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Jenkins TW, Fitzgerald JE, Park J, Wilson AM, Berry KL, Wong KS, Houry WA, Lee I, Maksimenko AV, Panizzi PR, Maxuitenko YY, Loop MS, Mitra AK, Kisselev AF. Highly specific Immunoproteasome inhibitor M3258 induces proteotoxic stress and apoptosis in KMT2A::AFF1 driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2025; 15:17284. [PMID: 40389585 PMCID: PMC12089620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib are approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma and have clinical activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The predominant form of proteasome in these hematologic malignancies is the lymphoid tissue-specific immunoproteasome. FDA-approved PIs inhibit immunoproteasomes and ubiquitously expressed constitutive proteasomes causing on-target toxicities in non-hematological tissues. Replacing PIs with selective immunoproteasome inhibitors (IPIs) should reduce these toxicities. We have previously shown that IPI ONX-0914 causes apoptosis of ALL cells expressing the KMT2A::AFF1 (MLL-AF4) fusion protein but did not elucidate the mechanism. Here we show that a novel, highly specific IPI M3258 induces rapid apoptosis in ALL cells in vitro and is comparable to bortezomib in its ability to reduce tumor growth and to cause tumor regression when combined with chemotherapy in vivo. Treatment of KMT2A::AFF1 ALL cells with M3258, ONX-0914, and bortezomib induced proteotoxic stress that was prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, which dramatically desensitized cells to PI-induced apoptosis. Thus, similar to multiple myeloma, ALL cells are sensitive to PIs and IPIs due to increased proteotoxic stress caused by elevated rates of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Jenkins
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Elise Fitzgerald
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jieun Park
- Division of Research, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Addison M Wilson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kristy L Berry
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Keith S Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, MaRS Centre, West Tower, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Walid A Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, MaRS Centre, West Tower, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Irene Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7078, USA
| | - Andrey V Maksimenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Peter R Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yulia Y Maxuitenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Matthew Shane Loop
- Department of Health Outcomes and Research Policy, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Amit K Mitra
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alexei F Kisselev
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
- Auburn University, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, 36849-5503, AL, USA.
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2
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Mok CC. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2025; 21:531-542. [PMID: 40266558 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2025.2497845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2025] [Revised: 04/04/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major non-lysosomal mechanism for selective degradation of intracellular proteins that is essential for the regulation of cellular functions and survival. Modulation of the proteasomes and cereblon E3 ligase promotes degradation of polyubiquitin-tagged transcription factors and oncoproteins, leading to depletion of long-lived plasma cells, diminished autoantibody and interferon-α production, reduced T-cell polarization to the proinflammatory phenotypes and increased regulatory T-cell activity that are relevant to the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AREAS COVERED Selective immunoproteasome inhibitors and newer generation cereblon modulators have improved safety profiles compared to conventional compounds. This article summarizes the literature regarding the modulation of the UPS in murine and human SLE. EXPERT OPINION Bortezomib and the selective immunoproteasome inhibitors, ONX-0914 and zetomipzomib, ameliorate renal disease in murine lupus models. While clinically effective in refractory SLE, bortezomib is limited by its toxicities. Zetomipzomib shows promising data in phase Ib/II studies of SLE and lupus nephritis. Thalidomide and lenalidomide are effective in refractory cutaneous lupus but again limited by their off-target effects. A phase II RCT of iberdomide shows favorable results in SLE, especially chronic and subacute cutaneous lesions. These molecules should be further explored in larger clinical trials of renal and cutaneous SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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3
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Meneghello R, Rustiguel JK, de Araújo EA, de Felício R, Fernandes AZN, Ferreira ELF, Gubiani JR, Takeda AAS, Araujo A, de Lima Silva CC, Bertonha AF, Urano RPM, Trindade DM, Cunha TM, Cardoso AC, Berlinck RGS, Nascimento AFZ, Trivella DBB. High-throughput protein crystallography to empower natural product-based drug discovery. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2025; 81:179-192. [PMID: 40237633 PMCID: PMC12035556 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x25001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Nature is a rich and largely untapped reservoir of small molecules, the latter historically being the main source of new drugs. Three-dimensional structures of proteins in complex with small-molecule ligands represent key information to progress drug-discovery projects, in particular in the hit-to-lead phase. High-throughput crystallography has been of extensive use in recent years, especially to obtain crystallographic complexes of synthetic ligands and fragments. However, the process of discovering novel bioactive natural products has experienced limitations that have long prevented large drug-discovery programs using this outstanding source of molecules. Recent technologies have contributed to the re-emergence of natural products in modern drug discovery. We present the use of high-throughput protein crystallography to directly capture bioactive natural products from unpurified biota chemical samples using protein crystals. These routines, which are currently in use at the Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), are introduced with a description of crystal preparation, automated data collection and processing at the MANACÁ beamline (Sirius, LNLS, CNPEM), along with case examples of bioactive natural product capture using protein crystals. The usefulness of this pipeline, which accelerates the discovery and structural elucidation of both known and previously unknown bioactive natural products, paves the way for the development of innovative therapeutic agents, thus contributing to the new era of natural product-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Meneghello
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Joane K. Rustiguel
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Evandro Ares de Araújo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source National Laboratory (LNLS)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Rafael de Felício
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Arthur Zanetti N. Fernandes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | | | - Juliana R. Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São CarlosUniversidade de São PauloSão CarlosSP13560-970Brazil
| | - Agnes A. S. Takeda
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Amanda Araujo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
- Centre of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-970, Brazil
| | - Caio C. de Lima Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Raquel P. M. Urano
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Trindade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Centre of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-970, Brazil
| | - Alisson C. Cardoso
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | | | - Andrey F. Ziem Nascimento
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source National Laboratory (LNLS)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
| | - Daniela B. B. Trivella
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSP13083-970Brazil
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Muli CS, Loy CA, Trader DJ. Immunoproteasome as a Target for Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2025; 68:6507-6517. [PMID: 40098355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Immunoproteasome (iCP) is a proteasome isoform that is expressed under inflammatory conditions such as cytokine interferon-γ exposure. The iCP has different catalytic subunits other than the standard CP (standard core particle), allowing the production of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) compatible peptides for eventual T-cell activation. We have previously reported the design of a fluorescent probe that monitors iCP activity in cells called TBZ-1, and we applied TBZ-1's iCP recognition sequence for prodrug release into iCP-active cells. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept of the iCP as a prodrug release enzyme. The "payload" we utilized was a toxic moiety, doxorubicin, and a degrader for transcription factor, BRD4. Both examples show that iCP activity is required to elicit cell death or degradation of BRD4. This report highlights that the iCP is a viable prodrug target, and its activity can be used to release a variety of cargo in cells expressing the iCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Muli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cody A Loy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, 856 Health Sciences, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Darci J Trader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, 856 Health Sciences, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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Halder S, Loy CA, Trader DJ. Synthesis and Application of a Versatile Immunoproteasome Activity Probe. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400571. [PMID: 39363730 PMCID: PMC11633459 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome (iCP) has gained significant interest in recent years as it has been discovered to be significantly expressed under inflammatory conditions, as well as playing significant roles in several diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, viral infection, and cancer. Selective inhibitors have been generated as a method to overcome the off-target effects of current proteasome inhibitor therapeutics. However, selective probes that allow for monitoring this protein complex remain limited, hindering our understanding of the iCP. Current probes are non-selective, not commercially available, or require difficult synthesis. Here, we describe the modular synthesis and application of an iCP-selective probe. The modular nature of the synthetic strategy can enable the incorporation of different fluorophores and covalent warheads, demonstrating the versatility of this probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saayak Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cody A. Loy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Darci J. Trader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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6
