Mutter
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - Mark Anderson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - Lauren Webster
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - Duangkamol Gleeson
- Applied Computational Chemistry Research Unit & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - M Paul Gleeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
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3
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Male contraceptive development: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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5
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Toviwek B, Phuangsawai O, Konsue A, Hannongbua S, Riley J, Mutter N, Anderson M, Webster L, Hallyburton I, Read KD, Gleeson MP. Preparation, biological & cheminformatics-based assessment of N 2,N 4-diphenylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine as potential Kinase-targeted antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116348. [PMID: 34479064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty eight new N2,N4-diphenylpyrimidine-2,4-diamines have been prepared in order to expand our understanding of the anti-malarial SAR of the scaffold. The aim of the study was to make structural modifications to improve the overall potency, selectivity and solubility of the series by varying the anilino groups attached to the 2- and 4-position. We evaluated the activity of the compounds against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) 3D7, cytotoxicity against HepG2, % inhibition at a panel of 10 human kinases, solubility, permeability and lipophilicity, and human and rat in vitro clearance. 11 was identified as a potent anti-malarial with an IC50 of 0.66 µM at the 3D7 strain and a selectivity (SI) of ~ 40 in terms of cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell line. It also displayed low experimental logD7.4 (2.27), reasonable solubility (124 µg/ml), good metabolic stability, but low permeability. A proteo-chemometric workflow was employed to identify putative Pf targets of the most promising compounds. Ligand-based similarity searching of the ChEMBL database led to the identification of most probable human targets. These were then used as input for sequence-based searching of the Pf proteome. Homology modelling and molecular docking were used to evaluate whether compounds could indeed bind to these targets with valid binding modes. In vitro biological testing against close human analogs of these targets was subsequently undertaken. This allowed us to identify potential Pf targets and human anti-targets that could be exploited in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borvornwat Toviwek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Phuangsawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Adchatawut Konsue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Mutter
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Anderson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Webster
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Divison of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - M Paul Gleeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
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Rokkam SK, Yadav M, Joshi M, Choudhury AR, Sahal D, Golakoti NR. Synthesis, in vitro anti-plasmodial potency, in-silico-cum-SPR binding with inhibition of PfPyridoxal synthase and rapid parasiticidal action by 3,5-bis{( E) arylidene}- N-methyl-4-piperidones. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04604g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DANMPs have been identified as new pharmacophores that have the ability to target PfPyridoxal synthase and cause rapid killing of the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Rokkam
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- Malaria Drug Discovery Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Joshi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Angshuman Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Golakoti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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7
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Garcia ML, de Oliveira AA, Bueno RV, Nogueira VHR, de Souza GE, Guido RVC. QSAR studies on benzothiophene derivatives as Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: Molecular insights into affinity and selectivity. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:264-284. [PMID: 32045013 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles spp. mosquitos. Due to the emerging resistance to currently available drugs, great efforts must be invested in discovering new molecular targets and drugs. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential enzyme to parasites and has been validated as a chemically tractable target for the discovery of new drug candidates against malaria. In this work, 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on a series of benzothiophene derivatives as P. falciparum NMT (PfNMT) and human NMT (HsNMT) inhibitors to shed light on the molecular requirements for inhibitor affinity and selectivity. A combination of Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship (QSAR) methods, including the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, were used, and the impacts of the molecular alignment strategies (maximum common substructure and flexible ligand alignment) and atomic partial charge methods (Gasteiger-Hückel, MMFF94, AM1-BCC, CHELPG, and Mulliken) on the quality and reliability of the models were assessed. The best models exhibited internal consistency and could reasonably predict the inhibitory activity against both PfNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.83/0.98/0.81; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.78/0.97/0.86; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.74/0.95/0.82) and HsNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.79/0.93/0.74; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.82/0.98/0.60; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.62/0.95/0.56). The results enabled the identification of the polar interactions (electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding properties) as the major molecular features that affected the inhibitory activity and selectivity. These findings should be useful for the design of PfNMT inhibitors with high affinities and selectivities as antimalarial lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Garcia
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew A de Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata V Bueno
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor H R Nogueira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Moreno-Sabater A, Pérignon JL, Mazier D, Lavazec C, Soulard V. Humanized mouse models infected with human Plasmodium species for antimalarial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:131-140. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Est - Site Saint-Antoine, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | | | - Dominique Mazier
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Institut Cochin – INSERM U1016, Paris, Île-de-France France
- CNRS - UMR8104, Paris, France
- Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Valerie Soulard
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
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9
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Hallyburton I, Grimaldi R, Woodland A, Baragaña B, Luksch T, Spinks D, James D, Leroy D, Waterson D, Fairlamb AH, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, Frearson JA. Screening a protein kinase inhibitor library against Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2017; 16:446. [PMID: 29115999 PMCID: PMC5678585 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinases have been shown to be key drug targets, especially in the area of oncology. It is of interest to explore the possibilities of protein kinases as a potential target class in Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria. However, protein kinase biology in malaria is still being investigated. Therefore, rather than assaying against individual protein kinases, a library of 4731 compounds with protein kinase inhibitor-like scaffolds was screened against the causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This approach is more holistic and considers the whole kinome, making it possible to identify compounds that inhibit more than one P. falciparum protein kinase, or indeed other malaria targets. Results As a result of this screen, 9 active compound series were identified; further validation was carried out on 4 of these series, with 3 being progressed into hits to lead chemistry. The detailed evaluation of one of these series is described. Discussion This screening approach proved to be an effective way to identify series for further optimisation against malaria. Compound optimisation was carried out in the absence of knowledge of the molecular target. Some of the series had to be halted for various reasons. Mode of action studies to find the molecular target may be useful when problems prevent further chemical optimisation. Conclusions Progressible series were identified through phenotypic screening of a relatively small focused kinase scaffold chemical library.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Raffaella Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrew Woodland
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Torsten Luksch
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of 1-(7,7-dimethyl-2-morpholino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-2945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box across Multiple Pathogens Reclassifies Starting Points for Open-Source Drug Discovery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00379-17. [PMID: 28674055 PMCID: PMC5571359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00379-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-access drug discovery provides a substantial resource for diseases primarily affecting the poor and disadvantaged. The open-access Pathogen Box collection is comprised of compounds with demonstrated biological activity against specific pathogenic organisms. The supply of this resource by the Medicines for Malaria Venture has the potential to provide new chemical starting points for a number of tropical and neglected diseases, through repurposing of these compounds for use in drug discovery campaigns for these additional pathogens. We tested the Pathogen Box against kinetoplastid parasites and malaria life cycle stages in vitro Consequently, chemical starting points for malaria, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis drug discovery efforts have been identified. Inclusive of this in vitro biological evaluation, outcomes from extensive literature reviews and database searches are provided. This information encompasses commercial availability, literature reference citations, other aliases and ChEMBL number with associated biological activity, where available. The release of this new data for the Pathogen Box collection into the public domain will aid the open-source model of drug discovery. Importantly, this will provide novel chemical starting points for drug discovery and target identification in tropical disease research.
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