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Fajtova P, Hurysz BM, Miyamoto Y, Serafim MSM, Jiang Z, Vazquez JM, Trujillo DF, Liu LJ, Somani U, Almaliti J, Myers SA, Caffrey CR, Gerwick WH, McMinn DL, Kirk CJ, Boura E, Eckmann L, O'Donoghue AJ. Distinct substrate specificities of the three catalytic subunits of the Trichomonas vaginalis proteasome. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5225. [PMID: 39589076 PMCID: PMC11590128 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Although Tv has been linked to significant health complications, only two closely related 5-nitroimidazole drugs are approved for its treatment. The emergence of resistance to these drugs and lack of alternative treatment options poses an increasing threat to public health, making development of novel anti-Trichomonas compounds an urgent need. The proteasome, a critical enzyme complex found in all eukaryotes has three catalytic subunits, β1, β2, and β5 and has been validated as a drug target to treat trichomoniasis. With the goal of developing tools to study the Tv proteasome, we isolated the enzyme complex and identified inhibitors that preferentially inactivate either one or two of the three catalytic subunits. Using a mass spectrometry-based peptide digestion assay, these inhibitors were used to define the substrate preferences of the β1, β2 and β5 subunits. Subsequently, three model fluorogenic substrates were designed, each specific for one of the catalytic subunits. This novel substrate profiling methodology will allow for individual subunit characterization of other proteasomes of interest. Using the new substrates, we screened a library of 284 peptide epoxyketone inhibitors against Tv and determined the subunits targeted by the most active compounds. The data show that inhibition of the Tv β5 subunit alone is toxic to the parasite. Taken together, the optimized proteasome subunit substrates will be instrumental for understanding the molecular determinants of proteasome specificity and for accelerating drug development against trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Fajtova
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrague 6Czech Republic
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brianna M. Hurysz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mateus Sá M. Serafim
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julia M. Vazquez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diego F. Trujillo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lawrence J. Liu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Urvashi Somani
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel A. Myers
- Division of Signaling and Gene ExpressionLa Jolla Institute for ImmunologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Malek N, Gladysz R, Stelmach N, Drag M. Targeting Microglial Immunoproteasome: A Novel Approach in Neuroinflammatory-Related Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2532-2544. [PMID: 38970802 PMCID: PMC11258690 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the aging process is linked to the accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins. This phenomenon is accompanied by a decrease in proteasome (c20S) activity, concomitant with an increase in immunoproteasome (i20S) activity. These changes can be attributed, in part, to the chronic neuroinflammation that occurs in brain tissues. Neuroinflammation is a complex process characterized by the activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to injury, infection, and other pathological stimuli. In certain cases, this immune response becomes chronic, contributing to the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, including chronic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain traumatic injury, and others. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, play a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory response. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of i20S in promoting neuroinflammation, increased activity of which may lead to the presentation of self-antigens, triggering an autoimmune response against the CNS, exacerbating inflammation, and contributing to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, since i20S plays a role in breaking down accumulated proteins during inflammation within the cell body, any disruption in its activity could lead to a prolonged state of inflammation and subsequent cell death. Given the pivotal role of i20S in neuroinflammation, targeting this proteasome subtype has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for managing neuroinflammatory diseases. This review delves into the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and microglia activation, exploring the potential of i20S inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malek
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Gladysz
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Stelmach
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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8
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Holzer MT, Uruha A, Roos A, Hentschel A, Schänzer A, Weis J, Claeys KG, Schoser B, Montagnese F, Goebel HH, Huber M, Léonard-Louis S, Kötter I, Streichenberger N, Gallay L, Benveniste O, Schneider U, Preusse C, Krusche M, Stenzel W. Anti-Ku + myositis: an acquired inflammatory protein-aggregate myopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:6. [PMID: 39012547 PMCID: PMC11252205 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Myositis with anti-Ku-autoantibodies is a rare inflammatory myopathy associated with various connective tissue diseases. Histopathological studies have identified inflammatory and necrotizing aspects, but a precise morphological analysis and pathomechanistic disease model are lacking. We therefore aimed to carry out an in-depth morpho-molecular analysis to uncover possible pathomechanisms. Muscle biopsy specimens from 26 patients with anti-Ku-antibodies and unequivocal myositis were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, transcriptomics, and proteomics and compared to biopsy specimens of non-disease controls, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Clinical findings and laboratory parameters were evaluated retrospectively and correlated with morphological and molecular features. Patients were mainly female (92%) with a median age of 56.5 years. Isolated myositis and overlap with systemic sclerosis were reported in 31%, respectively. Isolated myositis presented with higher creatine kinase levels and cardiac involvement (83%), whereas systemic sclerosis-overlap patients often had interstitial lung disease (57%). Histopathology showed a wide spectrum from mild to pronounced myositis with diffuse sarcolemmal MHC-class I (100%) and -II (69%) immunoreactivity, myofiber necrosis (88%), endomysial inflammation (85%), thickened capillaries (84%), and vacuoles (60%). Conspicuous sarcoplasmic protein aggregates were p62, BAG3, myotilin, or immunoproteasomal beta5i-positive. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis identified prominent up-regulation of autophagy, proteasome, and hnRNP-related cell stress. To conclude, Ku + myositis is morphologically characterized by myofiber necrosis, MHC-class I and II positivity, variable endomysial inflammation, and distinct protein aggregation varying from IBM and IMNM, and it can be placed in the spectrum of scleromyositis and overlap myositis. It features characteristic sarcoplasmic protein aggregation on an acquired basis being functionally associated with altered chaperone, proteasome, and autophagy function indicating that Ku + myositis exhibit aspects of an acquired inflammatory protein-aggregate myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Holzer
- Division of Rheumatology and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, III, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité. Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Akinori Uruha
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité. Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften -ISAS- E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristl G Claeys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Muscle Diseases and Neuropathies, KU Leuven, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Federica Montagnese
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité. Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Huber
- Department for Rheumatology, Campus Kerckhoff of Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Léonard-Louis
- Reference Center of Neuromuscular Pathology Paris-Est, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ina Kötter
- Division of Rheumatology and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, III, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Streichenberger
- Neuropathologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS UMR 5261- INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Gallay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité. Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Krusche
- Division of Rheumatology and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, III, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité. Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Arai Y, Shitama H, Yamagishi M, Ono S, Kashima A, Hiraizumi M, Tsuda N, Katayama K, Tanaka K, Koda Y, Kato S, Sakata K, Nureki O, Miyazaki H. Optimization of α-amido boronic acids via cryo-electron microscopy analysis: Discovery of a novel highly selective immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 (β5i)/LMP2 (β1i) dual inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 109:117790. [PMID: 38906067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 (β5i)/LMP2 (β1i) dual blockade has been reported to suppress B cell differentiation and activation, suggesting that the dual inhibition of LMP7/LMP2 is a promising approach for treating autoimmune diseases. In contrast, the inhibition of the constitutive proteasome subunit β5c correlates with cytotoxicity against non-immune cells. Therefore, LMP7/LMP2 dual inhibitors with high selectivity over β5c may be desirable for treating autoimmune diseases. In this study, we present the optimization and discovery of α-amido boronic acids using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The exploitation of structural differences between the proteasome subunits led to the identification of a highly selective LMP7/LMP2 dual inhibitor 19. Molecular dynamics simulation based on cryo-EM structures of the proteasome subunits complexed with 19 explained the inhibitory activity profile. In mice immunized with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl conjugated to ovalbumin, results indicate that 19 is orally bioavailable and shows promise as potential treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Arai
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shitama
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamagishi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiraizumi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsuda
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Koushirou Katayama
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kouji Tanaka
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yuzo Koda
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Sayuka Kato
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Sakata
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyazaki
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
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10
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Tatsumi K, Kitahata S, Komatani Y, Katsuyama A, Yakushiji F, Ichikawa S. Modulation of proteasome subunit selectivity of syringolins. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 106:117733. [PMID: 38704960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Development of selective or dual proteasome subunit inhibitors based on syringolin B as a scaffold is described. We focused our efforts on a structure-activity relationship study of inhibitors with various substituents at the 3-position of the macrolactam moiety of syringolin B analogue to evaluate whether this would be sufficient to confer subunit selectivity by using sets of analogues with hydrophobic, basic and acidic substituents, which were designed to target Met45, Glu53 and Arg45 embedded in the S1 subsite, respectively. The structure-activity relationship study using systematic analogues provided insight into the origin of the subunit-selective inhibitory activity. This strategy would be sufficient to confer subunit selectivity regarding β5 and β2 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Tatsumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shun Kitahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuya Komatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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11
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Park JE, Chaudhary CL, Bhattarai D, Kim KB. Brain-Permeable Immunoproteasome-Targeting Macrocyclic Peptide Epoxyketones for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7146-7157. [PMID: 38636481 PMCID: PMC11733980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that linear peptide epoxyketones targeting the immunoproteasome (iP) could ameliorate cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently of amyloid deposition. We also reported the first iP-targeting macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones, which exhibit improved metabolic stability compared with their linear counterparts. Here, we prepared additional macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones and compared them with existing macrocyclic iP inhibitors by assessing Caco2 cell-based permeability and microsomal stability, providing the four best macrocyclic iP inhibitors. We then evaluated the four compounds using the Ames test and the potency assays in BV2 cells, selecting compound 5 as our AD drug lead. When 5 was administered intravenously (40 mg/kg) or orally (150 mg/kg) into healthy BALB/c mice, we observed considerable iP inhibition in the mouse brain, indicating good blood-brain barrier permeability and target engagement. Combined results suggest that 5 is a promising AD drug lead that may need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Park
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Chhabi L. Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Deepak Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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12
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Lee Y, Yoon B, Son S, Cho E, Kim KB, Choi EY, Kim DE. Inhibition of Immunoproteasome Attenuates NLRP3 Inflammasome Response by Regulating E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM31. Cells 2024; 13:675. [PMID: 38667290 PMCID: PMC11048918 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to the disruption of intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induces the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in the augmented secretion of inflammatory cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TNFα has also been known to induce the formation of immunoproteasome (IP), which incorporates immunosubunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1. Inhibition of IP activity using the IP subunit LMP2-specific inhibitor YU102, a peptide epoxyketone, decreased the protein levels of NLRP3 and increased the K48-linked polyubiquitination levels of NLRP3 in TNFα-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells. We observed that inhibition of IP activity caused an increase in the protein level of the ubiquitin E3 ligase, tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31). TRIM31 facilitated K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NLRP3 with an enhanced interaction between NLRP3 and TRIM31 in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, IP inhibition using YU102 ameliorated the symptoms of colitis in the model mice inflicted with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Administration of YU102 in the DSS-treated colitis model mice caused suppression of the NLRP3 protein levels and accompanied inflammatory cytokine release in the intestinal epithelium. Taken together, we demonstrated that inhibiting IP under inflammatory conditions induces E3 ligase TRIM31-mediated NLRP3 degradation, leading to attenuation of the NLRP3 inflammatory response that triggers disruption of intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Boran Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Sumin Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Eunbin Cho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science at Port St. Lucie, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science at Port St. Lucie, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
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13
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Delshad M, Davoodi-Moghaddam Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Faranoush M, Abolghasemi H, Bashash D. Translating mechanisms into therapeutic strategies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Lessons from clinical trials. Thromb Res 2024; 235:125-147. [PMID: 38335568 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes a significant reduction in peripheral blood platelet count. Fortunately, due to an increased understanding of ITP, there have been significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Over the past decade, there have been a variety of proven therapeutic options available for ITP patients, including intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), Rituximab, corticosteroids, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Although the effectiveness of current therapies in treating more than two-thirds of patients, still some patients do not respond well to conventional therapies or fail to achieve long-term remission. Recently, a significant advancement has been made in identifying various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ITP, leading to the development of novel treatments targeting these pathways. It seems that new agents that target plasma cells, Bruton tyrosine kinase, FcRn, platelet desialylation, splenic tyrosine kinase, and classical complement pathways are opening new ways to treat ITP. In this study, we reviewed the pathophysiology of ITP and summarized updates in this population's management and treatment options. We also took a closer look at the 315 ongoing trials to investigate their progress status and compare the effectiveness of interventions. May our comprehensive view of ongoing clinical trials serve as a guiding beacon, illuminating the path towards future trials of different drugs in the treatment of ITP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Davoodi-Moghaddam
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolghasemi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Tang G, Huang S, Luo J, Wu Y, Zheng S, Tong R, Zhong L, Shi J. Advances in research on potential inhibitors of multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115875. [PMID: 37879169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological malignancy. Although recent clinical applications of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors and CD38-targeting antibodies have significantly improved the outcome of MM patient with increased survival, the incidence of drug resistance and severe treatment-related complications is gradually on the rise. This review article summarizes the characteristics and clinical investigations of several MM drugs in clinical trials, including their structures, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and clinical study progress. Furthermore, the application potentials of the drugs that have not yet entered clinical trials are also reviewed. The review also outlines the future directions of MM drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Ji Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Yingmiao Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Ling Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
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15
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Li Y, Nan G, Hou X, Yan Y, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li K, Xiao Z. Non-peptidic immunoproteasome β5i-selective inhibitor as potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Virtual screening, hit evolution and lead identification. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115856. [PMID: 37826934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We report herein our efforts to discover novel non-peptidic immunoproteasome inhibitors as potential treatment for IPF. A structure-based virtual screening was initially performed and the hit compound VS-7 with an IC50 of 9.437 μM against β5i was identified. Hit evolution based on the interaction mode of VS-7 proceeded, and a potent β5i inhibitor 54 (IC50 = 8.463 nM) with favorable subunit-selective profiles was obtained. Compound 54 also imposed significant effects on the release of TNF-α and IL-6, the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, as well as TGF-β1 induced fibroblast proliferation, activation and collagen synthesis. Notably, when administered at 30 mg/kg in a bleomycin-induced IPF mouse model, compound 54 showed anti-fibrotic effects comparable to the clinical drug nintedanib. The results suggest that selective inhibition of immunoproteasome could be an effective approach to treat IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guanglei Nan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xianxin Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yechao Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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16
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Imbesi C, Ettari R, Irrera N, Zappalà M, Pallio G, Bitto A, Mannino F. Blunting Neuroinflammation by Targeting the Immunoproteasome with Novel Amide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10732. [PMID: 37445907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response of the nervous tissue mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that an upregulation of immunoproteasome is highly associated with various diseases and its inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation. In this context, the development of non-covalent immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors could represent a promising strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Novel amide derivatives, KJ3 and KJ9, inhibit the β5 subunit of immunoproteasome and were used to evaluate their possible anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of TNF-α induced neuroinflammation. Differentiated SH-SY5Y and microglial cells were challenged with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h and treated with KJ3 (1 µM) and KJ9 (1 µM) for 24 h. The amide derivatives showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress and the inflammatory cascade triggered by TNF-α reducing p-ERK expression in treated cells. Moreover, the key action of these compounds on the immunoproteasome was further confirmed by halting the IkB-α phosphorylation and the consequent inhibition of NF-kB. As downstream targets, IL-1β and IL-6 expression resulted also blunted by either KJ3 and KJ9. These preliminary results suggest that the effects of these two compounds during neuroinflammatory response relies on the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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17
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Culletta G, Tutone M, Ettari R, Perricone U, Di Chio C, Almerico AM, Zappalà M. Virtual Screening Strategy and In Vitro Tests to Identify New Inhibitors of the Immunoproteasome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10504. [PMID: 37445688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of hematological malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases. The design of non-covalent inhibitors of the immunoproteasome β1i/β5i catalytic subunits could be a novel approach to avoid the drawbacks of the known covalent inhibitors, such as toxicity due to off-target binding. In this work, we report the biological evaluation of thirty-four compounds selected from a commercially available collection. These hit compounds are the outcomes of a virtual screening strategy including a dynamic pharmacophore modeling approach onto the β1i subunit and a pharmacophore/docking approach onto the β5i subunit. The computational studies were first followed by in vitro enzymatic assays at 100 μM. Only compounds capable of inhibiting the enzymatic activity by more than 50% were characterized in detail using Tian continuous assays, determining the dissociation constant (Ki) of the non-covalent complex where Ki is also the measure of the binding affinity. Seven out of thirty-four hits showed to inhibit β1i and/or β5i subunit. Compound 3 is the most active on the β1i subunit with Ki = 11.84 ± 1.63 µM, and compound 17 showed Ki = 12.50 ± 0.77 µM on the β5i subunit. Compound 2 showed inhibitory activity on both subunits (Ki = 12.53 ± 0.18 and Ki = 31.95 ± 0.81 on the β1i subunit and β5i subunit, respectively). The induced fit docking analysis revealed interactions with Thr1 and Phe31 of β1i subunit and that represent new key residues as reported in our previous work. Onto β5i subunit, it interacts with the key residues Thr1, Thr21, and Tyr169. This last hit compound identified represents an interesting starting point for further optimization of β1i/β5i dual inhibitors of the immunoproteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Culletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Tutone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ugo Perricone
- Drug Discovery Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Almerico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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18
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Abstract
An analysis of 156 published clinical candidates from the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry between 2018 and 2021 was conducted to identify lead generation strategies most frequently employed leading to drug candidates. As in a previous publication, the most frequent lead generation strategies resulting in clinical candidates were from known compounds (59%) followed by random screening approaches (21%). The remainder of the approaches included directed screening, fragment screening, DNA-encoded library screening (DEL), and virtual screening. An analysis of similarity was also conducted based on Tanimoto-MCS and revealed most clinical candidates were distant from their original hits; however, most shared a key pharmacophore that translated from hit-to-clinical candidate. An examination of frequency of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur incorporation in clinical candidates was also conducted. The three most similar and least similar hit-to-clinical pairs from random screening were examined to provide perspective on changes that occur that lead to successful clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Brown
- Jnana Therapeutics, One Design Center Pl Suite 19-400, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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19
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Muchamuel T, Fan RA, Anderl JL, Bomba DJ, Johnson HWB, Lowe E, Tuch BB, McMinn DL, Millare B, Kirk CJ. Zetomipzomib (KZR-616) attenuates lupus in mice via modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043680. [PMID: 36969170 PMCID: PMC10036830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zetomipzomib (KZR-616) is a selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome currently undergoing clinical investigation in autoimmune disorders. Here, we characterized KZR-616 in vitro and in vivo using multiplexed cytokine analysis, lymphocyte activation and differentiation, and differential gene expression analysis. KZR-616 blocked production of >30 pro-inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), polarization of T helper (Th) cells, and formation of plasmablasts. In the NZB/W F1 mouse model of lupus nephritis (LN), KZR-616 treatment resulted in complete resolution of proteinuria that was maintained at least 8 weeks after the cessation of dosing and was mediated in part by alterations in T and B cell activation, including reduced numbers of short and long-lived plasma cells. Gene expression analysis of human PBMCs and tissues from diseased mice revealed a consistent and broad response focused on inhibition of T, B, and plasma cell function and the Type I interferon pathway and promotion of hematopoietic cell lineages and tissue remodeling. In healthy volunteers, KZR-616 administration resulted in selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome and blockade of cytokine production following ex vivo stimulation. These data support the ongoing development of KZR-616 in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)/LN.
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20
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Zeng G, Yu Q, Zhuang R, Zhu H, Shao J, Xi J, Zhang J. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Noncompetitive Proteasome Inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106507. [PMID: 37030106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome regulates intracellular processes, maintains biological homeostasis, and has shown great significance in the study of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, immune-related diseases, and cancer, especially in hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). All clinically used proteasome inhibitors bind to the active site of the proteasome and thus exhibit a competitive mechanism. The development of resistance and intolerance during treatment drives the search for inhibitors with different mechanisms of action. In this review, we provide an overview of noncompetitive proteasome inhibitors, including their mechanisms of action, function, possible applications, and their advantages and disadvantages compared with competitive inhibitors.
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21
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Li J, Liu N, Zhou H, Xian P, Song Y, Tang X, Li Y, Basler M. Immunoproteasome inhibition prevents progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1377-1390. [PMID: 36681728 PMCID: PMC10050322 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is refractory to hormone treatment. This study aims to explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of immunoproteasome inhibition, a novel immunotherapy, on the progression of CRPC. METHODS The immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 was silenced by using gene knockout or inhibited by the epoxyketone inhibitor ONX 0914 in a mouse CRPC tumour graft model and in interferon-γ-pretreated human CRPC cell lines in vitro. RESULTS CRPC tissues reveal a significant "tumour-elicited" Th17-type inflammatory response which induces immunoproteasome subunit expression. LMP7 deficiency in host mice or in CRPC tumour grafts had no effect on the "tumour-elicited" Th17-type inflammatory response and tumour progression. However, the selective LMP7 inhibitor ONX 0914 strongly suppressed the "tumour-elicited" Th17-type inflammatory response and CRPC tumour progression. Treatment of wild-type mice receiving LMP7-deficient CRPC tumour grafts with ONX 0914 further suggested that immunoproteasome inhibition prevents CRPC progression through suppressing IL-17-induced angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via inactivation of COX-2/VEGF-A signalling and β-catenin/Snail signalling. Treatment of LMP7-deficient mice receiving wild-type CRPC tumour grafts with ONX 0914 and inhibition of LMP7 in PC3 and 22Rv.1 cells with ONX 0914 showed that immunoproteasome inhibition also prevents CRPC progression through inducing CRPC cell apoptosis via activation of the unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS We define a critical role of the immunoproteasome in CRPC and propose immunoproteasome inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to suppress CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xian
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Song
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianli Tang
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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22
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Huang C, Zabala D, de los Santos ELC, Song L, Corre C, Alkhalaf L, Challis G. Parallelized gene cluster editing illuminates mechanisms of epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor biosynthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1488-1499. [PMID: 36718812 PMCID: PMC9943649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have revealed the enormous potential of microbes to produce structurally complex specialized metabolites with diverse uses in medicine and agriculture. However, these molecules typically require structural modification to optimize them for application, which can be difficult using synthetic chemistry. Bioengineering offers a complementary approach to structural modification but is often hampered by genetic intractability and requires a thorough understanding of biosynthetic gene function. Expression of specialized metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in heterologous hosts can surmount these problems. However, current approaches to BGC cloning and manipulation are inefficient, lack fidelity, and can be prohibitively expensive. Here, we report a yeast-based platform that exploits transformation-associated recombination (TAR) for high efficiency capture and parallelized manipulation of BGCs. As a proof of concept, we clone, heterologously express and genetically analyze BGCs for the structurally related nonribosomal peptides eponemycin and TMC-86A, clarifying remaining ambiguities in the biosynthesis of these important proteasome inhibitors. Our results show that the eponemycin BGC also directs the production of TMC-86A and reveal contrasting mechanisms for initiating the assembly of these two metabolites. Moreover, our data shed light on the mechanisms for biosynthesis and incorporation of 4,5-dehydro-l-leucine (dhL), an unusual nonproteinogenic amino acid incorporated into both TMC-86A and eponemycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Chuan Huang. Tel: +61 03 9905 1750;
| | - Daniel Zabala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Emmanuel L C de los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christophe Corre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lona M Alkhalaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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23
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Targeting immunoproteasome in neurodegeneration: A glance to the future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108329. [PMID: 36526014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specialized form of proteasome equipped with modified catalytic subunits that was initially discovered to play a pivotal role in MHC class I antigen processing and immune system modulation. However, over the last years, this proteolytic complex has been uncovered to serve additional functions unrelated to antigen presentation. Accordingly, it has been proposed that immunoproteasome synergizes with canonical proteasome in different cell types of the nervous system, regulating neurotransmission, metabolic pathways and adaptation of the cells to redox or inflammatory insults. Hence, studying the alterations of immunoproteasome expression and activity is gaining research interest to define the dynamics of neuroinflammation as well as the early and late molecular events that are likely involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these novel functions foster the perspective of immunoproteasome as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide a brain and retina-wide overview, trying to correlate present knowledge on structure-function relationships of immunoproteasome with the variety of observed neuro-modulatory functions.
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24
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Osei-Amponsa V, Walters KJ. Proteasome substrate receptors and their therapeutic potential. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:950-964. [PMID: 35817651 PMCID: PMC9588529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is critical for protein quality control and regulating protein lifespans. Following ubiquitination, UPS substrates bind multidomain receptors that, in addition to ubiquitin-binding sites, contain functional domains that bind to deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or the E3 ligase E6AP/UBE3A. We provide an overview of the proteasome, focusing on its receptors and DUBs. We highlight the key role of dynamics and importance of the substrate receptors having domains for both binding and processing ubiquitin chains. The UPS is rich with therapeutic opportunities, with proteasome inhibitors used clinically and ongoing development of small molecule proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for the degradation of disease-associated proteins. We discuss the therapeutic potential of proteasome receptors, including hRpn13, for which PROTACs have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasty Osei-Amponsa
- Protein Processing Section, Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kylie J Walters
- Protein Processing Section, Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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25
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Yoon B, Yun Y, Kim KB, Kim DE. Inhibition of immunoproteasome attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome formation in tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 624:157-163. [PMID: 35944388 PMCID: PMC10913474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive release of inflammatory cytokines has been considered as a major cause of chronic inflammation, resulting in intestinal barrier disruption that leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is one of the well-known inflammatory cytokines that activates formation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thus resulting in excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines causing IBD. Although immunoproteasome inhibitors have been reported to inhibit inflammatory cytokine release, immunoproteasome inhibition has not yet been addressed for attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in intestinal epithelial cell. Here, we observed that NLRP3 inflammasome assembly was attenuated by peptide epoxyketone YU102, a LMP2 subunit immunoproteasome inhibitor, in intestinal epithelial cell. YU102 also inhibited maturation of active caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1β, which are subsequent inflammatory cascade after the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increase of cellular permeability, which were induced by TNFα, were also suppressed through inhibition of immunoproteasome. Furthermore, we found that YU102 does not inhibit degradation of IкBα and its following NF-кB activation that leads to transcription of NLRP3. These findings suggest that inhibition of immunoproteasome with YU102 offers a potential therapeutic premise for prevention of TNFα-induced chronic inflammation through attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Neundong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Neundong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, United States
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Neundong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Novel Therapies to Address Unmet Needs in ITP. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070779. [PMID: 35890078 PMCID: PMC9318546 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes low platelet counts and subsequent bleeding risk. Although current corticosteroid-based ITP therapies are able to improve platelet counts, up to 70% of subjects with an ITP diagnosis do not achieve a sustained clinical response in the absence of treatment, thus requiring a second-line therapy option as well as additional care to prevent bleeding. Less than 40% of patients treated with thrombopoietin analogs, 60% of those treated with splenectomy, and 20% or fewer of those treated with rituximab or fostamatinib reach sustained remission in the absence of treatment. Therefore, optimizing therapeutic options for ITP management is mandatory. The pathophysiology of ITP is complex and involves several mechanisms that are apparently unrelated. These include the clearance of autoantibody-coated platelets by splenic macrophages or by the complement system, hepatic desialylated platelet destruction, and the inhibition of platelet production from megakaryocytes. The number of pathways involved may challenge treatment, but, at the same time, offer the possibility of unveiling a variety of new targets as the knowledge of the involved mechanisms progresses. The aim of this work, after revising the limitations of the current treatments, is to perform a thorough review of the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, efficacy, safety, and development stage of the novel ITP therapies under investigation. Hopefully, several of the options included herein may allow us to personalize ITP management according to the needs of each patient in the near future.
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27
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Del Rio Oliva M, Kirk CJ, Groettrup M, Basler M. Effective therapy of polymyositis in mice via selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1510-1522. [PMID: 35733374 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory myopathy resulting in muscle weakness. The limited approved therapies and their poor efficacy contribute to its comorbidity. We investigated the therapeutic use of ONX 0914 and KZR-616, selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome, in C protein-induced myositis (CIM), a mouse model of PM that closely resembles the human disease. Diseased mice (day 13 post-immunization) were treated with 10 mg/kg ONX 0914 or KZR-616 or vehicle on alternate days until day 28. Endpoints included muscle strength assessed by a grip strength meter, serum creatine kinase activity, histology, and immunohistochemistry analysis. Treatment with ONX 0914 or KZR-616 prevented the loss of grip strength in mice after CIM induction, while vehicle-treated animals displayed progressive muscle weakness. Immunoproteasome inhibition lowered PM-associated leukocyte infiltration of the muscle and prevented increased serum creatine kinase levels. LMP7-deficient mice were resistant to CIM induction as they depicted no alteration in the grip strength, creatine kinase (CK) levels, nor showed muscular alterations. In conclusion, selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome displays therapeutic efficacy in a pre-clinical mouse model of PM with suppression of muscle inflammation and preservation of muscle strength. Positive results from this study support the rationale for using KZR-616 in clinical studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Rio Oliva
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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28
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Oliveri F, Basler M, Rao TN, Fehling HJ, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasome Inhibition Reduces the T Helper 2 Response in Mouse Models of Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870720. [PMID: 35711460 PMCID: PMC9197384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic asthma is a chronic disease and medical treatment often fails to fully control the disease in the long term, leading to a great need for new therapeutic approaches. Immunoproteasome inhibition impairs T helper cell function and is effective in many (auto-) inflammatory settings but its effect on allergic airway inflammation is unknown. Methods Immunoproteasome expression was analyzed in in vitro polarized T helper cell subsets. To study Th2 cells in vivo acute allergic airway inflammation was induced in GATIR (GATA-3-vYFP reporter) mice using ovalbumin and house dust mite extract. Mice were treated with the immunoproteasome inhibitor ONX 0914 or vehicle during the challenge phase and the induction of airway inflammation was analyzed. Results In vitro polarized T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) express high levels of immunoproteasome subunits. GATIR mice proved to be a useful tool for identification of Th2 cells. Immunoproteasome inhibition reduced the Th2 response in both airway inflammation models. Furthermore, T cell activation and antigen-specific cytokine secretion was impaired and a reduced infiltration of eosinophils and professional antigen-presenting cells into the lung and the bronchoalveolar space was observed in the ovalbumin model. Conclusion These results show the importance of the immunoproteasome in Th2 cells and airway inflammation. Our data provides first insight into the potential of using immunoproteasome inhibition to target the aberrant Th2 response, e.g. in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Oliveri
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Marcus Groettrup,
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29
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Kim DS. Recent advances in treatments of adult immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Res 2022; 57:112-119. [PMID: 35483935 PMCID: PMC9057657 DOI: 10.5045/br.2022.2022038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is isolated thrombocytopenia characterized by autoimmune-mediated disruption of platelet without other etiologies. Treatments for chronic ITP consist of corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, anti-D immunoglobulin, rituximab, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, immunosuppressants and splenectomy. Although current therapies are effective in over two-thirds of patients, some patients are refractory to therapies or fail to achieve long-term responses. Recently, great advance has been made in identifying various mechanisms involved in ITP pathogenesis, and new treatments targeting these pathways are being developed. Novel agents such as splenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Bruton kinase inhibitor, plasma cell targeting therapies, neonatal Fc receptor inhibitor, platelet desialylation inhibitor, and inhibition of the classical complement pathway are expected to be effective for ITP treatment. This review summarizes current strategies and emerging therapies of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Kong Y, Boggu PR, Park GM, Kim YS, An SH, Kim IS, Jung YH. Total Synthesis of Eliglustat via Diastereoselective Amination of Chiral para-Methoxycinnamyl Benzyl Ether. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082603. [PMID: 35458801 PMCID: PMC9029353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliglustat (Cerdelga®, Genzyme Corp. Cambridge, MA, USA) is an approved drug for a non-neurological type of Gaucher disease. Herein, we describe the total synthesis of eliglustat 1 starting from readily available 1,4-benzodioxan-6-carbaldehyde via Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and diastereoselective amination of chiral para-methoxycinnamyl benzyl ethers using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate as the key steps. Notably, the reaction between syn-1,2-dibenzyl ether 6 and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate in the mixture of toluene and hexane (10:1) afforded syn-1,2-amino alcohol 5 at a 62% yield with a diastereoselectivity > 20:1. This observation can be explained by competition between the SNi and the SN1 mechanisms, leading to the retention of stereochemistry.
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31
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Vázquez-Mendoza LH, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, García-Vázquez JB, Correa-Basurto J, García-Machorro J. In Silico Drug Repositioning to Target the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease as Covalent Inhibitors Employing a Combined Structure-Based Virtual Screening Strategy of Pharmacophore Models and Covalent Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3987. [PMID: 35409348 PMCID: PMC8999907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which has spread rapidly throughout the world, requires urgent and effective treatments considering that the appearance of viral variants limits the efficacy of vaccines. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) is a highly conserved cysteine proteinase, fundamental for the replication of the coronavirus and with a specific cleavage mechanism that positions it as an attractive therapeutic target for the proposal of irreversible inhibitors. A structure-based strategy combining 3D pharmacophoric modeling, virtual screening, and covalent docking was employed to identify the interactions required for molecular recognition, as well as the spatial orientation of the electrophilic warhead, of various drugs, to achieve a covalent interaction with Cys145 of Mpro. The virtual screening on the structure-based pharmacophoric map of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in complex with an inhibitor N3 (reference compound) provided high efficiency by identifying 53 drugs (FDA and DrugBank databases) with probabilities of covalent binding, including N3 (Michael acceptor) and others with a variety of electrophilic warheads. Adding the energy contributions of affinity for non-covalent and covalent docking, 16 promising drugs were obtained. Our findings suggest that the FDA-approved drugs Vaborbactam, Cimetidine, Ixazomib, Scopolamine, and Bicalutamide, as well as the other investigational peptide-like drugs (DB04234, DB03456, DB07224, DB7252, and CMX-2043) are potential covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Heriberto Vázquez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Posgrado en Farmacología de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (L.H.V.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Humberto L. Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Posgrado en Farmacología de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (L.H.V.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Juan Benjamín García-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Posgrado en Farmacología de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (L.H.V.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
- Cátedras CONACyT-Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Posgrado en Farmacología de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (L.H.V.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico;
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32
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Chen X, Walters KJ. Nuclear destruction: A suicide mission by AKIRIN2 brings intact proteasomes into the nucleus. Mol Cell 2022; 82:13-14. [PMID: 34995507 PMCID: PMC11218005 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
de Almeida et al. (2021) developed a temporally controlled CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify mechanisms controlling MYC levels and discovered that intact proteasomes are imported into the nucleus by AKIRIN2 binding to proteasomes at one end and a nuclear import receptor at the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Protein Processing Section, Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kylie J Walters
- Protein Processing Section, Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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33
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Kisselev AF. Site-Specific Proteasome Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 35053202 PMCID: PMC8773591 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a multi-subunit protein degradation machine, which plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis and, through degradation of regulatory proteins, in the regulation of numerous cell functions. Proteasome inhibitors are essential tools for biomedical research. Three proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib are approved by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma; another inhibitor, marizomib, is undergoing clinical trials. The proteolytic core of the proteasome has three pairs of active sites, β5, β2, and β1. All clinical inhibitors and inhibitors that are widely used as research tools (e.g., epoxomicin, MG-132) inhibit multiple active sites and have been extensively reviewed in the past. In the past decade, highly specific inhibitors of individual active sites and the distinct active sites of the lymphoid tissue-specific immunoproteasome have been developed. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these site-specific inhibitors of mammalian proteasomes and describe their utilization in the studies of the biology of the active sites and their roles as drug targets for the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei F Kisselev
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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34
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Kirk CJ, Muchamuel T, Wang J, Fan RA. Discovery and Early Clinical Development of Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitors. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010009. [PMID: 35011570 PMCID: PMC8750005 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of the 20S proteasome have transformed the treatment of multiple B-cell malignancies. These agents have also been employed with success in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders. However, new agents are needed to fully unlock the potential of proteasome inhibitors as immunomodulatory drugs. The discovery that selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome possess broad anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models has led to the progression of multiple compounds to clinical trials. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory potential of immunoproteasome inhibition and the early development of KZR-616, the first selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome to reach clinical testing.
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35
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Almaliti J, Fajtová P, O'Donoghue AJ, AlHindy M, Gerwick WH. Improved Scalable Synthesis of Clinical Candidate KZR‐616, a Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitor. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Almaliti
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 United States
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 16610 Prague Czech Republic
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 United States
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 United States
| | - Momen AlHindy
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 United States
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36
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Parihar N, Bhatt LK. Deubiquitylating enzymes: potential target in autoimmune diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1683-1699. [PMID: 34792672 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the turnover of different cellular proteins, such as transport proteins, presentation of antigens to the immune system, control of the cell cycle, and activities that promote cancer. The enzymes which remove ubiquitin, deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), play a critical role in central and peripheral immune tolerance to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases and thus present a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. DUBs function by removing ubiquitin(s) from target protein and block ubiquitin chain elongation. The addition and removal of ubiquitin molecules have a significant impact on immune responses. DUBs and E3 ligases both specifically cleave target protein and modulate protein activity and expression. The balance between ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation modulates protein levels and also protein interactions. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway results in the development of various autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review summarizes the current understanding of ubiquitination in autoimmune diseases and focuses on various DUBs responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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37
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On the Role of the Immunoproteasome in Protein Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113216. [PMID: 34831438 PMCID: PMC8621243 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cellular processes are controlled by the proteasome, a multicatalytic protease in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells, through regulated protein degradation. The immunoproteasome is a special type of proteasome which is inducible under inflammatory conditions and constitutively expressed in hematopoietic cells. MECL-1 (β2i), LMP2 (β1i), and LMP7 (β5i) are the proteolytically active subunits of the immunoproteasome (IP), which is known to shape the antigenic repertoire presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Furthermore, the immunoproteasome is involved in T cell expansion and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, targeting the immunoproteasome in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation proved to be therapeutically effective in preclinical animal models. However, the prime function of standard proteasomes and immunoproteasomes is the control of protein homeostasis in cells. To maintain protein homeostasis in cells, proteasomes remove proteins which are not properly folded, which are damaged by stress conditions such as reactive oxygen species formation, or which have to be degraded on the basis of regular protein turnover. In this review we summarize the latest insights on how the immunoproteasome influences protein homeostasis.
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38
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Wang J, Fang Y, Fan RA, Kirk CJ. Proteasome Inhibitors and Their Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111595. [PMID: 34769030 PMCID: PMC8583966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is responsible for mediating intracellular protein degradation and regulating cellular function with impact on tumor and immune effector cell biology. The proteasome is found predominantly in two forms, the constitutive proteasome and the immunoproteasome. It has been validated as a therapeutic drug target through regulatory approval with 2 distinct chemical classes of small molecular inhibitors (boronic acid derivatives and peptide epoxyketones), including 3 compounds, bortezomib (VELCADE), carfilzomib (KYPROLIS), and ixazomib (NINLARO), for use in the treatment of the plasma cell neoplasm, multiple myeloma. Additionally, a selective inhibitor of immunoproteasome (KZR-616) is being developed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and metabolism of these 2 classes of compounds in preclinical models and clinical studies. The distinct metabolism of peptide epoxyketones, which is primarily mediated by microsomal epoxide hydrolase, is highlighted and postulated as a favorable property for the development of this class of compound in chronic conditions.
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39
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Kuter DJ. Novel therapies for immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:1311-1328. [PMID: 34611885 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are successful in providing a haemostatic platelet count in over two-thirds of patients. Still, some patients have an inadequate response and there is a need for other therapies. A number of novel therapies for ITP are currently being developed based upon the current pathophysiology of ITP. Many therapies are targetted at reducing platelet destruction by decreasing anti-platelet antibody production by immunosuppression with monoclonal antibodies targetted against CD40, CD38 and the immunoproteasome or physically reducing the anti-platelet antibody concentration by inhibition of the neonatal Fc receptor. Others target the phagocytic system by inhibiting FcγR function with staphylococcal protein A, hypersialylated IgG, polymeric Fc fragments, or Bruton kinase. With a recognition that platelet destruction is also mediated by complement, inhibitors of C1s are also being tested. Inhibition of platelet desialylation may also play a role. Other novel therapies promote platelet production with new oral thrombopoietin receptor agonists or the use of low-level laser light to improve mitochondrial activity and prevent megakaryocyte apoptosis. This review will focus on these novel mechanisms for treating ITP and assess the status of treatments currently under development. Successful new treatments for ITP might also provide a pathway to treat other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kuter
- Hematology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Oddone F, Kudriaeva AA, Lacal PM, Belogurov AA, Graziani G, Marini S. At the Cutting Edge against Cancer: A Perspective on Immunoproteasome and Immune Checkpoints Modulation as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4852. [PMID: 34638337 PMCID: PMC8507813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome is a noncanonical form of proteasome with enzymological properties optimized for the generation of antigenic peptides presented in complex with class I MHC molecules. This enzymatic property makes the modulation of its activity a promising area of research. Nevertheless, immunotherapy has emerged as a front-line treatment of advanced/metastatic tumors providing outstanding improvement of life expectancy, even though not all patients achieve a long-lasting clinical benefit. To enhance the efficacy of the currently available immunotherapies and enable the development of new strategies, a broader knowledge of the dynamics of antigen repertoire processing by cancer cells is needed. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of immunoproteasome in antigen processing and of the therapeutic implication of its modulation is mandatory. Studies on the potential crosstalk between proteasome modulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors could provide novel perspectives and an unexplored treatment option for a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.K.)
| | - Pedro M. Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.K.)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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Fang Y, Johnson H, Anderl JL, Muchamuel T, McMinn D, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Kirk C, Wang J. Role of Epoxide Hydrolases and Cytochrome P450s on Metabolism of KZR-616, a First-in-Class Selective Inhibitor of the Immunoproteasome. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:810-821. [PMID: 34234005 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KZR-616 is an irreversible tripeptide epoxyketone-based selective inhibitor of the human immunoproteasome. Inhibition of the immunoproteasome results in anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and based on promising therapeutic activity in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus KZR-616 is being developed for potential treatment of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The presence of a ketoepoxide pharmacophore presents unique challenges in the study of drug metabolism during lead optimization and clinical candidate profiling. This study presents a thorough and systematic in vitro and cell-based enzymatic metabolism and kinetic investigation to identify the major enzymes involved in the metabolism and elimination of KZR-616. Upon exposure to liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, KZR-616 and its analogs were converted to their inactive diol derivatives with varying degrees of stability. Diol formation was also shown to be the major metabolite in pharmacokinetic studies in monkeys and correlated with in vitro stability results for individual compounds. Further study in intact hepatocytes revealed that KZR-616 metabolism was sensitive to an inhibitor of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) but not inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (P450) or soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Primary human hepatocytes were determined to be the most robust source of mEH activity for study in vitro. These findings also suggest that the exposure of KZR-616 in vivo is unlikely to be affected by coadministration of inhibitors or inducers of P450 and sEH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work presents a thorough and systematic investigation of metabolism and kinetics of KZR-616 and related analogs in in vitro and cell-based enzymatic systems. Information gained could be useful in assessing novel covalent proteasome inhibitors during lead compound optimization. These studies also demonstrate a robust source in vitro test system that correlated with in vivo pharmacokinetics for KZR-616 and two additional tripeptide epoxyketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Henry Johnson
- Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Dustin McMinn
- Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Jinhai Wang
- Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California
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42
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Reboud-Ravaux M. [The proteasome - structural aspects and inhibitors: a second life for a validated drug target]. Biol Aujourdhui 2021; 215:1-23. [PMID: 34397372 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is the central component of the adaptable ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) discovered in the 1980's. It sustains protein homeostasis (proteostasis) under a large variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Its dysregulation has been often associated to various human diseases. Its potential regulation by modulators has emerged as promising avenue to develop treatments of various pathologies. The FDA approval in 2003 of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib to treat multiple myeloma, then mantle lymphoma in 2006, has considerably increased the clinical interest of proteasome inhibition. Second-generation proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib and ixazomib) have been approved to overcome bortezomib resistance and improved toxicity profile and route of administration. Selective inhibition of immunoproteasome is a promising approach towards the development of immunomodulatory drugs. The design of these drugs relies greatly on the elucidation of high-resolution structures of the targeted proteasomes. The ATPase-dependent 26S proteasome (2.4 MDa) consists of a 20S proteolytic core and one or two 19S regulatory particles. The 20S core contains three types of catalytic sites. In recent years, due to technical advances especially in atomic cryo-electron microscopy, significant progress has been made in the understanding of 26S proteasome structure and its dynamics. Stepwise conformational changes of the 19S particle induced by ATP hydrolysis lead to substrate translocation, 20S pore opening and processive protein degradation by the 20S proteolytic subunits (2β1, 2β2 and 2β5). A large variety of structurally different inhibitors, both natural products or synthetic compounds targeting immuno- and constitutive proteasomes, has been discovered. The latest advances in this drug discovery are presented. Knowledge about structures, inhibition mechanism and detailed biological regulations of proteasomes can guide strategies for the development of next-generation inhibitors to treat human diseases, especially cancers, immune disorders and pathogen infections. Proteasome activators are also potentially applicable to the reduction of proteotoxic stresses in neurodegeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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43
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Lee MJ, Bhattarai D, Jang H, Baek A, Yeo IJ, Lee S, Miller Z, Lee S, Hong JT, Kim DE, Lee W, Kim KB. Macrocyclic Immunoproteasome Inhibitors as a Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10934-10950. [PMID: 34309393 PMCID: PMC10913540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that immunoproteasome (iP)-targeting linear peptide epoxyketones improve cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a manner independent of amyloid β. However, these compounds' clinical prospect for AD is limited due to potential issues, such as poor brain penetration and metabolic instability. Here, we report the development of iP-selective macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones prepared by a ring-closing metathesis reaction between two terminal alkenes attached at the P2 and P3/P4 positions of linear counterparts. We show that a lead macrocyclic compound DB-60 (20) effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of iP in ABCB1-overexpressing cells (IC50: 105 nM) and has metabolic stability superior to its linear counterpart. DB-60 (20) also lowered the serum levels of IL-1α and ameliorated cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. The results collectively suggest that macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones have improved CNS drug properties than their linear counterparts and offer promising potential as an AD drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Deepak Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Hyeryung Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sukyeong Lee
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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A Nut for Every Bolt: Subunit-Selective Inhibitors of the Immunoproteasome and Their Therapeutic Potential. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081929. [PMID: 34440698 PMCID: PMC8394499 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the heart of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the 20S proteasome core particle (CP) breaks down the majority of intracellular proteins tagged for destruction. Thereby, the CP controls many cellular processes including cell cycle progression and cell signalling. Inhibitors of the CP can suppress these essential biological pathways, resulting in cytotoxicity, an effect that is beneficial for the treatment of certain blood cancer patients. During the last decade, several preclinical studies demonstrated that selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome (iCP), one of several CP variants in mammals, suppresses autoimmune diseases without inducing toxic side effects. These promising findings led to the identification of natural and synthetic iCP inhibitors with distinct chemical structures, varying potency and subunit selectivity. This review presents the most prominent iCP inhibitors with respect to possible scientific and medicinal applications, and discloses recent trends towards pan-immunoproteasome reactive inhibitors that cumulated in phase II clinical trials of the lead compound KZR-616 for chronic inflammations.
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45
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Skwarecki AS, Nowak MG, Milewska MJ. Amino Acid and Peptide-Based Antiviral Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3106-3135. [PMID: 34254457 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of antiviral agents used in clinical practice are amino acids, short peptides, or peptidomimetics. Among them, several HIV protease inhibitors (e. g. lopinavir, atazanavir), HCV protease inhibitors (e. g. grazoprevir, glecaprevir), and HCV NS5A protein inhibitors have contributed to a significant decrease in mortality from AIDS and hepatitis. However, there is an ongoing need for the discovery of new antiviral agents and the development of existing drugs; amino acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic in nature, serve as convenient building blocks for this purpose. The synthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acid components of antiviral agents could be challenging due to the need for enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure products. Herein, we present a concise review of antiviral agents whose structures are based on amino acids of both natural and unnatural origin. Special attention is paid to the synthetic aspects of non-proteinogenic amino acid components of those agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Skwarecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał G Nowak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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46
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Klein M, Busch M, Friese-Hamim M, Crosignani S, Fuchss T, Musil D, Rohdich F, Sanderson MP, Seenisamy J, Walter-Bausch G, Zanelli U, Hewitt P, Esdar C, Schadt O. Structure-Based Optimization and Discovery of M3258, a Specific Inhibitor of the Immunoproteasome Subunit LMP7 (β5i). J Med Chem 2021; 64:10230-10245. [PMID: 34228444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are broadly expressed key components of the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway containing catalytically active subunits (β1, β2, and β5). LMP7 (β5i) is a subunit of the immunoproteasome, an inducible isoform that is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Clinically effective pan-proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) nonselectively target LMP7 and other subunits of the constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome with comparable potency, which can limit the therapeutic applicability of these drugs. Here, we describe the discovery and structure-based hit optimization of novel amido boronic acids, which selectively inhibit LMP7 while sparing all other subunits. The exploitation of structural differences between the proteasome subunits culminated in the identification of the highly potent, exquisitely selective, and orally available LMP7 inhibitor 50 (M3258). Based on the strong antitumor activity observed with M3258 in MM models and a favorable preclinical data package, a phase I clinical trial was initiated in relapsed/refractory MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Klein
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Michael Busch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Fuchss
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Djordje Musil
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ugo Zanelli
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Schadt
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
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47
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Immunoproteasome Function in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071577. [PMID: 34206607 PMCID: PMC8305381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a central part of protein homeostasis, degrading not only misfolded or oxidized proteins but also proteins with essential functions. The fact that a healthy hematopoietic system relies on the regulation of protein homeostasis and that alterations in the UPS can lead to malignant transformation makes the UPS an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Herein, inhibitors of the proteasome, the last and most important component of the UPS enzymatic cascade, have been approved for the treatment of these malignancies. However, their use has been associated with side effects, drug resistance, and relapse. Inhibitors of the immunoproteasome, a proteasomal variant constitutively expressed in the cells of hematopoietic origin, could potentially overcome the encountered problems of non-selective proteasome inhibition. Immunoproteasome inhibitors have demonstrated their efficacy and safety against inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, even though their development for the treatment of hematologic malignancies is still in the early phases. Various immunoproteasome inhibitors have shown promising preliminary results in pre-clinical studies, and one inhibitor is currently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, we will review data on immunoproteasome function and inhibition in hematopoietic cells and hematologic cancers.
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Jenkins TW, Downey-Kopyscinski SL, Fields JL, Rahme GJ, Colley WC, Israel MA, Maksimenko AV, Fiering SN, Kisselev AF. Activity of immunoproteasome inhibitor ONX-0914 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia expressing MLL-AF4 fusion protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10883. [PMID: 34035431 PMCID: PMC8149845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib are approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma and have demonstrated clinical efficacy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The t(4;11)(q21;q23) chromosomal translocation that leads to the expression of MLL-AF4 fusion protein and confers a poor prognosis, is the major cause of infant ALL. This translocation sensitizes tumor cells to proteasome inhibitors, but toxicities of bortezomib and carfilzomib may limit their use in pediatric patients. Many of these toxicities are caused by on-target inhibition of proteasomes in non-lymphoid tissues (e.g., heart muscle, gut, testicles). We found that MLL-AF4 cells express high levels of lymphoid tissue-specific immunoproteasomes and are sensitive to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of specific immunoproteasome inhibitor ONX-0914, even in the presence of stromal cells. Inhibition of multiple active sites of the immunoproteasomes was required to achieve cytotoxicity against ALL. ONX-0914, an inhibitor of LMP7 (ß5i) and LMP2 (ß1i) sites of the immunoproteasome, and LU-102, inhibitor of proteasome ß2 sites, exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity. Treatment with ONX-0914 significantly delayed the growth of orthotopic ALL xenograft tumors in mice. T-cell ALL lines were also sensitive to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ONX-0914. This study provides a strong rationale for testing clinical stage immunoproteasome inhibitors KZ-616 and M3258 in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Jenkins
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, PRB, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Sondra L Downey-Kopyscinski
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- SLDK - Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- GJR- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- WCC - ScribeAmerica, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA
- MAI- Israel Cancer Research Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fields
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Gilbert J Rahme
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- SLDK - Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- GJR- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- WCC - ScribeAmerica, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA
- MAI- Israel Cancer Research Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - William C Colley
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, PRB, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- SLDK - Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- GJR- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- WCC - ScribeAmerica, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA
- MAI- Israel Cancer Research Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark A Israel
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- SLDK - Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- GJR- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- WCC - ScribeAmerica, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA
- MAI- Israel Cancer Research Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrey V Maksimenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, PRB, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alexei F Kisselev
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, PRB, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Li X, Hong D, Zhang M, Xu L, Zhou Y, Li J, Liu T. Development of peptide epoxyketones as selective immunoproteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113556. [PMID: 34087498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of epoxyketone analogues with varying N-caps and P3-configurations were designed, synthesized and evaluated. We found that D-Ala in P3 was crucial for β5i selectivity over β5c. Notably, compounds 20j (β5i IC50 = 26.0 nM, 25-fold selectivity) and 20l (β5i IC50 = 25.1 nM, 24-fold selectivity) with the D-configuration at P3 were the most selective inhibitors. Although 20j and 20l showed only moderate anti-proliferative activity against RPMI-8226 and MM.1S cell lines, based on our experiments, it indicates that the inhibition of β5i alone is not sufficient to exert anticancer effects and may rely on the complementary inhibition of β1i, β5c and β5i. These data further increase our understanding of immunoproteasome inhibitors in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Duidui Hong
- Jiangsu Shengdia Industrial Co. Ltd., NO. 161 Shaoxing Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310004, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, PR China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Tao Liu
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China.
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50
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Clinical Trials in Myositis: Where Do We Stand? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-021-00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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